538:
569:
67:
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31:
1706:
Diazepam is a benzodiazepine medication that is FDA approved for the treatment of anxiety disorders, the short-term relief of anxiety symptoms, spasticity associated with upper motor neuron disorders, adjunct therapy for muscle spasms, preoperative anxiety relief, the management of certain refractory
632:
of GABA are released presynaptically and activate the GABA receptors at the synapse, this is known as phasic inhibition. However, the GABA escaping from the synaptic cleft can activate receptors on presynaptic terminals or at neighbouring synapses on the same or adjacent neurons (a phenomenon termed
509:
receptor, and also produces different effects on binding, with the benzodiazepines increasing the frequency of the chloride channel opening, while barbiturates increase the duration of chloride channel opening when GABA is bound. Since these are separate modulatory effects, they can both take place
597:
receptors are heteromeric and the structure did not provide any details of the benzodiazepine binding site. This was finally elucidated in 2018 by the publication of a high resolution cryo-EM structure of rat α1β1γ2S receptor and human α1β2γ2 receptor bound with GABA and the neutral benzodiazepine
946:
receptors are responsible for most of the physiological activities of GABA in the central nervous system, and the receptor subtypes vary significantly. Subunit composition can vary widely between regions and subtypes may be associated with specific functions. The minimal requirement to produce a
198:
R are members of the ligand-gated ion channel receptor superfamily, which is a chloride channel family with a dozen or more heterotetrametric subtypes and 19 distinct subunits. These subtypes have distinct brain regional and subcellular localization, age-dependent expression, and the ability to
1205:
1838:
There are estimates that about 2–3% of the general population may suffer from serious emotional disorders due to such receptor deviations, with up to 20% suffering from moderate disorders of this kind. It is generally assumed that the receptor alterations are, at least partly, due to
152:. Accurate regulation of GABAergic transmission through appropriate developmental processes, specificity to neural cell types, and responsiveness to activity is crucial for the proper functioning of nearly all aspects of the central nervous system (CNS). Upon opening, the GABA
1834:
receptors. The combination of the five subunits of the receptor (see images above) can be altered in such a way that for example the receptor's response to GABA remains unchanged but the response to one of the named substances is dramatically different from the normal one.
361:
subunits. These subunits include an extracellular Venus
Flytrap domain (VFT) and a transmembrane domain containing seven α-helices (7TM domain). These structural components play a vital role in intricately modulating neurotransmission and interactions with drugs.
1686:
receptors. These selective ligands may have pharmacological advantages in that they may allow dissociation of desired therapeutic effects from undesirable side effects. Few subtype selective ligands have gone into clinical use as yet, with the exception of
465:
receptors made up of different collection of subunits, and this means that their pharmacological profile varies with subtype selectivity. For instance, benzodiazepine receptor ligands with high activity at the α1 and/or α5 tend to be more associated with
714:. The net effect therefore typically inhibitory, reducing the activity of the neuron, although depolarizing currents have been observed in response to GABA in immature neurons in early development. This effect during development is due to a modified
1276:: bind to allosteric sites on the receptor complex and affect it either in a positive (PAM), negative (NAM) or neutral/silent (SAM) manner, causing increased or decreased efficiency of the main site and therefore an indirect increase or decrease in
10323:
6993:
757:
It has been proposed that the GABAergic system is disrupted in numerous neurodevelopmental diseases, including fragile X syndrome, Rett syndrome, and Dravet syndrome, and that it is a crucial potential target for therapeutic intervention.
584:
receptor was initially based on homology models, obtained using crystal structures of homologous proteins like
Acetylcholine binding protein (AChBP) and nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptors as templates. The much sought structure of a
2940:
Vijayan RS, Trivedi N, Roy SN, Bera I, Manoharan P, Payghan PV, Bhattacharyya D, Ghoshal N (November 2012). "Modeling the closed and open state conformations of the GABA(A) ion channel--plausible structural insights for channel gating".
729:
receptors, since their intracellular chlorine concentration is higher than the extracellular. The difference in extracellular chlorine anion concentration is presumed to be due to the higher activity of chloride transporters, such as
2417:
Derry JM, Dunn SM, Davies M (March 2004). "Identification of a residue in the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor alpha subunit that differentially affects diazepam-sensitive and -insensitive benzodiazepine site binding".
6812:
3717:
Lorenzo LE, Russier M, Barbe A, Fritschy JM, Bras H (September 2007). "Differential organization of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A and glycine receptors in the somatic and dendritic compartments of rat abducens motoneurons".
457:
receptor, increasing the frequency of opening of the associated chloride ion channel and hyperpolarising the membrane. This potentiates the inhibitory effect of the available GABA leading to sedative and anxiolytic effects.
4735:
Campbell EL, Chebib M, Johnston GA (October 2004). "The dietary flavonoids apigenin and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate enhance the positive modulation by diazepam of the activation by GABA of recombinant GABA(A) receptors".
738:
transports chloride out of cells and is the dominant factor in establishing the chloride gradient later in development. These depolarization events have shown to be key in neuronal development. In the mature neuron, the
690:. The binding site to GABA is about 80Å away from the narrowest part of the ion channel. Recent computational studies have suggested an allosteric mechanism whereby GABA binding leads to ion channel opening. Because the
7439:
6817:
4771:
Dawson GR, Maubach KA, Collinson N, Cobain M, Everitt BJ, MacLeod AM, Choudhury HI, McDonald LM, Pillai G, Rycroft W, Smith AJ, Sternfeld F, Tattersall FD, Wafford KA, Reynolds DS, Seabrook GR, Atack JR (March 2006).
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A useful property of the many benzodiazepine site allosteric modulators is that they may display selective binding to particular subsets of receptors comprising specific subunits. This allows one to determine which
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effects, as well as treatments for the unwanted side effects of other GABAergic drugs. Advances in molecular pharmacology and genetic manipulation of rat genes have revealed that distinct subtypes of the
3885:
Haseneder R, Rammes G, Zieglgänsberger W, Kochs E, Hapfelmeier G (September 2002). "GABA(A) receptor activation and open-channel block by volatile anaesthetics: a new principle of receptor modulation?".
1224:
receptor complex and modulate it besides GABA itself. A ligand can possess one or more properties of the following types. Unfortunately the literature often does not distinguish these types properly.
390:(whose binding site is located between α- and β-subunits), but bind to distinct benzodiazepine binding sites situated at the interface between the α- and γ-subunits of α- and γ-subunit containing GABA
2976:
Mokrab Y, Bavro V, Mizuguchi K, Todorov NP, Martin IL, Dunn SM, Chan SL, Chau PL (November 2007). "Exploring ligand recognition and ion flow in comparative models of the human GABA type A receptor".
6862:
7512:
3976:
Horikoshi T, Asanuma A, Yanagisawa K, Anzai K, Goto S (September 1988). "Taurine and beta-alanine act on both GABA and glycine receptors in
Xenopus oocyte injected with mouse brain messenger RNA".
10223:
7449:
6343:
9173:
3422:
Yarom M, Tang XW, Wu E, Carlson RG, Vander Velde D, Lee X, Wu J (2016-08-01). "Identification of inosine as an endogenous modulator for the benzodiazepine binding site of the GABAA receptors".
934:
receptor subunit combinations allow teasing apart of the contribution of specific receptor subtypes and their physiological and pathophysiological function and role in the CNS and in disease.
7454:
4252:
Pinna G, Costa E, Guidotti A (June 2006). "Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine stereospecifically and selectively increase brain neurosteroid content at doses that are inactive on 5-HT reuptake".
6857:
6852:
1682:
receptor subunit combinations are prevalent in particular brain areas and provides a clue as to which subunit combinations may be responsible for behavioral effects of drugs acting at GABA
9255:
449:
receptors to be sensitive to the action of benzodiazepines they need to contain an α and a γ subunit, between which the benzodiazepine binds. Once bound, the benzodiazepine locks the GABA
6847:
6842:
7459:
7434:
4948:
Lager E, Nilsson J, Østergaard
Nielsen E, Nielsen M, Liljefors T, Sterner O (July 2008). "Affinity of 3-acyl substituted 4-quinolones at the benzodiazepine site of GABA(A) receptors".
3379:
Chen K, Li HZ, Ye N, Zhang J, Wang JJ (October 2005). "Role of GABAB receptors in GABA and baclofen-induced inhibition of adult rat cerebellar interpositus nucleus neurons in vitro".
1248:: bind to the main receptor site (the site where GABA normally binds, also referred to as the "active" or "orthosteric" site). Agonists activate the receptor, resulting in increased
62:
nomenclature and the approximate locations of the GABA and benzodiazepine (BZ) binding sites are noted (between the α- and β-subunits and between the α- and γ-subunits respectively).
7236:
7251:
9285:
7974:
7517:
7384:
6299:
6269:
1355:
7464:
3807:
529:
receptor complex as GABA itself, and consequently produce effects which are similar but not identical to those of positive allosteric modulators like benzodiazepines.
442:
receptors. When these receptors are activated, there's a rise in intracellular chloride levels, resulting in cell membrane hyperpolarization and decreased excitation.
402:
receptors (α4- or α6-subunit containing) which are insensitive to classical 1,4-benzodiazepines, but instead are sensitive to other classes of GABAergic drugs such as
7497:
4600:
He Y, Benz A, Fu T, Wang M, Covey DF, Zorumski CF, Mennerick S (February 2002). "Neuroprotective agent riluzole potentiates postsynaptic GABA(A) receptor function".
930:
receptors, a great diversity of final pentameric receptor subtypes is possible. Methods to produce cell-based laboratory access to a greater number of possible GABA
9300:
9290:
510:
at the same time, and so the combination of benzodiazepines with barbiturates is strongly synergistic, and can be dangerous if dosage is not strictly controlled.
2463:"International Union of Pharmacology. XV. Subtypes of gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptors: classification on the basis of subunit structure and receptor function"
415:
9275:
9260:
7866:
7537:
7482:
6134:
754:
Proper developmental, neuronal cell-type-specific, and activity-dependent GABAergic transmission control is required for nearly all aspects of CNS function.
4692:
Hosie AM, Dunne EL, Harvey RJ, Smart TG (April 2003). "Zinc-mediated inhibition of GABA(A) receptors: discrete binding sites underlie subtype specificity".
9245:
9240:
9235:
4773:
4074:
Hosie AM, Wilkins ME, da Silva HM, Smart TG (November 2006). "Endogenous neurosteroids regulate GABAA receptors through two discrete transmembrane sites".
2884:
105:: Five subunits symmetrically arranged about the central chloride anion conduction pore. The extracellular loops are not depicted for the sake of clarity.
9280:
6747:
5293:
1259:
conductance. Antagonists, though they have no effect on their own, compete with GABA for binding and thereby inhibit its action, resulting in decreased
7331:
6053:
4363:
Puia G, Santi MR, Vicini S, Pritchett DB, Purdy RH, Paul SM, Seeburg PH, Costa E (May 1990). "Neurosteroids act on recombinant human GABAA receptors".
3492:
Cossart R, Bernard C, Ben-Ari Y (February 2005). "Multiple facets of GABAergic neurons and synapses: multiple fates of GABA signalling in epilepsies".
2683:
Twyman RE, Rogers CJ, Macdonald RL (March 1989). "Differential regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor channels by diazepam and phenobarbital".
1299:: prolong ligand-receptor occupancy, activation kinetics and Cl ion flux in a subunit configuration-dependent and sensitization-state dependent manner.
10575:
10309:
9270:
7940:
7336:
6983:
6943:
6139:
4829:
Weir CJ, Mitchell SJ, Lambert JJ (December 2017). "Role of GABAA receptor subtypes in the behavioural effects of intravenous general anaesthetics".
10477:
8129:
7967:
6677:
5391:
576:
are coloured magenta. Subunits in different colours. One alpha and one beta subunit is hidden. Green chloride ions illustrated in the channel pore.
7196:
234:
R subtypes have pharmacologically distinct receptor binding sites for a diverse range of therapeutically significant neuropharmacological drugs.
7901:
6199:
6189:
7983:
7003:
6767:
4469:
3131:"Perisynaptic localization of delta subunit-containing GABA(A) receptors and their activation by GABA spillover in the mouse dentate gyrus"
1912:
1903:
35:
5060:
Bäckström T, Bixo M, Johansson M, Nyberg S, Ossewaarde L, Ragagnin G, et al. (February 2014). "Allopregnanolone and mood disorders".
10526:
9348:
8005:
7960:
7929:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7806:
7477:
7221:
633:'spillover') in addition to the constant, low GABA concentrations in the extracellular space results in persistent activation of the GABA
10547:
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10228:
9778:
9512:
9507:
9502:
9492:
9343:
7816:
7691:
7532:
7527:
7261:
7097:
6792:
6179:
6174:
6149:
1409:
564:) ion channel pore, the two GABA active binding sites at the α1 and β2 interfaces, and the benzodiazepine (BZD) allosteric binding site
616:. Each subunit comprises four transmembrane domains with both the N- and C-terminus located extracellularly. The receptor sits in the
241:
and the ionic concentration difference, this can result in ionic fluxes across the pore. If the membrane potential is higher than the
9703:
9163:
7013:
6772:
306:
which modulate the activity of the receptor indirectly. These allosteric sites are the targets of various other drugs, including the
4864:
Da
Settimo F, Taliani S, Trincavelli ML, Montali M, Martini C (2007). "GABA A/Bz receptor subtypes as targets for selective drugs".
