Gabapentin - Knowledge

662: 639: 1857: 1197: 2214: 2271:-like high, improved sociability, and reduced alcohol or cocaine cravings. Also known on the streets as "Gabbies", gabapentin was reported in 2017 to be increasingly abused and misused for these euphoric effects. About 1 percent of the responders to an Internet poll and 22 percent of those attending addiction facilities had a history of abuse of gabapentin. Gabapentin misuse, toxicity, and use in suicide attempts among adults in the US increased from 2013 to 2017. 31: 1810: 8710: 16446: 5616: 5571: 1312:. A large Swedish study suggests that gabapentinoids are associated with an increased risk of suicidal behaviour, unintentional overdoses, head/body injuries, and road traffic incidents and offences. On the other hand, a study published by the Harvard Data Science Review found that gabapentin was associated with a significantly reduced rate of suicide. 1087:, there is increasing evidence that gabapentinoids are effective in controlling some of the symptoms during opiate detoxification. A clinical study in Iran, where heroin dependence is a significant social and public health problem, showed gabapentin produced positive results during an inpatient therapy program, particularly by reducing opioid-induced 2106:, in a November 2005 article entitled "Curb Your Cravings For This Stock", wrote "If the venture works out for patients and the investing public, it'll be a rare success for Peizer, who's promoted a series of disappointing small-cap medical or technology stocks ... since his days at Drexel". Journalist 1687:

bioavailability of gabapentin is approximately 80% at 100 mg administered three times daily once every 8 hours, but decreases to 60% at 300 mg, 47% at 400 mg, 34% at 800 mg, 33% at 1,200 mg, and 27% at 1,600 mg, all with the same dosing schedule. Drugs that increase

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After Kentucky's implementation of stricter legislation regarding opioid prescriptions in 2012, there was an increase in gabapentin-only and multi-drug use in 2012–2015. The majority of these cases were from overdose in suspected suicide attempts. These rates were also accompanied by increases in

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The period from 2008 to 2018 saw a significant increase in the consumption of gabapentinoids. A study published in Nature Communications in 2023 highlights this trend, demonstrating a notable escalation in sales of gabapentinoids. The study, which analyzed healthcare data across 65 countries/

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followed in December 1993, for use as an adjuvant (effective when added to other antiseizure drugs) medication to control partial seizures in adults; that indication was extended to children in 2000. Subsequently, gabapentin was approved in the United States for the treatment of

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Gabapentin shows substantial benefit (at least 50% pain relief or a patient global impression of change (PGIC) "very much improved") for neuropathic pain (postherpetic neuralgia or peripheral diabetic neuropathy) in 30–40% of subjects treated as compared to those treated with

1991:(which subsequently was acquired by Pfizer) agreed to plead guilty for activities of its Parke-Davis subsidiary, and to pay $ 430 million in fines to settle civil and criminal charges regarding the marketing of Neurontin for off-label purposes. The 2004 settlement was 2098:. It concluded that Gabasync is ineffective: "The PROMETA protocol, consisting of flumazenil, gabapentin and hydroxyzine, appears to be no more effective than placebo in reducing methamphetamine use, retaining patients in treatment or reducing methamphetamine craving." 1910:

of gabapentin first became available in the United States in 2004. An extended-release formulation of gabapentin for once-daily administration, under the brand name Gralise, was approved in the United States for the treatment postherpetic neuralgia in January 2011.

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effects. The vast majority of people abusing gabapentin are current or former abusers of opioids or sedatives. In these persons, gabapentin can boost the opioid "high" as well as decrease commonly experienced opioid-withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety.

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Although some small, non-controlled studies in the 1990s—mostly sponsored by gabapentin's manufacturer—suggested that treatment for bipolar disorder with gabapentin may be promising, the preponderance of evidence suggests that it is not effective.

1801:, with the reported average value of 5 to 7 hours. Because of its short elimination half-life, gabapentin must be administered 3 to 4 times per day to maintain therapeutic levels. Gabapentin XR (brand name Gralise) is taken once a day. 12317: 1977:

Subsequent to the corporate acquisition of the original patent holder, the pharmaceutical company Pfizer admitted that there had been violations of FDA guidelines regarding the promotion of unproven off-label uses for gabapentin in the

917:. There is concern regarding gabapentin's off-label use due to the lack of strong scientific evidence for its efficacy in multiple conditions, its proven side effects and its potential for misuse and physical/psychological dependency. 1389:. In some cases, users experience withdrawal seizures after chronic or semi-chronic use in the absence of periodic cycles or breaks during repeating and consecutive use. All these symptoms subside when gabapentin is re-instated or 5633:

Rahman AA, Dell'Aniello S, Moodie EE, Durand M, Coulombe J, Boivin JF, et al. (January 2024). "Gabapentinoids and Risk for Severe Exacerbation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease : A Population-Based Cohort Study".

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and isolation of gabapentin with high yield and purity starts with conversion of 1,1-cyclohexanediacetic anhydride to 1,1-cyclohexanediacetic acid monoamide and is followed by a 'Hofmann' rearrangement in an aqueous solution of

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It is also used to treat chronic pain-associated nerve inflammation in horses and dogs. Side effects include tiredness and loss of coordination, but these effects generally go away within 24 hours of starting the medication.

5589:"FDA warns about serious breathing problems with seizure and nerve pain medicines gabapentin (Neurontin, Gralise, Horizant) and pregabalin (Lyrica, Lyrica CR) When used with CNS depressants or in patients with lung problems" 1076:: it does not contribute to the achievement of abstinence, and the data on the relapse of heavy drinking and percent of days abstinent do not robustly favor gabapentin; it only decreases the percent days of heavy drinking. 2080:

salesman who has since been indicted for securities fraud relative to another company. Hythiam charges up to $ 15,000 per patient to license its use (of which half goes to the prescribing physician, and half to Hythiam).

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Faryar KA, Webb AN, Bhandari B, Price TG, Bosse GM (June 2019). "Trending gabapentin exposures in Kentucky after legislation requiring use of the state prescription drug monitoring program for all opioid prescriptions".

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phenomenon) — similar to, albeit less intense than most benzodiazepines. Agitation, confusion and disorientation are the most frequently reported, followed by gastrointestinal complaints and sweating, and more rare

1757:. As with intestinal absorption mediated by an amino acid transporter, the transport of gabapentin across the blood–brain barrier by LAT1 is saturable. Gabapentin does not bind to other drug transporters such as 4079:

Ahmed S, Stanciu CN, Kotapati PV, Ahmed R, Bhivandkar S, Khan AM, et al. (August 2019). "Effectiveness of Gabapentin in Reducing Cravings and Withdrawal in Alcohol Use Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review".

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The gabapentin label contains a warning of an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. According to an insurance claims database study, gabapentin use is associated with about 40% increased risk of

1599:= 1 mM), but not BCAT-2. At very high concentrations gabapentin can suppress the growth of cancer cells, presumably by effecting mitochondrial catabolism, however the precise mechanism remains elusive. 10155: 4582:

Winkelmann J, Allen RP, Högl B, Inoue Y, Oertel W, Salminen AV, et al. (July 2018). "Treatment of restless legs syndrome: Evidence-based review and implications for clinical practice (Revised 2017)".

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Gabapentin is recommended as a first-line treatment for chronic neuropathic pain by various medical authorities. This is a general recommendation applicable to all neuropathic pain syndromes except for

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van Haaften KA, Forsythe LR, Stelow EA, Bain MJ (November 2017). "Effects of a single preappointment dose of gabapentin on signs of stress in cats during transportation and veterinary examination".

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Stahl SM, Porreca F, Taylor CP, Cheung R, Thorpe AJ, Clair A (June 2013). "The diverse therapeutic actions of pregabalin: is a single mechanism responsible for several pharmacological activities?".

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and was first described in 1975 by Satzinger and Hartenstein. Under the brand name Neurontin, it was first approved in May 1993, for the treatment of epilepsy in the United Kingdom. Approval by the

2072:. It was marketed as PROMETA. While the individual drugs had been approved by the FDA, their off-label use for addiction treatment has not. Gabasync was marketed by Hythiam, Inc. which is owned by 2009:

sued Pfizer Inc., alleging that the pharmaceutical company had misled Kaiser by recommending Neurontin as an off-label treatment for certain conditions (including bipolar disorder, migraines, and

1251:, fever, swollen glands that do not go away, eyes or skin turning yellow, unusual bruises or bleeding, unexpected muscle pain or weakness, rash, long-lasting stomach pain which may indicate an 1235:

and visual disturbances as compared against a placebo. Gabapentin is associated with a weight gain of 2.2 kg (4.9 lb) after 1.5 months of use. Case studies indicate that it may cause

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Shan D, Zou L, Liu X, Shen Y, Cai Y, Zhang J (June 2020). "Efficacy and safety of gabapentin and pregabalin in patients with vasomotor symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

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Gibbons, R., Hur, K., Lavigne, J., Wang, J., & Mann, J. J. (2019). Medications and Suicide: High Dimensional Empirical Bayes Screening (iDEAS). Harvard Data Science Review, 1(2).

1336:. Gabapentin and opioids are commonly prescribed or abused together, and research indicates that the breathing suppression they cause is additive. For example, gabapentin use before 261: 10148: 6947: 2465: 5482:"Associations between gabapentinoids and suicidal behaviour, unintentional overdoses, injuries, road traffic incidents, and violent crime: population based cohort study in Sweden" 7731: 5402:

Patorno E, Bohn RL, Wahl PM, Avorn J, Patrick AR, Liu J, et al. (April 2010). "Anticonvulsant medications and the risk of suicide, attempted suicide, or violent death".

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Goldlust A, Su TZ, Welty DF, Taylor CP, Oxender DL (September 1995). "Effects of anticonvulsant drug gabapentin on the enzymes in metabolic pathways of glutamate and GABA".

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Bockbrader HN, Wesche D, Miller R, Chapel S, Janiczek N, Burger P (October 2010). "A comparison of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pregabalin and gabapentin".

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Levandovskiy IA, Sharapa DI, Shamota TV, Rodionov VN, Shubina TE (February 2011). "Conformationally restricted GABA analogs: from rigid carbocycles to cage hydrocarbons".

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Martinez GM, Olabisi J, Ruekert L, Hasan S (July 2019). "A Call for Caution in Prescribing Gabapentin to Individuals With Concurrent Polysubstance Abuse: A Case Report".

1413:, uncontrollable jerking motions, and anxiety. A very high amount taken is associated with breathing suppression, coma, and possibly death, particularly if combined with 7454: 6873: 3136: 6968: 5988:

Davies A, Hendrich J, Van Minh AT, Wratten J, Douglas L, Dolphin AC (May 2007). "Functional biology of the alpha(2)delta subunits of voltage-gated calcium channels".

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Kim JB, Jung JM, Park MH, Lee EJ, Kwon DY (November 2017). "Negative myoclonus induced by gabapentin and pregabalin: A case series and systematic literature review".

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In cats, gabapentin can be used as an analgesic in multi-modal pain management, anxiety medication to reduce stress during travel or vet visits, and anticonvulsant.

1466:δ and its interactions with other proteins. Gabapentin prevents delivery of the calcium channels to the cell membrane, reduces the activation of the channels by the α 12337: 7346: 2503: 2157:

Gabapentin was originally marketed under the brand name Neurontin. Since it became generic, it has been marketed worldwide using over 300 different brand names. An

16424: 16375: 6917: 2498:[Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). 15140: 14985: 7539: 11905: 5545:"FDA warns about serious breathing problems with seizure and nerve pain medicines gabapentin (Neurontin, Gralise, Horizant) and pregabalin (Lyrica, Lyrica CR)" 1996: 1409:

Through excessive ingestion, accidental or otherwise, persons may experience overdose symptoms including drowsiness, sedation, blurred vision, slurred speech,

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Kjellsson MC, Ouellet D, Corrigan B, Karlsson MO (October 2011). "Modeling sleep data for a new drug in development using markov mixed-effects models".

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Withdrawal symptoms typically occur 1–2 days after abruptly stopping gabapentin (almost unambiguously due to extended use and during a very short-term

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In a controlled trial of breast cancer survivors with anxiety, and in a trial for social phobia, gabapentin significantly reduced anxiety levels.

828:. It is moderately effective: about 30–40% of those given gabapentin for diabetic neuropathy or postherpetic neuralgia have a meaningful benefit. 12327: 10187: 16326: 14947: 13692: 13637: 13632: 13597: 13320: 13300: 13078: 11885: 3712:"Pharmacological treatment of painful HIV-associated sensory neuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials" 2224: 1588:, even at low nanomolar concentrations. However, this activation is unlikely to be the dominant mechanism of gabapentin's therapeutic effects. 15808: 15571: 15501: 14430: 14287: 14162: 13906: 13754: 13717: 13617: 13612: 13512: 13497: 13492: 13457: 12898: 954: 70: 15127: 14550: 14525: 14440: 14087: 14077: 13667: 13657: 13627: 13622: 13587: 13542: 13487: 13477: 13472: 12858: 10558: 9826: 9811: 9741: 8580: 1439: 742: 6757: 5337:

Desai A, Kherallah Y, Szabo C, Marawar R (March 2019). "Gabapentin or pregabalin induced myoclonus: A case series and literature review".

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regions, found that the consumption rate of gabapentinoids had doubled over the decade, driven by their use in wide range of indications.

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Leith WM, Lambert WE, Boehnlein JK, Freeman MD (January 2019). "The association between gabapentin and suicidality in bipolar patients".

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formulation of gabapentin for once-daily administration was introduced in 2011, for postherpetic neuralgia under the brand name Gralise.

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Dooley DJ, Taylor CP, Donevan S, Feltner D (February 2007). "Ca2+ channel alpha2delta ligands: novel modulators of neurotransmission".

5153:"Benefits and safety of gabapentinoids in chronic low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials" 3612:"Benefits and safety of gabapentinoids in chronic low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials" 1992: 1592: 945:

In regard to the specific diagnoses, a systematic review has found evidence for gabapentin to provide pain relief for some people with

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Dickens D, Webb SD, Antonyuk S, Giannoudis A, Owen A, Rädisch S, et al. (June 2013). "Transport of gabapentin by LAT1 (SLC7A5)".

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in the United States since 2004. In 2022, it was the tenth most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 40

14535: 14515: 13911: 13891: 8771: 7739: 3908:"Efficacy and Tolerability of Gabapentin in Adults with Sleep Disturbance in Medical Illness: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 3809:

Mula M, Pini S, Cassano GB (June 2007). "The role of anticonvulsant drugs in anxiety disorders: a critical review of the evidence".

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On its own, gabapentin appears to not have a substantial addictive power. In human and animal experiments, it shows limited to no

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Vettorato E, Corletto F (September 2011). "Gabapentin as part of multi-modal analgesia in two cats suffering multiple injuries".

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Goa KL, Sorkin EM (September 1993). "Gabapentin. A review of its pharmacological properties and clinical potential in epilepsy".

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Ma J, Björnsson ES, Chalasani N (February 2024). "The Safe Use of Analgesics in Patients with Cirrhosis: A Narrative Review".

5016:"A Meta-Analysis on the Use of Gabapentinoids for the Treatment of Acute Postoperative Pain Following Total Knee Arthroplasty" 3337:"Gabapentin and pregabalin in bipolar disorder, anxiety states, and insomnia: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and rationale" 2297:

Veterinarians may prescribe gabapentin as an anticonvulsant and pain reliever in dogs. It has beneficial effects for treating

16361: 14851: 12993: 12312: 11855: 10500: 10099: 9462: 9406: 8183: 6722: 6645: 6615: 6588: 6561: 5835: 5778: 3269: 3042: 3018: 2984: 1357: 3507:"Pharmacological management of chronic neuropathic pain - consensus statement and guidelines from the Canadian Pain Society" 2673:"1 Recommendations | Neuropathic pain in adults: pharmacological management in non-specialist settings | Guidance" 2136:

and government approval when bringing to market Prometa; the addiction drug proved to be completely ineffective. Journalist

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del Amo EM, Urtti A, Yliperttula M (October 2008). "Pharmacokinetic role of L-type amino acid transporters LAT1 and LAT2".

2282:, play a role in the physical dependence some users experience. Its misuse predominantly coincides with the usage of other 1665: 1118:

in both menopausal women and people with breast cancer. However, antidepressants have similar efficacy, and treatment with

2495: 15164: 12938: 12307: 6115:"Gabapentin Can Suppress Cell Proliferation Independent of the Cytosolic Branched-Chain Amino Acid Transferase 1 (BCAT1)" 2030: 1949:

statewide. Gabapentin is scheduled V drug in other states such as West Virginia, Tennessee, Alabama, Utah, and Virginia.

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in people with primary insomnia. It also improves sleep quality by elevating sleep efficiency and decreasing spontaneous

859: 4275:"Gabapentin Effect on Pain Associated with Heroin Withdrawal in Iranian Crack: a Randomized Double-blind Clinical Trial" 16496: 16093: 13398: 13033: 12407: 11688: 10865: 6925: 5601: 2491: 2279: 1987:

While off-label prescriptions are common for a number of drugs, marketing of off-label uses of a drug is not. In 2004,

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delta ligands, gabapentin, pregabalin and mirogabalin: a review of their clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use".

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Otero-Romero S, Sastre-Garriga J, Comi G, Hartung HP, Soelberg Sørensen P, Thompson AJ, et al. (October 2016).

3663:"Anticonvulsants in the treatment of low back pain and lumbar radicular pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 14363: 13023: 12928: 12843: 12788: 12597: 12429: 12417: 10116: 9423: 2084:

In November 2011, the results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study (financed by Hythiam and carried out at

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Müller CE (November 2009). "Prodrug approaches for enhancing the bioavailability of drugs with low solubility".

