82:
3533:
233:
303:
5003:
5013:
586:
527:
4992:
3522:
5023:
897:, a term referring to inexperienced individuals utilizing readily available hardware and software. The vulnerability arises from the accessibility of tools such as a DVB-T TV tuner, posing a threat to both mobile and network users. Despite the term "script kiddies" implying a lack of sophisticated skills, the consequences of their attacks on GSM can be severe, impacting the functionality of
34:
826:
912:(USIM), that uses a longer authentication key to give greater security, as well as mutually authenticating the network and the user, whereas GSM only authenticates the user to the network (and not vice versa). The security model therefore offers confidentiality and authentication, but limited authorization capabilities, and no
1081:
The original GSM implementations from 1991 may now be entirely free of patent encumbrances, however patent freedom is not certain due to the United States' "first to invent" system that was in place until 2012. The "first to invent" system, coupled with "patent term adjustment" can extend the life of
2158:
Nohl said that he was able to intercept voice and text conversations by impersonating another user to listen to their voice mails or make calls or send text messages. Even more troubling was that he was able to pull this off using a seven-year-old
Motorola cellphone and decryption software available
719:
GSM networks operating in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Where these bands were already allocated, the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands were used instead (for example in Canada and the United States). In rare cases the 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries
688:
with distributed indoor antennas fed through power splitters – to deliver the radio signals from an antenna outdoors to the separate indoor distributed antenna system. Picocells are typically deployed when significant call capacity is needed indoors, as in shopping centers or airports. However, this
1007:
The first public cryptanalysis of GEA/1 and GEA/2 (also written GEA-1 and GEA-2) was done in 2021. It concluded that although using a 64-bit key, the GEA-1 algorithm actually provides only 40 bits of security, due to a relationship between two parts of the algorithm. The researchers found that this
652:
is installed on a mast or a building above average rooftop level. Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is under average rooftop level; they are typically deployed in urban areas. Picocells are small cells whose coverage diameter is a few dozen meters; they are mainly used indoors. Femtocells
468:
GSM, for the first time, set a common standard for Europe for wireless networks. It was also adopted by many countries outside Europe. This allowed subscribers to use other GSM networks that have roaming agreements with each other. The common standard reduced research and development costs, since
1077:
Patents remain a problem for any open-source GSM implementation, because it is not possible for GNU or any other free software distributor to guarantee immunity from all lawsuits by the patent holders against the users. Furthermore, new features are being added to the standard all the time which
676:
conditions – from a couple of hundred meters to several tens of kilometers. The longest distance the GSM specification supports in practical use is 35 kilometres (22 mi). There are also several implementations of the concept of an extended cell, where the cell radius could be double or even
862:
and is implemented by a software feature of the phone. A subscriber may usually contact the provider to remove the lock for a fee, utilize private services to remove the lock, or use software and websites to unlock the handset themselves. It is possible to hack past a phone locked by a network
934:
are used for ensuring over-the-air voice privacy. A5/1 was developed first and is a stronger algorithm used within Europe and the United States; A5/2 is weaker and used in other countries. Serious weaknesses have been found in both algorithms: it is possible to break A5/2 in real-time with a
260:
to develop and deploy a common cellular telephone system across Europe, and EU rules were passed to make GSM a mandatory standard. The decision to develop a continental standard eventually resulted in a unified, open, standard-based network which was larger than that in the United States.
448:
estimated in 2011 that technologies defined in the GSM standard served 80% of the mobile market, encompassing more than 5 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories, making GSM the most ubiquitous of the many standards for cellular networks.
413:(GPRS) services were launched and the first GPRS-compatible handsets became available for sale. In 2001, the first UMTS (W-CDMA) network was launched, a 3G technology that is not part of GSM. Worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded 500 million. In 2002, the first
1086:
will be able to implement features of that initial specification without limit. As patents subsequently expire, however, those features can be added into the open-source version. As of 2011, there have been no lawsuits against users of OpenBTS over GSM use.
845:
containing a user's subscription information and phone book. This allows users to retain their information after switching handsets. Alternatively, users can change networks or network identities without switching handsets - simply by changing the SIM.
264:
In
February 1987 Europe produced the first agreed GSM Technical Specification. Ministers from the four big EU countries cemented their political support for GSM with the Bonn Declaration on Global Information Networks in May and the GSM
401:
In 1995 fax, data and SMS messaging services were launched commercially, the first 1900 MHz GSM network became operational in the United States and GSM subscribers worldwide exceeded 10 million. In the same year, the
805:, these codecs also made it easier to identify more important parts of the audio, allowing the air interface layer to prioritize and better protect these parts of the signal. GSM was further enhanced in 1997 with the
452:
GSM is a second-generation (2G) standard employing time-division multiple-access (TDMA) spectrum-sharing, issued by the
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). The GSM standard does not include the 3G
293:
for their "leadership in the development of the first international mobile communications standard with subsequent evolution into worldwide smartphone data communication". The GSM (2G) has evolved into 3G, 4G and 5G.
272:
In this short 38-week period the whole of Europe (countries and industries) had been brought behind GSM in a rare unity and speed guided by four public officials: Armin
Silberhorn (Germany), Stephen Temple (UK),
970:... from open-source components" but that they had not done so because of legal concerns. Nohl claimed that he was able to intercept voice and text conversations by impersonating another user to listen to
2029:
Ntantogian, Christoforos; Valtas, Grigoris; Kapetanakis, Nikos; Lalagiannis, Faidon; Karopoulos, Georgios; Xenakis, Christos (2015), Fischer-HĂĽbner, Simone; Lambrinoudakis, Costas; LĂłpez, Javier (eds.),
1616:
Before GSM, Europe had a disastrous mishmash of national analogue standards in phones and TV, designed to protect national industries but instead creating fragmented markets vulnerable to big guns from
1476:
Before GSM, Europe had a disastrous mishmash of national analogue standards in phones and TV, designed to protect national industries but instead creating fragmented markets vulnerable to big guns from
370:
making a test call just a couple of hours earlier. "World's first GSM call was actually made by me. I called Marjo
Jousinen, in Salo.", Lonka informed. The following year saw the sending of the first
817:, which is high quality and robust against interference when used on full-rate channels, or less robust but still relatively high quality when used in good radio conditions on half-rate channel.
490:
shut down its 2G GSM network on 1 December 2016, the first mobile network operator to decommission a GSM network. The second mobile provider to shut down its GSM network (on 1 January 2017) was
901:. Given that GSM continues to be the main source of cellular technology in numerous countries, its susceptibility to potential threats from malicious attacks is one that needs to be addressed.
390:
Work began in 1991 to expand the GSM standard to the 1800 MHz frequency band and the first 1800 MHz network became operational in the UK by 1993, called the DCS 1800. Also that year,
1701:
Tasan 30 vuotta sitten
Esplanadin puistossa tehtiin historiaa. Kulisseissa vaikutti Nokian nykyinen toimitusjohtaja Pekka Lundmark. Hän uskoo, että seuraava murros kestää ainakin 10 vuotta.
241:
1743:
988:
The researchers revealed flaws in the commonly used GEA/1 and GEA/2 (standing for GPRS Encryption
Algorithms 1 and 2) ciphers and published the open-source "gprsdecode" software for
1303:
2012:, Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Conference on Next Generation Mobile Applications, Services, and Technologies (NGMAST2008), pp.576–581, Cardiff, UK, September 2008,
154:
in
December 1991. By the mid-2010s, it became a global standard for mobile communications achieving over 90% market share, and operating in over 193 countries and territories.