93:(1–4) are depicted as cylinders. The disulfide bond in the N-terminal extracellular domain which is characteristic of the family of
7821:
5286:
2021:
Kaila K, Voipio J (18 November 1987). "Postsynaptic fall in intracellular pH induced by GABA-activated bicarbonate conductance".
4557:
Boldyreva AA (October 2005). "Lanthanum potentiates GABA-activated currents in rat pyramidal neurons of CA1 hippocampal field".
6046:
2885:"Comparative models of GABAA receptor extracellular and transmembrane domains: important insights in pharmacology and function"
5244:
5188:
5169:
2393:
2174:
2133:
1997:
7301:
58:. Bottom: view of the receptor from the extracellular face of the membrane. The subunits are labeled according to the GABA
7366:
3178:
Farrant M, Nusser Z (March 2005). "Variations on an inhibitory theme: phasic and tonic activation of GABA(A) receptors".
398:
receptors (those containing α1-, α2-, α3-, or α5-subunits) are benzodiazepine sensitive, there exists a minority of GABA
218:
R subtype-dependent extracellular domain sites. Alcohols and neurosteroids, among other general anesthetics, act at GABA
5279:
744:
10571:
10002:
7419:
6039:
5702:
5690:
5198:
Uusi-Oukari M, Korpi ER (March 2010). "Regulation of GABA(A) receptor subunit expression by pharmacological agents".
269:
7627:
6085:
4985:"Paradoxical reactions to benzodiazepines in intravenous sedation: a report of 2 cases and review of the literature"
10595:
5722:
5599:
779:
702:
receptors tends to stabilize or hyperpolarise the resting potential, and can make it more difficult for excitatory
2461:
Barnard EA, Skolnick P, Olsen RW, Mohler H, Sieghart W, Biggio G, Braestrup C, Bateson AN, Langer SZ (June 1998).
1703:. There are many examples of subtype-selective compounds which are widely used in scientific research, including:
802:
receptor, which determine the receptor's agonist affinity, chance of opening, conductance, and other properties.
5271:
4812:
2923:
498:-selective agonists as anticonvulsants which lack the side effects of older drugs such as sedation and amnesia.
7271:
6973:
5735:
2599:
Atack JR (August 2003). "Anxioselective compounds acting at the GABA(A) receptor benzodiazepine binding site".
735:
9522:
7599:
3457:
Braat S, Kooy RF (June 2015). "The GABAA Receptor as a
Therapeutic Target for Neurodevelopmental Disorders".
4645:"Menthol enhances phasic and tonic GABAA receptor-mediated currents in midbrain periaqueductal grey neurons"
3678:"Assembly and cell surface expression of heteromeric and homomeric gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors"
2378:
GABAA receptor structure-function studies: a reexamination in light of new acetylcholine receptor structures
10567:
7922:
1236:
GABA bound at its orthosteric site in the beta-alpha interface of an α1β2γ2 GABAA receptor. H-atoms hidden.
589:
receptor was finally resolved, with the disclosure of the crystal structure of human β3 homopentameric GABA
4510:"The anti-convulsant stiripentol acts directly on the GABA(A) receptor as a positive allosteric modulator"
10291:
9402:
7326:
9412:
5757:
5714:
4443:"Neurosteroids — Endogenous Regulators of Seizure Susceptibility and Role in the Treatment of Epilepsy"
2785:
Richter L, de Graaf C, Sieghart W, Varagic Z, Mörzinger M, de Esch IJ, Ecker GF, Ernst M (March 2012).
1293:: bind to an allosteric site on the receptor complex and modulate the effect of first order modulators.
1059:
1707:
epileptic patients, and as an adjunct in severe recurrent convulsive seizures and status epilepticus.
971:. Benzodiazepines and barbiturates amplify the inhibitory effects mediated by the GABAA receptor. GABA
214:
R proteins. Some sedatives and anxiolytics, such as benzodiazepines and related medicines, act on GABA
7716:
7706:
7132:
6076:
5557:
4289:
Dubrovsky BO (February 2005). "Steroids, neuroactive steroids and neurosteroids in psychopathology".
9427:
9422:
9417:
7560:
5179:
Olsen RW, Betz H (2005). "16. GABA and
Glycine". In Siegel GJ, Albers RW, Brady S, Price DD (eds.).
2157:
Chua HC, Chebib M (2017). "GABA a
Receptors and the Diversity in their Structure and Pharmacology".
9984:
9980:
9153:
5771:
5310:
5265:
4215:
Belelli D, Lambert JJ (July 2005). "Neurosteroids: endogenous regulators of the GABA(A) receptor".
1565:
775:
770:
receptors are members of the large pentameric ligand gated ion channel (previously referred to as "
327:
130:
3926:"Beta-alanine and taurine as endogenous agonists at glycine receptors in rat hippocampus in vitro"
2462:
734:, transporting chloride into cells which are present early in development, whereas, for instance,
453:
receptor into a conformation where the neurotransmitter GABA has much higher affinity for the GABA
7686:
7341:
6144:
4032:
2208:"Ethanol acts directly on extrasynaptic subtypes of GABAA receptors to increase tonic inhibition"
1815:
387:
230:
R subtype-dependent extracellular domain locations at low intoxication concentrations. Thus, GABA
7711:
4484:
8169:
7107:
6968:
6702:
5958:
5261:
4774:"An inverse agonist selective for alpha5 subunit-containing GABAA receptors enhances cognition"
3629:"Cell engineering method using fluorogenic oligonucleotide signaling probes and flow cytometry"
609:
149:
2341:
Sigel E (August 2002). "Mapping of the benzodiazepine recognition site on GABA(A) receptors".
141:
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10514:
10192:
6948:
5306:
3627:
Shekdar K, Langer J, Venkatachalan S, Schmid L, Anobile J, Shah P, et al. (March 2021).
1217:
731:
641:
438:". Benzodiazepines like diazepam and midazolam act as positive allosteric modulators for GABA
242:
137:
17:
4121:"Characterization of brain neurons that express enzymes mediating neurosteroid biosynthesis"
4119:
Agís-Balboa RC, Pinna G, Zhubi A, Maloku E, Veldic M, Costa E, Guidotti A (September 2006).
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deviations. There are indication that the latter may be triggered by, among other factors,
1811:
1531:
1497:
1290:
1273:
407:
222:
R subunit-interface transmembrane locations. High anesthetic dosages of ethanol act on GABA
87:
9386:
8:
10422:
10305:
9432:
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8289:
7997:
7721:
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7185:
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6526:
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6239:
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Akk G, Shu HJ, Wang C, Steinbach JH, Zorumski CF, Covey DF, Mennerick S (December 2005).
1457:
1245:
315:
245:(also known as the reversal potential) for chloride ions, when the receptor is activated
206:
R is not just the target of agonist depressants and antagonist convulsants, but most GABA
126:
4417:
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4087:
3238:
3089:
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2034:
553:(γ2)) which illustrates the five combined subunits that form the protein, the chloride (
10399:
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8622:
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6582:
6544:
6068:
5774:
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5318:
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5104:
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5001:
4984:
4925:
4901:"A novel GABA(A) receptor pharmacology: drugs interacting with the α(+) β(-) interface"
4900:
4804:
4717:
4669:
4644:
4625:
4582:
4534:
4509:
4388:
4351:
4326:
Mellon SH, Griffin LD (2002). "Neurosteroids: biochemistry and clinical significance".
4314:
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3012:
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2787:"Diazepam-bound GABAA receptor models identify new benzodiazepine binding-site ligands"
2786:
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Kim JJ, Gharpure A, Teng J, Zhuang Y, Howard RJ, Zhu S, et al. (September 2020).
2385:
1644:. Ligands which decrease receptor activation usually have opposite effects, including
652:
receptor changes conformation within the membrane, opening the pore in order to allow
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GABA-gated ion channel is the inclusion of an α and a β subunit. The most common GABA
572:
Side view of the EM structure of the α1β3γ2 GABAA receptor. GABA and the anaesthetic
311:
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43:
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2738:"Structural mechanisms underlying benzodiazepine modulation of the GABA(A) receptor"
2722:
2636:"Structural mechanisms underlying benzodiazepine modulation of the GABA(A) receptor"
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2651:
2647:
2608:
2571:
2561:
2513:
2505:
2427:
2381:
2350:
2313:
2303:
2264:
2227:
2219:
2162:
2096:
2088:
2058:
2038:
1960:
1952:
1898:
996:
992:
783:
711:
703:
629:
613:
261:
157:
145:
4402:"Steroid hormone metabolites are barbiturate-like modulators of the GABA receptor"
2223:
774:-loop" receptors) super-family of evolutionarily related and structurally similar
694:
for chloride in most mature neurons is close to or more negative than the resting
10510:
10375:
10359:
10347:
10301:
10252:
10067:
10042:
10037:
9851:
9584:
9437:
8239:
8234:
8096:
8029:
7168:
7077:
7042:
6710:
6692:
6617:
6574:
6437:
5301:
3941:
3470:
3336:
1956:
1875:
1629:
1546:
1413:
1302:
1296:
537:
4302:
2166:
628:, postsynaptically. However, some isoforms may be found extrasynaptically. When
199:
undergo plastic alterations in response to experience, including drug exposure.
10522:
10351:
10260:
10127:
10122:
9546:
8434:
8339:
8214:
8179:
8174:
8060:
8025:
7751:
7646:
6696:
6566:
6461:
6387:
6352:
5335:
5157:
4877:
4442:
4125:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3644:
3505:
2989:
2546:"Cryo-EM structure of the benzodiazepine-sensitive α1β1γ2S tri-heteromeric GABA
2544:
Phulera S, Zhu H, Yu J, Claxton DP, Yoder N, Yoshioka C, Gouaux E (July 2018).
1865:
1827:
1641:
1609:
1493:
1417:
1377:
787:
707:
487:
379:
323:
307:
273:
6558:
4961:
4749:
4570:
4265:
3820:
3097:
2851:
2494:"Rescue therapies for seizure clusters: Pharmacology and target of treatments"
2308:
2124:
Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM, Siegelbaum S, Hudspeth AJ, Mack S (eds.).
1305:: bind to or near the central pore of the receptor complex and directly block
568:
382:
class of tranquilizer drugs. Benzodiazepines do not bind to the same receptor
10605:
10589:
10518:
10481:
10355:
10281:
10276:
10266:
10202:
10142:
10072:
9917:
9874:
9080:
9045:
9020:
8832:
8692:
8672:
8667:
8657:
8652:
8552:
8442:
8384:
8379:
8364:
8344:
8334:
8314:
8304:
8294:
8259:
8229:
8219:
8164:
8088:
8035:
8020:
7661:
7351:
7158:
7046:
7027:
6963:
6890:
6802:
6752:
6718:
6681:
6642:
6592:
6432:
6427:
6417:
6381:
6284:
6219:
6169:
6118:
6062:
5861:
5791:
5375:
5327:
4643:
Lau, B. K.; Karim, S.; Goodchild, A. K.; Vaughan, C. W.; Drew, G. M. (2014).
3852:
3836:"GABA Potency at GABA(A) Receptors Found in Synaptic and Extrasynaptic Zones"
2612:
2354:
2143:
2007:
1870:
1848:
1576:
1535:
1441:
1287:
conductance. SAMs do not affect the conductance, but occupy the binding site.
617:
83:
55:
4899:
Sieghart W, Ramerstorfer J, Sarto-Jackson I, Varagic Z, Ernst M (May 2012).
4792:
4425:
4145:
494:
subtypes, but current research in this area is focused mainly on producing α
10390:
10132:
10082:
10052:
9997:
9955:
9950:
9945:
9935:
9930:
9859:
9517:
9482:
9477:
9447:
9396:
9323:
9015:
9005:
8777:
8772:
8762:
8757:
8687:
8512:
8502:
8394:
8354:
8319:
8299:
8284:
8269:
8204:
8199:
8184:
8154:
8149:
8134:
8080:
8070:
7618:
7589:
7583:
7394:
7181:
7144:
7140:
7062:
6958:
6646:
6621:
6597:
6319:
6124:
6031:
5979:
5219:
5138:
5081:
5010:
4969:
4934:
4885:
4850:
4800:
4757:
4713:
4678:
4621:
4578:
4543:
4454:
4347:
4310:
4273:
4236:
4207:
4164:
4103:
4066:
3959:
3907:
3871:
3739:
3662:
3613:
3580:"GABA A receptors: subtypes provide diversity of function and pharmacology"
3513:
3478:
3400:
3354:
3256:
3199:
3164:
3115:
3054:
2997:
2962:
2911:
2903:
2869:
2820:
2771:
2669:
2620:
2585:
2527:
2439:
2403:
2362:
2327:
2241:
2184:
2110:
1974:
1823:
1453:
1445:
1429:
1385:
1347:
1000:
984:
976:
915:
502:
501:
The binding site for benzodiazepines is distinct from the binding site for
403:
331:
66:
7626:
5211:
5120:
4433:
4384:
3997:
3792:
3761:
Macdonald RL, Kelly KM (1995). "Antiepileptic drug mechanisms of action".
3703:
3556:
3535:
Enz R, Cutting GR (May 1998). "Molecular composition of GABAC receptors".