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Lo HS, Yang CM, Lo HG, Lee CY, Ting H, Tzang BS (2010). "Treatment effects of gabapentin for primary insomnia".

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Tran KT, Hranicky D, Lark T, Jacob NJ (June 2005). "Gabapentin withdrawal syndrome in the presence of a taper".

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Tran KT, Hranicky D, Lark T, Jacob NJ (June 2005). "Gabapentin withdrawal syndrome in the presence of a taper".

728: 13308: 13063: 13048: 13028: 13003: 12988: 12948: 12888: 12838: 12474: 9536: 1157: 9302: 7336: 6825:"Once-daily gastroretentive gabapentin for the management of postherpetic neuralgia: an update for clinicians" 5251:

Yang Y, Wang X (January 2016). "Sexual dysfunction related to antiepileptic drugs in patients with epilepsy".

2309:, and post-operative pain), and anxiety, lip-licking behaviour, storm phobia, fear-based agression. 2013:). In 2010, a federal jury in Massachusetts ruled in Kaiser's favor, finding that Pfizer violated the federal 1079:

Gabapentin is ineffective in cocaine dependence and methamphetamine use, and it does not increase the rate of

459: 15621: 15351: 13242: 13191: 12963: 12958: 12953: 12878: 12873: 12868: 12808: 12519: 11364: 10682: 10232: 8764: 2496:"RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" 2006: 1832:. Specifically, it is a derivative of GABA with a pentyl disubstitution at 3 position, hence, the name - gaba 1111:, torsional nystagmus, and infantile nystagmus; however, it does not work in periodic alternating nystagmus. 7557: 16420: 13068: 13058: 13013: 12998: 12978: 12968: 12943: 12923: 12853: 12813: 12803: 12793: 9871: 9293: 5734:

Bonnet U, Scherbaum N (December 2017). "How addictive are gabapentin and pregabalin? A systematic review".

5596: 5550: 2499: 2197: 1595:(BCAT), slowing down the synthesis of glutamate. In particular it inhibits BCAT-1 at high concentrations (K 1510:. Most of the pharmacological properties of gabapentin are explained by its binding to just one isoform – α 657: 510: 8725: 3419:

Johannessen SI, Ben-Menachem E (2006). "Management of focal-onset seizures: an update on drug treatment".

3166:"Trends in First Gabapentin and Pregabalin Prescriptions in Primary Care in the United Kingdom, 1993-2017" 1356:

or other chronic pain was associated with a 35–58% increased risk for severe exacerbation of pre-existing

16400: 13164: 13100: 13043: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12893: 12883: 12833: 12828: 12818: 12798: 12778: 12737: 12188: 10661: 9856: 8954: 7364: 5044: 2002: 618: 7496:"Pfizer Inc. v. Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc.: Petition for certiorari denied on December 9, 2013" 7428: 2549:"Neurontin- gabapentin capsule Neurontin- gabapentin tablet, film coated Neurontin- gabapentin solution" 16491: 16436: 13272: 13247: 12973: 12933: 12903: 12848: 11262: 6994:

Mayor S (October 2018). "Pregabalin and gabapentin become controlled drugs to cut deaths from misuse".

4537:"Pharmacological management of spasticity in multiple sclerosis: Systematic review and consensus paper" 4000:

Muncie HL, Yasinian Y, Oge' L (November 2013). "Outpatient management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome".

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are also common. A 2017 meta-analysis found that gabapentin also increased the risk of difficulties in

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Ling W, Shoptaw S, Hillhouse M, Bholat MA, Charuvastra C, Heinzerling K, et al. (February 2012).

5380: 5204:"Clinical review: Drugs commonly associated with weight change: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 579: 16386: 15960: 15283: 15181: 14865: 14377: 13277: 12524: 12258: 12203: 11336: 10947: 10720: 10493: 10313: 10206: 9841: 9455: 7777:"Gabapentinoid consumption in 65 countries and regions from 2008 to 2018: a longitudinal trend study" 1942: 1653: 1008:

There is a small amount of research on the use of gabapentin for the treatment of anxiety disorders.

953:. Gabapentin is approved for the former indication in the US. In addition to these two neuropathies, 8655:"Effects of Gabapentin on the Treatment of Behavioral Disorders in Dogs: A Retrospective Evaluation" 7604:"Double-blind placebo-controlled evaluation of the PROMETA™ protocol for methamphetamine dependence" 1644:= 17–20 mM), however this effect is so weak it is not clinically relevant at prescribed doses. 16471: 16288: 16206: 16107: 16024: 15893: 15316: 15213: 15045: 14814: 11895: 10783: 10639: 10390: 9264: 8757: 7212: 7063: 6798: 3561:

Finnerup NB, Attal N, Haroutounian S, McNicol E, Baron R, Dworkin RH, et al. (February 2015).

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within the range of clinical dosing. In vitro gabapentin has been found to very weakly inhibit the

1470:δ subunit, decreases signaling leading to neurotransmitters release, and disrupts interactions of α 1320:

Serious breathing suppression, potentially fatal, may occur when gabapentin is taken together with

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Reinares M, Rosa AR, Franco C, Goikolea JM, Fountoulakis K, Siamouli M, et al. (March 2013).

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Shanthanna H, Gilron I, Rajarathinam M, AlAmri R, Kamath S, Thabane L, et al. (August 2017).

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Aazh H, El Refaie A, Humphriss R (December 2011). "Gabapentin for tinnitus: a systematic review".

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Shanthanna H, Gilron I, Rajarathinam M, AlAmri R, Kamath S, Thabane L, et al. (August 2017).

2184:, which is related in structure to gabapentin, as a successor to gabapentin. Another similar drug 16486: 16234: 16170: 15506: 13412: 12577: 12544: 12534: 12484: 12479: 12104: 11423: 11418: 10569: 10104: 9411: 9173: 9131: 9010: 7922:

Baillie JK, Power I (January 2006). "The mechanism of action of gabapentin in neuropathic pain".

7341: 7296:"A systematic review on the role of anticonvulsants in the treatment of acute bipolar depression" 2128: 2102: 1980: 1972: 1894: 1730: 1491: 1012: 190: 52: 12567: 8572: 7776: 5202:

Domecq JP, Prutsky G, Leppin A, Sonbol MB, Altayar O, Undavalli C, et al. (February 2015).

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Goodman CW, Brett AS (May 2019). "A Clinical Overview of Off-label Use of Gabapentinoid Drugs".

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Gabapentin is structurally similar to the neurotransmitter glutamate and competitively inhibits

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by 30–60%. A Canadian study showed that use of gabapentin and other gabapentinoids, whether for

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Evoy KE, Morrison MD, Saklad SR (March 2017). "Abuse and Misuse of Pregabalin and Gabapentin".

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Zesiewicz TA, Elble RJ, Louis ED, Gronseth GS, Ondo WG, Dewey RB, et al. (November 2011).

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Behnam B, Semnani V, Saghafi N, Ghorbani R, Dianak Shori M, Ghooshchian Choobmasjedi S (2012).

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Hong JS, Atkinson LZ, Al-Juffali N, Awad A, Geddes JR, Tunbridge EM, et al. (March 2022).

1903: 1766: 1734: 1554: 1345: 1264: 1134: 1038: 1016: 946: 847: 821: 600: 335: 11986: 6635: 3259: 2974: 2586:"Neurontin, Gralise (gabapentin) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more" 2466:"Prescription medicines: registration of new generic medicines and biosimilar medicines, 2017" 1611: 559: 16002: 15903: 12539: 12494: 12454: 11910: 11152: 10988: 10874: 10469: 9000: 7395: 6551: 6399:"Selective expression of the large neutral amino acid transporter at the blood-brain barrier" 4669: 3008: 2033:

prevailed in their similar Neurontin-related claims against Pfizer. Pfizer appealed, but the

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Gabapentin is approved for the treatment of focal seizures; however, it is not effective for

450: 7849: 6969:"Pregabalin and gabapentin: proposal to schedule under the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001" 4363:

McLean RJ, Gottlob I (August 2009). "The pharmacological treatment of nystagmus: a review".

3105: 1083:. While some studies indicate that gabapentin does not significantly reduce the symptoms of 889:

uses. They have paid out millions of dollars to settle lawsuits regarding these activities.

16476: 15596: 14127: 14062: 14042: 13267: 13159: 12572: 12529: 12469: 12397: 12370: 11890: 11865: 11835: 11830: 11656: 11457: 10619: 10486: 9768: 9448: 9182: 8809: 7871: 7791: 7674: 6410: 3723: 3301:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 17 October 2022. 3294:"Review finds little evidence to support gabapentinoid use in bipolar disorder or insomnia" 2710:

Attal N, Cruccu G, Baron R, Haanpää M, Hansson P, Jensen TS, et al. (September 2010).

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said to Peizer in 2007: "Depending and who you talk to, you're either a revolutionary or a

1309: 1240: 939: 926: 519: 414: 355: 158: 10521: 7521: 7135:"Gabapentin will be a Schedule V controlled substance in Tennessee effective July 1, 2018" 5080: 4924:"A Systematic Review of the Clinical Use of Gabapentin and Pregabalin in Bipolar Disorder" 499: 8: 16466: 16247: 14385: 13789: 13237: 13174: 12742: 12678: 12412: 12114: 12036: 11483: 11467: 11413: 11297: 10594: 10256: 10171: 8833: 7455:"Pfizer Appeal Targets Fraudulent Drug Marketing Claims Brought Under Civil RICO Statute" 7337:"Huge penalty in drug fraud, Pfizer settles felony case in Neurontin off-label promotion" 5684:

Mersfelder TL, Nichols WH (March 2016). "Gabapentin: Abuse, Dependence, and Withdrawal".

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Sood A, Ebbert JO, Wyatt KD, Croghan IT, Schroeder DR, Sood R, et al. (March 2010).

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Successful Psychopharmacology: Evidence-Based Treatment Solutions for Achieving Remission

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is highly expressed at the blood–brain barrier and transports gabapentin across into the

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Mehta AR, Kennard C (June 2012). "The pharmacological treatment of acquired nystagmus".

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increases to 3 to 4 hours at higher doses. Food does not significantly affect the T

1072:

and associated craving. The evidence in favor of gabapentin is weak in the treatment of

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Moore A, Derry S, Wiffen P (February 2018). "Gabapentin for Chronic Neuropathic Pain".

3746: 3687: 3662: 3661:

Enke O, New HA, New CH, Mathieson S, McLachlan AJ, Latimer J, et al. (July 2018).

3638: 3611: 3587: 3563:"Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 3562: 3533: 3487: 3444: 3361: 3336: 3310: 3240: 3192: 3117: 3010:

The Other End of the Stethoscope: The Physician's Perspective on the Health Care Crisis

2955: 2852: 2828:"Emerging roles for α2δ subunits in calcium channel function and synaptic connectivity" 2827: 2798: 2765: 2741: 2649: 2111: 1907: 1870: 1865: 1538: 1146: 1130: 1108: 1069: 866: 330:

27–60% (inversely proportional to dose; a high fat meal also increases bioavailability)

132: 4879:

Sadeghi R, Ondo WG (December 2010). "Pharmacological management of essential tremor".

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and is prescribed as one of the first-line options. It is an established treatment of

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Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Bell RF, Rice AS, Tölle TR, Phillips T, et al. (June 2017).

2733: 2728: 2712:"EFNS guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain: 2010 revision" 2711: 2653: 2641: 2637: 2447: 2406: 2402: 1886: 1844:

groups are not in the same relative positions as they are in the GABA; they are more

1692:

can increase its oral bioavailability; when gabapentin was co-administered with oral

1337: 1268: 1247:

that disappear after discontinuing gabapentin or replacing it with other medication.

1216: 1165: 1084: 1080: 590: 286: 94: 8397: 8269: 8201:"Gabapentin and Pregabalin for Pain - Is Increased Prescribing a Cause for Concern?" 7978: 7655: 7280: 7081:"Important Notice: Gabapentin Becomes a Schedule 5 Controlled Substance in Kentucky" 7023: 6383: 6243: 5936: 5813: 5763: 5747: 5713: 5466: 5366: 5323: 5280: 4908: 4767: 4612: 4568: 4462: 4435: 4392: 3838: 3448: 3244: 3228: 3121: 2745: 2232: 16084: 15581: 15496: 15296: 15015: 14804: 14142: 13169: 12752: 12668: 12449: 12392: 12380: 12079: 11958: 11900: 11860: 11817: 11718: 11621: 11582: 11565: 11503: 11400: 10787: 10629: 10398: 10298: 10164: 9575: 9084: 8676: 8666: 8625: 8615: 8524: 8504: 8469: 8432: 8424: 8377: 8331: 8292: 8249: 8212: 8140: 8110: 8062: 8054: 8013: 8005: 7958: 7807: 7799: 7623: 7615: 7584: 7307: 7258: 7250: 7003: 6844: 6836: 6780: 6772: 6738: 6670: 6522: 6512: 6465: 6428: 6418: 6363: 6323: 6315: 6273: 6223: 6171: 6134: 6126: 6084: 6044: 6036: 5997: 5962: 5916: 5866: 5857:

Sills GJ (February 2006). "The mechanisms of action of gabapentin and pregabalin".

5793: 5743: 5693: 5643: 5501: 5493: 5446: 5411: 5346: 5303: 5260: 5223: 5215: 5174: 5164: 5123: 5115: 5076: 5027: 4986: 4945: 4935: 4888: 4851: 4843: 4802: 4794: 4747: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4647: 4639: 4592: 4548: 4501: 4478: 4458: 4415: 4372: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4286: 4245: 4237: 4196: 4188: 4144: 4136: 4089: 4051: 4043: 3986: 3966: 3929: 3919: 3892: 3870: 3818: 3778: 3741: 3731: 3682: 3674: 3633: 3623: 3582: 3574: 3528: 3518: 3491: 3471: 3428: 3393: 3356: 3348: 3302: 3224: 3187: 3177: 3101: 2937: 2891: 2847: 2839: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2723: 2633: 2437: 2398: 2306: 2158: 2133: 2052:, a treatment consisting of a combination of gabapentin and two other medications ( 2038: 2010: 1890: 1673: 1661: 1353: 1297: 1224: 1153: 1142: 914: 910: 902: 816:. It is a commonly used medication for the treatment of neuropathic pain caused by 813: 809: 674: 317: 229: 8381: 8336: 8319: 6899: 5920: 5264: 4192: 3505:

Moulin DE, Clark AJ, Gilron I, Ware MA, Watson CP, Sessle BJ, et al. (2007).

3064: 3034: 2363: 80: 16450: 16336: 16331: 16301: 16130: 16125: 15728: 15693: 15683: 15648: 15255: 15230: 14697: 14390: 14272: 13427: 13389: 13257: 13206: 13144: 12643: 12618: 12464: 12248: 12162: 12084: 12074: 11845: 11840: 11723: 11661: 11638: 11282: 11272: 10702: 10669: 10647: 10623: 10376: 9974: 9966: 9956: 9753: 9484: 8318:

Reynolds K, Kaufman R, Korenoski A, Fennimore L, Shulman J, Lynch M (July 2020).

8144: 7753: 7477: 6604:

Benzon H, Rathmell JP, Wu CL, Turk DC, Argoff CE, Hurley RW (11 September 2013).

6469: 5450: 5169: 4847: 4536: 4125:"A meta-analysis of the efficacy of gabapentin for treating alcohol use disorder" 3970: 3822: 3736: 3711: 3628: 3475: 2268: 2236: 2137: 2061: 1836:, in such a way as to form a six-membered ring. After formation of the ring, the 1696:, the oral bioavailability of a 600 mg dose of gabapentin increased by 50%. 1689: 1677: 1459: 1285: 1138: 1053: 1046: 439: 345: 325: 9475: 6130: 1521: 1304:. Another study has shown an approximately doubled rate of suicide attempts and 16311: 16267: 15858: 15758: 15668: 15342: 15198: 15141: 14986: 14942: 14897: 14642: 14632: 14252: 14172: 13769: 13672: 13154: 13120: 13095: 12685: 12402: 12228: 12218: 12132: 12041: 11981: 11925: 11678: 11633: 11533: 10920: 10910: 10733: 10724: 10698: 10690: 10675: 10442: 10264: 10110: 9946: 9788: 9702: 9550: 9524: 9417: 9192: 8928: 8868: 8802: 8780: 8009: 7803: 7775:

Chan AY, Yuen AS, Tsai DH, Lau WC, Jani YH, Hsia Y, et al. (August 2023).

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Evidence finds little or no benefit and significant risk in those with chronic

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in people with bipolar disorder who are taking gabapentin versus those taking

1180:

due to possible accumulation and toxicity. It is unclear if it is safe during

909:

in the US and the UK, for example, for the treatment of non-neuropathic pain,

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Rheims S, Ryvlin P (July 2014). "Pharmacotherapy for tonic-clonic seizures".

2089: 2073: 1825: 1746: 1607: 1603: 1475: 1256: 1185: 1177: 981: 966: 898: 650: 209: 11971: 8602:

Di Cesare F, Negro V, Ravasio G, Villa R, Draghi S, Cagnardi P (June 2023).

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Henney JE (August 2006). "Safeguarding patient welfare: who's in charge?".