1008:
relationship was very unlikely to have happened if it was not intentional. This may have been done in order to satisfy
European controls on export of cryptographic programs.
992:
GPRS networks. They also noted that some carriers do not encrypt the data (i.e., using GEA/0) in order to detect the use of traffic or protocols they do not like (e.g.,
1907:
789:
to squeeze 3.1 kHz audio into between 7 and 13 kbit/s. Originally, two codecs, named after the types of data channel they were allocated, were used, called
5057:
269:
was tabled for signature in
September. The MoU drew in mobile operators from across Europe to pledge to invest in new GSM networks to an ambitious common date.
3828:
3795:
1513:
GSM was designed principally for voice telephony, but a range of bearer services was defined...allowing circuit-switched data connections at up to 9600 bits/s.
1455:
3818:
2650:
1591:
The task was entrusted to a committee known as Groupe Spécial Mobile (GSMTM), aided by a "permanent nucleus" of technical support personnel, based in Paris.
1555:
1982 Groupe Speciale Mobile (GSM) is formed by the Confederation of European Posts and Telecommunications (CEPT) to design a pan-European mobile technology.
4267:
2586:
1651:
2171:
1432:
950:
Since 2000, different efforts have been made in order to crack the A5 encryption algorithms. Both A5/1 and A5/2 algorithms have been broken, and their
1923:
3128:
996:), leaving customers unprotected. GEA/3 seems to remain relatively hard to break and is said to be in use on some more modern networks. If used with
2272:
3568:
2200:
1398:
3149:
1713:
1320:
here's what had to say to solve the mystery: ' three in the home network and one roaming client.' There you go, an answer from the prime source!
3496:
278:
124:
1835:
890:, and over-the-air encryption. However, GSM is vulnerable to different types of attack, each of them aimed at a different part of the network.
424:
By 2005 GSM networks accounted for more than 75% of the worldwide cellular network market, serving 1.5 billion subscribers. In 2005, the first
38:
The GSM logo is used to identify compatible devices and equipment. The dots symbolize three clients in the home network and one roaming client.
3648:
3611:
3376:
2009:
462:
436:(HSPA) and its uplink and downlink versions are 3G technologies, not part of GSM.) Worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded three billion in 2008.
359:
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1860:
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1747:
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1307:
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2141:
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421:(EDGE) services first became operational in a network in 2003, and the number of worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded 1 billion in 2004.
3934:
3326:
3300:
1672:
Harri Holkeri made the first call on the Radiolinja (Elisa's subsidiary) network, at the opening ceremony in Helsinki on 07.01.1991.
1360:
665:
connection. Umbrella cells are used to cover shadowed regions of smaller cells and to fill in gaps in coverage between those cells.
3813:
2579:
1188:
215:. Nevertheless, as a result of the network's widespread use, the acronym "GSM" is still used as a generic term for the plethora of
645:
The coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation environment. Macro cells can be regarded as cells where the
3929:
1629:
1182:
1165:
689:
is not a prerequisite, since indoor coverage is also provided by in-building penetration of radio signals from any nearby cell.
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3456:
1492:
4964:
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4934:
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2512:
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2474:
2455:
2240:
2051:
1102:
887:
418:
182:
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3361:
2802:
1903:
1236:
985:(GPRS) for data transmissions like browsing the web. The most commonly deployed GPRS ciphers were publicly broken in 2011.
909:
727:
networks in Europe operate in the 2100 MHz frequency band. For more information on worldwide GSM frequency usage, see
4101:
1463:
5026:
4959:
4805:
3628:
2993:
2572:
658:
1336:"GSM BRANDS Trademark of GSM Sales LLC - Registration Number 5523328 - Serial Number 87703883 :: Justia Trademarks"
236:
Thomas Haug (first GSM president) and Philippe Dupuis (second GSM president) during a GSM meeting in Belgium, April 1992
4731:
3598:
3371:
2531:
290:
1534:
616:
connect to it by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. There are five different cell sizes in a GSM network:
4825:
3833:
3691:
3060:
2709:
2630:
1778:
1176:
162:
3843:
161:) analog cellular networks. The GSM standard originally described a digital, circuit-switched network optimized for
4610:
4158:
3960:
3623:
3072:
2655:
2605:
2254:
762:
TDMA noise is interference that can be heard on speakers near a GSM phone using TDMA, audible as a buzzing sound.
4721:
3805:
3767:
3686:
3606:
3554:
3461:
3065:
2635:
2218:
Christof Beierle; et al. (18 June 2021). "Cryptanalysis of the GPRS Encryption Algorithms GEA-1 and GEA-2".
1217:
555:
277:(France), and Renzo Failli (Italy). In 1989 the Groupe Spécial Mobile committee was transferred from CEPT to the
4716:
3706:
3407:
1168:– Unstructured Supplementary Service Data: list of all standard GSM codes for network and SIM related functions
406:
formed. Pre-paid GSM SIM cards were launched in 1996 and worldwide GSM subscribers passed 100 million in 1998.
394:
became the first network operator to deploy a GSM network outside Europe and the first practical hand-held GSM
4741:
3823:
3739:
3663:
3640:
3400:
3383:
1659:
1151:
747:
458:
2114:
5016:
4777:
4674:
4217:
4012:
3984:
2900:
2846:
2821:
2704:
2695:
1139:
982:
673:
414:
410:
178:
3414:
947:
attack. The system supports multiple algorithms so operators may replace that cipher with a stronger one.
240:
In 1983, work began to develop a European standard for digital cellular voice telecommunications when the
5006:
4513:
3953:
3921:
3838:
2861:
2560:
LTE-3GPP.info: online GSM messages decoder fully supporting all 3GPP releases from early GSM to latest 5G
2395:
266:
253:
1402:
1385:
4865:
4787:
4726:
4433:
1721:
1281:
1241:
997:
834:
735:
506:
completed the shut down of its 2G GSM network on 1 August 2017, part of the Optus GSM network covering
286:
274:
1108:
1004:, users will be protected in the medium term, though migration to 128-bit GEA/4 is still recommended.
809:(EFR) codec, a 12.2 kbit/s codec that uses a full-rate channel. Finally, with the development of
417:(MMS) was introduced and the first GSM network in the 800 MHz frequency band became operational.