3443:
3305:
2836:"Shared structural mechanisms of general anaesthetics and benzodiazepines"
2714:
2696:
2478:
2276:
2050:
10472:
10467:
10437:
10417:
10172:
10152:
10102:
9925:
9907:
9902:
9892:
9869:
9864:
9831:
9753:
9594:
9561:
9551:
9407:
9391:
9295:
9178:
9095:
9075:
9065:
9035:
9000:
8952:
8942:
8902:
8897:
8872:
8857:
8817:
8807:
8742:
8712:
8662:
8607:
8582:
8562:
8557:
8522:
8419:
8374:
8329:
8309:
8274:
8249:
8144:
8121:
8045:
8015:
7871:
7796:
7731:
7570:
7507:
7414:
7356:
7266:
7136:
7127:
7087:
6742:
6737:
6726:
6722:
6672:
6662:
6549:
6534:
6516:
6411:
6377:
6234:
6184:
6164:
6114:
5302:
5045:
4842:
4033:"Neurosteroid modulation of synaptic and extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors"
3783:
3694:
3677:
2802:
2705:
1844:
1669:
receptor mediate certain parts of the anaesthetic behavioral repertoire.
1485:
1477:
1465:
1437:
1433:
1389:
1373:
1362:
1335:
964:
671:
319:
299:
283:
176:
90:
10537:
6882:
4898:
4095:
3676:
Connolly CN, Krishek BJ, McDonald BJ, Smart TG, Moss SJ (January 1996).
3036:
2566:
1734:(both partial agonists at some subtypes, but weak antagonists at others)
226:
R subtype-dependent transmembrane domain locations. Ethanol acts at GABA
10505:
10457:
10452:
10370:
10365:
10271:
10242:
10238:
10147:
10112:
10057:
10047:
10007:
9940:
9768:
9733:
9698:
9693:
9647:
9637:
9566:
9527:
9487:
9472:
9452:
9442:
9381:
9376:
9366:
9333:
9315:
9211:
9158:
9123:
9070:
9060:
9030:
9025:
8962:
8937:
8892:
8867:
8847:
8827:
8822:
8812:
8792:
8747:
8737:
8722:
8682:
8677:
8647:
8602:
8597:
8577:
8567:
8547:
8542:
8532:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8424:
8279:
8194:
8189:
8075:
8065:
8040:
7756:
7666:
7575:
7565:
7424:
7241:
7231:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7173:
7152:
7122:
7057:
7037:
7031:
6933:
6900:
6894:
6886:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6762:
6714:
6687:
6652:
6627:
6486:
6481:
6475:
6422:
6371:
6367:
6254:
6109:
3435:
3247:
3222:
1941:"GABAA receptor trafficking-mediated plasticity of inhibitory synapses"
1761:
1727:
1721:
1711:
1695:, but several more selective compounds are in development such as the α
1652:. Some of the subtype-selective negative allosteric modulators such as
1649:
1645:
1625:
1605:
1584:
1527:
1519:
1500:
1449:
1381:
747:(IPSP). The endogenous ligand that binds to the benzodiazepine site is
645:
483:
371:
339:
303:
134:
4660:
4400:
Majewska MD, Harrison NL, Schwartz RD, Barker JL, Paul SM (May 1986).
3731:
2954:
2509:
264:
occurring at the postsynaptic cell. The reversal potential of the GABA
47:
10495:
10447:
10442:
10427:
10385:
10380:
10338:
10333:
10328:
10286:
10182:
10167:
10107:
10092:
10077:
9897:
9808:
9763:
9728:
9718:
9688:
9683:
9668:
9642:
9604:
9599:
9576:
9571:
9556:
9462:
9457:
9338:
9216:
9206:
9198:
9133:
9110:
9090:
9085:
9055:
9040:
9010:
8992:
8982:
8977:
8972:
8967:
8947:
8932:
8927:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8877:
8852:
8802:
8787:
8782:
8767:
8752:
8732:
8727:
8717:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8617:
8612:
8587:
8517:
8497:
8467:
8389:
8324:
8254:
8244:
8209:
8106:
8010:
7891:
7886:
7876:
7836:
7781:
7766:
7746:
7741:
7726:
7522:
7492:
7399:
7379:
7374:
7226:
7148:
7082:
7052:
7023:
6953:
6938:
6905:
6872:
6636:
6612:
6570:
6562:
6521:
6511:
6495:
6491:
6467:
6452:
6447:
6407:
6324:
6309:
6274:
6264:
6249:
6224:
6204:
6159:
4947:
2380:. International Review of Neurobiology. Vol. 62. pp. 1–43.
2159:
GABAA Receptors and the
Diversity in their Structure and Pharmacology
2042:
1731:
1700:
1661:
1572:
1554:
1523:
1504:
1425:
1393:
1343:
1331:
968:
573:
522:
335:
295:
210:
R medicines also act at additional (allosteric) binding sites on GABA
30:
5237:
Diversity and Functions of GABA Receptors: A Tribute to Hanns Möhler
5160:. In Siegel GJ, Agranoff BW, Fisher SK, Albers RW, Uhler MD (eds.).
4449:(4th ed.). National Center for Biotechnology Information (US).
4401:
4228:
3272:"Giant synaptic potentials in immature rat CA3 hippocampal neurones"
3191:
3068:
Zhu S, Noviello CM, Teng J, Walsh RM, Kim JJ, Hibbs RE (July 2018).
743:
channel opens quickly and thus contributes to the early part of the
648:
compound that causes this receptor to open; once bound to GABA, the
10552:
10485:
10462:
10411:
10407:
10403:
10343:
10317:
10177:
10137:
10117:
10097:
10087:
10027:
10022:
9836:
9798:
9748:
9713:
9678:
9673:
9657:
9652:
9632:
9627:
9622:
9609:
9497:
9305:
9182:
9168:
9143:
9138:
9128:
9100:
8887:
8882:
8862:
8842:
8837:
8637:
8592:
8572:
8537:
8527:
8414:
8369:
8359:
8264:
8159:
8139:
8055:
7881:
7811:
7801:
7761:
7736:
7676:
7579:
7487:
7361:
7291:
7246:
7177:
7117:
7102:
7017:
6978:
6877:
6757:
6666:
6606:
6586:
6578:
6471:
6457:
6441:
6391:
6289:
6279:
6259:
6229:
6213:
6104:
4863:
4705:
4049:
3884:
3270:
Ben-Ari Y, Cherubini E, Corradetti R, Gaiarsa JL (September 1989).
2292:"The GABAB Receptor-Structure, Ligand Binding and Drug Development"
1893:
1840:
1819:
1737:
1688:
1633:
1621:
1617:
1508:
1489:
1481:
1473:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1366:
1339:
1232:
980:
653:
606:
593:
receptor. Whilst this was a major development, the majority of GABA
518:
467:
291:
161:
4011:
Hunter, A (2006). "Kava (Piper methysticum) back in circulation".
482:
receptors containing α2 and/or α3 subunits generally have greater
10499:
10489:
10248:
10187:
10162:
10157:
10032:
10012:
9992:
9813:
9803:
9788:
9773:
9758:
9743:
9738:
9723:
9708:
9589:
9328:
9188:
8642:
8349:
8050:
7786:
7771:
7681:
7594:
7321:
7281:
7276:
7201:
7112:
7092:
7008:
6657:
6397:
6313:
6294:
6129:
5906:
5901:
5650:
5103:
Brown EN, Lydic R, Schiff ND (December 2010). Schwartz RS (ed.).
3269:
1637:
1613:
1592:
1588:
1550:
1512:
1421:
1351:
1241:
1204:
795:
748:
649:
625:
475:
6837:
6832:
4291:
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry
3626:
1747:
1653:
290:
receptor is the binding site for GABA and several drugs such as
272:(IPSP) in normal solution is −70 mV, contrasting the
10432:
10395:
10017:
9970:
9841:
9823:
9783:
9467:
9265:
7651:
6602:
6505:
6209:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5534:
5526:
5518:
5479:
5471:
5463:
5455:
5447:
5439:
5431:
5423:
5415:
5407:
5399:
3975:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1604:
Ligands which contribute to receptor activation typically have
895:
891:
887:
860:
856:
852:
845:
841:
837:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
621:
471:
5162:
Basic neurochemistry: molecular, cellular, and medical aspects
4399:
2784:
951:
receptor is a pentamer comprising two α's, two β's, and a γ (α
9793:
7696:
7346:
7072:
6922:
6538:
6154:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5939:
5931:
5866:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5680:
5675:
5581:
5573:
5565:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5181:
Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects
3221:
Várnai C, Irwin BW, Payne MC, Csányi G, Chau PL (July 2020).
2077:"GABAA receptor: Positive and negative allosteric modulators"
988:
879:
875:
871:
867:
656:
490:
effects can be produced by agonists acting at any of the GABA
378:
receptor protein complex is also the molecular target of the
256:
will flow into the cell. This causes an inhibitory effect on
5059:
4770:
3675:
2883:
Ernst M, Bruckner S, Boresch S, Sieghart W (November 2005).
2882:
725:
gradient wherein the anions leave the cells through the GABA
461:
Different benzodiazepines have different affinities for GABA
9226:
7791:
7604:
7286:
7256:
6998:
6988:
6928:
6918:
6914:
6501:
5589:
4445:. In Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, et al. (eds.).
4118:
3716:
3129:
Wei W, Zhang N, Peng Z, Houser CR, Mody I (November 2003).
2975:
2123:
1539:
1327:
898:); however, these do not coassemble with the classical GABA
7302:
2460:
6706:
4781:
The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
4073:
2161:. Advances in Pharmacology. Vol. 79. pp. 1–34.
612:
which consist of five subunits arranged around a central
4642:
4362:
999:. Subunit expression varies between 'normal' tissue and
975:
receptors can also be found in other tissues, including
353:
receptor is an obligatory heterodimer consisting of GABA
2289:
963:
receptor subunits and their densities can vary between
902:
units listed above, but rather homooligomerize to form
7982:
7628:
6086:
5017:
4734:
3220:
2205:
1938:
4691:
3491:
2939:
2833:
2682:
1814:
upon — for example — benzodiazepines, barbiturates,
386:
on the protein complex as does the endogenous ligand
5155:
3367:
3067:
2601:
Current Drug Targets. CNS and Neurological Disorders
1220:
have been found to bind to various sites on the GABA
5970:
4828:
4171:
4023:
3971:
3969:
3833:
2543:
2255:Johnston GA (1996). "GABAA receptor pharmacology".
86:(yellow lines connected to blue spheres). The four
5183:(7th ed.). Academic Press. pp. 291–302.
4251:
4030:
3923:
3421:
3223:"Functional movements of the GABA type A receptor"
3128:
302:. The protein also contains a number of different
10535:Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive modulators:
4467:
3361:
1990:The Oxford handbook of stress, health, and coping
1830:are associated with structural deviations of GABA
10587:
5197:
5164:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven.
5102:
3966:
2735:
2633:
2290:Evenseth LS, Gabrielsen M, Sylte I (July 2020).
27:Ionotropic receptor and ligand-gated ion channel
4031:Herd MB, Belelli D, Lambert JJ (October 2007).
3924:Mori M, Gähwiler BH, Gerber U (February 2002).
3919:
3917:
3834:Mortensen M, Patel B, Smart TG (January 2011).
2539:
2537:
2491:
2416:
2065:
1929:
4214:
3760:
3010:
2206:Santhakumar V, Wallner M, Otis TS (May 2007).
2070:
2068:
1939:Luscher B, Fuchs T, Kilpatrick CL (May 2011).
1934:
1932:
7968:
6047:
5287:
5039:(12). Royal College of Psychiatrists: 460–2.
5026:"Benzodiazepines and disinhibition: a review"
4559:Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine
4440:
4325:
3577:
3378:
3177:
3013:"Crystal structure of a human GABAA receptor"
365:
6061:
4982:
4976:
4941:
4857:
4764:
4685:
4599:
4593:
4447:Jasper's Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies
4013:Australian Centre for Complementary Medicine
3914:
3710:
3571:
2943:Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling
2827:
2778:
2627:
2534:
2410:
2369:
2334:
478:, whereas those with higher activity at GABA
7984:
6063:
4174:"Neurosteroid access to the GABAA receptor"
2978:Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling
2676:
2454:
2199:
2150:
2020:
959:γ). In neurons themselves, the type of GABA
7975:
7961:
7311:Tooltip γ-Aminobutyric acid A-rho receptor
6054:
6040:
5294:
5280:
3534:
2156:
260:by diminishing the chance of a successful
5264:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
5234:
5178:
5128:
5044:
5000:
4924:
4668:
4556:
4533:
4288:
4197:
4154:
4144:
4048:
4010:
3949:
3861:
3851:
3782:
3693:
3652:
3603:
3456:
3344:
3295:
3246:
3154:
3105:
3044:
2859:
2810:
2761:
2704:
2659:
2575:
2565:
2517:
2317:
2307:
2231:
2100:
1964:
532:
2492:Gidal B, Detyniecki K (September 2022).
2254:
1805:
1231:
1212:receptor and where various ligands bind.
1203:
567:
536:
410:exist which are not associated with GABA
101:receptor) is depicted as a yellow line.
65:
29:
3485:
3318:
2248:
1987:
1917:receptor negative allosteric modulators
1908:receptor positive allosteric modulators
921:
430:" no longer be used and that the term "
14:
10588:
7636:Tooltip γ-Aminobutyric acid B receptor
6094:Tooltip γ-Aminobutyric acid A receptor
4507:
4328:Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism
4004:
3011:Miller PS, Aricescu AR (August 2014).
