201:, wealthy individuals trusted family to care for their corpse, but funeral rites would feature professional mourners: most often actresses who would announce the presence of the funeral procession by wailing loudly. Other paid actors would don the masks of ancestors and recreate their personalities, dramatizing the exploits of their departed scion. These purely ceremonial undertakers of the day nonetheless had great religious and societal impact; a larger number of actors indicated greater power and wealth for the deceased and their family.
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began around 2600 BC, with the best-preserved mummies dating to around 1570 to 1075 BC. Specialized priests spent 70 full days on a single corpse. Only royalty, nobility and wealthy commoners could afford the service, considered by some to be essential for accessing eternal life; the poorer performed
193:
Across successive cultures, religion remained a prime motive for securing a body against decay and/or arranging burial in a planned manner; some considered the fate of departed souls to be fixed and unchangeable (e.g. ancient
Mesopotamia) and considered care for a grave to be more important than the
215:
Historically, from ancient Egypt to Greece and Rome to the early United States, women typically did all of the preparation of dead bodies. They were called "layers out of the dead". In the mid-19th century, gender roles within funeral service in the United States began to change. In the late 19th
285:
In the UK no formal licence is required to become an undertaker (funeral director). There are national trade organizations such as the
British Institute of Funeral Directors (BIFD), the National Association of Funeral Directors (NAFD) and the Society of Allied and Independent Funeral Directors
224:
In 2003, 15 percent of corporately owned funeral homes in the US were owned by one of three corporations. The majority of morticians work in small, independent family-run funeral homes. The owner usually hires two or three other morticians to help them. Often, this hired help is in the family,
130:
of the dead, as well as the arrangements for the funeral ceremony (although not the directing and conducting of the funeral itself unless clergy are not present). Funeral directors may at times be asked to perform tasks such as dressing (in garments usually suitable for daily wear), casketing
276:
A funeral director in the UK will usually take on most of the administrative duties and arrangement of the funeral service, including flower arrangements, meeting with family members, and overseeing the funeral and burial service. Embalming or cremation of the body requires further training.
322:
A funeral director in Canada will assume many responsibilities after proper education and licensing. Courses will include science and biology, ethics, and practical techniques of embalming. There are a number of organizations available to
Canadian funeral directors.
212:'s work attracted the attention of royalty and legitimized postmortem anatomy. Most importantly, Ruysch developed injected substances and waxes that could penetrate the smallest vessels of the body and seal them against decay.
190:
very basic intentional mummification or simply buried the body in a dry spot hoping it would naturally mummify. In every case, an intact body was considered paramount to access the afterlife.
135:(applying any sort of cosmetic or substance to the best viewable areas of the corpse for the purpose of enhancing its appearance) with the proper licences. A funeral director may work at a
295:
All of the national organizations offer voluntary membership of "best practice" standards schemes, which includes regular premises inspection and adherence to a specific
386:
314:
The role of a funeral director in Canada can include embalming, sales, oversight of funeral services as well as other aspects of needed funeral services.
216:
century, the industry became male dominated with the development of funeral directors, which changed the funeral industry both locally and nationally.
289:
The BIFD offers a licence to funeral directors who have obtained a diploma-level qualification; these diplomas are offered by both the BIFD and NAFD.
530:"Funeral Directors." Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2006-07 Edition. 4 Aug, 2006. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. 8 Dec, 2008.
181:
People's need to respect the dead and their survivors is as ancient as civilization itself, and death care is among the world's oldest professions.
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1730:
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perpetuating the family's ownership. Other firms that were family-owned have been acquired and are operated by large corporations such as
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Licensing requirements in the US are determined at the state level. Most require a combination of post-secondary education (typically an
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122:(or preparation of the deceased) involved in the business of funeral rites. These tasks often entail the embalming and
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264:), passage of a National Board Examination, passage of a state board examination, and one to two years' work as an
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Modern ideas about proper preservation of the dead for the benefit of the living arose in the
European
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169:, a term that was then perceived to have been tarnished by its association with death. The term
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put out a call for a new name for the profession in the US to distance itself from the title
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The
British Institute of Embalmers (BIE) offers embalming training and qualifications.