4637:
4598:
4443:
4343:
4272:
4205:
4032:
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2856:
1959:
567:
1824:
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3897:
3526:
3356:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3055:
3023:
2625:
1066:
1062:
developers intend to replace the proprietary baseband GSM stack with a free software implementation
1046:
962:(static values which reduce the time needed to carry out an attack) and have found new sources for
882:
GSM was intended to be a secure wireless system. It has considered the user authentication using a
798:
750:
frame. Half-rate channels use alternate frames in the same timeslot. The channel data rate for all
558:– the part of the network most similar to a fixed network, sometimes just called the "core network"
433:
3546:
2369:
4835:
4820:
4664:
4615:
4538:
4438:
4116:
4002:
3997:
3476:
3084:
2725:
1223:
1206:
1194:
855:
371:
351:
81:
1578:
330:
proposed reserving the 900 MHz spectrum band for GSM. It was long believed that the former
4757:
4543:
4358:
4303:
4298:
4111:
4076:
3907:
3501:
2613:
963:
939:, and in January 2007, The Hacker's Choice started the A5/1 cracking project with plans to use
936:
580:
549:
347:
1985:
1883:"Joint Media Release by IMDA, M1, Singtel & StarHub: 2G services to cease on 1 April 2017"
5052:
4659:
4463:
4428:
4348:
4328:
4250:
4138:
4059:
3892:
3581:
3577:
3439:
3366:
2792:
2145:
1082:
a U.S. patent far beyond 20 years from its priority date. It is unclear at this time whether
649:
170:
3992:
2096:
738:
for individual phones. This allows eight full-rate or sixteen half-rate speech channels per
4573:
4533:
4503:
4260:
4195:
4017:
3876:
3444:
3429:
3419:
2645:
2640:
1904:
Motorola Demonstrates Long Range GSM Capability – 300% More Coverage With New Extended Cell
1029:
712:
708:
20:
2074:
684:
GSM supports indoor coverage – achievable by using an indoor picocell base station, or an
8:
4583:
4523:
4282:
4244:
4042:
4027:
3616:
3434:
3424:
1819:
1258:
1114:
814:
728:
698:
327:
2031:
1335:
874:) all phones are sold unlocked due to the abundance of dual-SIM handsets and operators.
858:
restrict handsets that they sell for exclusive use in their own network. This is called
4810:
4767:
4698:
4568:
4498:
4473:
4408:
4255:
3976:
2329:
2246:
2013:
1771:
From GSM to LTE-Advanced : An Introduction to Mobile Networks and Mobile Broadband
1228:
806:
743:
662:
511:
47:
3775:
469:
hardware and software could be sold with only minor adaptations for the local market.
4850:
4772:
4686:
4669:
4632:
4478:
4308:
4277:
4143:
4037:
3871:
3785:
3589:
3537:
2527:
2508:
2489:
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2451:
2333:
2321:
2250:
2236:
2047:
1774:
704:
685:
561:
507:
365:
4518:
1500:
252:. Five years later, in 1987, 15 representatives from 13 European countries signed a
4855:
4815:
4795:
4762:
4691:
4649:
4563:
4418:
4403:
4378:
4353:
4313:
4163:
4022:
4007:
3858:
3758:
3451:
3351:
3346:
3223:
2665:
2595:
2228:
2039:
1134:
1097:
1001:
898:
609:
594:
491:
132:
1947:
4483:
4338:
4106:
4081:
4069:
3395:
2290:
2032:"Attacking GSM Networks as a Script Kiddie Using Commodity Hardware and Software"
1911:
1684:
989:
913:
739:
445:
403:
140:
2232:
2043:
1924:"GSM Frame Structure: Multiframe Superframe Hyperframe » Electronics Notes"
248:(GSM) committee and later provided a permanent technical-support group based in
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4553:
4528:
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4458:
4333:
4168:
4121:
4096:
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339:
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4190:
4049:
3491:
2564:
2325:
2312:
Donald, Ene; Favour, Osagie Nosa (October 2016). "Analysing GSM Insecurity".
1016:
The GSM systems and services are described in a set of standards governed by
959:
951:
944:
931:
894:
495:
335:
2446:
Redl, Siegmund M.; Weber, Matthias K.; Oliphant, Malcolm W (February 1995).
765:
The transmission power in the handset is limited to a maximum of 2 watts in
4708:
4548:
4493:
4423:
4388:
4323:
4222:
4212:
4064:
3466:
3213:
3197:
2830:
2550:—Official industry trade group representing GSM network operators worldwide
2201:"Bombshell Report Finds Phone Network Encryption Was Deliberately Weakened"
2038:, vol. 9264, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 73–86,
1276:
1124:
955:
669:
646:
535:
395:
1986:"iPhone Must Be Offered Without Contract Restrictions, German Court Rules"
1424:
4908:
4558:
4468:
4453:
4413:
4373:
4232:
3295:
3244:
3154:
3142:
2465:
Redl, Siegmund M.; Weber, Matthias K.; Oliphant, Malcolm W (April 1998).
1603:
375:
282:
2227:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 12697. pp. 155–183.
734:
Regardless of the frequency selected by an operator, it is divided into
135:
used by mobile devices such as mobile phones and tablets. GSM is also a
4913:
4620:
4318:
4227:
4183:
4153:
4131:
3866:
2219:
2176:
1577:. European Telecommunications Standards Institute. 2011. Archived from
1499:. European Telecommunications Standards Institute. 2011. Archived from
893:
Research findings indicate that GSM faces susceptibility to hacking by
842:
613:
355:
257:
136:
2921:
2028:
4898:
4363:
4178:
3945:
3848:
2273:"Flaw in old mobile phone encryption code could be used for snooping"
1361:"GSM Audio Codec: Vocoder: AMR, CELP etc .. » Electronics Notes"
1252:
1246:
1119:
1058:
971:
794:
790:
635:
625:
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515:
503:
487:
166:
144:
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more, depending on the antenna system, the type of terrain, and the
302:
242:
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
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859:
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169:. This expanded over time to include data communications, first by
2017:
1111:– list of call forward codes working with all operators and phones
564:– the optional part which allows packet-based Internet connections
4888:
4873:
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3676:
3508:
3038:
3005:
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802:
602:
526:
483:
478:
391:
379:
343:
331:
315:
151:
2347:
2172:"Codebreaker Karsten Nohl: Why Your Phone Is Insecure By Design"
2118:
720:
because they were previously used for first-generation systems.
318:
signed a joint development agreement in 1984 and were joined by
4918:
4878:
4200:
3714:
3671:
3217:
3088:
2988:
2730:
2670:
1200:
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598:
311:
966:. He said that it is possible to build "a full GSM interceptor
4903:
4840:
4148:
3790:
3305:
3290:
3253:
3240:
3159:
3137:
2943:
2735:
2399:
2314:
International Journal of Research & Scientific Innovation
2198:
1630:"Duke of Cambridge Presents Maxwell Medals to GSM Developers"
1159:
993:
978:
cellphone and decryption software available for free online.
786:
668:
Cell horizontal radius varies – depending on antenna height,
499:
429:
425:
319:
249:
157:
2G networks developed as a replacement for first generation (
2469:. Artech House Mobile Communications Library. Artech House.
919:
GSM uses several cryptographic algorithms for security. The
208:
standards, which do not form part of the ETSI GSM standard.
4845:
3471:
3169:
2983:
2851:
2778:
1632:. IEEE United Kingdom and Ireland Section. 1 September 2018
1268:
1212:
1145:
1017:
974:, make calls, or send text messages using a seven-year-old
940:
928:
924:
920:
825:
810:
197:
189:
2486:
GSM and UMTS, The Creation of Global Mobile Communications
545:
The network is structured into several discrete sections:
33:
2866:
2750:
2421:
1078:
means they have patent protection for a number of years.
1773:(Second ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated.
1687:[World's first GSM call was made 30 years ago].
338:
made the world's first GSM call on 1 July 1991, calling
211:
Beginning in the late 2010s, various carriers worldwide
127:(ETSI) to describe the protocols for second-generation (
102:
3269:
3192:
2962:
2764:
2685:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2526:. Hermes (2nd ed.). Hermes Sciences Publications.