2736:Hanson SM, Czajkowski C (March 2008).
2634:Hanson SM, Czajkowski C (March 2008).
2375:
1778:subtypes, and as a partial agonist at
7956:
6035:
5275:
5105:"General anesthesia, sleep, and coma"
5023:
4468:Toraskar M, Singh PR, Neve S (2010).
3805:
3578:Olsen RW, Sieghart W (January 2009).
2598:
2343:Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry
2340:
2074:
805:In humans, the units are as follows:
637:receptors known as tonic inhibition.
394:receptors. While the majority of GABA
10576:GABA metabolism/transport modulators
7941:GABA metabolism/transport modulators
4950:Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry
3809:GABA receptors and the immune system
3720:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
3372:
1810:There are multiple indications that
1794:3-acyl-4-quinolones: selective for α
1740:(full agonist highly selective for α
1316:conductance through the ion channel.
580:Structural understanding of the GABA
525:do bind to the same site on the GABA
10193:Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)
6337:Positive modulators (abridged; see
5109:The New England Journal of Medicine
3682:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
3528:
3321:"How GABA generates depolarization"
3227:Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
3070:"Structure of a human synaptic GABA
1992:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1724:(subtype-selective partial agonist)
1691:which is reasonably selective for α
408:peripheral benzodiazepine receptors
24:
9256:11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain
5148:
3840:Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
3775:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1995.tb05996.x
3393:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.07.004
3147:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-33-10650.2003
1571:Non-competitive channel blockers:
745:inhibitory post-synaptic potential
25:
10617:
10003:Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate
7872:Homotaurine (tramiprosate, 3-APS)
7370:-Chloroacetylcytosine arabinoside
6165:Homotaurine (tramiprosate, 3-APS)
5255:
1660:are being investigated for their
1274:First order allosteric modulators
780:nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
270:inhibitory postsynaptic potential
4917:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01779.x
4526:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.06.004
4059:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.03.007
3888:European Journal of Pharmacology
3596:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.07.045
2432:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.02264.x
2093:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.01.036
1754:(selective inverse agonist for α
1518:Negative allosteric modulators:
1372:Positive allosteric modulators:
1303:Non-competitive channel blockers
418:has recommended that the terms "
82:monomeric subunit embedded in a
10423:Menthyl isovalerate (validolum)
7164:Pentylenetetrazol (pentetrazol)
5096:
5074:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.07.005
5053:
4892:
4822:
4728:
4649:British Journal of Pharmacology
4636:
4550:
4501:
4461:
4037:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
3878:
3827:
3799:
3754:
3669:
3620:
3450:
3415:
3312:
3263:
3214:
3171:
3122:
3061:
3004:
2969:
2933:
2876:
2729:
2592:
2485:
2257:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
1171:Hippocampus, Prefrontal cortex
1015:Distribution of Receptor Types
937:
70:Schematic structure of the GABA
9372:Allopregnanolone (brexanolone)
4477:Deccan Journal of Pharmacology
4441:Reddy DS, Rogawski MA (2012).
4190:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4173-05.2005
3815:(Thesis). Utrecht University.
3288:10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017762
2754:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5727-07.2008
2652:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5727-07.2008
2550:receptor in complex with GABA"
2283:
2117:
2014:
1981:
1672:
1566:(−)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate
926:Given the large number of GABA
13:
1:
10568:Receptor/signaling modulators
9124:Ampelopsin (dihydromyricetin)
7923:Receptor/signaling modulators
7078:Isopregnanolone (sepranolone)
5156:Olsen RW, DeLorey TM (1999).
4614:10.1016/s0028-3908(01)00175-7
4470:"STUDY OF GABAERGIC AGONISTS"
4340:10.1016/S1043-2760(01)00503-3
3900:10.1016/S0014-2999(02)02194-5
3549:10.1016/S0042-6989(97)00277-0
3424:Journal of Biomedical Science
2386:10.1016/S0074-7742(04)62001-0
2224:10.1016/j.alcohol.2007.04.011
2128:(5th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
1923:
1545:Inverse allosteric agonists:
794:. There are numerous subunit
144:(GABA), the major inhibitory
50:). Top: side view of the GABA
10318:ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine)
9403:anabolic-androgenic steroids
8185:Butabarbital/Secbutabarbital
7990:receptor positive modulators
7934:receptor positive modulators
6442:ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine)
5239:. Academic Press, Elsevier.
4377:10.1016/0896-6273(90)90202-Q
4217:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
3990:10.1016/0169-328x(88)90002-2
3942:10.1113/jphysiol.2001.013147
3471:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.03.042
3337:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.183574
3180:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
2269:10.1016/0163-7258(95)02043-8
2126:Principles of neural science
1957:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.03.024
1083:Hippocampal pyramidal cells
910:(formerly classified as GABA
414:receptors. As a result, the
160:is selectively permeable to
7:
8958:Triflunordazepam (Ro5-2904)
4983:Robin C, Trieger N (2002).
4866:Current Medicinal Chemistry
4303:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.11.001
4178:The Journal of Neuroscience
3135:The Journal of Neuroscience
2640:The Journal of Neuroscience
2167:10.1016/bs.apha.2017.03.003
1858:
1320:
761:
710:the neuron and generate an
670:) and, to a lesser extent,
541:Schematic diagram of a GABA
279:IPSP (−100 mV).
175:) and, to a lesser extent,
10:
10622:
9286:5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin
7133:Nonsteroidal antiandrogens
4878:10.2174/092986707782023190
4508:Fisher JL (January 2009).
4483:(2): 56–69. Archived from
3645:10.1007/s10529-021-03101-5
3506:10.1016/j.tins.2004.11.011
2990:10.1016/j.jmgm.2007.04.012
1599:
1356:piperidine-4-sulfonic acid
1199:
1105:Widespread, most abundant
1060:Reticular thalamic nucleus
366:Target for benzodiazepines
10561:
10211:
9979:
9916:
9883:
9850:
9822:
9536:
9478:Pregnanolone (eltanolone)
9357:
9314:
9225:
9197:
9109:
8991:
8433:
8120:
8021:Chlorobutanol (cloretone)
7996:
7914:
7617:
7300:
6084:
6075:
5957:
5917:
5854:Voltage- and ligand-gated
5852:
5782:
5770:
5748:
5598:
5548:
5374:
5326:
5317:
5311:ligand-gated ion channels
4962:10.1016/j.bmc.2008.05.049
4750:10.1016/j.bcp.2004.07.022
4571:10.1007/s10517-005-0503-z
4266:10.1007/s00213-005-0213-2
3930:The Journal of Physiology
3368:16. GABA and Glycine 1999
3325:The Journal of Physiology
3319:Spitzer NC (March 2010).
3276:The Journal of Physiology
3098:10.1038/s41586-018-0255-3
2852:10.1038/s41586-020-2654-5
2420:Journal of Neurochemistry
2309:10.3390/molecules25133093
1632:properties. Some such as
1564:Second-order modulators:
1361:Orthosteric antagonists:
1127:Cerebellar granule cells
1094:Cerebellar granule cells
886:There are three ρ units (
809:six types of α subunits (
776:ligand-gated ion channels
624:, usually localized at a
406:and alcohol. In addition
10572:GABA receptor modulators
10482:sulfonmethane (sulfonal)
6682:sulfonmethane (sulfonal)
5266:Medical Subject Headings
5062:Progress in Neurobiology
4738:Biochemical Pharmacology
3853:10.3389/fncel.2012.00001
3806:Hoeve, A.L. ten (2012).
2613:10.2174/1568007033482841
2355:10.2174/1568026023393444
1988:Folkman, Susan. (2011).
1816:inhalational anesthetics
1227:
1007:receptors can influence
688:electrochemical gradient
513:Also note that some GABA
304:allosteric binding sites
131:ligand-gated ion channel
97:(which includes the GABA
10596:Transmembrane receptors
5600:Nicotinic acetylcholine
5200:Pharmacological Reviews
4793:10.1124/jpet.105.092320
4740:. Six Decades of GABA.
4426:10.1126/science.2422758
4146:10.1073/pnas.0606544103
3494:Trends in Neurosciences
3381:Brain Research Bulletin
2791:Nature Chemical Biology
2467:Pharmacological Reviews
1291:Second order modulators
1149:Thalamus, hypothalamus
1023:Synaptic/Extrasynaptic
914:receptors but now this
610:transmembrane receptors
432:benzodiazepine receptor
54:receptor embedded in a
10458:Retigabine (ezogabine)
9734:Lirequinil (Ro41-3696)
9301:7,8-Dihydromethysticin
9291:5,6-Dehydromethysticin
8170:Benzylbutylbarbiturate
7561:5α-Dihydroprogesterone
7108:Morphine-3-glucuronide
6768:Hyenachin (mellitoxin)
6653:Retigabine (ezogabine)
5158:"16. GABA and Glycine"
4837:(suppl_1): i167–i175.
2904:10.1124/mol.105.015982
2892:Molecular Pharmacology
2075:Olsen RW (July 2018).
1326:Orthosteric agonists:
1237:
1213:
918:has been deprecated).
577:
565:
545:receptor protein ((α1)
533:Structure and function
150:central nervous system
106:
63:
6949:Chlorophenylsilatrane
5307:cell surface receptor
5212:10.1124/pr.109.002063
5121:10.1056/NEJMra0808281
3633:Biotechnology Letters
2697:10.1002/ana.410250302
1812:paradoxical reactions
1806:Paradoxical reactions
1297:Open channel blockers
1235:
1207:
1116:Thalamic relay cells
1072:Thalamic relay cells
686:) to pass down their
571:
540:
243:equilibrium potential
69:
33:
10513:constituents (e.g.,
10297:Deuterated etifoxine
9359:Neuroactive steroids
9329:Apronal (apronalide)
9181:constituents (e.g.,
8798:N-Desalkylflurazepam
7899:Negative modulators:
7779:Positive modulators:
7672:Arbaclofen placarbil
7558:Negative modulators:
7407:Positive modulators:
7192:Pregnenolone sulfate
6828:17-Phenylandrostenol
6810:Negative modulators:
6695:constituents (e.g.,
6665:constituents (e.g.,
6527:Neuroactive steroids
6504:constituents (e.g.,
6240:Neuroactive steroids
5972:Purinergic receptors
5046:10.1192/pb.26.12.460
5033:Psychiatric Bulletin
3695:10.1074/jbc.271.1.89
2803:10.1038/nchembio.917
2504:(Suppl 1): S34–S44.
1853:occupational burnout
1532:pregnenolone sulfate
1458:neuroactive steroids
1242:Orthosteric agonists
1026:Anatomical location
922:Combinatorial arrays
698:, activation of GABA
505:and GABA on the GABA
434:" be replaced with "
328:inhaled anaesthetics
316:neuroactive steroids
10306:dihydroergocryptine
9618:Pyrazolopyrimidines
9276:5,6-Dihydroyangonin
9261:7,8-Dihydroyangonin
8448:3-Hydroxyphenazepam
8290:Methylphenobarbital
7488:Gabazine (SR-95531)
7478:CGP-36742 (SGS-742)
7186:dihydropicrotoxinin
6911:Bicyclic phosphates
6823:11-Ketoprogesterone
6758:Gabazine (SR-95531)
6583:pyrazolopyrimidines
4989:Anesthesia Progress
4694:Nature Neuroscience
4418:1986Sci...232.1004D
4137:2006PNAS..10314602A
4096:10.1038/nature05324
4088:2006Natur.444..486H
3239:2020PCCP...2216023V
3233:(28): 16023–16031.
3090:2018Natur.559...67Z
3037:10.1038/nature13293
3029:2014Natur.512..270M
2685:Annals of Neurology
2567:10.7554/eLife.39383
2035:1987Natur.330..163K
1718:-selective agonist)
1016:
778:that also includes
436:benzodiazepine site
142:γ-aminobutyric acid
127:ionotropic receptor
42:receptor (α1β1γ2S:
10400:4-O-methylhonokiol
10063:Dichloralphenazone
9961:Methylmethaqualone
9538:Nonbenzodiazepines
9251:Desmethoxyyangonin
9246:11-Hydroxyyangonin
9241:11-Methoxyyangonin
9236:10-Methoxyyangonin
8623:Ethyl carfluzepate
8225:Cyclopentobarbital
7009:FG-7142 (ZK-31906)
6555:Nonbenzodiazepines
5740:β1δε - Muscle type
5319:Cys-loop receptors
5235:Rudolph U (2015).
4843:10.1093/bja/aex369
4254:Psychopharmacology
3821:20.500.12932/10140
3769:(Suppl 2): S2–12.
3436:10.1007/bf02255859
3248:10.1039/D0CP01128B
2376:Akabas MH (2004).
1470:nonbenzodiazepines
1358:(partial agonist).