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Most funeral homes have one or more viewing rooms, a preparation room for embalming, a
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These organizations help funeral directors demonstrate that they are committed to
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306:, and they have no issue with regulation should it become a legal requirement.
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359:"mortician, n. meanings, etymology and more | Oxford English Dictionary"
186:
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19:"Mortician" and "Undertaker" redirect here. For the death metal band, see
2007:
2002:
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478:"Funerals and Burial Practices | Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia"
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is a probable pioneer in supporting full-time morticians; intentional
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2017:
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229:, though such homes usually trade under their pre-acquisition names.
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236:, and a casket selection room. They usually have a
16:Professional in the business of funeral procedures
2166:
256:Organizations and licensing in the United States
702:"Funeral Service Association of Canada - Home"
23:. For the American professional wrestler, see
731:
568:American Board of Funeral Service Education,
628:"The British Institute of Funeral Directors"
589:"The British Institute of Funeral Directors"
373:"Encyclopedia Smithsonian: Egyptian Mummies"
219:
614:"National Association of Funeral Directors"
507:"Corporate Growth in Funeral Home Industry"
341:"How Morticians Reinvented Their Job Title"
152:
738:
724:
760:
114:), is a professional who has licences in
131:(placing the corpse in the coffin), and
82:
63:
47:
35:
659:"Funeral Services | ontariocolleges.ca"
449:
410:
2167:
433:"Frederik Ruysch: The Artist of Death"
248:. They also normally sell caskets and
1088:List of ways people dishonor the dead
719:
653:
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544:"Licensing Boards & Requirements"
318:Organizations and licensing in Canada
281:Organizations and licensing in the UK
2175:People involved with death and dying
2104:
500:
498:
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304:continuing professional development
13:
1093:List of ways people honor the dead
648:
642:"UK Independent Funeral Directors"
532:http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos011.htm
504:
14:
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1124:GompertzāMakeham law of mortality
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309:
271:
227:Service Corporation International
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387:"Death in Ancient Civilisations"
240:for transportation of bodies, a
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151:is derived from the Latin word
139:or be an independent employee.
87:Mortician's restorative tools,
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161:. In 1895, the trade magazine
1:
1144:Maternal mortality in fiction
326:
1058:Expressions related to death
1011:Medical declaration of death
482:philadelphiaencyclopedia.org
142:
40:Funeral directors driving a
7:
1078:Preventable causes of death
450:Quigley, Christine (1996).
29:Undertaker (disambiguation)
10:
2201:
570:Frequently Asked Questions
418:World History Encyclopedia
176:
157:('death') with the ending
18:
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1445:Consciousness after death
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556:theconferenceonline.org,
220:Role in the United States
89:Museum of Funeral Customs
2185:Funeral-related industry
1846:Personification of death
1068:People by cause of death
437:The Public Domain Review
1923:Death-positive movement
1768:Post-mortem photography
1048:Causes of death by rate
976:Death by natural causes
575:3 February 2016 at the
173:was the winning entry.
44:in a funeral procession
1958:Fascination with death
1596:Reincarnation research
1591:Out-of-body experience
1053:Notable deaths by year
894:Immunogenic cell death
810:Temporal lobe necrosis
663:www.ontariocolleges.ca
163:The Embalmers' Monthly
153:
95:
80:
61:
45:
27:. For other uses, see
1763:Post-mortem chemistry
1576:Near-death experience
1472:Desecration of graves
1408:Postmortem caloricity
1373:Beating heart cadaver
817:Programmed cell death
785:Liquefactive necrosis
453:The Corpse: A History
93:Springfield, Illinois
86:
67:
51:
39:
1953:Festival of the Dead
1851:Dying-and-rising god
1806:Chinese burial money
1695:Prohibition of dying
1647:Death-qualified jury
1413:Post-mortem interval
1073:Premature obituaries
780:Coagulative necrosis
206:Age of Enlightenment
2013:Philosophy of death
1878:Death from laughter
1178:Perinatal mortality
919:Mitotic catastrophe
899:Ischemic cell death
842:Intrinsic apoptosis
790:Gangrenous necrosis
413:"The Roman Funeral"
102:, also known as an
2059:Thanatosensitivity
1963:Hierarchy of death
1903:Death notification
1811:Coins for the dead
1743:Forensic pathology
1627:Capital punishment
1581:Near-death studies
1173:Mortality salience
805:Fibrinoid necrosis
775:Avascular necrosis
397:on 4 October 2015.