2373:
813:, EFR was refactored into a variable-rate codec called
724:
716:
205:
201:
193:
158:
128:
75:
2503:
Mouly, Michel; Pautet, Marie-Bernardette (June 2002).
2142:"GSM phones -- call them unsafe, says security expert"
1072:
514:
had earlier in the year been shut down in April 2017.
1255:– Security mechanisms for the SIM application toolkit
2094:
1685:"Ensimmäinen gsm-puhelu soitettiin 30 vuotta sitten"
954:
has been revealed in the literature. As an example,
428:-capable network also became operational. The first
820:
378:and Telecom Finland signed the first international
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1054:aims to build a GSM analyzer for less than $ 1,000
1032:projects exist that provide certain GSM features:
2464:
2445:
1658:. Yelisradio OY. 22 February 2008. Archived from
1000:to prevent connections to fake base stations and
465:(OFDMA) technology standards issued by the 3GPP.
5058:Telecommunications-related introductions in 1991
5039:
2217:
1983:
1565:
1563:
1304:"The GSM Logo: The Mystery of the 4 Dots Solved"
2036:Trust, Privacy and Security in Digital Business
1948:https://www.ti.com/lit/an/snaa033d/snaa033d.pdf
1822:shut down its 2G GSM network in December 2017.
1518:
1388:, John Wiley & Sons, 31 July 2003, page 529
797:(13 kbit/s). These used a system based on
279:European Telecommunications Standards Institute
227:
125:European Telecommunications Standards Institute
2594:
2270:
2199:Lorenzo Franceschi-Bicchierai (12 June 2021).
1301:
703:GSM networks operate in a number of different
518:shut down 2G services entirely in April 2017.
200:standards, followed by the fourth-generation (
3961:
3562:
2580:
1977:
1768:
1560:
1447:
1399:"GSM Global system for Mobile Communications"
653:are cells designed for use in residential or
463:orthogonal frequency-division multiple access
363:
2484:Hillebrand, Friedhelm, ed. (December 2001).
2311:
2139:
4976:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
2502:
1386:The Worldwide History of Telecommunications
1023:
801:(LPC). In addition to being efficient with
219:mobile phone technologies evolved from it.
5012:
3968:
3954:
3569:
3555:
2587:
2573:
2483:
1706:
1487:
1485:
692:
455:Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
80:
32:
2291:"GSM UMTS 3GPP Numbering Cross Reference"
574:
552:– the base stations and their controllers
2505:The GSM System for Mobile Communications
2467:GSM and Personal Communications Handbook
2010:Solutions to the GSM Security Weaknesses
1189:International Mobile Subscriber Identity
1011:
824:
584:
525:
301:
231:
204:) LTE Advanced and the fifth-generation
2521:
2221:Advances in Cryptology – EUROCRYPT 2021
2097:"Cellphone Encryption Code Is Divulged"
1861:"Optus to complete 2G network turn off"
1720:. GSM Association. 2010. Archived from
1541:. GSM Association. 2001. Archived from
1482:
1183:International Mobile Equipment Identity
213:started to shut down their GSM networks
117:Global System for Mobile Communications
5040:
3975:
3457:Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
1453:
1109:GSM forwarding standard features codes
833:One of the key features of GSM is the
3949:
3550:
2568:
2095:Kevin J. O'Brien (28 December 2009).
1103:Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
419:Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
374:(SMS or "text message") message, and
183:Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
5022:
3415:Spectral efficiency comparison table
2350:. Wiki.openmoko.org. 8 February 2010
1435:from the original on 30 January 2023
1330:
1328:
1237:Comparison of mobile phone standards
943:that allow A5/1 to be broken with a
910:Universal Subscriber Identity Module
866:In some countries and regions (e.g.
540:
521:
212:
2556:—3G GSM standards development group
1302:Sauter, Martin (21 November 2013).
1073:Issues with patents and open source
1020:, where a full list is maintained.
659:telecommunications service provider
16:Cellular telephone network standard
13:
2522:Salgues, Salgues B. (April 1997).
2439:
2260:from the original on 16 June 2021.
1795:"Telstra switches off GSM network"
1654:[World's first GSM call].
1271:– Radio Resource Location Protocol
742:. These eight radio timeslots (or
472:
461:(CDMA) technology, nor the 4G LTE
358:. In 2021 a former Nokia engineer
14:
5069:
2541:
2140:Owano, Nancy (27 December 2011).
2072:
1652:"Maailman ensimmäinen GSM-puhelu"
1462:. CBS Interactive. Archived from
1325:
1177:High-Speed Downlink Packet Access
297:
123:) is a standard developed by the
5021:
5011:
5002:
5001:
4990:
4611:Free-space optical communication
3531:
3520:
2606:List of mobile phone generations
2398:. Bb.osmocom.org. Archived from
1841:from the original on 10 May 2016
1797:. TeleGeography. 2 December 2016
1691:. Helsingin Sanomat. 1 July 2021
1606:. Stephen Temple. 7 January 2007
849:
829:A nano sim used in mobile phones
821:Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
785:GSM has used a variety of voice
281:(ETSI). The IEEE/RSE awarded to
2414:
2388:
2362:
2340:
2305:
2283:
2271:Matthew Sparks (17 June 2021).
2264:
2211:
2192:
2164:
2133:
2107:
2088:
2066:
2022:
2003:
1952:
1941:
1916:
1897:
1875:
1853:
1809:
1787:
1762:
1736:
1677:
1644:
1622:
1596:
1218:Personal communications network
877:
780:
556:Network and Switching Subsystem
385:
1769:Martin Sauter (23 June 2014).
1425:"GSM (2nd Generation Mobiles)"
1417:
1391:
1378:
1353:
1295:
1148:Network Identity and Time Zone
657:environments and connect to a
530:The structure of a GSM network
1:
3886:Delay and disruption tolerant
1401:. 4G Americas. Archived from
1289:
1203:Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number
1152:Wireless Application Protocol
459:code-division multiple access
409:In 2000 the first commercial
342:(deputy mayor of the city of
4997:Telecommunication portal
4778:Telecommunications equipment
3527:Telecommunication portal
2524:Les télécoms mobiles GSM DCS
1429:Engaging with Communications
1140:Multimedia Messaging Service
983:General Packet Radio Service
746:periods) are grouped into a
415:Multimedia Messaging Service
411:General Packet Radio Service
228:Initial European development
192:developed third-generation (
179:General Packet Radio Service
150:It was first implemented in
143:. GSM may also refer to the
7:
4514:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
2233:10.1007/978-3-030-77886-6_6
2075:"The A5/1 Cracking Project"
2044:10.1007/978-3-319-22906-5_6
1454:Leader (7 September 2007).
1090:
570:(OSS) – network maintenance
439:
432:network launched in 2007. (
346:) using a network built by
254:memorandum of understanding
10:
5074:
4218:Telecommunications history
3024:CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Release 0
2370:"The Hacker's Choice Wiki"
1456:"Happy 20th Birthday, GSM"
1282:Visitors Location Register
1242:GEO-Mobile Radio Interface
1229:Simulation of GSM networks
841:. The SIM is a detachable
835:Subscriber Identity Module
758:and the frame duration is
696:
578:
533:
476:
222:
171:circuit-switched transport
18:
4985:
4927:
4864:
4826:Public Switched Telephone
4786:
4750:
4707:
4648:
4638:telecommunication circuit
4599:Fiber-optic communication
4582:
4344:Francis Blake (telephone)
4291:
4139:Optical telecommunication
3983:
3920:
3885:
3857:
3804:
3766:
3757:
3738:
3723:
3705:
3662:
3639:
3597:
3588:
3517:
3339:
3319:
3283:
3268:
3233:
3206:
3191:
3168:
3127:
3098:
3048:
3037:
3016:
2976:
2961:
2936:
2914:
2906:EDGE/EGPRS - Evolved EDGE
2890:
2879:
2839:
2831:D-AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136)
2820:
2801:
2773:
2763:
2718:
2694:
2684:
2612:
2603:
2488:. John Wiley & Sons.