1238:
1214:
1014:
1009:cell proliferation
995:and several other
993:bone growth plates
696:membrane potential
692:reversal potential
578:
566:
349:receptor, the GABA
345:Much like the GABA
312:nonbenzodiazepines
239:membrane potential
107:
95:cys-loop receptors
64:
10583:
10582:
10543:MRK-409 (MK-0343)
10314:dihydroergotamine
10257:potassium bromide
10251:compounds (e.g.,
10198:Trichloroethylene
9966:Nitromethaqualone
9885:Pyrazolopyridines
9387:3α-Androstanediol
9281:7,8-Dihydrokavain
8633:Ethyl loflazepate
8410:Thiotetrabarbital
8026:Ethanol (alcohol)
7950:
7949:
7910:
7909:
7832:2-Hydroxysaclofen
7613:
7612:
7503:Isonipecotic acid
6868:Anabolic steroids
6838:α5IA (LS-193,268)
6748:Dihydrosecurinine
6633:Pyrazolopyridines
6402:potassium bromide
6400:compounds (e.g.,
6363:Anabolic steroids
6341:for a full list):
6195:Isonipecotic acid
6029:
6028:
6025:
6024:
5953:
5952:
5784:Ligand-gated only
5766:
5765:
5262:Receptors,+GABA-A
5246:978-0-12-802660-1
5190:978-0-12-088397-4
5171:978-0-397-51820-3
4872:(25): 2680–2701.
4661:10.1111/bph.12602
4602:Neuropharmacology
4514:Neuropharmacology
3936:(Pt 1): 191–200.
3732:10.1002/cne.21442
3584:Neuropharmacology
3543:(10): 1431–1441.
3331:(Pt 5): 757–758.
3023:(7514): 270–275.
2955:10.1021/ci300189a
2949:(11): 2958–2969.
2846:(7824): 303–308.
2510:10.1111/epi.17341
2395:978-0-12-366862-2
2176:978-0-12-810413-2
2135:978-1-283-65624-5
2081:Neuropharmacology
1999:978-0-19-537534-3
1764:(full agonist at
1581:pentylenetetrazol
1559:tetrahydroharmine
1197:
1196:
997:endocrine tissues
784:glycine receptors
704:neurotransmitters
517:agonists such as
445:In order for GABA
258:neurotransmission
237:Depending on the
158:postsynaptic cell
34:Structure of the
16:(Redirected from
10613:
10302:Dihydroergolines
10219:3-Hydroxybutanal
9852:Piperidinediones
9585:Imidazopyridines
9119:6-Methylapigenin
9051:Hydroxyphenamate
8923:SH-053-R-CH3-2′F
8628:Ethyl dirazepate
8508:Chlordiazepoxide
8400:Thiobutabarbital
8112:Trifluoroethanol
8102:Trichloroethanol
8092:-Pentanol (2M2B)
7986:
7977:
7970:
7963:
7954:
7953:
7657:4-Fluorophenibut
7637:
7633:
7624:
7623:
7493:Gaboxadol (THIP)
7410:Allopregnanolone
7312:
7308:
7043:Fluoroquinolones
6798:Thiocolchicoside
6618:Piperidinediones
6575:imidazopyridines
6531:allopregnanolone
6438:Dihydroergolines
6353:drinking alcohol
6244:allopregnanolone
6160:Gaboxadol (THIP)
6095:
6091:
6082:
6081:
6065:
6056:
6049:
6042:
6033:
6032:
5968:
5967:
5780:
5779:
5324:
5323:
5296:
5289:
5282:
5273:
5272:
5250:
5231:
5194:
5175:
5143:
5142:
5132:
5100:
5094:
5093:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5030:
5024:Paton C (2002).
5021:
5015:
5014:
5004:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4945:
4939:
4938:
4928:
4896:
4890:
4889:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4811:. Archived from
4778:
4768:
4762:
4761:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4672:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4537:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4489:
4474:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4437:
4412:(4753): 1004–7.
4396:
4359:
4322:
4285:
4248:
4211:
4201:
4184:(50): 11605–13.
4168:
4158:
4148:
4115:
4070:
4052:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3973:
3964:
3963:
3953:
3921:
3912:
3911:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3865:
3855:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3814:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3786:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3697:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3656:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3607:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3376:
3370:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3348:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3299:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3250:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3158:
3141:(33): 10650–61.
3126:
3120:
3119:
3109:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3048:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2922:. Archived from
2898:(5): 1291–1300.
2889:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2863:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2814:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2765:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2708:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2663:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2579:
2569:
2541:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2321:
2311:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2235:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2104:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2043:10.1038/330163a0
2018:
2012:
2011:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1968:
1936:
1899:Glycine receptor
1699:-selective drug
1498:volatile/inhaled
1414:thienodiazepines
1315:
1314:
1313:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1017:
1013:
866:as well as a δ (
724:
723:
722:
712:action potential
685:
684:
683:
672:bicarbonate ions
669:
668:
667:
563:
562:
561:
424:GABA/BZ receptor
342:, among others.
262:action potential
255:
254:
253:
190:
189:
188:
177:bicarbonate ions
174:
173:
172:
156:receptor on the
146:neurotransmitter
21:
10621:
10620:
10616:
10615:
10614:
10612:
10611:
10610:
10586:
10585:
10584:
10579:
10557:
10515:isovaleric acid
10478:Sulfonylalkanes
10376:Hopantenic acid
10360:tolfenamic acid
10348:flufenamic acid
10310:dihydroergosine
10253:lithium bromide
10212:Others/unsorted
10207:
10068:Dichloromethane
10043:Chloral hydrate
10038:Chloral betaine
9975:
9912:
9879:
9846:
9818:
9547:Cyclopyrrolones
9532:
9438:Etiocholanolone
9353:
9310:
9271:5-Hydroxykavain
9221:
9193:
9105:
8987:
8435:Benzodiazepines
8429:
8240:Ethallobarbital
8235:Enallylpropymal
8116:
8097:Tribromoethanol
8084:-Butanol (2M2P)
8030:alcoholic drink
7992:
7989:
7981:
7951:
7946:
7933:
7906:
7635:
7632:
7609:
7337:Homohypotaurine
7310:
7306:
7296:
7169:Phenylsilatrane
6711:chloral hydrate
6678:Sulfonylalkanes
6567:cyclopyrrolones
6388:Benzodiazepines
6140:Dihydromuscimol
6093:
6090:
6071:
6060:
6030:
6021:
5949:
5943:
5935:
5913:
5848:
5762:
5744:
5739:
5731:- Ganglion type
5730:
5726:
5718:
5710:
5706:
5698:
5694:
5594:
5585:
5577:
5569:
5561:
5544:
5538:
5530:
5522:
5513:
5483:
5475:
5467:
5459:
5451:
5443:
5435:
5427:
5419:
5411:
5403:
5395:
5387:
5370:
5339:
5313:
5300:
5258:
5253:
5247:
5191:
5172:
5151:
5149:Further reading
5146:
5115:(27): 2638–50.
5101:
5097:
5058:
5054:
5028:
5022:
5018:
4981:
4977:
4956:(14): 6936–48.
4946:
4942:
4897:
4893:
4862:
4858:
4827:
4823:
4815:
4776:
4769:
4765:
4733:
4729:
4690:
4686:
4655:(11): 2803–13.
4641:
4637:
4598:
4594:
4555:
4551:
4506:
4502:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4472:
4466:
4462:
4438:
4397:
4360:
4323:
4286:
4249:
4229:10.1038/nrn1703
4212:
4169:
4131:(39): 14602–7.
4116:
4082:(7118): 486–9.
4071:
4028:
4024:
4009:
4005:
3974:
3967:
3922:
3915:
3883:
3879:
3832:
3828:
3812:
3804:
3800:
3759:
3755:
3715:
3711:
3674:
3670:
3625:
3621:
3576:
3572:
3537:Vision Research
3533:
3529:
3490:
3486:
3455:
3451:
3420:
3416:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3362:
3317:
3313:
3268:
3264:
3219:
3215:
3192:10.1038/nrn1625
3176:
3172:
3127:
3123:
3084:(7712): 67–72.
3073:
3066:
3062:
3009:
3005:
2974:
2970:
2938:
2934:
2926:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2832:
2828:
2783:
2779:
2734:
2730:
2681:
2677:
2632:
2628:
2597:
2593:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2490:
2486:
2459:
2455:
2415:
2411:
2396:
2374:
2370:
2339:
2335:
2288:
2284:
2253:
2249:
2204:
2200:
2177:
2155:
2151:
2136:
2122:
2118:
2087:(Pt A): 10–22.
2073:
2066:
2029:(6144): 163–5.
2019:
2015:
2000:
1986:
1982:
1937:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1907:
1888:
1879:
1861:
1833:
1808:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1757:
1751:
1743:
1717:
1698:
1694:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1668:
1657:
1630:muscle relaxant
1602:
1547:beta-carbolines
1378:benzodiazepines
1323:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1230:
1223:
1211:
1202:
1006:
974:
962:
958:
954:
950:
945:
940:
933:
929:
924:
913:
907:
901:
801:
791:
769:
764:
742:
728:
721:
719:
718:
717:
715:
701:
682:
679:
678:
677:
675:
666:
664:
663:
662:
660:
636:
604:
596:
592:
588:
583:
560:
558:
557:
556:
554:
552:
548:
544:
535:
528:
516:
508:
497:
493:
481:
464:
456:
452:
448:
441:
413:
401:
397:
393:
377:
368:
360:
356:
352:
348:
308:benzodiazepines
289:
277:
267:
252:
250:
249:
248:
246:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
197:
187:
184:
183:
182:
180:
171:
169:
168:
167:
165:
155:
122:
114:
100:
81:
73:
61:
53:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10619:
10609:
10608:
10603:
10598:
10581:
10580:
10562:
10559:
10558:
10556:
10555:
10550:
10545:
10540:
10531:
10530:
10523:valerenic acid
10508:
10503:
10493:
10475:
10470:
10465:
10460:
10455:
10450:
10445:
10440:
10435:
10430:
10425:
10420:
10415:
10393:
10388:
10383:
10378:
10373:
10368:
10363:
10352:mefenamic acid
10341:
10336:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10299:
10294:
10289:
10284:
10279:
10274:
10269:
10264:
10261:sodium bromide
10246:
10236:
10231:
10226:
10221:
10215:
10213:
10209:
10208:
10206:
10205:
10200:
10195:
10190:
10185:
10180:
10175:
10170:
10165:
10160:
10155:
10150:
10145:
10140:
10135:
10130:
10128:Methoxypropane
10125:
10123:Methoxyflurane
10120:
10115:
10110:
10105:
10100:
10095:
10090:
10085:
10083:Ethyl chloride
10080:
10075:
10070:
10065:
10060:
10055:
10050:
10045:
10040:
10035:
10030:
10025:
10020:
10015:
10010:
10005:
10000:
9995:
9989:
9987:
9977:
9976:
9974:
9973:
9968:
9963:
9958:
9953:
9948:
9943:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9922:
9920:
9918:Quinazolinones
9914:
9913:
9911:
9910:
9905:
9900:
9895:
9889:
9887:
9881:
9880:
9878:
9877:
9872:
9867:
9862:
9856:
9854:
9848:
9847:
9845:
9844:
9839:
9834:
9828:
9826:
9820:
9819:
9817:
9816:
9811:
9806:
9801:
9796:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9726:
9721:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9701:
9696:
9691:
9686:
9681:
9676:
9671:
9661:
9660:
9655:
9650:
9645:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9613:
9612:
9607:
9602:
9597:
9592:
9580:
9579:
9574:
9569:
9564:
9559:
9554:
9542:
9540:
9534:
9533:
9531:
9530:
9525:
9520:
9515:
9510:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9485:
9480:
9475:
9470:
9465:
9460:
9455:
9450:
9445:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9425:
9420:
9415:
9410:
9405:
9399:
9394:
9389:
9384:
9379:
9374:
9369:
9363:
9361:
9355:
9354:
9352:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9336:
9331:
9326:
9320:
9318:
9312:
9311:
9309:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9258:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9238:
9232:
9230:
9223:
9222:
9220:
9219:
9214:
9209:
9203:
9201:
9195:
9194:
9192:
9191:
9186:
9176:
9171:
9166:
9161:
9156:
9151:
9146:
9141:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9121:
9115:
9113:
9107:
9106:
9104:
9103:
9098:
9093:
9088:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9068:
9063:
9058:
9053:
9048:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9013:
9008:
9003:
8997:
8995:
8989:
8988:
8986:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8925:
8920:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8900:
8895:
8890:
8885:
8880:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8650:
8645:
8640:
8635:
8630:
8625:
8620:
8615:
8610:
8605:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8525:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8495:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8450:
8445:
8439:
8437:
8431:
8430:
8428:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8340:Propylbarbital
8337:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8215:Crotylbarbital
8212:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8180:Brophebarbital
8177:
8175:Brallobarbital
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8126:
8124:
8118:
8117:
8115:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8086:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8061:Methylpentynol
8058:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8002:
8000:
7994:
7993:
7987:
7980:
7979:
7972:
7965:
7957:
7948:
7947:
7945:
7944:
7937:
7931:
7926:
7919:
7915:
7912:
7911:
7908:
7907:
7905:
7904:
7895:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7825:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7775:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7752:Sodium oxybate
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7647:1,4-Butanediol
7640:
7638:
7630:
7621:
7615:
7614:
7611:
7610:
7608:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7554:
7553:
7548:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7428:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7403:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7315:
7313:
7304:
7298:
7297:
7295:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7040:
7035:
7021:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6891:cephalosporins
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6806:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6731:
6730:
6700:
6697:valerenic acid
6690:
6685:
6675:
6670:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6643:Quinazolinones
6640:
6630:
6625:
6615:
6610:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6499:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6465:
6462:mefenamic acid
6455:
6450:
6445:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6405:
6395:
6385:
6375:
6365:
6360:
6346:
6333:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6112:
6107:
6098:
6096:
6088:
6079:
6073:
6072:
6059:
6058:
6051:
6044:
6036:
6027:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6019:
6018:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5976:
5974:
5965:
5963:gated channels
5955:
5954:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5923:
5921:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5911:
5910:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5858:
5856:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5846:
5845:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5814:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5788:
5786:
5777:
5768:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5758:Zinc-activated
5754:
5752:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5742:
5737:
5733:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5684:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5604:
5602:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5554:
5552:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5511:
5507:
5506:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5385:
5380:
5378:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5337:
5332:
5330:
5328:5-HT/serotonin
5321:
5315:
5314:
5299:
5298:
5291:
5284:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5257:
5256:External links
5254:
5252:
5251:
5245:
5232:
5195:
5189:
5176:
5170:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5095:
5052:
5016:
4975:
4940:
4905:Br J Pharmacol
4891:
4856:
4821:
4818:on 2019-02-20.