2951: 2903: 2861: 2807: 2789: 2737: 2451: 2410: 2302: 2107: 1930: 1749:, gabapentin requires active transport across the blood–brain barrier. The 1742: 1531: 1382: 1341: 1252: 1092: 1088: 958: 224: 22: 8296: 8058: 6096: 5830:, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 677–8. 5415: 5031: 3523: 3506: 2645: 1856: 1813:

Chemical structures of GABA and gabapentin, with commonalities highlighted

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that are the result of an underlying illness, but comes with some risk of

865:

Gabapentin was first approved for use in 1993. It has been available as a

15992: 15946: 15823: 15818: 15813: 15738: 15723: 15718: 15673: 15652: 15644: 15556: 15551: 15536: 15521: 15456: 15401: 14977: 14967: 14962: 14957: 14937: 14922: 14912: 14892: 14794: 14777: 14767: 14757: 14747: 14742: 14712: 14687: 14682: 14662: 14647: 14612: 14597: 14560: 14495: 14455: 14445: 14302: 14297: 14282: 14267: 14207: 14072: 13976: 13971: 13966: 13956: 13951: 13832: 13779: 13774: 13759: 13602: 13577: 13567: 13557: 13547: 13537: 13452: 13447: 13437: 13350: 12562: 12509: 12355: 12193: 12061: 12016: 11938: 11915: 11648: 11606: 11314: 11177: 11103: 11058: 10905: 10686: 10643: 10615: 10540: 10412: 10372: 10330: 10292: 10276: 10200: 10035: 10020: 10010: 9988: 9930: 9887: 9865: 9686: 9672: 9620: 9595: 9590: 9363: 9358: 9244: 9202: 9148: 9119: 9094: 9089: 9064: 8944: 8939: 8903: 8883: 8828: 8818: 8604:"Gabapentin: Clinical Use and Pharmacokinetics in Dogs, Cats, and Horses" 8217: 8200: 5219: 4241: 4093: 4047: 2267:

Gabapentin when taken in excess, can induce euphoria, a sense of calm, a

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at micromolar concentrations. They may be the endogenous ligands of the α

1378: 1260: 1212: 1037:

Gabapentin is effective in treating sleep disorders such as insomnia and

874: 839: 88: 10843: 8749: 8671: 8620: 7850:"Pfizer Completes Transaction to Combine Its Upjohn Business with Mylan" 6025:"Gabapentin Is a Potent Activator of KCNQ3 and KCNQ5 Potassium Channels" 3678: 479: 16296: 16224: 16219: 16155: 16150: 16140: 16135: 16115: 15936: 15925: 15921: 15888: 15773: 15768: 15743: 15733: 15708: 15703: 15698: 15639: 15629: 15611: 15606: 15576: 15566: 15526: 15491: 15446: 15436: 15431: 15426: 15411: 15376: 15301: 15245: 15222: 15190: 15117: 15077: 15035: 15025: 15000: 14972: 14932: 14917: 14837: 14832: 14772: 14752: 14737: 14727: 14592: 14582: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14490: 14450: 14405: 14400: 14312: 14292: 14232: 14222: 14152: 14132: 14117: 14107: 14097: 14082: 14067: 14047: 14037: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13961: 13941: 13921: 13847: 13837: 13822: 13812: 13764: 13712: 13647: 13572: 13562: 13552: 13532: 13507: 13502: 13482: 13462: 13432: 12638: 12375: 12109: 12001: 11474: 11319: 11267: 10897: 10817: 10741: 10655: 10598: 10581: 10510: 10436: 10380: 10336: 10308: 10288: 10272: 10241: 10196: 10163: 10050: 9978: 9925: 9902: 9897: 9880: 9820: 9778: 9645: 9600: 9585: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9471: 9388: 9378: 9368: 9327: 9322: 9272: 9254: 9249: 9232: 9212: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9143: 9109: 9099: 8983: 8973: 8963: 8908: 8878: 8858: 8041:

Smith BH, Higgins C, Baldacchino A, Kidd B, Bannister J (August 2012).

7588: 7500: 6674: 4975:"Treatment of complex regional pain syndrome: a review of the evidence" 4940: 4691:"Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease" 2188:

has been unsuccessfully tried by Pfizer as a treatment for insomnia. A

2185: 2181: 2116: 2053: 1841: 1829: 1773: 1633: 1570: 1518: 1410: 1329: 1293: 1236: 1208: 1126: 1073: 831: 704: 490: 204: 8428: 7007: 6517: 6319: 5497: 4596: 4140: 3906:

Liu GJ, Karim MR, Xu LL, Wang SL, Yang C, Ding L, et al. (2017).

1809: 1176:

Gabapentin should be used carefully and at lower doses in people with

16316: 16262: 16178: 16061: 16051: 15982: 15911: 15873: 15848: 15838: 15763: 15713: 15658: 15634: 15561: 15471: 15466: 15461: 15421: 15416: 15406: 15391: 15250: 15122: 15102: 15082: 15072: 15030: 15010: 14927: 14722: 14637: 14627: 14607: 14545: 14530: 14520: 14480: 14465: 14435: 14420: 14415: 14410: 14336: 14277: 14227: 14217: 14212: 14197: 14187: 14167: 14157: 14137: 14112: 13742: 13707: 13687: 13652: 13642: 13607: 13592: 13149: 13105: 12653: 12648: 12223: 12208: 12183: 12031: 12026: 12011: 12006: 11966: 11943: 11880: 11737: 11710: 11594: 11452: 11435: 11408: 11324: 11287: 11277: 11250: 11221: 11182: 11169: 11147: 11118: 10915: 10763: 10759: 10694: 10544: 10424: 10420: 10402: 10367: 10302: 10223: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10065: 10045: 9970: 9892: 9835: 9725: 9707: 9682: 9655: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9570: 9504: 9440: 9348: 9239: 9187: 9104: 9069: 9049: 9015: 9005: 8968: 8934: 8913: 8898: 8893: 8863: 8853: 8848: 8793: 5647: 4534: 3875: 3858: 3710:

Phillips TJ, Cherry CL, Cox S, Marshall SJ, Rice AS (December 2010).

2077: 1780: 1657: 1580:

Gabapentin is a potent activator of voltage-gated potassium channels

1558: 1524: 1397: 1305: 1244: 1232: 1228: 1204: 1181: 1115: 906: 886: 882: 835: 425: 368: 178: 74: 10463: 9827: 9812: 6501:"Gabapentin enacarbil - clinical efficacy in restless legs syndrome" 4738:

Anand S (March 2013). "Gabapentin for pruritus in palliative care".

1929:

Effective April 2019, the United Kingdom reclassified the drug as a

1107:

Gabapentin is recommended as a first-line treatment of the acquired

15987: 15793: 15788: 15748: 15663: 15511: 15386: 15324: 14707: 14672: 14577: 14192: 14122: 14092: 14052: 13946: 13737: 13697: 13677: 12152: 12046: 11948: 11671: 11602: 11560: 11550: 11518: 11513: 11478: 11292: 11199: 11159: 11135: 11088: 10983: 10952: 10807: 10791: 10751: 10706: 10633: 10585: 10532: 10432: 10416: 10394: 10384: 10245: 10188: 10060: 10040: 9960: 9773: 9717: 9660: 9650: 9615: 9605: 9580: 9509: 9343: 9317: 9074: 9054: 8888: 8873: 8740: 2553: 2426:"Misuse and abuse of pregabalin and gabapentin: cause for concern?" 2122: 2049: 1693: 1503: 1495: 1479: 1458:(L-type, N-type, P/Q type, and R-type). Gabapentin is not a direct 1386: 1349: 1301: 1161: 1119: 985: 770:

InChI=1S/C9H17NO2/c10-7-9(6-8(11)12)4-2-1-3-5-9/h1-7,10H2,(H,11,12)

539: 470: 116: 7478:"US high court leaves intact $ 142 million verdict against Pfizer" 7419:"Pfizer Told to Pay $ 142.1 Million for Neurontin Marketing Fraud" 6874:"Yabba Dabba Gabapentin: Are Gralise and Horizant Worth the Cost?" 6696:

Kumar A, Soudagar SR, Nijasure AM, Panda NB, Gautam P, Thakur GR.

6660: 5632: 5480:

Molero Y, Larsson H, D'Onofrio BM, Sharp DJ, Fazel S (June 2019).

5150: 4032:"Gabapentin Therapy in Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review" 3859:"Gabapentin and Pregabalin for the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders" 3609: 1462:: it exerts its actions by disrupting the regulatory function of α 727: 606: 30: 16056: 15878: 15678: 15203: 14602: 14540: 14202: 14182: 13878: 13749: 12263: 11782: 11765: 11760: 11745: 11693: 11683: 11666: 11538: 11379: 11374: 11307: 11233: 11053: 10973: 10777: 10755: 10665: 10611: 10524: 10030: 9667: 9496: 8920: 8317: 7732:"Texas' Prometa program for treating meth addicts draws skeptics" 6918:"Pregabalin and gabapentin will become controlled drugs in April" 6397:

Boado RJ, Li JY, Nagaya M, Zhang C, Pardridge WM (October 1999).

5619:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

5574:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

4406:

Thurtell MJ, Leigh RJ (February 2012). "Treatment of nystagmus".

2189: 2165: 2069: 1624: 1281: 1057: 974: 851: 843: 39: 7948: 5903:

Calandre EP, Rico-Villademoros F, Slim M (November 2016). "Alpha

4922:

Ng QX, Han MX, Teoh SE, Yaow CY, Lim YL, Chee KT (August 2021).

3560: 1454:

subunit (the channel-forming protein) of high voltage activated

15882: 15146:

Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel

14995: 14991:

Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel

14667: 14587: 14470: 14460: 14242: 14011: 12213: 12147: 11616: 11462: 11442: 11204: 11128: 11093: 11032: 10552: 10536: 10528: 10408: 10229: 10070: 9797: 8734: 6577:

Wyllie E, Cascino GD, Gidal BE, Goodkin HP (17 February 2012).

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addiction, though it had also been claimed to be effective for

2060:) as well as therapy, is an ineffective treatment promoted for 1750: 1669: 1577:-amino acids is likely to be responsible for this discrepancy. 1545:δ with similar affinity to gabapentin and are present in human 1418: 1374: 1321: 1220: 1068:

Gabapentin is moderately effective in reducing the symptoms of

997: 962: 878: 570: 373: 6498: 6113:

Grankvist N, Lagerborg KA, Jain M, Nilsson R (December 2018).

5101: 4123:

Kranzler HR, Feinn R, Morris P, Hartwell EE (September 2019).

3065:"Gabapentin Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022" 2926:-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptors, Neurexins, and Thrombospondins" 16362: 14852: 14622: 14475: 11349: 11187: 11140: 11003: 10548: 8494: 8413:"Gabapentin misuse, abuse and diversion: a systematic review" 8090:

Shebak S, Varipapa R, Snyder A, Whitham MD, Milam TR (2014).

7758:"Hythiam, Shire, Genentech; Talk is proving cheap at Hythiam" 7239:"Examination of the evidence for off-label use of gabapentin" 7038:"Pregabalin and gabapentin to be controlled as Class C drugs" 6758:"Examination of the evidence for off-label use of gabapentin" 6263: 6112: 5987: 5902: 5776: 5102:

Linde M, Mulleners WM, Chronicle EP, McCrory DC (June 2013).

2140:

opined: "most of what Peizer says is dubious-sounding hype".

1945:. Effective 1 July 2017, Kentucky classified gabapentin as a 1837: 1794: 1790: 1762: 1754: 1585: 1581: 1557:

the effects of gabapentin. Accordingly, while gabapentin has

1248: 718: 550: 15270: 6213: 5436: 4272: 623: 16198:

Tooltip Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

16120: 15165: 14823: 14785: 14568: 12238: 11755: 11369: 11238: 11226: 11194: 11012: 10935: 10930: 10651: 8130: 8089: 8040: 4973:

Tran DQ, Duong S, Bertini P, Finlayson RJ (February 2010).

4829: 4313: 4122: 2085: 1941:

Gabapentin is not a controlled substance under the federal

1333: 530: 16094: 13399: 8601: 7713:"The Rise and Fall of a "Miracle Cure" for Drug Addiction" 7601: 7293: 6892: 6499:

Agarwal P, Griffith A, Costantino HR, Vaish N (May 2010).

6304:"Molecular determinants of blood-brain barrier permeation" 6302:

Geldenhuys WJ, Mohammad AS, Adkins CE, Lockman PR (2015).

5952: 5777:

Bonnet U, Richter EL, Isbruch K, Scherbaum N (June 2018).

5336: 4314:

Nielsen S, Gowing L, Sabioni P, Le Foll B (January 2019).

3334: 2972: 12338:

Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs

12021: 11447: 11214: 9749: 6576: 5779:"On the addictive power of gabapentinoids: a mini-review" 5201: 4972: 4078: 3709: 2930:

The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics

989: 942:, where it may be used as a second- or third-line agent. 14364: 8652: 8173: 5013: 4581: 2881: 15055: 14875: 8366: 7575:"Prometa under fire in Washington drug court program". 6731: 6580:

Wyllie's Treatment of Epilepsy: Principles and Practice

6553:

Pharmacology, An Issue of Anesthesiology Clinics E-Book

6161: 3418: 2709: 1011:

Gabapentin is effective for the long-term treatment of

9537: 8497:

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

6695: 5066: 5020:

The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume

4223: 4177:"Gabapentin for the treatment of alcohol use disorder" 3999: 2922:"Analgesia with Gabapentin and Pregabalin May Involve 1141:) and itching of other causes. It may be an option in 16434: 15352: 10233: 7365:"US jury's Neurontin ruling to cost Pfizer $ 141 mln" 6074: 5014:

Hamilton TW, Strickland LH, Pandit HG (August 2016).

4740:

The American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care

3504: 3383: 3287: 3285: 3137:"Pfizer to pay $ 325 million in Neurontin settlement" 2388: 2286:

drugs, namely opioids, benzodiazepines, and alcohol.

1332:, or by people with underlying lung problems such as 9872: 9832:

Tooltip Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors

9817:

Tooltip Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

8174:

Trestman RL, Appelbaum KL, Metzner JL (April 2015).

7358: 7356: 7300:

The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology

6603: 6455: 5401: 5208:

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

3856: 1606:, and in spite of its name, it does not bind to the 842:. Serious side effects include an increased risk of 10193:

Tooltip Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor

9857: 7991: 4029: 3660: 3163: 2766:"Gabapentin for chronic neuropathic pain in adults" 2763: 1200:

Gabapentin Orion 100 mg, bottle and pills in Sweden

1137:. Gabapentin alleviates itching in kidney failure ( 881:, used a number of illegal techniques to encourage 458: 8239: 7828: 6597: 6583:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 423. 6396: 5043: 3292: 3282: 2543: 2541: 2356: 1779:Gabapentin is generally safe in people with liver 1152:Gabapentin does not appear to provide benefit for 16387: 15961: 10314: 10207: 9842: 8459: 7416: 7353: 6570: 5683: 4688: 4174: 2678:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 1999:brought successfully under the False Claims Act. 1676:of gabapentin is dose-dependent, with diminished 1602:Despite the fact that gabapentin is a structural 1573:range, and competition for binding by endogenous 1450:δ is an auxiliary protein connected to the main α 885:in the United States to prescribe gabapentin for 16458: 16025: 8653:Kirby-Madden T, Waring CT, Herron M (May 2024). 8410: 7672: 7069:. Drug Enforcement Administration. January 2023. 5539: 5537: 4780: 3768: 3164:Montastruc F, Loo SY, Renoux C (November 2018). 1095:. There is insufficient evidence for its use in 438: 16425:Transient receptor potential channel modulators 10508: 9802:Tooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 8282: 7774: 7515: 7513: 7511: 7475: 7386:"Pfizer faces $ 142M in damages for drug fraud" 6629: 6627: 6349: 6347: 6297: 6295: 6259: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6193: 5948: 5946: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5828:Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man 5733: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5673: 4689:Hercz D, Jiang SH, Webster AC (December 2020). 4625: 4170: 4168: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3808: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3159: 3157: 2973:Pitkänen A, Schwartzkroin PA, Moshé SL (2005). 2915: 2913: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2278:Withdrawal symptoms, often resembling those of 1961: 1288:and violent death as compared with a reference 413: 11886:Legal history of cannabis in the United States 8092:"Gabapentin abuse and overdose: a case report" 7540:"Prometa Founder's Spotty Background Explored" 7380: 7378: 6704: 6022: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5293: 4674:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 4491: 4025: 4023: 3905: 2518: 2223:deal primarily with US and do not represent a 2015:Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations 1710:) of approximately 1.7 hours, while the T 1699:Gabapentin at a low dose of 100 mg has a 1490:δ protein, gabapentin binds with similar high 858:. Gabapentin acts by decreasing activity of a 16367:Tooltip Transient receptor potential channels 14857:Tooltip Inwardly rectifying potassium channel 13366: 10859: 10494: 10444: 10149: 9456: 8765: 8488: 8453: 8276: 8124: 8034: 7992:Landmark CJ, Johannessen SI (February 2008). 7985: 7942: 7915: 7694:"Unproven meth, cocaine 'remedy' hits market" 6816: 6654: 6070: 6068: 5534: 4921: 4494:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 4405: 4362: 4175:Mason BJ, Quello S, Shadan F (January 2018). 2759: 2757: 2755: 2221:The examples and perspective in this section 2132:criticized Peizer after the company bypassed 957:guideline notes gabapentin effectiveness for 955:European Federation of Neurological Societies 15275:Tooltip Tandem pore domain potassium channel 10886: 8573:"Gabapentin for Dogs: Uses and Side Effects" 8198: 7921: 7508: 7452: 6624: 6492: 6449: 6390: 6344: 6292: 6250: 6190: 6155: 6016: 5981: 5943: 5885: 5841: 5670: 5383:. National Health Service. 16 September 2021 5330: 5287: 5244: 5195: 4682: 4575: 4528: 4485: 4448: 4442: 4399: 4266: 4165: 4116: 4082:The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders 4072: 4036:The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders 3950: 3899: 3845: 3797: 3762: 3549: 3498: 3461: 3455: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3214: 3208: 3154: 2919: 2910: 2868: 2825: 2814: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 1363: 854:. Lower doses are recommended in those with 120: 15173:Tooltip Calcium-activated potassium channel 9742: 8411:Smith RV, Havens JR, Walsh SL (July 2016). 8283:Bonnet U, Scherbaum N (February 2018). "". 7375: 7218:. Virginia Department of Health Professions 7030: 6865: 6640:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 219–220. 6164:European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 5720: 5108:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4878: 4695:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4320:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4316:"Pharmacotherapies for cannabis dependence" 4020: 3956: 3857:Greenblatt HK, Greenblatt DJ (March 2018). 3002: 3000: 2770:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2328: 2326: 2035:U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit 1612: 16099:Tooltip Calcium-activated chloride channel 14391:4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine) 13404:Tooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channels 13380: 13373: 13359: 12614:Arguments for and against drug prohibition 10866: 10852: 10501: 10487: 10156: 10142: 9463: 9449: 8772: 8758: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8176:Oxford Textbook of Correctional Psychiatry 7752: 7673:Schuster H, Peterson R (7 December 2007). 7649: 7647: 7448: 7446: 7167:Alabama Department of Public Health (ADPH) 6610:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1006. 6556:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 98–. 6065: 4632:Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 4279:Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 3087: 3085: 2752: 2239:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 1995:in U.S. history up to that point, and the 1881:Gabapentin was designed by researchers at 1593:branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase 660: 637: 498: 309: Rx-only, schedule 5 in select states 38: 29: 10873: 8779: 8680: 8670: 8629: 8619: 8436: 8335: 8216: 8066: 8017: 7811: 7710: 7691: 7627: 7417:Van Voris B, Lawrence J (26 March 2010). 7311: 7262: 6900:"Gabapentin controlled release – Depomed" 6848: 6784: 6710: 6526: 6516: 6432: 6422: 6327: 6138: 6048: 5530:https://doi.org/10.1162/99608f92.6fdaa9de 5505: 5439:International Clinical Psychopharmacology 5227: 5178: 5168: 5127: 4990: 4949: 4939: 4855: 4806: 4714: 4651: 4339: 4290: 4249: 4200: 4148: 4055: 4030:Berlin RK, Butler PM, Perloff MD (2015). 3933: 3923: 3874: 3863:Clinical Pharmacology in Drug Development 3745: 3735: 3686: 3637: 3627: 3586: 3532: 3522: 3360: 3321: 3251: 3191: 3181: 2941: 2851: 2797: 2727: 2694: 2623: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2441: 2255:Learn how and when to remove this message 1680:and delayed peak levels at higher doses. 1315: 1029:, gabapentin has produced mixed results. 873:million prescriptions. During the 1990s, 518: 14369:Tooltip Voltage-gated potassium channels 12588:Psilocybin decriminalization in the U.S. 12285: 8178:. Oxford University Press. p. 167. 7924:Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs 6543: 5250: 4781:Schneider SA, Deuschl G (January 2014). 2997: 2423: 2323: 1855: 1808: 1296:. The risk is increased for people with 1195: 969:may work better than either drug alone. 15063:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel 14883:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel 12624:Capital punishment for drug trafficking 11679:Neocannabinoid / synthetic cannabinoids 9485: 8531: 8285:Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie 8047:The British Journal of General Practice 7729: 7723: 7685: 7666: 7644: 7443: 7362: 6871: 6829:Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease 6717:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 13–. 6633: 6108: 6106: 6023:Manville RW, Abbott GW (October 2018). 4181:Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 3134: 3106:10.7326/0003-4819-145-4-200608150-00013 3082: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2334:"International listings for Gabapentin" 1122:more effectively prevents hot flashes. 633: 478: 93: 16459: 12515:Office of National Drug Control Policy 12303:International drug control conventions 9542:Tooltip positive allosteric modulators 9525: 9470: 8566: 8564: 7653: 7519: 7334: 6948:"Re: Pregabalin and Gabapentin advice" 6822: 6711:Johnson DS, Li JJ (26 February 2013). 6505:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 6353: 4408:Current Treatment Options in Neurology 3811:Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 3091: 2993:from the original on 8 September 2017. 2608: 2490: 2470:Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) 2417: 1952: 1914: 1893:GABA that could more easily cross the 1688:the transit time of gabapentin in the 1393:off gradually at an appropriate rate. 1114:Gabapentin decreases the frequency of 961:. A combination of gabapentin with an 651: 292: 15357:Tooltip Voltage-gated sodium channels 13354: 12706: 12284: 11856:List of cannabis rights organizations 11803: 10885: 10847: 10482: 10468: 10467: 10238:Tooltip monoamine reuptake inhibitors 10137: 9444: 8753: 8738: 7550: 7371:from the original on 19 October 2015. 7230: 6993: 6749: 6698:"Process For Synthesis Of Gabapentin" 5856: 5604:from the original on 22 December 2019 5559:from the original on 22 December 2019 4737: 3257: 2979:. Burlington: Elsevier. p. 539. 2596:from the original on 16 December 2014 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2037:upheld the verdict, and in 2013, the 1486:. Out of the four known isoforms of α 1358:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 1049:after prolonged use at higher doses. 897:Gabapentin is recommended for use in 599: 578: 558: 304: 111: 79: 15292:12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate 9877:Tooltip Monoamine oxidase inhibitors 8583:from the original on 6 December 2022 8462:Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 8199:Goodman CW, Brett AS (August 2017). 7236: 6755: 6549: 6103: 5296:Journal of the Neurological Sciences 4626:Berger TG, Steinhoff M (June 2011). 3278:from the original on 6 January 2016. 3006: 2660: 2207: 2180:Parke-Davis developed a drug called 2164:In the US, Neurontin is marketed by 1726:of gabapentin by approximately 10%. 1171: 605: 228: 14386:3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine) 9862:Tooltip Tetracyclic antidepressants 8561: 8205:The New England Journal of Medicine 7998:Perspectives in Medicinal Chemistry 7656:"Curb Your Cravings For This Stock" 7558:"United States V. Terren S. Peizer" 7476:Lawrence Hurley (9 December 2013). 3045:from the original on 30 August 2024 2826:Risher WC, Eroglu C (August 2020). 2203: 1765:(SLC22A5). It is not significantly 1647: 1429: 1271:are rare but serious side effects. 932: 808:medication primarily used to treat 538: 429: 65:CI-945; GOE-3450; DM-1796 (Gralise) 13: 12408:Law Enforcement Action Partnership 10567:voltage-dependent calcium channels 7577:Alcoholism & Drug Abuse Weekly 7349:from the original on 23 June 2006. 7188:"Controlled Substances Amendments" 5990:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 5955:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 5909:Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 5642:(Online ahead of print): 144–154. 4226:"Gabapentin for smoking cessation" 2920:Taylor CP, Harris EW (July 2020). 2884:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 2569: 2506:from the original on 3 August 2023 1772:Gabapentin undergoes little or no 1456:voltage-dependent calcium channels 1063: 14: 16508: 16392:Tooltip Ligand gated ion channels 15966:Tooltip Epithelial sodium channel 12425:Students for Sensible Drug Policy 10734:Glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) 10319:Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants 10212:Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants 9847:Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants 8701: 8570: 7542:. 3 November 2006. Archived from 7520:Pelley S, ed. (7 December 2007). 6924:. 17 October 2018. Archived from 4365:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 3464:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 2364:"Gabapentin Use During Pregnancy" 2289: 1924: 1899:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 1718:of gabapentin and increases the C 988:. Gabapentin is not effective in 255: 143: 16444: 16030:Tooltip Acid-sensing ion channel 12430:Transform Drug Policy Foundation 12324:Other treaties addressing drugs 11804: 8739: 8708: 8646: 8595: 8474:10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00638.x 8404: 8360: 8311: 8233: 8192: 8167: 8083: 8043:"Substance misuse of gabapentin" 7889: 7864: 7842: 7768: 7746: 7704: 7620:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03619.x 7595: 7568: 7532: 7488: 7469: 7410: 7328: 7287: 7243:Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy 7205: 7180: 7155: 7127: 7102: 7088:Kentucky State Board of Pharmacy 7073: 7056: 6987: 6961: 6940: 6910: 6765:Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy 6689: 6228:10.2165/11536200-000000000-00000 5736:European Neuropsychopharmacology 5614: 5569: 5339:Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 4893:10.2165/11538180-000000000-00000 3433:10.2165/00003495-200666130-00004 3398:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00200.x 2729:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.02999.x 2638:10.2165/00003495-199346030-00007 2403:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00200.x 2212: 2175: 1936: 691: 685: 13263:Regulation of therapeutic goods 13187:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder 12748:Opium production in Afghanistan 8133:Journal of Psychiatric Practice 7711:Humphreys K (24 January 2012). 7453:Jason Husgen (3 October 2013). 7394:. 25 March 2010. Archived from 5859:Current Opinion in Pharmacology 5820: 5770: 5748:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.08.430 5626: 5581: 5522: 5473: 5430: 5395: 5373: 5144: 5095: 5081:10.1044/1059-0889(2011/10-0041) 5060: 5007: 4979:Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 4966: 4915: 4872: 4823: 4774: 4731: 4619: 4463:10.1136/practneurol-2011-000181 4356: 4307: 4230:Nicotine & Tobacco Research 4217: 3993: 3703: 3654: 3603: 3412: 3377: 3229:10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.0086 3128: 3057: 3027: 2976:Models of Seizures and Epilepsy 2966: 2832:Current Opinion in Neurobiology 2143: 2025:to just under $ 142.1 million. 1947:schedule V controlled substance 1919: 1537:, which resemble gabapentin in 1424: 1227:(swelling of extremities), and 1191: 892: 775:Key:UGJMXCAKCUNAIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 13848:Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIA) 13211:of tobacco or other substances 10683:positive allosteric modulators 4707:10.1002/14651858.CD011393.pub2 4332:10.1002/14651858.CD008940.pub3 3511:Pain Research & Management 2782:10.1002/14651858.CD007938.pub4 2484: 2458: 2382: 2152: 2017:(RICO) Act and was liable for 1997:first off-label promotion case 1745:concentration. Due to its low 1741:is approximately 9–14% of its 1737:. Gabapentin concentration in 1344:surgery increased the risk of 1158:complex regional pain syndrome 694: 679: 281: 268: 1: 16421:Receptor/signaling modulators 13823:Leconotide (ω-conotoxin CVID) 13243:Needle and syringe programmes 13192:Long-term effects of cannabis 12593:Psilocybin mushrooms legality 12520:School district drug policies 8382:10.1080/15563650.2018.1538518 8337:10.1080/15563650.2019.1687902 7730:Ramshaw E (20 January 2008). 7692:Kari Huus (5 February 2007). 6876:. GoodRx, Inc. Archived from 5921:10.1080/14737175.2016.1202764 5686:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 5265:10.1517/14740338.2016.1112376 5253:Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 5069:American Journal of Audiology 4193:10.1080/13543784.2018.1417383 3579:10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70251-0 3264:. W. W. Norton. p. 124. 3013:. AuthorHouse. pp. 63–. 2716:European Journal of Neurology 2316: 2007:Kaiser Foundation Health Plan 1628:, and does not modulate GABA 350:Not significantly metabolized 277:(Other controlled substances) 12313:1971 Psychotropic Substances 10662:Dopamine reuptake inhibitors 8145:10.1097/PRA.0000000000000403 7675:"Prescription For Addiction" 7654:Alpert B (7 November 2005). 7522:"Prescription For Addiction" 6607:Practical Management of Pain 6470:10.1016/j.amjmed.2023.10.022 6356:Chemistry & Biodiversity 6089:10.1016/0920-1211(95)00028-9 5597:Food and Drug Administration 5551:Food and Drug Administration 5451:10.1097/YIC.0000000000000242 5381:"Side effects of gabapentin" 5170:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002369 4848:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318236f0fd 4628:"Pruritus and renal failure" 3971:10.1097/WNF.0b013e3181cda242 3823:10.1097/jcp.0b013e318059361a 3737:10.1371/journal.pone.0014433 3629:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002369 3476:10.1517/14656566.2014.915029 3258:Sobel SV (5 November 2012). 2275:abuse and recreational use. 2198:Food and Drug Administration 1931:class C controlled substance 1851: 1824:of GABA. Therefore, it is a 1804: 1797:. It has a relatively short 996:and neuropathic pain due to 800:, sold under the brand name 7: 13101:Pharmaceutical distribution 12738:Coca production in Colombia 12189:Counterculture of the 1960s 10814:Orexin receptor antagonists 7363:Berkrot B (25 March 2010). 6823:Irving G (September 2012). 6131:10.1021/acs.biochem.8b01031 5636:Annals of Internal Medicine 3094:Annals of Internal Medicine 2301:, different kinds of pain ( 2235:, discuss the issue on the 2196:) was approved by the U.S. 2044: 2041:declined to hear the case. 2003:Kaiser Foundation Hospitals 1617:Tooltip γ-aminobutyric acid 1404: 920: 905:. Gabapentin is prescribed 10: 16513: 15384:Antiarrhythmics (class I): 13273:Substance abuse prevention 13248:Opioid replacement therapy 10630:Dopamine receptor agonists 8010:10.1177/1177391X0800200001 7860:– via Business Wire. 7852:. Pfizer. 