1984:Victoria Shannon (2007).
1960:"GSM 06.51 version 4.0.1"
1928:www.electronics-notes.com
1744:"Mobile technologies GSM"
1365:www.electronics-notes.com
568:Operations support system
291:James Clerk Maxwell medal
97:
93:Digital cellular networks
89:
71:
53:
43:
31:
4737:Orbital angular-momentum
4174:Satellite communications
4013:Communications satellite
1910:19 February 2012 at the
1067:Base transceiver station
1052:The GSM Software Project
1047:Base transceiver station
1024:GSM open-source software
856:mobile network operators
799:linear predictive coding
434:High Speed Packet Access
4616:Molecular communication
4439:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
4268:Undersea telegraph line
4003:Cable protection system
3362:Comparison of standards
3001:UTRA-TDD LCR / TD-SCDMA
2115:"A5/1 Cracking Project"
1224:RTP audio video profile
1207:Nordic Mobile Telephone
964:known plaintext attacks
908:introduced an optional
707:ranges (separated into
693:GSM carrier frequencies
372:short messaging service
4758:Communication protocol
4544:Charles Sumner Tainter
4359:Walter Houser Brattain
4304:Edwin Howard Armstrong
4112:Information revolution
3908:Dynamic Source Routing
3578:Channel access methods
3367:Channel access methods
3006:UTRA-TDD HCR / TD-CDMA
2507:. Telecom Publishing.
2448:An Introduction to GSM
2159:free off the Internet.
1863:. Optus. 1 August 2017
1714:"GSM World statistics"
958:developed a number of
937:ciphertext-only attack
837:, commonly known as a
830:
793:(6.5 kbit/s) and
605:
581:Base station subsystem
575:Base-station subsystem
550:Base station subsystem
531:
364:
326:in 1986. In 1986, the
307:
237:
59:; 32 years ago
4732:Polarization-division
4464:Narinder Singh Kapany
4429:Erna Schneider Hoover
4349:Jagadish Chandra Bose
4329:Alexander Graham Bell
4060:online video platform
3538:Telephones portal
2646:MTA - MTB - MTC - MTD
1965:. ETSI. December 1997
1340:trademarks.justia.com
1012:Standards information
828:
723:For comparison, most
588:
529:
305:
246:Groupe Spécial Mobile
235:
4574:Vladimir K. Zworykin
4534:Almon Brown Strowger
4504:Charles Grafton Page
4159:Prepaid mobile phone
4087:Electrical telegraph
3582:media access control
3155:iBurst (IEEE 802.20)
2928:CDMA2000 1X Advanced
1384:Anton A. Huurdeman,
1249:– Cellphone features
1030:open-source software
756:270.833 kbit/s,
713:UMTS frequency bands
709:GSM frequency ranges
306:Prototype GSM phones
21:GSM (disambiguation)
19:For other uses, see
4524:Johann Philipp Reis
4283:Wireless revolution
4245:The Telephone Cases
4102:Hydraulic telegraph
3806:Collision avoidance
3041:(3.5G, 3.75G, 3.9G)
2883:(2.5G, 2.75G, 2.9G)
2651:Mobile TeleSeratout
2402:on 26 February 2011
2121:on 25 December 2009
2084:– via Scribd.
1885:. M1. 27 March 2017
1820:Trinidad and Tobago
1581:on 17 February 2012
1503:on 11 February 2012
1259:Intelligent Network
1195:Long Term Evolution
1115:GSM frequency bands
1065:YateBTS develops a
904:The development of
729:GSM frequency bands
715:for 3G), with most
699:GSM frequency bands
479:2G § Phase-out
328:European Commission
177:data transport via
28:
4722:Frequency-division
4699:Telephone exchange
4569:Charles Wheatstone
4499:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
4474:Innocenzo Manzetti
4409:Reginald Fessenden
4144:Optical telegraphy
3977:Telecommunications
3768:Collision recovery
3529:
3115:(TIA/EIA/IS-856-B)
3109:(TIA/EIA/IS-856-A)
3107:1xEV-DO Revision A
2101:The New York Times
1990:The New York Times
1604:"Who created GSM?"
1571:"Cellular History"
1405:on 8 February 2014
888:challenge–response
831:
807:enhanced full rate
663:broadband-internet
606:
532:
512:Northern Territory
398:became available.
308:
244:(CEPT) set up the
238:
188:Subsequently, the
48:Telecommunications
26:
5035:
5034:
4773:Store and forward
4768:Data transmission
4682:Network switching
4633:Transmission line
4479:Guglielmo Marconi
4444:Internet pioneers
4309:Mohamed M. Atalla
4278:Whistled language
3943:
3942:
3922:Duplexing methods
3916:
3915:
3753:
3752:
3544:
3543:
3347:Cellular networks
3335:
3334:
3264:
3263:
3187:
3186:
3033:
3032:
2989:UTRA-FDD / W-CDMA
2957:
2956:
2924:(TIA/EIA/IS-2000)
2875:
2874:
2759:
2758:
2514:978-0-945592-15-0
2495:978-0-470-84322-2
2476:978-0-89006-957-8
2457:978-0-89006-785-7
2376:on 15 August 2010
2348:"Gsmd – Openmoko"
2242:978-3-030-77885-9
2148:on 3 January 2012
2053:978-3-319-22905-8
1002:downgrade attacks
899:cellular networks
705:carrier frequency
661:'s network via a
562:GPRS Core Network
541:Network structure
522:Technical details
508:Western Australia
492:AT&T Mobility
366:Helsingin Sanomat
348:Nokia and Siemens
133:cellular networks
113:
112:
5065:
5025:
5024:
5015:
5014:
5005:
5004:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4866:Notable networks
4856:Wireless network
4796:Cellular network
4788:Types of network
4763:Computer network
4650:Network topology
4564:Thomas A. Watson
4419:Oliver Heaviside
4404:Philo Farnsworth
4379:Daniel Davis Jr.
4354:Charles Bourseul
4314:John Logie Baird
4023:Data compression
4018:Computer network
3970:
3963:
3956:
3947:
3946:
3764:
3763:
3595:
3594:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3548:
3547:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3452:Mobile broadband
3352:Mobile telephony
3340:Related articles
3281:
3280:
3224:LTE Advanced Pro
3204:
3203:
3119:EV-DO Revision C
3113:EV-DO Revision B
3046:
3045:
2974:
2973:
2888:
2887:
2771:
2770:
2692:
2691:
2617:radio telephones
2596:Cellular network
2589:
2582:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2537:
2518:
2499:
2480:
2461:
2450:. Artech House.