4787:(3): 1335–45.
4763:
4727:
4706:10.1038/nn1030
4684:
4635:
4608:(2): 199–209.
4592:
4549:
4500:
4460:
4371:(5): 759–765.
4297:(2): 169–192.
4260:(3): 362–372.
4223:(7): 565–575.
4022:
4003:
3978:Brain Research
3965:
3913:
3877:
3826:
3798:
3753:
3726:(2): 112–126.
3709:
3668:
3639:(5): 949–958.
3619:
3590:(1): 141–148.
3570:
3527:
3500:(2): 108–115.
3484:
3465:(5): 1119–30.
3449:
3430:(4): 274–280.
3414:
3387:(4): 310–318.
3371:
3360:
3311:
3262:
3213:
3170:
3121:
3071:
3060:
3003:
2984:(4): 760–774.
2968:
2932:
2929:on 2019-03-03.
2875:
2826:
2797:(5): 455–464.
2777:
2748:(13): 3490–9.
2728:
2691:(3): 213–220.
2675:
2646:(13): 3490–9.
2626:
2607:(4): 213–232.
2591:
2547:
2533:
2484:
2473:(2): 291–313.
2453:
2409:
2394:
2368:
2333:
2282:
2263:(3): 173–198.
2247:
2218:(3): 211–221.
2198:
2175:
2149:
2134:
2116:
2064:
2013:
1998:
1980:
1951:(3): 385–409.
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1866:4-Iodopropofol
1862:
1860:
1857:
1831:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1725:
1719:
1715:
1696:
1692:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1655:
1642:hallucinogenic
1610:anticonvulsant
1601:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1569:
1562:
1543:
1516:
1494:valerenic acid
1442:quinazolinones
1370:
1359:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1311:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1271:
1265:
1254:
1229:
1226:
1221:
1209:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:Extrasynaptic
1188:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1179:Extrasynaptic
1177:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1168:Extrasynaptic
1166:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:Extrasynaptic
1155:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1146:Extrasynaptic
1144:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1135:Extrasynaptic
1133:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:Extrasynaptic
1122:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1113:Extrasynaptic
1111:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1004:
972:
960:
956:
952:
948:
943:
939:
936:
931:
927:
923:
920:
911:
905:
899:
884:
883:
864:
849:
834:
799:
789:
767:
763:
760:
740:
726:
720:
699:
680:
665:
634:
605:receptors are
602:
594:
590:
586:
581:
559:
550:
546:
542:
534:
531:
526:
514:
506:
495:
491:
488:Anticonvulsant
479:
462:
454:
450:
446:
439:
428:omega receptor
411:
399:
395:
391:
380:benzodiazepine
375:
367:
364:
358:
354:
350:
346:
287:
275:
265:
251:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
195:
185:
170:
153:
120:
112:
98:
79:
71:
59:
51:
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10618:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10593:
10591:
10578:
10577:
10573:
10569:
10566:
10560:
10554:
10551:
10549:
10546:
10544:
10541:
10539:
10536:
10533:
10532:
10528:
10524:
10520:
10519:isovaleramide
10516:
10512:
10509:
10507:
10504:
10501:
10497:
10494:
10491:
10487:
10483:
10479:
10476:
10474:
10471:
10469:
10466:
10464:
10461:
10459:
10456:
10454:
10451:
10449:
10446:
10444:
10441:
10439:
10436:
10434:
10431:
10429:
10426:
10424:
10421:
10419:
10416:
10413:
10409:
10405:
10401:
10397:
10394:
10392:
10389:
10387:
10384:
10382:
10379:
10377:
10374:
10372:
10369:
10367:
10364:
10361:
10357:
10356:niflumic acid
10353:
10349:
10345:
10342:
10340:
10337:
10335:
10332:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10319:
10315:
10311:
10307:
10303:
10300:
10298:
10295:
10293:
10290:
10288:
10285:
10283:
10282:Clomethiazole
10280:
10278:
10277:Chlormezanone
10275:
10273:
10270:
10268:
10267:Carbamazepine
10265:
10262:
10258:
10254:
10250:
10247:
10244:
10240:
10237:
10235:
10232:
10230:
10227:
10225:
10222:
10220:
10217:
10216:
10214:
10210:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10196:
10194:
10191:
10189:
10186:
10184:
10181:
10179:
10176:
10174:
10171:
10169:
10166:
10164:
10161:
10159:
10156:
10154:
10151:
10149:
10146:
10144:
10143:Nitrous oxide
10141:
10139:
10136:
10134:
10131:
10129:
10126:
10124:
10121:
10119:
10116:
10114:
10111:
10109:
10106:
10104:
10101:
10099:
10096:
10094:
10091:
10089:
10086:
10084:
10081:
10079:
10076:
10074:
10073:Diethyl ether
10071:
10069:
10066:
10064:
10061:
10059:
10056:
10054:
10051:
10049:
10046:
10044:
10041:
10039:
10036:
10034:
10031:
10029:
10026:
10024:
10021:
10019:
10016:
10014:
10011:
10009:
10006:
10004:
10001:
9999:
9996:
9994:
9991:
9990:
9988:
9986:
9982:
9978:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9923:
9921:
9919:
9915:
9909:
9906:
9904:
9901:
9899:
9896:
9894:
9891:
9890:
9888:
9886:
9882:
9876:
9875:Pyrithyldione
9873:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9858:
9857:
9855:
9853:
9849:
9843:
9840:
9838:
9835:
9833:
9830:
9829:
9827:
9825:
9821:
9815:
9812:
9810:
9807:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9666:
9663:
9662:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9651:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9620:
9619:
9615:
9614:
9611:
9608:
9606:
9603:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9587:
9586:
9582:
9581:
9578:
9575:
9573:
9570:
9568:
9565:
9563:
9560:
9558:
9555:
9553:
9549:
9548:
9544:
9543:
9541:
9539:
9535:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9484:
9481:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9409:
9406:
9404:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9375:
9373:
9370:
9368:
9365:
9364:
9362:
9360:
9356:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9335:
9332:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9322:
9321:
9319:
9317:
9313:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9224:
9218:
9215:
9213:
9210:
9208:
9205:
9204:
9202:
9200:
9196:
9190:
9187:
9184:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9116:
9114:
9112:
9108:
9102:
9099:
9097:
9094:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9082:
9081:Phenprobamate
9079:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9047:
9046:Hexapropymate
9044:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9021:Difebarbamate
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8998:
8996:
8994:
8990:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8926:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8833:Nortetrazepam
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8693:Flutoprazepam
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8673:Flunitrazolam
8671:
8669:
8668:Flunitrazepam
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8658:Flubromazolam
8656:
8654:
8653:Flubromazepam
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8553:Cloniprazepam
8551:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8494:
8491:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8451:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8443:2-Oxoquazepam
8441:
8440:
8438:
8436:
8432:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8385:Thialbarbital
8383:
8381:
8380:Tetrabarbital
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8365:Spirobarbital
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8345:Proxibarbital
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8335:Propallylonal
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8315:Phenobarbital
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8305:Pentobarbital
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8295:Narcobarbital
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8260:Heptobarbital
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8230:Difebarbamate
8228:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8220:Cyclobarbital
8218:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8165:Benzobarbital
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8127:
8125:
8123:
8119:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8091:
8087:
8085:
8083:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8036:Ethchlorvynol
8034:
8031:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8003:
8001:
7999:
7995:
7991:
7978:
7973:
7971:
7966:
7964:
7959:
7958:
7955:
7943:
7942:
7938:
7936:
7935:
7927:
7925:
7924:
7920:
7917:
7916:
7913:
7903:
7900:
7897:
7896:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7827:
7826:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7777:
7776:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7662:Aceburic acid
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7642:
7641:
7639:
7634:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7616:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7585:
7581:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7556:
7555:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7545:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7472:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7430:
7429:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7405:
7404:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7369:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7352:Ibotenic acid
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7317:
7316:
7314:
7309:
7299:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7197:Propybicyphat
7195:
7193:
7190:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7159:Oenanthotoxin
7157:
7154:
7150:
7146:
7142:
7138:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7068:Iomazenil (I)
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7048:
7047:ciprofloxacin
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7033:
7029:
7028:amentoflavone
7025:
7022:
7019:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6964:Cyclothiazide
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6924:
6920:
6916:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6808:
6807:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6753:Famiraprinium
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6733:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6719:diethyl ether
6716:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6701:
6698:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6683:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6668:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6648:
6644:
6641:
6638:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6623:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6608:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6593:Norfluoxetine
6591:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6507:
6503:
6500:
6497:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6466:
6463:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6443:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6433:Clomethiazole
6431:
6429:
6428:Chlormezanone
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6418:Carbamazepine
6416:
6413:
6409:
6406:
6403:
6399:
6396:
6393:
6389:
6386:
6383:
6382:phenobarbital
6379:
6376:
6373:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6335:
6334:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6315:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6285:Quisqualamine
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6245:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6220:Methylglyoxal
6218:
6215:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6170:Ibotenic acid
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6120:
6119:phenobarbital
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6092:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6067:
6057:
6052:
6050:
6045:
6043:
6038:
6037:
6034:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5981:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5973:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5944:
5938:
5936:
5930:
5929:
5928:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5916:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5851:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5818:
5815:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5785:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5769:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5751:
5747:
5741:
5734:
5732:
5721:
5719:
5713:
5711:
5701:
5699:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5601:
5597:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5580:
5578:
5572:
5570:
5564:
5562:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5551:
5547:
5539:
5533:
5531:
5525:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5515:
5508:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5478:
5476:
5470:
5468:
5462:
5460:
5454:
5452:
5446:
5444:
5438:
5436:
5430:
5428:
5422:
5420:
5414:
5412:
5406:
5404:
5398:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5373:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5297:
5292:
5290:
5285:
5283:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5267:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5248:
5242:
5238:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5206:(1): 97–135.
5205:
5201:
5196:
5192:
5186:
5182:
5177:
5173:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5154:
5153:
5140:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5099:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5056:
5047:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5027:
5020:
5012:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4995:(4): 128–32.
4994:
4990:
4986:
4979:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4944:
4936:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4911:(2): 476–85.
4910:
4906:
4902:
4895:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4860:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4825:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4775:
4767:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4744:(8): 1631–8.
4743:
4739:
4731:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4688:
4680:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4639:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4596:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4553:
4545:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4504:
4490:on 2013-10-16
4486:
4482:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4209:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4166:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4026:
4018:
4014:
4007:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3984:(2): 97–105.
3983:
3979:
3972:
3970:
3961:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3918:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3881:
3873:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3830:
3822:
3818:
3811:
3810:
3802:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3784:2027.42/66291
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3757:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3713:
3705:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3672:
3664:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3574:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3531:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3375:
3369:
3364:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3315:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3217:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3186:(3): 215–29.
3185:
3181:
3174:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3064:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3007:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2936:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2706:2027.42/50330
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2540:
2538:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2426:(6): 1431–8.