262:associate's degree
208:. Dutch scientist
96:
81:
62:
46:
2180:Sales occupations
2095:
2094:
1831:Death anniversary
1826:Death and culture
1670:Dying declaration
1652:Death certificate
1559:
1558:
1421:
1420:
1273:Neuropreservation
1063:Natural disasters
1034:
1033:
505:Turner, Chelsea.
347:. 5 January 2016.
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2100:Funeral director
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2040:Assisted suicide
1938:Death trajectory
1753:Mortuary science
1748:Funeral director
1739:
1705:Suspicious death
1477:Eternal oblivion
1263:Cryopreservation
1202:
1201:
1191:
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1129:Infant mortality
1119:Excess mortality
1021:Terminal illness
1006:Lazarus syndrome
991:End-of-life care
942:Accidental death
795:Caseous necrosis
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393:. Archived from
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112:American English
100:funeral director
21:Mortician (band)
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2105:sister projects
2102:at Knowledge's
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1993:Museum of Death
1943:Dignified death
1898:Death messenger
1873:Death education
1789:
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1719:
1657:Declared death
1605:
1555:
1512:Online mourning
1417:
1383:Cadaveric spasm
1364:
1309:
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1242:Skeletonization
1182:
1114:Child mortality
1109:Birthday effect
1097:
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1026:Unnatural death
957:Brainstem death
928:
867:Pseudoapoptosis
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593:www.bifd.org.uk
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297:code of conduct
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210:Frederik Ruysch
194:actual burial.
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52:Showcase of an
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1083:Unusual deaths
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1016:Organ donation
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511:www.cga.ct.gov
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463:978-0786401703
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331:
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310:Role in Canada
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272:Role in the UK
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118:arranging and
25:The Undertaker
15:
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4:
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2159:from Wikidata
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1836:Death anxiety
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1821:Darwin Awards
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1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1778:Biostratinomy
1776:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
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1751:
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1716:
1713:
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1698:
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1690:Necropolitics
1688:
1686:
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1678:
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1673:
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1579:
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1569:
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1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1524:Reincarnation
1522:
1520:
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1513:
1510:
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1448:
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1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1427:Other aspects
1424:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1378:Body donation
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1345:Dismemberment
1343:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1290:Mummification
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1247:Fossilization
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1237:Decomposition
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1212:Pallor mortis
1210:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1159:
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1127:
1125:
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1120:
1117:
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1107:
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1100:
1094:
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1037:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
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1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
970:
967:
966:
965:
962:
958:
955:
954:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
934:
931:
925:
922:
920:
917:
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905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
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865:
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835:
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815:
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786:
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748:
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729:
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721:
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703:
697:
689:
685:
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664:
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643:
637:
629:
623:
615:
609:
594:
590:
584:
578:
574:
571:
565:
559:
558:Students' NBE
553:
545:
539:
533:
527:
512:
508:
501:
499:
483:
479:
473:
465:
459:
456:. McFarland.
455:
454:
446:
438:
434:
428:
420:
419:
414:
411:Steven Fife.