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2372:. Archived from
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2226:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2180:. 12 August 2011
2168:
2162:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2144:. Archived from
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2117:. Archived from
2111:
2105:
2104:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2026:
2020:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1964:
1956:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1920:
1914:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1840:
1829:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1750:on 30 March 2014
1746:. Archived from
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1667:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1567:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1531:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1395:
1389:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1332:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1306:. Archived from
1299:
1135:GSM localization
1098:Cellular network
969:
776:
772:
768:
761:
757:
753:
610:cellular network
595:Deutsches Museum
593:antennas in the
369:
109:
106:
104:
85:
84:
67:
65:
60:
36:
29:
25:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5031:
4991:
4989:
4981:
4923:
4860:
4782:
4746:
4703:
4652:
4644:
4585:
4578:
4484:Robert Metcalfe
4339:Tim Berners-Lee
4287:
4107:Information Age
3979:
3974:
3944:
3939:
3912:
3881:
3853:
3800:
3749:
3734:
3719:
3701:
3658:
3635:
3584:
3575:
3545:
3540:
3532:
3530:
3521:
3519:
3513:
3420:Frequency bands
3331:
3315:
3273:
3260:
3229:
3196:
3183:
3164:
3123:
3094:
3040:
3039:3G transitional
3029:
3012:
2966:
2953:
2932:
2910:
2882:
2881:2G transitional
2871:
2835:
2816:
2812:cdmaOne (IS-95)
2797:
2755:
2714:
2680:
2608:
2599:
2593:
2548:GSM Association
2544:
2534:
2515:
2496:
2477:
2458:
2442:
2440:Further reading
2437:
2427:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2403:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2379:
2377:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2353:
2351:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2269:
2265:
2257:
2243:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2181:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2151:
2149:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2071:
2067:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2027:
2023:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1912:Wayback Machine
1902:
1898:
1888:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1827:
1823:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1767:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1694:
1692:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1665:
1663:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1635:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1609:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1584:
1582:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1548:
1546:
1533:
1532:
1519:
1506:
1504:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1469:
1467:
1452:
1448:
1438:
1436:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1313:
1311:
1310:on 4 March 2016
1300:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1093:
1075:
1036:gsmd daemon by
1026:
1014:
967:
914:non-repudiation
880:
852:
823:
783:
774:
770:
766:
759:
755:
751:
740:radio frequency
701:
695:
686:indoor repeater
612:, meaning that
608:GSM utilizes a
583:
577:
543:
538:
524:
481:
475:
473:Discontinuation
446:GSM Association
442:
404:GSM Association
388:
334:prime minister
300:
287:Philippe Dupuis
275:Philippe Dupuis
230:
225:
141:GSM Association
101:
79:
63:
61:
58:
39:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5071:
5061:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5019:
5009:
4999:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4937:
4931:
4929:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4870:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4792:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4717:Space-division
4713:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4667:
4662:
4656:
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4645:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4596:
4590:
4588:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4554:Camille Tissot
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4529:Claude Shannon
4526:
4521:
4519:Tivadar Puskás
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4489:Antonio Meucci
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4459:Charles K. Kao
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4434:Harold Hopkins
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4334:Emile Berliner
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4273:Videotelephony
4270:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4248:
4241:
4236:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4176:
4171:
4169:Radiotelephone
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4055:Internet video
4047:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3989:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3973:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3950:
3941:
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3932:
3926:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3914:
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3905:
3900:
3895:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3863:
3861:
3859:Collision-free
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3808:
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3333:
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3329:
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3321:
3317:
3316:
3314:
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3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3287:
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3259:
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3251:
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3210:
3208:
3201:
3189:
3188:
3185:
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3182:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3157:
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3147:
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3134:
3132:
3125:
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3121:
3116:
3110:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3093:
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3018:
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3009:
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3003:
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2808:
2806:
2799:
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2795:
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2768:
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2760:
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2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2689:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2661:Autotel (PALM)
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2592:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2551:
2543:
2542:External links
2540:
2539:
2538:
2533:978-2866016067
2532:
2519:
2513:
2500:
2494:
2481:
2475:
2462:
2456:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2413:
2387:
2361:
2339:
2304:
2282:
2263:
2241:
2210:
2191:
2163:
2132:
2106:
2087:
2065:
2052:
2021:
2002:
1976:
1951:
1940:
1915:
1896:
1874:
1852:
1808:
1786:
1779:
1761:
1735:
1724:on 21 May 2010
1705:
1676:
1662:on 6 July 2011
1643:
1621:
1595:
1559:
1545:on 19 May 2011
1517:
1481:
1446:
1416:
1390:
1377:
1352:
1324:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
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1279:
1274:
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1272:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1239:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1169:
1166:GSM USSD codes
1163:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1132:
1130:Cell Broadcast
1122:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1055:
1049:
1040:
1025:
1022:
1013:
1010:
960:rainbow tables
932:stream ciphers
895:script kiddies
884:pre-shared key
879:
876:
851:
848:
822:
819:
815:AMR-Narrowband
782:
779:
697:Main article:
694:
691:
679:timing advance
655:small-business
643:
642:
641:umbrella cells
639:
633:
628:
623:
579:Main article:
576:
573:
572:
571:
565:
559:
553:
542:
539:
534:Main article:
523:
520:
474:
471:
441:
438:
387:
384:
340:Kaarina Suonio
299:
298:First networks
296:
229:
226:
224:
221:
111:
110:
99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
73:
69:
68:
55:
51:
50:
45:
41:
40:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5070:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5028:
5020:
5018:
5010:
5008:
5000:
4998:
4988:
4987:
4984:
4977:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4743:
4742:Code-division
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4727:Time-division
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4680:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4653:and switching
4651:
4647:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4604:optical fiber
4602:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4594:Coaxial cable
4592:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4581:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4509:Radia Perlman
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4399:Lee de Forest
4397:
4395:
4394:Thomas Edison
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4384:Donald Davies
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4369:Claude Chappe
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4213:Smoke signals
4211:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4191:Semiconductor
4189:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4050:Digital media
4048:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3971:
3966:
3964:
3959:
3957:
3952:
3951:
3948:
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3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3923:
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3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3890:
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3884:
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3875:
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3868:
3865:
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3862:
3860:
3856:
3850:
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3842:
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3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3781:Slotted ALOHA
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3746:
3745:
3743:
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3698:
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3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
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3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3590:Channel-based
3587:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3567:
3565:
3560:
3558:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3539:
3528:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3502:Wi-Fi Calling
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3462:NGMN Alliance
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3036:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2878:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2705:AMPS - N-AMPS
2703:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2535:
2529:
2525:
2520:
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2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
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2487:
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2478:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2423:
2417:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2349:
2343:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2292:
2286:
2278:
2277:New Scientist
2274:
2267:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2222:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2160:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2076:
2069:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1944:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1884:
1878:
1862:
1856:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1796:
1790:
1782:
1780:9781118861929
1776:
1772:
1765:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1702:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1673:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1631:
1625:
1618:
1605:
1599:
1592:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1556:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1514:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1478:
1466:on 5 May 2011
1465:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1387:
1381:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1329:
1321:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1294:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1162:(GSM-Railway)
1161:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1009:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
986:
984:
979:
977:
973:
965:
961:
957:
953:
952:cryptanalysis
948:
946:
945:rainbow table
942:
938:
933:
930:
926:
922:
917:
915:
911:
907:
902:
900:
896:
891:
889:
885:
875:
873:
869:
864:
861:
857:
850:Phone locking
847:
844:
840:
836:
827:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
778:
775:GSM 1800/1900
763:
749:
745:
741:
737:
732:
730:
726:
721:
718:
714:
710:
706:
700:
690:
687:
682:
680:
675:
671:
666:
664:
660:
656:
651:
648:
640:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
618:
617:
615:
611:
604:
600:
596:
592:
587:
582:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
547:
546:
537:
528:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:United States
493:
489:
485:
480:
470:
466:
464:
460:
456:
450:
447:
437:
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
399:
397:
393:
383:
381:
377:
373:
368:
367:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
336:Harri Holkeri
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
304:
295:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
270:
268:
262:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
234:
220:
218:
214:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
155:
153:
148:
147:voice codec.