16 November 2020 7836:"Gralise Approval History" 7804:10.1038/s41467-023-40637-8 7255:10.18553/jmcp.2003.9.6.559 7213:"Scheduling of Gabapentin" 6777:10.18553/jmcp.2003.9.6.559 6739:"Drug Profile: Gabapentin" 6663:Future Medicinal Chemistry 6176:10.1016/j.ejps.2008.06.015 6002:10.1016/j.tips.2007.03.005 5967:10.1016/j.tips.2006.12.006 5871:10.1016/j.coph.2005.11.003 5351:10.1016/j.jocn.2018.09.019 4646:(inactive 6 August 2024). 4644:10.1016/j.sder.2011.04.005 4506:10.1016/j.ajog.2019.12.011 3959:Clinical Neuropharmacology 3353:10.1038/s41380-021-01386-6 3307:10.3310/nihrevidence_54173 2896:10.1016/j.tips.2013.04.001 2844:10.1016/j.conb.2020.04.007 2502:(published 4 April 2023). 2172:was spun off from Pfizer. 1970: 1876: 1274: 1003: 860:subset of calcium channels 669:Chemical and physical data 16497:Drugs developed by Pfizer 16414: 16385: 16360: 16353: 16287: 16280: 16233: 16205: 16191: 16169: 16106: 16092: 16083: 16037: 16023: 16001: 15973: 15959: 15902: 15894:Tricyclic antidepressants 15364: 15350: 15341: 15315: 15282: 15268: 15212: 15180: 15163: 15044: 14903:Glibenclamide (glyburide) 14864: 14850: 14813: 14376: 14362: 14353: 14321: 13411: 13388: 13286: 13278:Supervised injection site 13220: 13135: 12761: 12728: 12717: 12713: 12707: 12702: 12606: 12568:Anabolic steroid legality 12555: 12440: 12348: 12333:Convention Against Doping 12328:Law of the Sea Convention 12295: 12291: 12280: 12259:Urban legends about drugs 12171: 12123: 12060: 11957: 11924: 11816: 11812: 11799: 11736: 11709: 11647: 11593: 11494: 11399: 11390: 11335: 11168: 11031: 10896: 10892: 10881: 10827: 10784:NMDA receptor antagonists 10640:Dopamine releasing agents 10517: 10476: 10391:NMDA receptor antagonists 10345: 10255: 10178: 10094: 9998: 9939: 9916: 9787: 9734: 9716: 9523: 9483: 9401: 9336: 9292: 9285: 9263: 9172: 9039: 9028: 8992: 8953: 8801: 8792: 8747: 8509:10.2460/javma.251.10.1175 8254:10.1007/s40265-017-0700-x 7963:10.1007/s11095-011-0490-x 7313:10.1017/S1461145712000491 7114:West Virginia Legislature 6872:Orrange S (31 May 2013). 6714:The Art of Drug Synthesis 6637:Drug Discovery: A History 6278:10.1016/j.bcp.2013.03.022 6216:Clinical Pharmacokinetics 5308:10.1016/j.jns.2017.09.019 5120:10.1002/14651858.CD010609 4992:10.1007/s12630-009-9237-0 4799:10.1007/s13311-013-0230-5 4783:"The treatment of tremor" 4420:10.1007/s11940-011-0154-5 4377:10.1517/14656560902978446 4002:American Family Physician 3135:Stempel J (2 June 2014). 2443:10.1007/s40263-014-0164-4 2280:benzodiazepine withdrawal 1943:Controlled Substances Act 1729:Gabapentin can cross the 1444:δ calcium channel subunit 1364:Withdrawal and dependence 1160:, post-surgical pain, or 783: 758: 738: 716: 703: 673: 668: 649: 617: 589: 569: 549: 529: 509: 489: 469: 449: 424: 404: 384: 379: 367: 354: 344: 334: 324: 316: 245: 240: 215: 203: 189: 177: 157: 131: 101: 87: 69: 61: 51: 46: 37: 28: 16:Anticonvulsant medication 16482:Calcium channel blockers 13074:Turks and Caicos Islands 12583:Methamphetamine legality 11896:Marijuana Policy Project 10887:Major recreational drugs 8548:Plumb's Veterinary Drugs 7335:Tansey B (14 May 2004). 7064:"Gabapentin (Neurontin)" 6841:10.1177/2040622312452905 6424:10.1073/pnas.96.21.12079 6266:Biochemical Pharmacology 5698:10.1177/1060028015620800 4752:10.1177/1049909112445464 4553:10.1177/1352458516643600 3925:10.3389/fneur.2017.00316 2424:Schifano F (June 2014). 2088:) were published in the 1860:Synthesis of gabapentin. 1767:bound to plasma proteins 1664:process mediated via an 1610:, does not convert into 1555:competitively antagonize 1102: 1032: 15507:Eslicarbazepine acetate 11851:Cannabis rights leaders 9494:Tooltip 5-HT1A receptor 9132:Eslicarbazepine acetate 7951:Pharmaceutical Research 7660:The Wall Street Journal 7459:Healthcare Law Insights 7342:San Francisco Chronicle 6550:Kaye AD (5 June 2017). 3783:10.1001/jama.2017.21547 3183:10.1001/jama.2018.12358 3007:Reed D (2 March 2012). 2943:10.1124/jpet.120.266056 2500:Diário Oficial da União 2129:The Dallas Morning News 1981:Franklin v. Parke-Davis 1973:Franklin v. Parke-Davis 1963:Franklin v. Parke-Davis 1724:area-under-curve levels 1565:δ subunit, its potency 1013:social anxiety disorder 15251:Rottlerin (mallotoxin) 13382:Ion channel modulators 12659:Politics of drug abuse 11627:Mandragora officinarum 10748:nACh receptor agonists 9534:Tooltip GABAA receptor 7583:(3). 21 January 2008. 7391:Bloomberg Businessweek 7192:Utah State Legislature 6368:10.1002/cbdv.200900114 6041:10.1124/mol.118.112953 6029:Molecular Pharmacology 5798:10.24869/psyd.2018.142 3912:Frontiers in Neurology 3217:JAMA Internal Medicine 2021:in damages, which was 1904:postherpetic neuralgia 1861: 1817:Gabapentin is a 3,3-di 1814: 1735:central nervous system 1666:amino acid transporter 1346:respiratory depression 1316:Respiratory depression 1265:respiratory depression 1211:are the most frequent 1201: 1135:restless legs syndrome 1039:restless legs syndrome 947:postherpetic neuralgia 848:respiratory depression 822:postherpetic neuralgia 13608:Ryodipine (riodipine) 13019:Saint Kitts and Nevis 12318:1988 Drug Trafficking 11911:Cannabis and religion 10875:Recreational drug use 10834:Recreational drug use 10770:Nitric oxide prodrugs 8297:10.1055/s-0043-122392 8059:10.3399/bjgp12X653516 7784:Nature Communications 7546:on 23 September 2015. 5416:10.1001/jama.2010.410 5032:10.2106/jbjs.15.01202 3567:The Lancet. Neurology 3035:"The Top 300 of 2022" 2031:employer health plans 2023:automatically trebled 1859: 1812: 1799:elimination half-life 1638:GABA aminotransferase 1621:GABA receptor agonist 1199: 15597:Valproate semisodium 14128:Carboxyamidotriazole 14063:Gabapentin enacarbil 14043:Arbaclofen placarbil 13268:Responsible drug use 13079:United Arab Emirates 12398:Drug Policy Alliance 12286:Legality of drug use 11891:Legality of cannabis 11866:Cannabis Social Club 11836:Cannabis cultivation 11831:Cannabis consumption 11662:Cannabis (Marijuana) 11484:Psilocybin mushrooms 10257:Ion channel blockers 9769:Gabapentin enacarbil 8577:American Kennel Club 8218:10.1056/NEJMp1704633 8099:J Subst Abus Alcohol 7756:(13 November 2007). 6804:on 17 September 2010 6308:Therapeutic Delivery 5786:Psychiatria Danubina 5600:. 19 December 2019. 5555:. 19 December 2019. 5220:10.1210/jc.2014-3421 5048:on 29 September 2020 4094:10.4088/PCC.19r02465 4048:10.4088/PCC.15r01821 3341:Molecular Psychiatry 2233:improve this section 2194:gabapentin enacarbil 1553:δ subunit, and they 1241:erectile dysfunction 1052:Gabapentin enhances 1017:preoperative anxiety 940:trigeminal neuralgia 927:generalized epilepsy 838:are the most common 804:among others, is an 16248:1,10-Phenanthroline 14805:Spooky toxin (SsTx) 13790:Tetrahydropalmatine 13326:Tobacco consumption 13296:Alcohol consumption 13238:Drug rehabilitation 13175:Effects of cannabis 12899:Indian Ocean region 12679:Philippine drug war 12308:1961 Narcotic Drugs 10989:nail polish remover 10509:Drugs which induce 8834:Methylphenobarbital 8672:10.3390/ani14101462 8621:10.3390/ani13122045 8370:Clinical Toxicology 8324:Clinical Toxicology 7796:2023NatCo..14.5005C 7742:on 27 October 2010. 7736:Dallas Morning News 7163:"Pharmacy Division" 6415:1999PNAS...9612079B 6409:(21): 12079–12084. 4451:Practical Neurology 3728:2010PLoSO...514433P 3679:10.1503/cmaj.171333 3524:10.1155/2007/730785 2344:on 16 February 2016 1953:Off-label promotion 1915:Society and culture 1895:blood–brain barrier 1739:cerebrospinal fluid 1731:blood–brain barrier 1672:. As a result, the 1547:cerebrospinal fluid 1125:Gabapentin reduces 1097:cannabis dependence 1047:withdrawal symptoms 951:diabetic neuropathy 818:diabetic neuropathy 750:O=C(O)CC1(CN)CCCCC1 264:(Prescription only) 25: 16258:7,8-Benzoquinoline 16253:4,7-Phenanthroline 16243:1,7-Phenanthroline 15619:Local anesthetics: 15151:ML-297 (VU0456810) 14658:Diallyl trisulfide 14653:Dextropropoxyphene 14556:Tetraethylammonium 14263:Pinaverium bromide 14033:4-Methylpregabalin 13182:Drug-related crime 12859:Dominican Republic 12769:Illegal drug trade 12244:Religion and drugs 12199:Drug paraphernalia 12179:Chasing the dragon 12138:Fashion cigarettes 11719:Calea zacatechichi 11414:Psychoactive toads 11124:Mitragyna speciosa 11076:Dextropropoxyphene 11018:Nonbenzodiazepines 10926:Alcoholic beverage 10711:nonbenzodiazepines 10121:Never to phase III 9428:Never to phase III 7903:. 16 November 2020 7717:Washington Monthly 7589:10.1002/adaw.20121 7398:on 19 October 2015 6975:. 10 November 2017 6957:. 14 January 2016. 6675:10.4155/fmc.10.287 6634:Sneader W (2005). 4941:10.3390/ph14090834 4585:Movement Disorders 4541:Multiple Sclerosis 4500:(6): 564–579.e12. 4242:10.1093/ntr/ntp195 2682:. 20 November 2013 2590:Medscape Reference 2112:snake oil salesman 1993:one of the largest 1873:prepared in situ. 1871:sodium hypobromite 1866:chemical synthesis 1862: 1815: 1561:affinity for the α 1539:chemical structure 1202: 1147:orthostatic tremor 1131:multiple sclerosis 1109:pendular nystagmus 1070:alcohol withdrawal 994:sensory neuropathy 877:, a subsidiary of 867:generic medication 852:allergic reactions 21: 16492:Gamma-Amino acids 16432: 16431: 16410: 16409: 16349: 16348: 16345: 16344: 16307:Meclofenamic acid 16276: 16275: 16187: 16186: 16079: 16078: 16075: 16074: 16019: 16018: 15955: 15954: 15829:RG7893 (GDC-0287) 15592:Valproate pivoxil 15482:Acetylpheneturide 15337: 15336: 15333: 15332: 15264: 15263: 15236:Meclofenamic acid 15199:Ethanol (alcohol) 15159: 15158: 15108:Minoxidil sulfate 14846: 14845: 14349: 14348: 14345: 14344: 14248:Otilonium bromide 14173:Ethanol (alcohol) 13937:ω-Conotoxin MVIIC 13673:Phenylalkylamines 13348: 13347: 13342: 13341: 13338: 13337: 13334: 13333: 13253:Pharmacovigilance 13233:Drug legalization 13131: 13130: 12698: 12697: 12694: 12693: 12629:Cognitive liberty 12573:Cannabis legality 12361:Decriminalization 12276: 12275: 12272: 12271: 12158:Smoking fetishism 11795: 11794: 11791: 11790: 11732: 11731: 11612:Atropa belladonna 10979:contact adhesives 10921:Ethanol (alcohol) 10841: 10840: 10699:ethanol (alcohol) 10522:μ-Opioid receptor 10470:Recreational uses 10461: 10460: 10455: 10454: 10363:Botulinum toxin A 10353:Alpha lipoic acid 10299:Local anesthetics 10172:pharmacotherapies 10131: 10130: 9703:Ethanol (alcohol) 9611:Ethyl loflazepate 9438: 9437: 9397: 9396: 9281: 9280: 9265:Potassium openers 9183:Oxazolidinediones 9115:Valproate pivoxil 9080:Acetylpheneturide 9024: 9023: 8979:Valproate pivoxil 8955:GABA-T inhibitors 8925:potassium bromide 8503:(10): 1175–1181. 8429:10.1111/add.13324 8185:978-0-19-936057-4 7957:(10): 2610–2627. 7044:. 15 October 2018 7008:10.1136/bmj.k4364 6724:978-1-118-67846-6 6647:978-0-470-01552-0 6617:978-0-323-17080-2 6590:978-1-4511-5348-4 6563:978-0-323-52998-3 6518:10.2147/NDT.S5712 6362:(11): 2071–2083. 6320:10.4155/tde.15.32 6272:(11): 1672–1683. 6125:(49): 6762–6766. 6077:Epilepsy Research 5915:(11): 1263–1277. 5836:978-0-9626523-7-0 5742:(12): 1185–1215. 5498:10.1136/bmj.l2147 5410:(14): 1401–1409. 5026:(16): 1340–1350. 4887:(17): 2215–2228. 4842:(19): 1752–1755. 4787:Neurotherapeutics 4597:10.1002/mds.27260 4547:(11): 1386–1396. 4371:(11): 1805–1816. 4141:10.1111/add.14655 3673:(26): E786–E793. 3470:(10): 1417–1426. 3427:(13): 1701–1725. 3386:Bipolar Disorders 3271:978-0-393-70857-8 3176:(20): 2149–2151. 3020:978-1-4685-4410-7 2986:978-0-08-045702-4 2494:(31 March 2023). 2391:Bipolar Disorders 2370:. 2 December 2019 2265: 2264: 2257: 2019:US$ 47.36 million 1576: 1534: 1527: 1338:joint replacement 1269:suicidal ideation 1253:inflamed pancreas 1172:Contraindications 1166:episodic migraine 1085:opiate withdrawal 1081:smoking cessation 911:anxiety disorders 795: 794: 729:Interactive image 619:CompTox Dashboard 308: 296: 284: 272: 259: 147: 114: 57:Neurontin, others 16504: 16449: 16448: 16447: 16440: 16393: 16389: 16368: 16364: 16358: 16357: 16285: 16284: 16203: 16202: 16199: 16195: 16104: 16103: 16100: 16096: 16090: 16089: 16035: 16034: 16031: 16027: 15971: 15970: 15967: 15963: 15582:Sodium valproate 15497:Chlorphenacemide 15479:Anticonvulsants: 15362: 15361: 15358: 15354: 15348: 15347: 15297:Arachidonic acid 15280: 15279: 15276: 15272: 15178: 15177: 15174: 15170: 15147: 15143: 15064: 15060: 15016:Dextromethorphan 14992: 14988: 14884: 14880: 14862: 14861: 14858: 14854: 14374: 14373: 14370: 14366: 14360: 14359: 14332:L-type-selective 14143:Dimeditiapramine 14105:Others/unsorted: 13887:T-type-selective 13874:R-type-selective 13856:P-type-selective 13808:ω-Conotoxin GVIA 13798:N-type-selective 13428:Dihydropyridines 13422:L-type-selective 13409: 13408: 13405: 13401: 13395: 13394: 13375: 13368: 13361: 13352: 13351: 13170:Drug harmfulness 13165:Driving impaired 12984:Papua New Guinea 12753:Rolling meth lab 12726: 12725: 12715: 12714: 12704: 12703: 12669:Mexican drug war 12578:Cocaine legality 12563:Alcohol legality 12393:Demand reduction 12381:Supply reduction 12293: 12292: 12282: 12281: 11959:Drinking culture 11901:Medical cannabis 11861:Cannabis smoking 11818:Cannabis culture 11814: 11813: 11801: 11800: 11777:recreational use 11622:Hyoscyamus niger 11583:Salvia divinorum 11566:Amanita muscaria 11528:recreational use 11508:recreational use 11397: 11396: 10965:recreational use 10894: 10893: 10883: 10882: 10868: 10861: 10854: 10845: 10844: 10503: 10496: 10489: 10480: 10479: 10465: 10464: 10446: 10443:Sodium oxybate ( 10399:dextromethorphan 10320: 10316: 10239: 10235: 10213: 10209: 10194: 10190: 10165:Neuropathic pain 10158: 10151: 10144: 10135: 10134: 9967:Alpha-2 agonists 9957:Alpha-1 blockers 9950: 9878: 9874: 9863: 9859: 9848: 9844: 9833: 9829: 9818: 9814: 9803: 9799: 9757: 9751: 9748: 9576:Chlordiazepoxide 9543: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9495: 9491: 9465: 9458: 9451: 9442: 9441: 9290: 9289: 9174:Calcium blockers 9085:Chlorphenacemide 9037: 9036: 9011:GAT-1 inhibitors 8799: 8798: 8774: 8767: 8760: 8751: 8750: 8736: 8735: 8712: 8711: 8695: 8694: 8684: 8674: 8650: 8644: 8643: 8633: 8623: 8599: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8588: 8568: 8559: 8558: 8556: 8554: 8540: 8529: 8528: 8492: 8486: 8485: 8457: 8451: 8450: 8440: 8423:(7): 1160–1174. 8408: 8402: 8401: 8364: 8358: 8357: 8339: 8315: 8309: 8308: 8280: 8274: 8273: 8237: 8231: 8230: 8220: 8196: 8190: 8189: 8171: 8165: 8164: 8128: 8122: 8121: 8120:on 2 March 2019. 8119: 8113:. Archived from 8096: 8087: 8081: 8080: 8070: 8053:(601): 406–407. 8038: 8032: 8031: 8021: 7989: 7983: 7982: 7946: 7940: 7939: 7919: 7913: 7912: 7910: 7908: 7893: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7882: 7868: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7846: 7840: 7839: 7832: 7826: 7825: 7815: 7781: 7772: 7766: 7765: 7762:Biotech Notebook 7750: 7744: 7743: 7738:. Archived from 7727: 7721: 7720: 7708: 7702: 7701: 7689: 7683: 7682: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7651: 7642: 7641: 7631: 7599: 7593: 7592: 7572: 7566: 7565: 7554: 7548: 7547: 7536: 7530: 7529: 7517: 7506: 7505: 7492: 7486: 7485: 7473: 7467: 7466: 7450: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7427:. Archived from 7414: 7408: 7407: 7405: 7403: 7382: 7373: 7372: 7360: 7351: 7350: 7332: 7326: 7325: 7315: 7291: 7285: 7284: 7266: 7234: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7223: 7217: 7209: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7198: 7184: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7159: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7148: 7139: 7131: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7120: 7106: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7085: 7077: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7060: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7034: 7028: 7027: 6991: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6965: 6959: 6958: 6952: 6944: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6914: 6908: 6907: 6896: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6869: 6863: 6862: 6852: 6820: 6814: 6813: 6811: 6809: 6803: 6797:. Archived from 6788: 6762: 6753: 6747: 6746: 6735: 6729: 6728: 6708: 6702: 6701: 6693: 6687: 6686: 6658: 6652: 6651: 6631: 6622: 6621: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6547: 6541: 6540: 6530: 6520: 6496: 6490: 6489: 6453: 6447: 6446: 6436: 6426: 6394: 6388: 6387: 6351: 6342: 6341: 6331: 6299: 6290: 6289: 6261: 6248: 6247: 6211: 6188: 6187: 6159: 6153: 6152: 6142: 6110: 6101: 6100: 6072: 6063: 6062: 6052: 6035:(4): 1155–1163. 6020: 6014: 6013: 5985: 5979: 5978: 5950: 5941: 5940: 5900: 5883: 5882: 5854: 5839: 5824: 5818: 5817: 5783: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5731: 5718: 5717: 5681: 5668: 5667: 5648:10.7326/M23-0849 5630: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5593: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5541: 5532: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5509: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5231: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5182: 5172: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5131: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5047: 5042:. Archived from 5011: 5005: 5004: 4994: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4953: 4943: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4859: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4810: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4735: 4729: 4728: 4718: 4701:(12): CD011393. 4686: 4680: 4679: 4673: 4665: 4655: 4623: 4617: 4616: 4591:(7): 1077–1091. 4579: 4573: 4572: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4343: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4294: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4253: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4204: 4172: 4163: 4162: 4152: 4135:(9): 1547–1555. 4120: 4114: 4113: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4059: 4027: 4018: 4017: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3937: 3927: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3878: 3876:10.1002/cpdd.446 3854: 3843: 3842: 3806: 3795: 3794: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3749: 3739: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3690: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3641: 3631: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3590: 3558: 3547: 3546: 3536: 3526: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3364: 3347:(3): 1339–1349. 3332: 3319: 3318: 3296: 3289: 3280: 3279: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3195: 3185: 3161: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3089: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3004: 2995: 2994: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2945: 2917: 2908: 2907: 2879: 2866: 2865: 2855: 2823: 2812: 2811: 2801: 2761: 2750: 2749: 2731: 2722:(9): 1113–1e88. 2707: 2692: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2669: 2658: 2657: 2621: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2582: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2545: 2516: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2445: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2340:. Archived from 2330: 2260: 2253: 2249: 2246: 2240: 2216: 2215: 2208: 2204:Recreational use 2159:extended-release 2134:clinical studies 2039:US Supreme Court 2020: 2011:neuropathic pain 1891:neurotransmitter 1846:conformationally 1674:pharmacokinetics 1662:active transport 1648:Pharmacokinetics 1618: 1614: 1574: 1532: 1525: 1434:Gabapentin is a 1430:Pharmacodynamics 1354:neuropathic pain 1298:bipolar disorder 1267:, and increased 1225:peripheral edema 1154:bipolar disorder 1015:and in reducing 933:Neuropathic pain 915:bipolar disorder 903:neuropathic pain 872: 814:neuropathic pain 810:partial seizures 791: 790: 731: 711: 696: 693: 687: 681: 664: 653: 642: 641: 627: 625: 609: 603: 582: 562: 542: 522: 502: 482: 462: 442: 432: 431: 417: 359: 306: 303: 294: 291: 283: 280: 270: 267: 257: 254: 232: 145: 142: 124: 113: 110: 97: 83: 42: 33: 26: 24: 20: 16512: 16511: 16507: 16506: 16505: 16503: 16502: 16501: 16472:Anticonvulsants 16457: 16456: 16455: 16445: 16443: 16435: 16433: 16428: 16406: 16391: 16381: 16366: 16341: 16337:Trifluoperazine 16332:Tolfenamic acid 16302:Flufenamic acid 16272: 16229: 16197: 16183: 16165: 16131:Flufenamic acid 16126:Ethacrynic acid 16098: 16071: 16029: 16015: 15997: 15965: 15951: 15898: 15729:Metabutoxycaine 15694:Diphenhydramine 15684:Cyclomethycaine 15649:Levobupivacaine 15356: 15329: 15311: 15274: 15260: 15256:Tolfenamic acid 15231:Flufenamic acid 15226: 15208: 15194: 15172: 15169: 15155: 15145: 15062: 15059: 15040: 14990: 14882: 14879: 14856: 14842: 14827: 14809: 14789: 14698:Norpropoxyphene 14575:11.1)-specific: 14574: 14368: 14341: 14317: 14273:Rhynchophylline 14023: 13403: 13384: 13379: 13349: 13344: 13343: 13330: 13288: 13282: 13258:Reagent testing 13216: 13207:Passive smoking 13137: 13127: 12757: 12743:Drug precursors 12730: 12721: 12719: 12709: 12690: 12644:Drug possession 12619:Cannabis rights 12602: 12598:Salvia legality 12551: 12442: 12436: 12344: 12287: 12268: 12249:Self-medication 12167: 12163:Tobacco smoking 12125:Smoking culture 12119: 12056: 11953: 11920: 11876:Cannabis vaping 11846:Cannabis rights 11841:Cannabis edible 11808: 11787: 11728: 11724:Silene capensis 11705: 11643: 11639:Diphenhydramine 11589: 11490: 11386: 11331: 11283:Methylphenidate 11273:Methamphetamine 11164: 11027: 10911:Benzodiazepines 10888: 10877: 10872: 10842: 10837: 10823: 10703:alcoholic drink 10691:benzodiazepines 10679: 10670:methylphenidate 10648:methamphetamine 10608: 10562: 10513: 10507: 10472: 10462: 10457: 10456: 10451: 10341: 10318: 10265:Anticonvulsants 10251: 10237: 10211: 10192: 10174: 10162: 10132: 10127: 10126: 10111:Clinical trials 10090: 9994: 9975:dexmedetomidine 9947:Antiadrenergics 9944: 9943: 9935: 9912: 9876: 9861: 9846: 9831: 9816: 9801: 9789:Antidepressants 9783: 9746: 9739: 9738: 9730: 9712: 9551:Benzodiazepines 9541: 9533: 9529: 9519: 9493: 9489: 9479: 9469: 9439: 9434: 9433: 9418:Clinical trials 9393: 9332: 9277: 9259: 9168: 9041:Sodium blockers 9031: 9020: 8988: 8949: 8869:Benzodiazepines 8806: 8788: 8781:Anticonvulsants 8778: 8743: 8733: 8732: 8731: 8713: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8698: 8651: 8647: 8600: 8596: 8586: 8584: 8569: 8562: 8552: 8550: 8542: 8541: 8532: 8493: 8489: 8458: 8454: 8409: 8405: 8365: 8361: 8316: 8312: 8281: 8277: 8238: 8234: 8197: 8193: 8186: 8172: 8168: 8129: 8125: 8117: 8094: 8088: 8084: 8039: 8035: 7990: 7986: 7947: 7943: 7920: 7916: 7906: 7904: 7895: 7894: 7890: 7880: 7878: 7870: 7869: 7865: 7855: 7853: 7848: 7847: 7843: 7834: 7833: 7829: 7779: 7773: 7769: 7751: 7747: 7728: 7724: 7709: 7705: 7690: 7686: 7671: 7667: 7652: 7645: 7600: 7596: 7574: 7573: 7569: 7564:. 1 March 2023. 7562:www.justice.gov 7556: 7555: 7551: 7538: 7537: 7533: 7518: 7509: 7494: 7493: 7489: 7474: 7470: 7451: 7444: 7434: 7432: 7415: 7411: 7401: 7399: 7384: 7383: 7376: 7361: 7354: 7345:. p. C-1. 7333: 7329: 7292: 7288: 7237:Mack A (2003). 7235: 7231: 7221: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7210: 7206: 7196: 7194: 7186: 7185: 7181: 7171: 7169: 7161: 7160: 7156: 7146: 7144: 7137: 7133: 7132: 7128: 7118: 7116: 7108: 7107: 7103: 7093: 7091: 7083: 7079: 7078: 7074: 7066: 7062: 7061: 7057: 7047: 7045: 7036: 7035: 7031: 6992: 6988: 6978: 6976: 6967: 6966: 6962: 6950: 6946: 6945: 6941: 6931: 6929: 6928:on 16 June 2019 6916: 6915: 6911: 6898: 6897: 6893: 6883: 6881: 6880:on 23 June 2018 6870: 6866: 6821: 6817: 6807: 6805: 6801: 6760: 6756:Mack A (2003). 6754: 6750: 6737: 6736: 6732: 6725: 6709: 6705: 6694: 6690: 6659: 6655: 6648: 6632: 6625: 6618: 6602: 6598: 6591: 6575: 6571: 6564: 6548: 6544: 6497: 6493: 6454: 6450: 6395: 6391: 6352: 6345: 6300: 6293: 6262: 6251: 6222:(10): 661–669. 6212: 6191: 6160: 6156: 6111: 6104: 6073: 6066: 6021: 6017: 5986: 5982: 5951: 5944: 5906: 5901: 5886: 5855: 5842: 5825: 5821: 5781: 5775: 5771: 5732: 5721: 5682: 5671: 5631: 5627: 5615: 5607: 5605: 5591: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5570: 5562: 5560: 5543: 5542: 5535: 5527: 5523: 5478: 5474: 5435: 5431: 5400: 5396: 5386: 5384: 5379: 5378: 5374: 5335: 5331: 5292: 5288: 5249: 5245: 5200: 5196: 5163:(8): e1002369. 5149: 5145: 5114:(6): CD010609. 5100: 5096: 5065: 5061: 5051: 5049: 5012: 5008: 4971: 4967: 4928:Pharmaceuticals 4920: 4916: 4877: 4873: 4828: 4824: 4779: 4775: 4736: 4732: 4687: 4683: 4667: 4666: 4624: 4620: 4580: 4576: 4533: 4529: 4490: 4486: 4447: 4443: 4404: 4400: 4361: 4357: 4326:(1): CD008940. 4312: 4308: 4271: 4267: 4222: 4218: 4173: 4166: 4121: 4117: 4077: 4073: 4028: 4021: 3998: 3994: 3955: 3951: 3904: 3900: 3855: 3846: 3807: 3798: 3767: 3763: 3708: 3704: 3659: 3655: 3622:(8): e1002369. 3608: 3604: 3559: 3550: 3503: 3499: 3460: 3456: 3417: 3413: 3382: 3378: 3333: 3322: 3291: 3290: 3283: 3272: 3256: 3252: 3213: 3209: 3162: 3155: 3145: 3143: 3133: 3129: 3090: 3083: 3073: 3071: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3005: 2998: 2987: 2971: 2967: 2918: 2911: 2880: 2869: 2824: 2815: 2776:(6): CD007938. 2762: 2753: 2708: 2695: 2685: 2683: 2671: 2670: 2661: 2622: 2609: 2599: 2597: 2584: 2583: 2570: 2560: 2558: 2557:. 11 April 2019 2547: 2546: 2519: 2509: 2507: 2489: 2485: 2475: 2473: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2422: 2418: 2387: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2347: 2345: 2332: 2331: 2324: 2319: 2292: 2261: 2250: 2244: 2241: 2230: 2217: 2213: 2206: 2178: 2155: 2146: 2138:Adam Feuerstein 2062:methamphetamine 2047: 2029:and a group of 2018: 1975: 1967: 1955: 1939: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1908:generic version 1879: 1854: 1828:, as well as a 1807: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1704: 1690:small intestine 1678:bioavailability 1650: 1643: 1616: 1598: 1564: 1552: 1544: 1513: 1507: 1499: 1489: 1484:thrombospondins 1473: 1469: 1465: 1460:channel blocker 1453: 1449: 1443: 1432: 1427: 1407: 1366: 1326:benzodiazepines 1318: 1286:suicide attempt 1277: 1194: 1178:kidney problems 1174: 1139:uremic pruritus 1105: 1066: 1064:Drug dependence 1054:slow-wave sleep 1043:discontinuation 1035: 1006: 935: 923: 895: 870: 786: 784: 779: 776: 771: 766: 765: 754: 751: 746: 745: 734: 709: 699: 690: 684: 645: 621: 613: 585: 565: 545: 525: 505: 485: 465: 445: 428: 420: 400: 397: 392: 391: 357: 336:Protein binding 326:Bioavailability 318:Pharmacokinetic 312: 236: 192: 180: 169: 160: 153: 134: 127: 17: 12: 11: 5: 16510: 16500: 16499: 16494: 16489: 16487:GABA analogues 16484: 16479: 16474: 16469: 16454: 16453: 16430: 16429: 16415: 16412: 16411: 16408: 16407: 16405: 16404: 16396: 16394: 16383: 16382: 16380: 16379: 16371: 16369: 16355: 16351: 16350: 16347: 16346: 16343: 16342: 16340: 16339: 16334: 16329: 16324: 16319: 16314: 16312:Mefenamic acid 16309: 16304: 16299: 16293: 16291: 16282: 16278: 16277: 16274: 16273: 16271: 16270: 16268:Phenanthridine 16265: 16260: 16255: 16250: 16245: 16239: 16237: 16231: 16230: 16228: 16227: 16222: 16217: 16211: 16209: 16200: 16189: 16188: 16185: 16184: 16182: 16181: 16175: 16173: 16167: 16166: 16164: 16163: 16158: 16153: 16148: 16143: 16138: 16133: 16128: 16123: 16118: 16112: 16110: 16101: 16087: 16081: 16080: 16077: 16076: 16073: 16072: 16070: 16069: 16064: 16059: 16054: 16049: 16043: 16041: 16032: 16021: 16020: 16017: 16016: 16014: 16013: 16007: 16005: 15999: 15998: 15996: 15995: 15990: 15985: 15979: 15977: 15968: 15957: 15956: 15953: 15952: 15950: 15949: 15944: 15939: 15934: 15929: 15916:Atracotoxins ( 15914: 15908: 15906: 15900: 15899: 15897: 15896: 15891: 15886: 15876: 15871: 15862: 15861: 15859:Zetekitoxin AB 15856: 15851: 15846: 15841: 15832: 15831: 15826: 15821: 15816: 15811: 15806: 15801: 15796: 15791: 15786: 15777: 15776: 15771: 15766: 15761: 15759:Proxymetacaine 15756: 15751: 15746: 15741: 15736: 15731: 15726: 15721: 15716: 15711: 15706: 15701: 15696: 15691: 15686: 15681: 15676: 15671: 15669:Chloroprocaine 15666: 15661: 15656: 15642: 15637: 15632: 15627: 15615: 15614: 15609: 15604: 15599: 15594: 15589: 15584: 15579: 15574: 15569: 15564: 15559: 15554: 15549: 15544: 15539: 15534: 15529: 15524: 15519: 15514: 15509: 15504: 15499: 15494: 15489: 15484: 15475: 15474: 15469: 15464: 15459: 15454: 15449: 15444: 15439: 15434: 15429: 15424: 15419: 15414: 15409: 15404: 15399: 15394: 15389: 15380: 15379: 15370: 15368: 15359: 15345: 15339: 15338: 15335: 15334: 15331: 15330: 15328: 15327: 15321: 15319: 15313: 15312: 15310: 15309: 15304: 15299: 15294: 15288: 15286: 15277: 15266: 15265: 15262: 15261: 15259: 15258: 15253: 15248: 15243: 15238: 15233: 15224: 15218: 15216: 15210: 15209: 15207: 15206: 15201: 15192: 15186: 15184: 15175: 15167: 15161: 15160: 15157: 15156: 15154: 15153: 15136: 15135: 15130: 15125: 15120: 15115: 15110: 15105: 15100: 15095: 15090: 15085: 15080: 15075: 15070: 15057: 15050: 15048: 15042: 15041: 15039: 15038: 15033: 15028: 15023: 15018: 15013: 15008: 15003: 14998: 14981: 14980: 14975: 14970: 14965: 14960: 14955: 14950: 14945: 14943:Glyclopyramide 14940: 14935: 14930: 14925: 14920: 14915: 14910: 14905: 14900: 14898:Chlorpropamide 14895: 14890: 14877: 14870: 14868: 14859: 14848: 14847: 14844: 14843: 14841: 14840: 14835: 14825: 14819: 14817: 14811: 14810: 14808: 14807: 14802: 14797: 14787: 14781: 14780: 14775: 14770: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14750: 14745: 14740: 14735: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14710: 14705: 14700: 14695: 14690: 14685: 14680: 14675: 14670: 14665: 14660: 14655: 14650: 14645: 14643:Clarithromycin 14640: 14635: 14633:Chlorpromazine 14630: 14625: 14620: 14615: 14610: 14605: 14600: 14595: 14590: 14585: 14580: 14572: 14564: 14563: 14558: 14553: 14548: 14543: 14538: 14533: 14528: 14523: 14518: 14513: 14508: 14503: 14498: 14493: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14473: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14453: 14448: 14443: 14438: 14433: 14428: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14408: 14403: 14398: 14393: 14388: 14382: 14380: 14371: 14357: 14351: 14350: 14347: 14346: 14343: 14342: 14340: 14339: 14327: 14325: 14319: 14318: 14316: 14315: 14310: 14305: 14300: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14260: 14255: 14253:Paramethadione 14250: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14225: 14220: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14200: 14195: 14190: 14185: 14180: 14175: 14170: 14165: 14160: 14155: 14150: 14145: 14140: 14135: 14130: 14125: 14120: 14115: 14110: 14101: 14100: 14095: 14090: 14085: 14080: 14075: 14070: 14065: 14060: 14055: 14050: 14045: 14040: 14035: 14028:gabapentinoids 14021: 14015: 14014: 14009: 14004: 13999: 13994: 13989: 13984: 13979: 13974: 13969: 13964: 13959: 13954: 13949: 13944: 13939: 13934: 13929:Non-selective: 13925: 13924: 13919: 13914: 13909: 13904: 13899: 13894: 13882: 13881: 13869: 13868: 13866:ω-Agatoxin IVB 13863: 13861:ω-Agatoxin IVA 13851: 13850: 13845: 13840: 13835: 13830: 13825: 13820: 13818:Huwentoxin XVI 13815: 13810: 13805: 13793: 13792: 13787: 13782: 13777: 13772: 13770:Cyproheptadine 13767: 13762: 13757: 13752: 13740: 13735: 13730: 13725: 13720: 13715: 13710: 13705: 13700: 13695: 13690: 13685: 13680: 13665: 13660: 13655: 13650: 13635: 13630: 13625: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13600: 13595: 13590: 13585: 13580: 13575: 13570: 13565: 13560: 13555: 13550: 13545: 13540: 13535: 13530: 13528:Levniguldipine 13525: 13520: 13515: 13510: 13505: 13500: 13495: 13490: 13485: 13480: 13475: 13470: 13468:Dexniguldipine 13465: 13460: 13455: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13417: 13415: 13406: 13392: 13386: 13385: 13378: 13377: 13370: 13363: 13355: 13346: 13345: 13340: 13339: 13336: 13335: 13332: 13331: 13329: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13317: 13316: 13311: 13303: 13298: 13292: 13290: 13284: 13283: 13281: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13224: 13222: 13221:Harm reduction 13218: 13217: 13215: 13214: 13213: 13212: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13184: 13179: 13178: 13177: 13167: 13162: 13157: 13155:Date rape drug 13152: 13147: 13141: 13139: 13133: 13132: 13129: 13128: 13126: 13125: 13124: 13123: 13121:Liquor license 13118: 13113: 13108: 13098: 13096:Darknet market 13093: 13092: 13091: 13086: 13081: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13021: 13016: 13011: 13006: 13001: 12996: 12991: 12986: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12961: 12956: 12951: 12946: 12941: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12765: 12763: 12759: 12758: 12756: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12734: 12732: 12723: 12711: 12710: 12700: 12699: 12696: 12695: 12692: 12691: 12689: 12688: 12686:Zero tolerance 12683: 12682: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12610: 12608: 12604: 12603: 12601: 12600: 12595: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12559: 12557: 12553: 12552: 12550: 12549: 12548: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12460:Czech Republic 12457: 12452: 12446: 12444: 12438: 12437: 12435: 12434: 12433: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12421: 12420: 12413:Liberalization 12410: 12405: 12403:Harm reduction 12400: 12395: 12385: 12384: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12352: 12350: 12346: 12345: 12343: 12342: 12341: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12322: 12321: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12299: 12297: 12289: 12288: 12278: 12277: 12274: 12273: 12270: 12269: 12267: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12229:Party and play 12226: 12221: 12219:Needle sharing 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12175: 12173: 12169: 12168: 12166: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12133:Cigarette card 12129: 12127: 12121: 12120: 12118: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12092: 12087: 12082: 12077: 12072: 12066: 12064: 12058: 12057: 12055: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12042:Tailgate party 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11992:Drinking games 11989: 11984: 11982:Binge drinking 11979: 11974: 11969: 11963: 11961: 11955: 11954: 11952: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11930: 11928: 11926:Coffee culture 11922: 11921: 11919: 11918: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11822: 11820: 11810: 11809: 11797: 11796: 11793: 11792: 11789: 11788: 11786: 11785: 11780: 11770: 11769: 11768: 11763: 11753: 11748: 11742: 11740: 11734: 11733: 11730: 11729: 11727: 11726: 11721: 11715: 11713: 11707: 11706: 11704: 11703: 11702: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11676: 11675: 11674: 11669: 11664: 11653: 11651: 11645: 11644: 11642: 11641: 11636: 11634:Dimenhydrinate 11631: 11630: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11599: 11597: 11591: 11590: 11588: 11587: 11586: 11585: 11575: 11570: 11569: 11568: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11547: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11534:alkyl nitrites 11531: 11516: 11511: 11500: 11498: 11492: 11491: 11489: 11488: 11487: 11486: 11472: 11471: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11458:Peruvian torch 11450: 11445: 11440: 11439: 11438: 11428: 11427: 11426: 11421: 11416: 11405: 11403: 11394: 11388: 11387: 11385: 11384: 11383: 11382: 11377: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11356: 11355: 11347: 11341: 11339: 11333: 11332: 11330: 11329: 11328: 11327: 11322: 11312: 11311: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11259: 11258: 11248: 11247: 11246: 11241: 11231: 11230: 11229: 11219: 11218: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11197: 11192: 11191: 11190: 11180: 11174: 11172: 11166: 11165: 11163: 11162: 11157: 11156: 11155: 11145: 11144: 11143: 11133: 11132: 11131: 11121: 11116: 11115: 11114: 11106: 11101: 11100: 11099: 11091: 11086: 11085: 11084: 11081: 11073: 11072: 11071: 11063: 11062: 11061: 11051: 11050: 11049: 11046: 11037: 11035: 11029: 11028: 11026: 11025: 11023:Quinazolinones 11020: 11015: 11010: 11009: 11008: 11007: 11006: 10998: 10997: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10970: 10969: 10968: 10950: 10945: 10943:Gabapentinoids 10940: 10939: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10902: 10900: 10890: 10889: 10879: 10878: 10871: 10870: 10863: 10856: 10848: 10839: 10838: 10828: 10825: 10824: 10822: 10821: 10811: 10781: 10774:alkyl nitrites 10767: 10745: 10731: 10725:sodium oxybate 10718: 10715:quinazolinones 10677: 10673: 10659: 10637: 10627: 10606: 10602: 10589: 10574:gabapentinoids 10560: 10556: 10518: 10515: 10514: 10506: 10505: 10498: 10491: 10483: 10477: 10474: 10473: 10459: 10458: 10453: 10452: 10450: 10449: 10440: 10406: 10388: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10349: 10347: 10343: 10342: 10340: 10339: 10334: 10311: 10306: 10296: 10261: 10259: 10253: 10252: 10250: 10249: 10227: 10204: 10184: 10182: 10180:Monoaminergics 10176: 10175: 10161: 10160: 10153: 10146: 10138: 10129: 10128: 10125: 10124: 10123: 10122: 10119: 10108: 10102: 10096: 10095: 10092: 10091: 10089: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10002: 10000: 9996: 9995: 9993: 9992: 9982: 9964: 9953: 9951: 9941:Sympatholytics 9937: 9936: 9934: 9933: 9928: 9922: 9920: 9918:Antipsychotics 9914: 9913: 9911: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9869: 9854: 9839: 9824: 9809: 9793: 9791: 9785: 9784: 9782: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9760: 9758: 9744: 9736:Gabapentinoids 9732: 9731: 9729: 9728: 9722: 9720: 9714: 9713: 9711: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9680: 9670: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9546: 9544: 9527: 9521: 9520: 9518: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9501: 9499: 9487: 9481: 9480: 9468: 9467: 9460: 9453: 9445: 9436: 9435: 9432: 9431: 9430: 9429: 9426: 9415: 9409: 9403: 9402: 9399: 9398: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9340: 9338: 9334: 9333: 9331: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9298: 9296: 9287: 9283: 9282: 9279: 9278: 9276: 9275: 9269: 9267: 9261: 9260: 9258: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9230: 9223:Gabapentinoids 9215: 9210: 9195: 9193:Paramethadione 9190: 9178: 9176: 9170: 9169: 9167: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9112: 9107: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9045: 9043: 9034: 9026: 9025: 9022: 9021: 9019: 9018: 9001:GABAR agonists 8996: 8994: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966:(and related): 8959: 8957: 8951: 8950: 8948: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8929:sodium bromide 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8861: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8814: 8812: 8804: 8796: 8790: 8789: 8777: 8776: 8769: 8762: 8754: 8748: 8745: 8744: 8714: 8707: 8706: 8705: 8703: 8702:External links 8700: 8697: 8696: 8645: 8594: 8560: 8530: 8487: 8468:(5): 518–520. 8452: 8403: 8376:(6): 398–403. 8359: 8330:(7): 763–772. 8310: 8275: 8248:(4): 403–426. 8232: 8211:(5): 411–414. 8191: 8184: 8166: 8139:(4): 308–312. 8123: 8082: 8033: 7984: 7941: 7914: 7888: 7863: 7841: 7827: 7767: 7745: 7722: 7703: 7684: 7665: 7643: 7614:(2): 361–369. 7594: 7567: 7549: 7531: 7507: 7487: 7468: 7463:Hugh Blackwell 7442: 7431:on 13 May 2013 7424:Bloomberg News 7409: 7374: 7352: 7327: 7306:(2): 485–496. 7286: 7249:(6): 559–568. 7229: 7204: 7179: 7154: 7126: 7101: 7072: 7055: 7029: 6986: 6960: 6939: 6909: 6891: 6864: 6835:(5): 211–218. 6815: 6771:(6): 559–568. 6748: 6730: 6723: 6703: 6688: 6669:(2): 223–241. 6653: 6646: 6623: 6616: 6596: 6589: 6569: 6562: 6542: 6491: 6448: 6389: 6343: 6314:(8): 961–971. 6291: 6249: 6189: 6170:(3): 161–174. 6154: 6102: 6064: 6015: 5996:(5): 220–228. 5980: 5942: 5904: 5884: 5865:(1): 108–113. 5840: 5819: 5792:(2): 142–149. 5769: 5719: 5692:(3): 229–233. 5669: 5625: 5580: 5533: 5521: 5472: 5429: 5394: 5372: 5329: 5286: 5243: 5214:(2): 363–370. 5194: 5143: 5094: 5075:(2): 151–158. 5059: 5006: 4985:(2): 149–166. 4965: 4914: 4871: 4822: 4793:(1): 128–138. 4773: 4746:(2): 192–196. 4730: 4681: 4618: 4574: 4527: 4484: 4457:(3): 147–153. 4441: 4398: 4355: 4306: 4285:(3): 979–983. 4265: 4236:(3): 300–304. 4216: 4187:(1): 113–124. 4164: 4115: 4071: 4019: 4008:(9): 589–595. 3992: 3949: 3898: 3869:(3): 228–232. 3844: 3817:(3): 263–272. 3796: 3777:(8): 818–819. 3761: 3722:(12): e14433. 3702: 3653: 3602: 3573:(2): 162–173. 3548: 3497: 3454: 3411: 3376: 3320: 3281: 3270: 3250: 3223:(5): 695–701. 3207: 3153: 3127: 3100:(4): 305–307. 3081: 3056: 3026: 3019: 2996: 2985: 2965: 2936:(1): 161–174. 2909: 2890:(6): 332–339. 2867: 2813: 2751: 2693: 2659: 2632:(3): 409–427. 2607: 2568: 2517: 2483: 2472:. 21 June 2022 2457: 2436:(6): 491–496. 2416: 2381: 2355: 2321: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2291: 2290:Veterinary use 2288: 2284:CNS depressant 2263: 2262: 2227:of the subject 2225:worldwide view 2220: 2218: 2211: 2205: 2202: 2177: 2174: 2154: 2151: 2145: 2142: 2068:on alcohol or 2046: 2043: 1989:Warner-Lambert 1971:Main article: 1966: 1960: 1954: 1951: 1938: 1935: 1926: 1925:United Kingdom 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1878: 1875: 1864:A process for 1853: 1850: 1806: 1803: 1786:Gabapentin is 1759:P-glycoprotein 1733:and enter the 1719: 1715: 1711: 1702: 1668:, presumably, 1652:Gabapentin is 1649: 1646: 1641: 1608:GABA receptors 1596: 1569:is in the low 1562: 1550: 1542: 1511: 1505: 1497: 1487: 1476:NMDA receptors 1471: 1467: 1463: 1451: 1447: 1441: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1406: 1403: 1365: 1362: 1317: 1314: 1290:anticonvulsant 1276: 1273: 1257:hallucinations 1193: 1190: 1173: 1170: 1104: 1101: 1065: 1062: 1034: 1031: 1027:panic disorder 1005: 1002: 934: 931: 922: 919: 899:focal seizures 894: 891: 856:kidney disease 806:anticonvulsant 793: 792: 781: 780: 778: 777: 774: 772: 769: 761: 760: 759: 756: 755: 753: 752: 749: 741: 740: 739: 736: 735: 733: 732: 724: 722: 714: 713: 707: 701: 700: 697: 688: 682: 677: 671: 670: 666: 665: 655: 647: 646: 644: 643: 630: 628: 615: 614: 612: 611: 595: 593: 587: 586: 584: 583: 575: 573: 567: 566: 564: 563: 555: 553: 547: 546: 544: 543: 535: 533: 527: 526: 524: 523: 515: 513: 507: 506: 504: 503: 495: 493: 487: 486: 484: 483: 475: 473: 467: 466: 464: 463: 455: 453: 447: 446: 444: 443: 435: 433: 422: 421: 419: 418: 410: 408: 402: 401: 399: 398: 395: 387: 386: 385: 382: 381: 377: 376: 371: 365: 364: 361: 352: 351: 348: 342: 341: 338: 332: 331: 328: 322: 321: 314: 313: 311: 310: 301: 289: 278: 265: 251: 249: 243: 242: 238: 237: 235: 234: 221: 219: 213: 212: 207: 201: 200: 195: 193:administration 187: 186: 183: 175: 174: 163: 155: 154: 152: 151: 149: 139: 137: 129: 128: 126: 125: 107: 105: 99: 98: 91: 85: 84: 77: 67: 66: 63: 59: 58: 55: 49: 48: 44: 43: 35: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16509: 16498: 16495: 16493: 16490: 16488: 16485: 16483: 16480: 16478: 16475: 16473: 16470: 16468: 16465: 16464: 16462: 16452: 16442: 16441: 16438: 16427: 16426: 16422: 16419: 16413: 16402: 16398: 16397: 16395: 16390: 16384: 16377: 16373: 16372: 16370: 16365: 16359: 16356: 16352: 16338: 16335: 16333: 16330: 16328: 16325: 16323: 16322:Niflumic acid 16320: 16318: 16315: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16305: 16303: 16300: 16298: 16295: 16294: 16292: 16290: 16286: 16283: 16279: 16269: 16266: 16264: 16261: 16259: 16256: 16254: 16251: 16249: 16246: 16244: 16241: 16240: 16238: 16236: 16232: 16226: 16223: 16221: 16218: 16216: 16215:Glibenclamide 16213: 16212: 16210: 16208: 16204: 16201: 16196: 16190: 16180: 16177: 16176: 16174: 16172: 16168: 16162: 16161:Niflumic acid 16159: 16157: 16154: 16152: 16149: 16147: 16146:Glibenclamide 16144: 16142: 16139: 16137: 16134: 16132: 16129: 16127: 16124: 16122: 16119: 16117: 16114: 16113: 16111: 16109: 16105: 16102: 16097: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16082: 16068: 16065: 16063: 16060: 16058: 16055: 16053: 16050: 16048: 16045: 16044: 16042: 16040: 16036: 16033: 16028: 16022: 16012: 16009: 16008: 16006: 16004: 16000: 15994: 15991: 15989: 15986: 15984: 15981: 15980: 15978: 15976: 15972: 15969: 15964: 15958: 15948: 15945: 15943: 15942:Grayanotoxins 15940: 15938: 15935: 15933: 15932:Batrachotoxin 15930: 15927: 15923: 15919: 15918:ω-Atracotoxin 15915: 15913: 15910: 15909: 15907: 15905: 15901: 15895: 15892: 15890: 15887: 15884: 15880: 15877: 15875: 15872: 15870: 15869:Buprenorphine 15867: 15864: 15863: 15860: 15857: 15855: 15852: 15850: 15847: 15845: 15842: 15840: 15837: 15834: 15833: 15830: 15827: 15825: 15822: 15820: 15817: 15815: 15812: 15810: 15807: 15805: 15802: 15800: 15797: 15795: 15792: 15790: 15787: 15785: 15782: 15779: 15778: 15775: 15772: 15770: 15767: 15765: 15762: 15760: 15757: 15755: 15752: 15750: 15747: 15745: 15742: 15740: 15737: 15735: 15732: 15730: 15727: 15725: 15722: 15720: 15717: 15715: 15712: 15710: 15707: 15705: 15702: 15700: 15697: 15695: 15692: 15690: 15687: 15685: 15682: 15680: 15677: 15675: 15672: 15670: 15667: 15665: 15662: 15660: 15657: 15654: 15650: 15646: 15643: 15641: 15638: 15636: 15633: 15631: 15628: 15626: 15624: 15620: 15617: 15616: 15613: 15610: 15608: 15605: 15603: 15602:Valproic acid 15600: 15598: 15595: 15593: 15590: 15588: 15585: 15583: 15580: 15578: 15575: 15573: 15570: 15568: 15565: 15563: 15560: 15558: 15555: 15553: 15550: 15548: 15547:Oxitriptyline 15545: 15543: 15542:Oxcarbazepine 15540: 15538: 15535: 15533: 15532:Licarbazepine 15530: 15528: 15525: 15523: 15520: 15518: 15515: 15513: 15510: 15508: 15505: 15503: 15500: 15498: 15495: 15493: 15490: 15488: 15487:Carbamazepine 15485: 15483: 15480: 15477: 15476: 15473: 15470: 15468: 15465: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15453: 15450: 15448: 15445: 15443: 15440: 15438: 15435: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15420: 15418: 15415: 15413: 15410: 15408: 15405: 15403: 15400: 15398: 15395: 15393: 15390: 15388: 15385: 15382: 15381: 15378: 15375: 15374:Antianginals: 15372: 15371: 15369: 15367: 15363: 15360: 15355: 15349: 15346: 15344: 15340: 15326: 15323: 15322: 15320: 15318: 15314: 15308: 15307:Norfluoxetine 15305: 15303: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15293: 15290: 15289: 15287: 15285: 15281: 15278: 15273: 15267: 15257: 15254: 15252: 15249: 15247: 15244: 15242: 15241:Niflumic acid 15239: 15237: 15234: 15232: 15229: 15227: 15220: 15219: 15217: 15215: 15211: 15205: 15202: 15200: 15197: 15195: 15188: 15187: 15185: 15183: 15179: 15176: 15171: 15162: 15152: 15149: 15144: 15138: 15137: 15134: 15131: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15116: 15114: 15111: 15109: 15106: 15104: 15101: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15093:Levcromakalim 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15079: 15076: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15061: 15052: 15051: 15049: 15047: 15043: 15037: 15034: 15032: 15029: 15027: 15024: 15022: 15019: 15017: 15014: 15012: 15009: 15007: 15004: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14989: 14983: 14982: 14979: 14976: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14959: 14956: 14954: 14951: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14926: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14916: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14888:Acetohexamide 14886: 14881: 14872: 14871: 14869: 14867: 14863: 14860: 14855: 14849: 14839: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14821: 14820: 14818: 14816: 14812: 14806: 14803: 14801: 14798: 14796: 14793: 14791: 14783: 14782: 14779: 14776: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14733:Roxithromycin 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14691: 14689: 14686: 14684: 14681: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14669: 14666: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14581: 14579: 14576: 14570: 14566: 14565: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14529: 14527: 14524: 14522: 14519: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14509: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14499: 14497: 14494: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14437: 14434: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14426:Charybdotoxin 14424: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14394: 14392: 14389: 14387: 14384: 14383: 14381: 14379: 14375: 14372: 14367: 14361: 14358: 14356: 14352: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14329: 14328: 14326: 14324: 14320: 14314: 14311: 14309: 14308:Trimethadione 14306: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14201: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14191: 14189: 14186: 14184: 14181: 14179: 14176: 14174: 14171: 14169: 14166: 14164: 14161: 14159: 14156: 14154: 14151: 14149: 14148:Diproteverine 14146: 14144: 14141: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14114: 14111: 14109: 14106: 14103: 14102: 14099: 14096: 14094: 14091: 14089: 14086: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14076: 14074: 14071: 14069: 14066: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14056: 14054: 14051: 14049: 14046: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14025: 14017: 14016: 14013: 14010: 14008: 14007:Ruthenium red 14005: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13982:Levetiracetam 13980: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13970: 13968: 13965: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13945: 13943: 13940: 13938: 13935: 13933: 13932:ω-Agatoxin TK 13930: 13927: 13926: 13923: 13920: 13918: 13915: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13902:Niflumic acid 13900: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13884: 13883: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13871: 13870: 13867: 13864: 13862: 13859: 13857: 13853: 13852: 13849: 13846: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13836: 13834: 13831: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13809: 13806: 13804: 13801: 13799: 13795: 13794: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13719: 13716: 13714: 13711: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13701: 13699: 13696: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13679: 13676: 13674: 13669: 13666: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13656: 13654: 13651: 13649: 13646: 13644: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13594: 13591: 13589: 13586: 13584: 13581: 13579: 13576: 13574: 13571: 13569: 13566: 13564: 13561: 13559: 13556: 13554: 13551: 13549: 13546: 13544: 13541: 13539: 13536: 13534: 13531: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13523:Levamlodipine 13521: 13519: 13518:Lercanidipine 13516: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13481: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13471: 13469: 13466: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13425: 13423: 13419: 13418: 13416: 13414: 13410: 13407: 13402: 13396: 13393: 13391: 13387: 13383: 13376: 13371: 13369: 13364: 13362: 13357: 13356: 13353: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13306: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13293: 13291: 13287:Countries by 13285: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13228:Drug checking 13226: 13225: 13223: 13219: 13210: 13209: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13197:Neurotoxicity 13195: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13185: 13183: 13180: 13176: 13173: 13172: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13142: 13140: 13134: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13111:Cannabis shop 13109: 13107: 13104: 13103: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13084:United States 13082: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13015: 13012: 13010: 13007: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12997: 12995: 12992: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12939:Latin America 12937: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12771: 12770: 12767: 12766: 12764: 12760: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12735: 12733: 12727: 12724: 12716: 12712: 12705: 12701: 12687: 12684: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12674:Plan Colombia 12672: 12670: 12667: 12666: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12634:Designer drug 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12611: 12609: 12605: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12560: 12558: 12556:Drug legality 12554: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12507: 12506: 12505:United States 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12447: 12445: 12439: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12419: 12418:Latin America 12416: 12415: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12390: 12389: 12388:Policy reform 12386: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12358: 12357: 12354: 12353: 12351: 12347: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12325: 12323: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12305: 12304: 12301: 12300: 12298: 12296:International 12294: 12290: 12283: 12279: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12254:Sex and drugs 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12234:Poly drug use 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12176: 12174: 12170: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12143:Cloud-chasing 12141: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12130: 12128: 12126: 12122: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12070:Psychonautics 12068: 12067: 12065: 12063: 12059: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11997:Drinking song 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11987:Diethyl ether 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11977:Beer festival 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11964: 11962: 11960: 11956: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11931: 11929: 11927: 11923: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11823: 11821: 11819: 11815: 11811: 11807: 11802: 11798: 11784: 11781: 11778: 11774: 11773:Nitrous oxide 11771: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11758: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11743: 11741: 11739: 11735: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11716: 11714: 11712: 11708: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11681: 11680: 11677: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11659: 11658: 11655: 11654: 11652: 11650: 11646: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11609: 11608: 11604: 11601: 11600: 11598: 11596: 11592: 11584: 11581: 11580: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11567: 11564: 11563: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11529: 11525: 11524:Nitrous oxide 11522: 11521: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11509: 11505: 11502: 11501: 11499: 11497: 11496:Dissociatives 11493: 11485: 11482: 11481: 11480: 11476: 11473: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11455: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11437: 11434: 11433: 11432: 11429: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11411: 11410: 11407: 11406: 11404: 11402: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11392:Hallucinogens 11389: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11372: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11353: 11352: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11342: 11340: 11338: 11334: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11317: 11316: 11313: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11295: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11257: 11254: 11253: 11252: 11249: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11236: 11235: 11232: 11228: 11225: 11224: 11223: 11220: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11210:Energy drinks 11208: 11206: 11203: 11202: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11189: 11186: 11185: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11175: 11173: 11171: 11167: 11161: 11158: 11154: 11151: 11150: 11149: 11146: 11142: 11139: 11138: 11137: 11134: 11130: 11127: 11126: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11112: 11111: 11110: 11109:Hydromorphone 11107: 11105: 11102: 11097: 11096: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11082: 11079: 11078: 11077: 11074: 11069: 11068: 11067: 11064: 11060: 11057: 11056: 11055: 11052: 11047: 11044: 11043: 11042: 11041:Buprenorphine 11039: 11038: 11036: 11034: 11030: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11005: 11002: 11001: 10999: 10995: 10994:Paint thinner 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10976: 10975: 10971: 10966: 10962: 10961:Nitrous oxide 10959: 10958: 10956: 10955: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10923: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10903: 10901: 10899: 10895: 10891: 10884: 10880: 10876: 10869: 10864: 10862: 10857: 10855: 10850: 10849: 10846: 10836: 10835: 10832: 10826: 10819: 10815: 10812: 10809: 10805: 10804:phencyclidine 10801: 10800:nitrous oxide 10797: 10796:methoxetamine 10793: 10789: 10785: 10782: 10779: 10775: 10771: 10768: 10765: 10761: 10757: 10753: 10749: 10746: 10743: 10739: 10738:dexamethasone 10735: 10732: 10730: 10726: 10722: 10719: 10716: 10712: 10708: 10704: 10700: 10696: 10692: 10688: 10684: 10681: 10674: 10671: 10667: 10663: 10660: 10657: 10653: 10649: 10645: 10641: 10638: 10635: 10631: 10628: 10625: 10621: 10617: 10613: 10610: 10603: 10600: 10596: 10593: 10592:AMPA receptor 10590: 10587: 10583: 10579: 10575: 10571: 10568: 10564: 10557: 10554: 10550: 10546: 10542: 10538: 10534: 10530: 10526: 10523: 10520: 10519: 10516: 10512: 10504: 10499: 10497: 10492: 10490: 10485: 10484: 10481: 10475: 10471: 10466: 10448: 10441: 10438: 10434: 10430: 10429:buprenorphine 10426: 10422: 10418: 10414: 10410: 10407: 10404: 10400: 10396: 10392: 10389: 10386: 10382: 10378: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10350: 10348: 10344: 10338: 10335: 10332: 10328: 10327:nortriptyline 10324: 10323:amitriptyline 10317: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10304: 10300: 10297: 10294: 10290: 10286: 10285:oxcarbazepine 10282: 10281:carbamazepine 10278: 10274: 10270: 10266: 10263: 10262: 10260: 10258: 10254: 10247: 10243: 10236: 10231: 10228: 10225: 10221: 10220:nortriptyline 10217: 10216:amitriptyline 10210: 10205: 10202: 10198: 10191: 10186: 10185: 10183: 10181: 10177: 10173: 10170: 10166: 10159: 10154: 10152: 10147: 10145: 10140: 10139: 10136: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10097: 10093: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10056:Phenaglycodol 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10003: 10001: 9997: 9990: 9986: 9985:Beta blockers 9983: 9980: 9976: 9972: 9968: 9965: 9962: 9958: 9955: 9954: 9952: 9948: 9942: 9938: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9923: 9921: 9919: 9915: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9882: 9875: 9870: 9867: 9860: 9855: 9852: 9845: 9840: 9837: 9830: 9825: 9822: 9815: 9810: 9807: 9800: 9795: 9794: 9792: 9790: 9786: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9761: 9759: 9755: 9752: 9737: 9733: 9727: 9724: 9723: 9721: 9719: 9715: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9698:Chlormezanone 9696: 9694: 9691: 9688: 9684: 9681: 9678: 9677:phenobarbital 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9548: 9547: 9545: 9540: 9532: 9522: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9502: 9500: 9498: 9492: 9482: 9477: 9473: 9466: 9461: 9459: 9454: 9452: 9447: 9446: 9443: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9404: 9400: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9384:Levetiracetam 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9341: 9339: 9335: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9313:Ethoxzolamide 9311: 9309: 9308:Acetazolamide 9306: 9304: 9300: 9299: 9297: 9295: 9294:CA inhibitors 9291: 9288: 9284: 9274: 9271: 9270: 9268: 9266: 9262: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9205: 9204: 9199: 9198:Trimethadione 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9180: 9179: 9177: 9175: 9171: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9138: 9137:Oxcarbazepine 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9127:Carbamazepine 9125: 9123: 9121: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9047: 9046: 9044: 9042: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9027: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9007: 9003: 9002: 8998: 8997: 8995: 8991: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8961: 8960: 8958: 8956: 8952: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8919: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8871: 8870: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8856: 8855: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8844:Phenobarbital 8842: 8840: 8839:Pentobarbital 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8816: 8815: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8791: 8786: 8782: 8775: 8770: 8768: 8763: 8761: 8756: 8755: 8752: 8746: 8742: 8737: 8729: 8728: 8727: 8721: 8717: 8692: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8649: 8641: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8598: 8582: 8578: 8574: 8567: 8565: 8549: 8545: 8539: 8537: 8535: 8526: 8522: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8498: 8491: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8456: 8448: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8407: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8363: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8314: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8291:(2): 82–105. 8290: 8287:(in German). 8286: 8279: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8236: 8228: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8195: 8187: 8181: 8177: 8170: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8127: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8093: 8086: 8078: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8037: 8029: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7988: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7945: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7918: 7902: 7898: 7892: 7877: 7873: 7867: 7851: 7845: 7837: 7831: 7823: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7778: 7771: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7749: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7726: 7718: 7714: 7707: 7699: 7695: 7688: 7680: 7676: 7669: 7661: 7657: 7650: 7648: 7639: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7598: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7571: 7563: 7559: 7553: 7545: 7541: 7535: 7527: 7523: 7516: 7514: 7512: 7503: 7502: 7497: 7491: 7483: 7479: 7472: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7449: 7447: 7430: 7426: 7425: 7420: 7413: 7397: 7393: 7392: 7387: 7381: 7379: 7370: 7366: 7359: 7357: 7348: 7344: 7343: 7338: 7331: 7323: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7290: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7233: 7214: 7208: 7193: 7189: 7183: 7168: 7164: 7158: 7143: 7136: 7130: 7115: 7111: 7110:"WV Code 212" 7105: 7089: 7082: 7076: 7065: 7059: 7043: 7039: 7033: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6990: 6974: 6970: 6964: 6956: 6949: 6943: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6913: 6905: 6901: 6895: 6879: 6875: 6868: 6860: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6819: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6759: 6752: 6744: 6740: 6734: 6726: 6720: 6716: 6715: 6707: 6699: 6692: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6657: 6649: 6643: 6639: 6638: 6630: 6628: 6619: 6613: 6609: 6608: 6600: 6592: 6586: 6582: 6581: 6573: 6565: 6559: 6555: 6554: 6546: 6538: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6495: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6464:(2): 99–106. 6463: 6459: 6452: 6444: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6393: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6350: 6348: 6339: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6298: 6296: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6158: 6150: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6109: 6107: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6071: 6069: 6060: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6019: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5984: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5949: 5947: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5826:R.C. Baselt, 5823: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5780: 5773: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5629: 5622: 5621:public domain 5603: 5599: 5598: 5590: 5584: 5577: 5576:public domain 5558: 5554: 5552: 5546: 5540: 5538: 5531: 5525: 5517: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5476: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5433: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5398: 5382: 5376: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5333: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5290: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5247: 5239: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5198: 5190: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5157:PLOS Medicine 5154: 5147: 5139: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5063: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5010: 5002: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4969: 4961: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4875: 4867: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4818: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4777: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4685: 4677: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4638:(2): 99–100. 4637: 4633: 4629: 4622: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4531: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4488: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4402: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4359: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4310: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4269: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4220: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4171: 4169: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4119: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4026: 4024: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3945: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3765: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3616:PLOS Medicine 3613: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3299:NIHR Evidence 3295: 3288: 3286: 3277: 3273: 3267: 3263: 3262: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3160: 3158: 3142: 3138: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3088: 3086: 3070: 3066: 3060: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3030: 3022: 3016: 3012: 3011: 3003: 3001: 2992: 2988: 2982: 2978: 2977: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2925: 2916: 2914: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2790:10044/1/52908 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2681: 2679: 2674: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2556: 2555: 2550: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2487: 2471: 2467: 2461: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2420: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2385: 2369: 2365: 2359: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2329: 2327: 2322: 2314: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2270: 2259: 2256: 2248: 2238: 2234: 2228: 2226: 2219: 2210: 2209: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2176:Related drugs 2173: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2160: 2150: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2130: 2125: 2124: 2119: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2096: 2091: 2090:peer-reviewed 2087: 2082: 2079: 2075: 2074:Terren Peizer 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1983: 1982: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1937:United States 1934: 1932: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1874: 1872: 1867: 1858: 1849: 1848:constrained. 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1826:GABA analogue 1823: 1820: 1811: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1777: 1775: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1747:lipophilicity 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1725: 1709: 1705: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1645: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1615: 1609: 1605: 1604:GABA analogue 1600: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1572: 1568: 1560: 1556: 1548: 1540: 1536: 1529: 1523: 1522:α-amino acids 1520: 1515: 1509: 1501: 1493: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1461: 1457: 1445: 1437: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1402: 1399: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1243:, as well as 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1198: 1189: 1187: 1186:breastfeeding 1183: 1179: 1169: 1167: 1164:, or prevent 1163: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1110: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1030: 1028: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 982:low back pain 978: 976: 970: 968: 967:nortriptyline 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 943: 941: 930: 928: 918: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 868: 863: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 789: 782: 773: 768: 767: 764: 757: 748: 747: 744: 737: 730: 726: 725: 723: 720: 715: 708: 706: 702: 678: 676: 672: 667: 663: 659: 656: 654: 652:ECHA InfoCard 648: 640: 636: 635:DTXSID0020074 632: 631: 629: 620: 616: 608: 607:RCSB PDB 602: 597: 596: 594: 592: 588: 581: 577: 576: 574: 572: 568: 561: 557: 556: 554: 552: 548: 541: 537: 536: 534: 532: 528: 521: 517: 516: 514: 512: 508: 501: 497: 496: 494: 492: 488: 481: 477: 476: 474: 472: 468: 461: 457: 456: 454: 452: 448: 441: 437: 436: 434: 427: 423: 416: 412: 411: 409: 407: 403: 396:2-acetic acid 394: 393: 390: 383: 378: 375: 372: 370: 366: 362: 360: 353: 349: 347: 343: 339: 337: 333: 329: 327: 323: 319: 315: 302: 300: 290: 288: 279: 276: 266: 263: 253: 252: 250: 248: 244: 239: 231: 226: 223: 222: 220: 218: 214: 211: 210:Gabapentinoid 208: 206: 202: 199: 196: 194: 188: 184: 182: 176: 172: 171:Psychological 167: 164: 162: 156: 150: 141: 140: 138: 136: 130: 123: 118: 109: 108: 106: 104: 100: 96: 92: 90: 86: 82: 78: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 54: 50: 47:Clinical data 45: 41: 36: 32: 27: 19: 16417: 16416: 16327:Talniflumate 15865: 15854:Tetrodotoxin 15844:Neosaxitoxin 15835: 15780: 15754:Propoxycaine 15689:Dimethocaine 15622: 15618: 15587:Valnoctamide 15517:Fosphenytoin 15478: 15452:Procainamide 15442:Pilsicainide 15397:Disopyramide 15383: 15373: 15221: 15189: 15139: 15053: 15021:Ethosuximide 15006:Cloperastine 14984: 14953:Metahexamide 14948:Glycyclamide 14908:Glibornuride 14873: 14822: 14784: 14763:Thioridazine 14718:Promethazine 14703:Orphenadrine 14693:Ketoconazole 14678:Erythromycin 14567: 14330: 14258:Phensuximide 14238:Ochratoxin A 14178:Ethosuximide 14104: 14057: 14026:-selective ( 14018: 13928: 13885: 13872: 13854: 13803:ω-Conotoxins 13796: 13746: 13728:Norverapamil 13693:Dexverapamil 13671: 13645:derivatives: 13641: 13638:Vatanidipine 13633:Trombodipine 13598:Palonidipine 13583:Nitrendipine 13538:Mepirodipine 13443:Azelnidipine 13426: 13420: 13314:Lifetime use 13116:Liquor store 13034:South Africa 12664:War on drugs 12490:Soviet Union 12366:Legalization 12204:Drug tourism 12052:Wine tasting 11972:Beer culture 11934:Coffee break 11871:Cannabis tea 11806:Drug culture 11649:Cannabinoids 11578:Salvinorin A 11544:amyl nitrite 11401:