2425:
2421:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2069:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1933:
1928:
1918:
1911:
1909:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1883:
1881:
1874:
1872:
1871:GABA receptor
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1849:social stress
1846:
1842:
1836:
1829:
1825:
1824:neurosteroids
1821:
1817:
1813:
1793:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1690:
1670:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:oenanthotoxin
1574:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1536:amentoflavone
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1275:
1272:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1225:
1219:
1206:
1193:Hypothalamus
1192:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1182:Hypothalamus
1181:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
970:
966:
935:
919:
917:
909:
897:
893:
889:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
862:
858:
854:
850:
847:
843:
839:
835:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
807:
806:
803:
797:
793:
785:
781:
777:
773:
759:
755:
752:
750:
746:
737:
733:
713:
709:
705:
697:
693:
689:
673:
658:
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
608:
599:
575:
570:
539:
530:
524:
520:
511:
504:
499:
489:
485:
477:
473:
469:
459:
443:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
409:
405:
404:neurosteroids
389:
385:
381:
373:
363:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
285:
280:
278:
271:
263:
259:
244:
240:
235:
200:
192:
178:
163:
162:chloride ions
159:
151:
147:
143:
139:
136:
132:
128:
124:
116:
104:
96:
92:
89:
88:transmembrane
85:
84:lipid bilayer
77:
68:
57:
56:cell membrane
49:
45:
41:
32:
19:
10601:Ion channels
10564:
10563:
10534:
10391:Lavender oil
10133:Nitric oxide
10053:Cryofluorane
9998:Acetophenone
9956:Methaqualone
9951:Mecloqualone
9946:Mebroqualone
9936:Diproqualone
9931:Cloroqualone
9860:Glutethimide
9664:
9616:
9583:
9545:
9518:Testosterone
9483:Progesterone
9448:Hydroxydione
9397:Androsterone
9324:Acecarbromal
9229:constituents
9016:Cyclarbamate
9006:Carisoprodol
8778:Metaclazepam
8773:Menitrazepam
8763:Meclonazepam
8758:Lormetazepam
8688:Flutemazepam
8513:Ciclotizolam
8503:Carburazepam
8395:Thiobarbital
8355:Secobarbital
8320:Phetharbital
8300:Nealbarbital
8285:Methohexital
8270:Hexobarbital
8205:Butallylonal
8200:Butobarbital
8155:Barbexaclone
8150:Aprobarbital
8135:Allobarbital
8122:Barbiturates
8089:
8081:
8071:Petrichloral
7939:
7928:
7921:
7898:
7829:Antagonists:
7828:
7778:
7643:
7619:Metabotropic
7590:Pregnanolone
7584:picrotoxinin
7557:
7543:
7470:
7440:(S)-4-ACPBPA
7435:(S)-2-MeGABA
7432:Antagonists:
7431:
7406:
7395:Thiomuscimol
7367:
7318:
7182:picrotoxinin
7145:enzalutamide
7141:bicalutamide
7063:Golexanolone
6959:Cloflubicyne
6809:
6735:Antagonists:
6734:
6647:methaqualone
6622:glutethimide
6598:Petrichloral
6559:β-carbolines
6378:Barbiturates
6336:
6320:Thiomuscimol
6125:Beta-Alanine
6115:Barbiturates
6105:(+)-Catechin
6101:
5962:
5926:
5918:
5853:
5783:
5749:
5687:
5607:
5383:
5236:
5203:
5199:
5180:
5161:
5112:
5108:
5098:
5065:
5061:
5055:
5036:
5032:
5019:
4992:
4988:
4978:
4953:
4949:
4943:
4908:
4904:
4894:
4869:
4865:
4859:
4834:
4831:Br J Anaesth
4830:
4824:
4813:the original
4784:
4780:
4766:
4741:
4737:
4730:
4700:(4): 362–9.
4697:
4693:
4687:
4652:
4648:
4638:
4605:
4601:
4595:
4565:(4): 403–5.
4562:
4558:
4552:
4520:(1): 190–7.
4517:
4513:
4503:
4492:. Retrieved
4485:the original
4480:
4476:
4463:
4446:
4409:
4405:
4368:
4364:
4334:(1): 35–43.
4331:
4327:
4294:
4290:
4257:
4253:
4220:
4216:
4181:
4177:
4128:
4124:
4079:
4075:
4043:(1): 20–34.
4040:
4036:
4025:
4016:
4012:
4006:
3981:
3977:
3933:
3929:
3894:(1): 43–50.
3891:
3887:
3880:
3843:
3839:
3829:
3808:
3801:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3723:
3719:
3712:
3688:(1): 89–96.
3685:
3681:
3671:
3636:
3632:
3622:
3587:
3583:
3573:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3363:
3328:
3324:
3314:
3279:
3275:
3265:
3230:
3226:
3216:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3138:
3134:
3124:
3081:
3077:
3063:
3020:
3016:
3006:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2924:the original
2895:
2891:
2878:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2794:
2790:
2780:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2557:
2553:
2501:
2497:
2487:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2377:
2371:
2349:(8): 833–9.
2346:
2342:
2336:
2302:(13): 3093.
2299:
2295:
2285:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2158:
2152:
2125:
2119:
2084:
2080:
2026:
2022:
2016:
1989:
1983:
1948:
1944:
1837:
1809:
1705:
1676:
1646:anxiogenesis
1640:may also be
1603:
1454:diproqualone
1446:methaqualone
1434:kavalactones
1430:glutethimide
1386:carisoprodol
1374:barbiturates
1348:beta-alanine
1270:conductance.
1216:A number of
1215:
1160:Hippocampus
1001:malignancies
985:immune cells
977:leydig cells
941:
938:Distribution
925:
916:nomenclature
908:-ρ receptors
885:
878:), and a θ (
804:
798:for the GABA
771:
765:
756:
753:
644:GABA is the
639:
600:
598:flumazenil.
579:
512:
503:barbiturates
500:
460:
444:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
383:
369:
344:
332:kavalactones
320:barbiturates
281:
236:
201:
193:
118:
110:
108:
102:
75:
10473:Stiripentol
10468:Seproxetine
10438:Niacinamide
10418:Loreclezole
10239:Avermectins
10203:Vinyl ether
10173:Sevoflurane
10153:Paraldehyde
10103:Halopropane
9926:Afloqualone
9908:Tracazolate
9903:ICI-190,622
9893:Cartazolate
9870:Piperidione
9865:Methyprylon
9832:Fospropofol
9754:Pipequaline
9562:Pazinaclone
9552:Eszopiclone
9408:Cholesterol
9392:Androstenol
9316:Monoureides
9296:Methysticin
9096:Tetrabamate
9076:Pentabamate
9066:Meprobamate
9036:Febarbamate
9001:Carisbamate
8953:Triflubazam
8943:Tolufazepam
8903:Rilmazafone
8898:Remimazolam
8873:Proflazepam
8858:Pivoxazepam
8818:Nitrazepate
8808:Nimetazepam
8743:Lopirazepam
8713:Haloxazolam
8663:Fludiazepam
8608:Doxefazepam
8583:Delorazepam
8563:Clotiazepam
8558:Clorazepate
8523:Cinolazepam
8420:Vinbarbital
8375:Tetrabamate
8330:Probarbital
8310:Phenallymal
8275:Metharbital
8250:Febarbamate
8145:Amobarbital
8046:Isopropanol
8016:Chloralodol
7902:Compound 14
7732:Lesogaberan
7571:Loreclezole
7508:Loreclezole
7445:(S)-4-ACPCA
7425:Lanthanides
7415:Alphaxolone
7357:Isoguvacine
7267:Terbequinil
7137:apalutamide
7128:Nicardipine
7088:Laudanosine
6895:carbapenems
6887:penicillins
6743:Coriamyrtin
6738:Bicuculline
6727:sevoflurane
6723:paraldehyde
6673:Stiripentol
6550:Niacinamide
6535:cholesterol
6517:Loreclezole
6412:meprobamate
6368:Avermectins
6235:Nefiracetam
6200:Kojic amine
6190:Isomuscimol
6185:Isoguvacine
5303:Ion channel
5174:. NBK28090.
4457:. NBK98218.
3282:: 303–325.
1889:-ρ receptor
1673:Novel drugs
1501:anesthetics
1486:stiripentol
1478:eszopiclone
1466:niacinamide
1438:meprobamate
1390:meprobamate
1363:bicuculline
1336:isoguvacine
1246:antagonists
1138:Widespread
1048:Widespread
1037:Widespread
965:cell bodies
420:BZ receptor
326:(ethanol),
300:bicuculline
286:of the GABA
284:active site
10590:Categories
10506:Topiramate
10496:Terpenoids
10453:Propanidid
10443:Org 25,435
10371:Flupirtine
10366:Fluoxetine
10272:Chloralose
10243:ivermectin
10148:Norflurane
10113:Isoflurane
10058:Desflurane
10048:Chloroform
10008:Aliflurane
9941:Etaqualone
9769:SB-205,384
9699:CP-615,003
9694:CL-218,872
9648:Panadiplon
9638:Lorediplon
9567:Suproclone
9528:Zuranolone
9488:Renanolone
9473:Posovolone
9453:Minaxolone
9443:Ganaxolone
9382:Alfaxalone
9377:Alfadolone
9367:Acebrochol
9334:Bromisoval
9212:Metomidate
9199:Imidazoles
9159:Hispidulin
9111:Flavonoids
9071:Nisobamate
9061:Mebutamate
9031:Ethinamate
9026:Emylcamate
8993:Carbamates
8963:Tuclazepam
8938:Tetrazepam
8893:Reclazepam
8868:Premazepam
8848:Phenazepam
8828:Nordazepam
8823:Nitrazolam
8813:Nitrazepam
8793:Motrazepam
8748:Loprazolam
8738:Lofendazam
8723:Imidazenil
8683:Flutazolam
8678:Flurazepam
8648:Fletazepam
8603:Dimdazenil
8598:Diclazepam
8578:Cyprazepam
8568:Cloxazolam
8548:Clonazolam
8543:Clonazepam
8533:Climazolam
8493:Brotizolam
8488:Bromazolam
8483:Bromazepam
8478:Bretazenil
8473:Bentazepam
8463:Arfendazam
8458:Alprazolam
8453:Adinazolam
8425:Vinylbital
8405:Thiopental
8280:Methitural
8195:Buthalital
8190:Butalbital
8041:Isobutanol
7757:SKF-97,541
7667:Arbaclofen
7576:Picrotoxin
7566:Bilobalide
7242:Suritozole
7232:Sarmazenil
7217:Ro 19-4603
7212:Ro 15-4513
7207:Radequinil
7174:Picrotoxin
7153:nilutamide
7123:Naltrexone
7058:Furosemide
7038:Flumazenil
7032:oroxylin A
7024:Flavonoids
7004:Etbicyphat
6934:Bilobalide
6901:Basmisanil
6788:Sinomenine
6783:Securinine
6778:Pitrazepin
6763:Hydrastine
6715:chloroform
6688:Topiramate
6628:Propanidid
6492:Imidazoles
6487:Flupirtine
6482:Fluoxetine
6476:hispidulin
6468:Flavonoids
6423:Chloralose
6408:Carbamates
6372:ivermectin
6310:Terpenoids
6255:PF-6372865
6110:Bamaluzole
6077:Ionotropic
6069:modulators
5775:glutamates
5772:Ionotropic
5688:pentamers:
4494:2013-02-12
4050:1607.02870
2742:J Neurosci
2560:: e39383.
1924:References
1845:epigenetic
1762:SL-651,498
1728:imidazenil
1722:bretazenil
1712:CL-218,872
1650:convulsion
1626:euphoriant
1606:anxiolytic
1585:picrotoxin
1528:sarmazenil
1520:flumazenil
1450:etaqualone
1382:carbamates
1380:, certain
851:three γs (
836:three βs (
786:, and the
708:depolarize
646:endogenous
607:pentameric
486:activity.
484:anxiolytic
372:ionotropic
340:picrotoxin
268:-mediated
135:endogenous
74:receptor.
10565:See also:
10527:valerenol
10448:Phenytoin
10428:Monastrol
10386:Lanthanum
10381:KRM-II-81
10344:Fenamates
10339:Etifoxine
10334:Etazepine
10329:Efavirenz
10287:Darigabat
10183:Teflurane
10168:Roflurane
10163:Propylene
10108:Halothane
10093:Fluroxene
10078:Enflurane
9981:Volatiles
9898:Etazolate
9809:Viqualine
9764:RWJ-51204
9729:L-838,417
9719:Imepitoin
9689:CGS-20625
9684:CGS-13767
9669:Adipiplon
9643:Ocinaplon
9605:Saripidem
9600:Necopidem
9577:Zopiclone
9572:Suriclone
9557:Pagoclone
9463:ORG-21465
9458:ORG-20599
9349:Ectylurea
9339:Carbromal
9217:Propoxate
9207:Etomidate
9134:Baicalein
9091:Styramate
9086:Procymate
9056:Lorbamate
9041:Felbamate
9011:Clocental
8983:Zomebazam
8978:Zolazepam
8973:Zapizolam
8968:Uldazepam
8948:Triazolam
8933:Temazepam
8928:Sulazepam
8918:Ro48-8684
8913:Ro48-6791
8908:Ripazepam
8878:Pyrazolam
8853:Pinazepam
8803:Nifoxipam
8788:Midazolam
8783:Mexazolam
8768:Medazepam
8753:Lorazepam
8733:Ketazolam
8728:Irazepine
8718:Iclazepam
8708:Halazepam
8703:Gidazepam
8698:Fosazepam
8618:Estazolam
8613:Elfazepam
8588:Demoxepam
8518:Cinazepam
8498:Camazepam
8468:Avizafone
8390:Thiamylal
8325:Primidone
8255:Heptabarb
8245:Eterobarb
8210:Carbubarb
8107:Triclofos
8006:Brometone
7892:SKF-97541
7887:SCH-50911
7877:Phaclofen
7862:CGP-64213
7857:CGP-55845
7852:CGP-54626
7847:CGP-52432
7842:CGP-46381
7837:CGP-35348
7807:CGP-13501
7782:ADX-71441
7767:Tolgabide
7747:Progabide
7742:Picamilon
7727:Isovaline
7644:Agonists:
7546:-3-ACPBPA
7523:SKF-97541
7473:-3-ACPBPA
7400:Tolgabide
7380:Progabide
7375:Picamilon
7319:Agonists:
7227:RO4938581
7222:RO4882224
7149:flutamide
7083:L-655,708
7053:Flurothyl
6954:Cicutoxin
6939:Bupropion
6906:Bemegride
6883:β-Lactams
6873:Amiloride
6703:Volatiles
6637:etazolate
6613:Phenytoin
6571:zopiclone
6563:abecarnil
6522:Monastrol
6512:Lanthanum
6496:etomidate
6458:Fenamates
6453:Etifoxine
6448:Etazepine
6325:Tolgabide
6275:Progabide
6265:Picamilon
6250:Org 20599
6225:Monastrol
6205:L-838,417
6102:Agonists:
5608:monomers:
5090:207407084
5068:: 88–94.