146:
142:
139:owned by the
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
108:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
77:
74:
70:
64:December 1991
57:December 1991
56:
52:
49:
46:
42:
35:
30:
22:
5053:GSM standard
4709:Multiplexing
4584:Transmission
4549:Nikola Tesla
4539:Henry Sutton
4494:Samuel Morse
4424:Robert Hooke
4389:Amos Dolbear
4324:John Bardeen
4243:
4223:Telautograph
4127:Mobile phone
4082:Edholm's law
4065:social media
3998:Broadcasting
3759:Packet-based
3467:Push-to-talk
3245:IEEE 802.16m
3214:LTE Advanced
3198:IMT Advanced
3143:IEEE 802.16e
3138:Mobile WiMAX
3099:3GPP2 family
3026:(TIA/IS-856)
3017:3GPP2 family
2915:3GPP2 family
2894:/3GPP family
2891:
2787:
2774:
2710:TACS - ETACS
2523:
2504:
2485:
2466:
2447:
2426:. Retrieved
2416:
2404:. Retrieved
2400:the original
2390:
2378:. Retrieved
2374:the original
2364:
2352:. Retrieved
2342:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2295:. Retrieved
2285:
2276:
2266:
2220:
2213:
2205:www.vice.com
2204:
2194:
2182:. Retrieved
2175:
2166:
2157:
2150:. Retrieved
2146:the original
2135:
2123:. Retrieved
2119:the original
2109:
2100:
2090:
2078:. Retrieved
2068:
2057:, retrieved
2035:
2024:
2005:
1993:. Retrieved
1989:
1979:
1967:. Retrieved
1954:
1943:
1931:. Retrieved
1927:
1918:
1899:
1887:. Retrieved
1877:
1865:. Retrieved
1855:
1843:. Retrieved
1832:ATT Mobility
1831:
1811:
1799:. Retrieved
1789:
1770:
1764:
1752:. Retrieved
1748:the original
1738:
1726:. Retrieved
1722:the original
1718:gsmworld.com
1717:
1708:
1700:
1693:. Retrieved
1688:
1679:
1671:
1664:. Retrieved
1660:the original
1655:
1646:
1634:. Retrieved
1624:
1615:
1608:. Retrieved
1598:
1590:
1583:. Retrieved
1579:the original
1574:
1554:
1547:. Retrieved
1543:the original
1539:gsmworld.com
1538:
1512:
1505:. Retrieved
1501:the original
1496:
1475:
1468:. Retrieved
1464:the original
1459:
1449:
1437:. Retrieved
1428:
1419:
1407:. Retrieved
1403:the original
1393:
1380:
1368:. Retrieved
1364:
1355:
1343:. Retrieved
1339:
1319:
1312:. Retrieved
1308:the original
1297:
1277:Um interface
1125:GSM services
1080:
1076:
1057:
1051:
1027:
1015:
1006:
987:
980:
956:Karsten Nohl
949:
918:
903:
892:
881:
878:GSM security
865:
853:
838:
832:
784:
781:Voice codecs
764:
733:
722:
702:
683:
670:antenna gain
667:
647:base-station
644:
607:
544:
536:GSM services
482:
467:
451:
443:
423:
408:
400:
396:mobile phone
389:
386:Enhancements
362:revealed to
310:In parallel
309:
271:
263:
245:
239:
216:
210:
187:
181:(GPRS), and
156:
149:
120:
116:
114:
4909:NPL network
4621:Radio waves
4559:Alfred Vail
4469:Hedy Lamarr
4454:Dawon Kahng
4414:Elisha Gray
4374:Yogen Dalal
4299:Nasir Ahmed
4233:Teleprinter
4097:Heliographs
3296:5G-Advanced
3284:3GPP family
3234:IEEE family
3226:(4.5G/4.9G)
3207:3GPP family
3049:3GPP family
2977:3GPP family
2922:CDMA2000 1X
2793:CSD - HSCSD
2424:. Legba Inc
2396:"OsmocomBB"
2297:30 December
2152:27 December
2125:30 December
2059:14 December
1969:5 September
1867:20 November
1825:"2G Sunset"
1636:10 December
1460:zdnet.co.uk
1314:23 November
1045:develops a
860:SIM locking
767:GSM 850/900
711:for 2G and
674:propagation
614:cell phones
382:agreement.
376:Vodafone UK
360:Pekka Lonka
283:Thomas Haug
163:full duplex
5042:Categories
4955:Antarctica
4914:Toasternet
4836:Television
4319:Paul Baran
4251:Television
4235:(teletype)
4228:Telegraphy
4206:transistor
4184:Phryctoria
4154:Photophone
4132:Smartphone
4122:Mass media
3867:Token Ring
3150:Flash-OFDM
2428:30 October
2320:(10): 10.
2177:Forbes.com
2080:3 November
1995:2 February
1933:9 February
1889:22 October
1801:2 December
1754:7 November
1695:11 October
1370:9 February
1345:9 February
1290:References
1233:Standards
863:operator.
854:Sometimes
843:smart card
752:8 channels
477:See also:
356:Radiolinja
258:Copenhagen
173:, then by
137:trade mark
131:) digital
4939:Americas
4928:Locations
4899:Internet2
4660:Bandwidth
4364:Vint Cerf
4261:streaming
4239:Telephone
4179:Semaphore
4070:streaming
3872:Token bus
3849:CSMA/CARP
3250:WiMax 2.1
3105:CDMA2000
2598:standards
2422:"YateBTS"
2380:30 August
2334:212468467
2326:2321-2705
2251:235452714
2184:13 August
2018:1002.3175
1845:10 August
1535:"History"
1253:GSM 03.48
1247:GSM 02.07
1120:GSM modem
1059:OsmocomBB
981:GSM uses
972:voicemail
795:Full Rate
791:Half Rate
760:4.615 ms.
736:timeslots
591:cell site
516:Singapore
504:Australia
494:from the
488:Australia
289:the 2018
167:telephony
145:Full Rate
72:Successor
5007:Category
4894:Internet
4884:CYCLADES
4801:Ethernet
4751:Concepts
4675:terminal
4626:wireless
4449:Bob Kahn
4292:Pioneers
4117:Internet
4008:Cable TV
3877:MS-ALOHA
3682:TD-SCDMA
3275:IMT-2020
3179:HiperMAN
3078:DC-HSDPA
2968:IMT-2000
2406:22 April
2354:22 April
2255:Archived
1908:Archived
1836:Archived
1575:etsi.org
1497:etsi.org
1433:Archived
1409:22 March
1264:Parlay X
1091:See also
1038:Openmoko
1028:Several
990:sniffing
976:Motorola
839:SIM card
803:bitrates
510:and the
457:(UMTS),
440:Adoption
352:operated
322:and the
185:(EDGE).
90:Products
44:Industry
5027:Commons
5017:Outline
4970:Oceania
4889:FidoNet
4874:ARPANET
4687:circuit
4256:digital
3985:History
3829:CSMA/CA
3796:CSMA/CD
3786:R-ALOHA
3715:HC-SDMA
3697:MC-CDMA
3692:FH-CDMA
3687:DS-CDMA
3677:TD-CDMA
3649:MF-TDMA
3617:SC-FDMA
3509:Osmocom
3357:History
3327:DECT-5G
3301:NR-IIoT
2746:DataTAC
2741:Mobitex
2073:Steve.
1816:bmobile
1617:abroad.
1610:7 April
1477:abroad.
1179:(HSDPA)
1172:Handoff
1084:OpenBTS
1043:OpenBTS
872:Germany
650:antenna
603:Germany
484:Telstra
392:Telstra
380:roaming
344:Tampere
332:Finnish
316:Germany
223:History
152:Finland
98:Website
62: (
54:Founded
4965:Europe
4935:Africa
4919:Usenet
4879:BITNET
4816:Mobile
4692:packet
4201:MOSFET
4196:device
3993:Beacon
3672:W-CDMA
3311:NB-IoT
3277:(2021)
3272:(2018)
3218:E-UTRA
3200:(2013)
3195:(2009)
3172:family
3131:family
3089:E-UTRA
2970:(2001)
2965:(1998)
2824:family
2805:family
2781:family
2767:(1991)
2698:family
2688:(1979)
2671:B-Netz
2619:(1946)
2530:
2511:
2492:
2473:
2454:
2332:
2324:
2293:. ETSI
2249:
2239:
2050:
1777:
1728:8 June
1656:yle.fi
1439:23 May
1201:MSISDN
1191:(IMSI)
1185:(IMEI)
1105:(EDGE)
968:
927:, and
868:Brazil
787:codecs
771:1 watt
672:, and
599:Munich
312:France
175:packet
165:voice
78:
4948:South
4943:North
4904:JANET
4841:Telex
4831:Radio
4670:Nodes
4665:Links
4586:media
4164:Radio
4149:Pager
4077:Drums
4043:video
4038:image
4028:audio
3898:VANET
3893:MANET
3819:MACAW
3791:AX.25
3776:ALOHA
3654:STDMA
3612:OFDMA
3487:ViLTE
3482:VoLTE
3440:5G NR
3389:STDMA
3377:OFDMA
3320:Other
3306:LTE-M
3291:5G NR
3254:WiBro
3241:WiMAX
3160:WiBro
3073:HSPA+
3066:HSUPA
3061:HSDPA
2944:WiDEN
2937:Other
2840:Other
2803:3GPP2
2736:Hicap
2731:C-450
2719:Other
2636:Altai
2330:S2CID
2258:(PDF)
2247:S2CID
2225:(PDF)
2014:arXiv
1963:(ZIP)
1839:(PDF)
1828:(PDF)
1689:hs.fi
1666:5 May
1585:5 May
1549:5 May
1507:5 May
1493:"GSM"
1470:5 May
1284:(VLR)
1220:(PCN)
1209:(NMT)
1197:(LTE)
1160:GSM-R
1154:(WAP)
1142:(MMS)
994:Skype
941:FPGAs
744:burst
638:, and
636:femto
626:micro
621:macro
500:Optus
430:HSUPA
426:HSDPA
320:Italy
250:Paris
105:.gsma
5048:ETSI
4960:Asia
4846:UUCP
4806:ISDN
3824:CSMA
3814:MACA
3740:PAMA
3725:PDMA
3707:SDMA
3664:CDMA
3641:TDMA
3629:WDMA
3599:FDMA
3580:and
3497:ViNR
3492:VoNR
3472:MIMO
3445:CDMA
3430:UMTS
3408:SDMA
3401:CDMA
3396:SSMA
3384:TDMA
3372:FDMA
3170:ETSI
3129:IEEE
3056:HSPA
2994:FOMA
2984:UMTS
2949:DECT
2901:GPRS
2852:iDEN
2847:CDPD
2822:AMPS
2779:3GPP
2696:AMPS
2656:AMTS
2631:IMTS
2554:3GPP
2528:ISBN
2509:ISBN
2490:ISBN
2471:ISBN
2452:ISBN
2430:2014
2408:2010
2382:2010
2356:2010
2322:ISSN
2299:2009
2237:ISBN
2186:2011
2154:2011
2127:2009
2082:2011
2061:2023
2048:ISBN
1997:2011
1971:2007
1935:2023
1891:2017
1869:2020
1847:2016
1803:2016
1775:ISBN
1756:2013
1730:2010
1697:2022
1668:2011
1638:2020
1612:2013
1587:2011
1551:2011
1509:2011
1472:2011
1441:2023
1411:2014
1372:2023
1347:2023
1316:2013
1269:RRLP
1213:ORFS
1146:NITZ
1018:ETSI
998:USIM
929:A5/3
925:A5/2
921:A5/1
906:UMTS
886:and
870:and
811:UMTS
769:and
748:TDMA
631:pico
589:GSM
444:The
350:and
314:and
285:and
198:UMTS
190:3GPP
115:The
107:.com
4851:WAN
4821:NGN
4811:LAN
4092:Fax
4033:DCT
3935:FDD
3930:TDD
3903:DTN
3844:HCF
3839:PCF
3834:DCF
3624:WDM
3607:FDM
3477:IMS
3435:LTE
3425:GSM
3085:LTE
2892:GSM
2867:CT2
2862:PHS
2857:PDC
2788:GSM
2775:GSM
2751:CT1
2726:NMT
2676:AMR
2666:ARP
2641:OLT
2626:MTS
2229:doi
2040:doi
1818:in
773:in
754:is
502:in
498:.
486:in
354:by
267:MoU
256:in
121:GSM
103:www
27:GSM
5044::
3270:5G
3247:)
3193:4G
2963:3G
2765:2G
2686:1G
2614:0G
2328:.
2316:.
2275:.
2253:.
2245:.
2235:.
2203:.
2174:.
2156:.
2099:.
2046:,
2034:,
1988:.
1926:.
1906:.
1834:.
1830:.
1716:.
1699:.
1670:.
1614:.
1589:.
1573:.
1562:^
1553:.
1537:.
1520:^
1511:.
1495:.
1484:^
1474:.
1458:.
1431:.
1427:.
1363:.
1338:.
1327:^
1318:.
923:,
916:.
777:.
731:.
725:3G
717:2G
681:.
601:,
597:,
324:UK
206:5G
202:4G
196:)
194:3G
159:1G
129:2G
76:3G
4978:)
4974:(
3969:e
3962:t
3955:v
3570:e
3563:t
3556:v
3243:(
3220:)
3216:(
3091:)
3087:(
2777:/
2588:e
2581:t
2574:v
2536:.
2517:.
2498:.
2479:.
2460:.
2432:.
2410:.
2384:.
2358:.
2336:.
2318:3
2301:.
2279:.
2231::
2207:.
2188:.
2129:.
2103:.
2042::
2016::
1999:.
1973:.
1937:.
1893:.
1871:.
1849:.
1805:.
1783:.
1758:.
1732:.
1640:.
1443:.
1413:.
1374:.
1349:.
217:G
119:(
66:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