407:
405:
396:
392:
388:
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346:
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336:
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230:
228:
217:
213:
211:
207:
202:
200:
195:
191:
188:
187:mummification
184:
183:Ancient Egypt
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
155:
150:
140:
138:
134:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
94:
90:
85:
79:
75:
71:
66:
59:
55:
50:
43:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2154:
2137:
2125:from Commons
2120:
2099:
1933:Death threat
1816:Dark tourism
1758:Necrobiology
1747:
1700:Right to die
1658:
1617:Abortion law
1541:Resurrection
1529:Palingenesis
1426:
1388:Coffin birth
1295:Plastination
1256:Preservation
1232:Putrefaction
1227:Rigor mortis
1222:Algor mortis
1217:Livor mortis
1194:
1150:Memento mori
1148:
1001:Lazarus sign
981:Death rattle
924:Suicide gene
909:Karyorrhexis
800:Fat necrosis
705:
696:
687:
678:
666:. Retrieved
662:
636:
622:
608:
596:. Retrieved
592:
583:
564:
552:
538:
526:
514:. Retrieved
510:
485:. Retrieved
481:
472:
452:
445:
436:
427:
416:
395:the original
390:
381:
367:
353:
345:Mental Floss
344:
335:
321:
313:
301:
294:
291:
288:
284:
275:
259:
231:
223:
214:
203:
199:ancient Rome
196:
192:
180:
170:
166:
162:
158:
148:
146:
137:funeral home
107:
103:
99:
97:
70:funeral home
33:
2050: [
2008:Necrophobia
2003:Necrophilia
1973:Immortality
1928:Death squad
1908:Death panel
1893:Death march
1888:Death knell
1868:Death drive
1841:Death deity
1785:Thanatology
1734: [
1680:Legal death
1659:in absentia
1637:Civil death
1482:Examination
1467:Crematorium
1350:Excarnation
1187:After death
986:Dysthanasia
952:Brain death
884:Autoschizis
862:Phenoptosis
857:Parthanatos
847:Necroptosis
754:In medicine
706:www.fsac.ca
2169:Categories
2139:Quotations
1978:Last rites
1948:Extinction
1918:Death pose
1913:Death poem
1883:Death hoax
1863:Death camp
1856:Psychopomp
1731:Death tech
1586:Necromancy
1564:Paranormal
1546:Underworld
1398:Dissection
1360:Resomation
1355:Promession
1333:Sky burial
1300:Prosection
1285:Maceration
996:Euthanasia
914:Karyolysis
872:Pyroptosis
852:Paraptosis
762:Cell death
327:References
266:apprentice
246:limousines
242:flower car
167:undertaker
133:cossetting
104:undertaker
2023:Sacrifice
2018:Predation
1983:Longevity
1773:Taphonomy
1710:Trust law
1665:Death row
1450:Afterlife
1403:Gibbeting
1340:Cremation
1305:Taxidermy
1280:Embalming
1156:Micromort
1102:Mortality
879:Autolysis
837:Autophagy
832:Apoptosis
171:mortician
149:mortician
147:The term
143:Etymology
128:cremation
120:embalming
108:mortician
74:JyvƤskylƤ
2077:Category
2047:Thanabot
1998:Necronym
1968:Homicide
1519:Obituary
1507:Mourning
1497:Internet
1440:Cemetery
1315:Disposal
1268:Cryonics
937:Abortion
904:Pyknosis
770:Necrosis
668:3 August
598:2 August
573:Archived
516:1 August
487:1 August
286:(SAIF).
60:, France
56:shop in
2087:Outline
2035:Suicide
1675:Inquest
1642:Coroner
1534:Saį¹sÄra
1502:Midwife
1487:Funeral
1462:Customs
1435:Carrion
1134:Karoshi
947:Autopsy
827:Anoikis
391:History
177:History
116:funeral
78:Finland
1988:Martyr
1724:Fields
1685:Murder
1601:SĆ©ance
1571:Ghosts
1455:Tukdam
1323:Burial
1205:Stages
889:Eschar
684:"Home"
460:
244:, and
238:hearse
234:chapel
159:-ician
124:burial
42:hearse
2122:Media
2054:]
2028:human
1794:Other
1738:]
1610:Legal
1551:Vigil
1492:Grief
1040:Lists
747:Death
154:mort-
2156:Data
1715:Will
1196:Body
1166:RAMR
822:AICD
688:OFSA
670:2018
600:2018
518:2018
489:2018
458:ISBN
250:urns
58:Nice
969:DOA
197:In
126:or
106:or
72:in
54:urn
2171::
2052:ca
1736:pt
704:.
686:.
661:.
650:^
591:.
509:.
497:^
480:.
435:.
415:.
403:^
389:.
343:.
299:.
268:.
252:.
98:A
91:,
76:,
68:A
2108::
739:e
732:t
725:v
708:.
690:.
672:.
644:.
630:.
616:.
602:.
546:.
520:.
491:.
466:.
439:.
421:.
375:.
361:.
110:(
31:.
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