4019:(7): 529.
3763:Epilepsia
3074:receptor"
2498:Epilepsia
2296:Molecules
2144:919404585
2008:540015689
1843:and also
1738:QH-ii-066
1732:L-838,417
1714:(highly α
1701:adipiplon
1662:nootropic
1573:cicutoxin
1555:harmaline
1524:Ro15-4513
1505:lanthanum
1426:etomidate
1394:lorbamate
1344:progabide
1332:gaboxadol
1003:, as GABA
969:dendrites
870:), an ε (
574:etomidate
523:gaboxadol
336:cicutoxin
296:gaboxadol
91:α-helices
10553:TCS-1205
10548:TCS-1105
10538:α-Pinene
10511:Valerian
10486:tetronal
10463:Safranal
10412:obovatol
10408:magnolol
10404:honokiol
10234:Alogabat
10229:AA-29504
10178:Synthane
10138:Nitrogen
10118:Kerosine
10098:Gasoline
10088:Ethylene
10028:Centalun
10023:Butylene
9837:Propofol
9799:U-89843A
9779:TGSC01AA
9749:NS-11394
9714:GBLD-345
9679:CGS-9896
9674:CGS-8216
9658:Zaleplon
9653:Taniplon
9633:Indiplon
9628:Fasiplon
9623:Divaplon
9610:Zolpidem
9513:SAGE-872
9508:SAGE-689
9503:SAGE-516
9498:SAGE-324
9493:SAGE-105
9401:Certain
9344:Capuride
9306:Yangonin
9183:baicalin
9179:Skullcap
9169:Luteolin
9144:Catechin
9139:Baicalin
9129:Apigenin
9101:Tybamate
8888:Quazepam
8883:QH-II-66
8863:Prazepam
8843:Oxazolam
8838:Oxazepam
8638:Etizolam
8593:Diazepam
8573:CP-1414S
8538:Clobazam
8528:Clazolam
8415:Valofane
8370:Talbutal
8360:Sigmodal
8265:Hexethal
8160:Barbital
8140:Alphenal
8130:(-)-DMBB
8076:Propanol
8066:Pentanol
8056:Methanol
7998:Alcohols
7918:See also
7882:Saclofen
7817:rac-BHFF
7812:GS-39783
7802:CGP-7930
7762:SL 75102
7737:Phenibut
7692:Gabamide
7677:Baclofen
7580:picrotin
7533:SR-95813
7528:SR-95318
7450:2-MeTACA
7362:Muscimol
7292:ZK-93426
7262:TCS-1105
7247:TB-21007
7178:picrotin
7118:Naloxone
7103:Morphine
7098:MaxiPost
7018:fipronil
7014:Fiproles
6984:(+)-DMBB
6979:Dieldrin
6878:Anisatin
6793:SR-42641
6693:Valerian
6667:baicalin
6663:Skullcap
6607:propofol
6587:zaleplon
6579:zolpidem
6472:apigenin
6392:diazepam
6349:Alcohols
6290:SL-75102
6280:Propofol
6260:Phenibut
6230:Muscimol
6214:honokiol
6180:iso-THIP
6175:iso-THAZ
6150:Gabamide
6066:receptor
5919:‘Orphan’
5228:12202117
5220:20123953
5139:21190458
5082:23978486
5011:12779114
4970:18541432
4935:22074382
4886:17979718
4851:29161398
4801:16326923
4758:15451406
4722:24096465
4714:12640458
4679:24460753
4630:24194421
4622:11804616
4587:13179025
4579:16671565
4544:18585399
4455:22787590
4393:12626366
4356:11605131
4348:11750861
4319:36197603
4311:15694225
4274:16432684
4245:12596378
4237:15959466
4208:16354918
4165:16984997
4104:17108970
4067:17531325
3960:11850512
3908:12223227
3872:22319471
3748:26123520
3740:17626281
3663:33683511
3614:18760291
3565:14457042
3514:15667934
3479:26050032
3401:16182939
3355:20194137
3257:32633279
3208:18552767
3200:15738957
3165:14627650
3116:29950725
3055:24909990
2998:17544304
2963:23116339
2920:15678338
2912:16103045
2870:32879488
2821:22446838
2772:18367615
2723:72023197
2670:18367615
2621:12871032
2586:30044221
2528:35999174
2448:83817337
2440:15009644
2404:15530567
2363:12171574
2328:32646032
2242:17591544
2193:41704867
2185:28528665
2111:29407219
1975:21555068
1894:Gephyrin
1880:receptor
1859:See also
1820:propofol
1758:subtype)
1744:subtype)
1689:zolpidem
1636:and the
1634:muscimol
1622:hypnotic
1618:sedative
1509:riluzole
1490:theanine
1482:propofol
1474:zolpidem
1410:baicelin
1406:baicalin
1402:magnolol
1398:honokiol
1367:gabazine
1340:muscimol
1321:Examples
1099:α1β2γ2S
1088:α6β3γ2S
1077:α5β3γ2S
1066:α4β3γ2S
1053:α3β3γ2S
1042:α2β3γ2S
1031:α1β3γ2S
1020:Isoform
981:placenta
874:), a π (
796:isoforms
792:receptor
762:Subunits
654:chloride
630:vesicles
618:membrane
519:muscimol
468:sedation
357:and GABA
292:muscimol
125:) is an
115:receptor
10500:borneol
10498:(e.g.,
10490:trional
10480:(e.g.,
10398:(e.g.,
10396:Lignans
10346:(e.g.,
10304:(e.g.,
10249:Bromide
10241:(e.g.,
10224:α-EMTBL
10188:Toluene
10158:Propane
10033:Chloral
10013:Benzene
9993:Acetone
9824:Phenols
9814:Y-23684
9804:U-90042
9789:TPA-023
9774:SX-3228
9759:ROD-188
9744:NS-2710
9739:NS-2664
9724:JM-1232
9709:ELB-139
9704:CTP-354
9590:Alpidem
9189:Wogonin
9164:Linarin
8643:FG-8205
8350:Reposal
8051:Menthol
8011:Butanol
7787:BHF-177
7772:Tolibut
7682:BL-1020
7595:ROD-188
7460:4-ACPAM
7455:3-APMPA
7322:BL-1020
7282:U-93631
7277:Thujone
7202:PWZ-029
7176:(i.e.,
7135:(e.g.,
7113:MRK-016
7093:Lindane
7045:(e.g.,
7026:(e.g.,
7016:(e.g.,
6885:(e.g.,
6863:β-EMGBL
6773:PHP-501
6709:(e.g.,
6680:(e.g.,
6658:ROD-188
6645:(e.g.,
6635:(e.g.,
6620:(e.g.,
6605:(e.g.,
6603:Phenols
6585:(e.g.,
6577:(e.g.,
6569:(e.g.,
6561:(e.g.,
6557:(e.g.,
6529:(e.g.,
6494:(e.g.,
6470:(e.g.,
6460:(e.g.,
6440:(e.g.,
6410:(e.g.,
6398:Bromide
6390:(e.g.,
6380:(e.g.,
6370:(e.g.,
6351:(e.g.,
6344:α-EMTBL
6314:borneol
6312:(e.g.,
6295:Taurine
6242:(e.g.,
6212:(e.g.,
6210:Lignans
6130:BL-1020
6117:(e.g.,
5817:Kainate
5550:Glycine
5130:3162622
5002:2007411
4926:3417481
4809:6410599
4670:4243856
4535:2665930
4434:2422758
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4199:6726021
4156:1600006
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4112:4382394
4084:Bibcode
3998:2464409
3951:2290126
3863:3262152
3793:8784210
3704:8550630
3654:7937778
3605:3525320
3557:9667009
3522:1424286
3444:9691220
3409:6433030
3346:2834934
3306:2575165
3297:1189216
3235:Bibcode
3156:6740905
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3046:4167603
3025:Bibcode
2861:7486282
2812:3368153
2763:2410040
2715:2471436
2661:2410040
2577:6086659
2519:9543841
2479:9647870
2319:7411975
2277:8783370
2233:2040048
2212:Alcohol
2102:6027637
2059:4330077
2051:3670401
2031:Bibcode
1966:3093971
1841:genetic
1828:alcohol
1638:z-drugs
1614:amnesic
1600:Effects
1593:lindane
1589:thujone
1551:harmine
1549:(e.g.,
1513:menthol
1472:(e.g.,
1444:(e.g.,
1422:ethanol
1418:alcohol
1384:(e.g.,
1352:taurine
1218:ligands
1200:Ligands
749:inosine
650:protein
626:synapse
620:of its
476:amnesia
426:" and "
324:alcohol
148:in the
10433:Niacin
10018:Butane
9971:SL-164
9842:Thymol
9784:TP-003
9665:Others
9468:P1-185
9428:5β-DHP
9423:5α-DHP
9418:3α-DHP
9266:Kavain
9174:Rc-OMe
7822:KK-92A
7652:3-APPA
7420:ATHDOC
6974:DHEA-S
6813:1,3M1B
6545:Niacin
6506:kavain
5268:(MeSH)
5243:
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2023:Nature
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1973:
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1945:Neuron
1826:, and
1798:over α
1628:, and
1591:, and
1538:, and
1511:, and
1462:niacin
1187:α3β3ε
1176:α3β3θ
1165:α4β2δ
1154:α1β2δ
1121:α6β3δ
1110:α4β3δ
896:GABRR3
892:GABRR2
888:GABRR1
861:GABRG3
857:GABRG2
853:GABRG1
846:GABRB3
842:GABRB2
838:GABRB1
831:GABRA6
827:GABRA5
823:GABRA4
819:GABRA3
815:GABRA2
811:GABRA1
657:anions
642:ligand
622:neuron
472:ataxia
416:IUPHAR
338:, and
298:, and
138:ligand
133:. Its
78:: GABA
10292:DEABL
9985:gases
9794:TP-13
9523:THDOC
9413:DHDOC
7712:GHBAL
7697:GABOB
7600:THDOC
7544:trans
7538:TPMPA
7513:P4MPA
7465:4-GBA
7347:GABOB
7073:IPTBO
6923:IPTBO
6858:β-CCP
6853:β-CCM
6848:β-CCE
6843:β-CCB
6803:Tutin
6707:gases
6539:THDOC
6155:GABOB
5224:S2CID
5086:S2CID
5029:(PDF)
4816:(PDF)
4805:S2CID
4777:(PDF)
4718:S2CID
4626:S2CID
4583:S2CID
4488:(PDF)
4473:(PDF)
4389:S2CID
4352:S2CID
4315:S2CID
4278:S2CID
4241:S2CID
4108:S2CID
4045:arXiv
3846:: 1.
3813:(PDF)
3744:S2CID
3561:S2CID
3518:S2CID
3405:S2CID
3204:S2CID
2927:(PDF)
2916:S2CID
2888:(PDF)
2719:S2CID
2554:eLife
2444:S2CID
2189:S2CID
2055:S2CID
1228:Types
1143:α1β3
1132:α1β2
1102:Both
1091:Both
1080:Both
1069:Both
1056:Both
1045:Both
1034:Both
989:liver
880:GABRQ
876:GABRP
872:GABRE
868:GABRD
732:NKCC1
103:Right
18:GABAA
10606:GABA
9595:DS-1
9227:Kava
9154:EGCG
8090:tert
8082:tert
7985:GABA
7930:GABA
7867:DAVA
7797:BSPP
7792:BHFF
7687:GABA
7629:GABA
7605:Zinc
7551:ZAPA
7498:I4AA
7483:DAVA
7390:TAMP
7385:TACA
7342:GABA
7332:CAMP
7327:CACA
7303:GABA
7287:Zinc
7272:TETS
7257:TBPS
7252:TBOB
7184:and
6999:EBOB
6994:DMPC
6989:DMCM
6969:DHEA
6944:CHEB
6929:BIDN
6919:TBPO
6915:TBPS
6833:α3IA
6818:3M2B
6502:Kava
6357:2M2B
6339:here
6330:ZAPA
6305:TAMP
6300:TACA
6145:GABA
6135:DAVA
6087:GABA
6064:GABA
5927:GluD
5862:NMDA
5792:AMPA
5750:Zinc
5736:(α1)
5727:(β4)
5723:(α1)
5715:(α7)
5707:(β2)
5703:(α4)
5695:(β4)
5691:(α3)
5510:GABA
5384:GABA
5376:GABA
5336:5-HT
5241:ISBN
5216:PMID
5185:ISBN
5166:ISBN
5135:PMID
5078:PMID
5007:PMID
4966:PMID
4931:PMID
4882:PMID
4847:PMID
4797:PMID
4754:PMID
4710:PMID
4675:PMID
4618:PMID
4575:PMID
4540:PMID
4451:PMID
4439:(k)
4430:PMID
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4381:PMID
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4307:PMID
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4233:PMID
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3659:PMID
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3475:PMID
3440:PMID
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2324:PMID
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2181:PMID
2171:ISBN
2140:OCLC
2130:ISBN
2107:PMID
2047:PMID
2004:OCLC
1994:ISBN
1971:PMID
1913:GABA
1904:GABA
1885:GABA
1876:GABA
1785:and
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1730:and
1678:GABA
1665:GABA
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967:and
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736:KCC2
640:The
614:pore
601:GABA
585:GABA
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388:GABA
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274:GABA
202:GABA
194:GABA
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111:GABA
109:The
76:Left
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6270:P4S
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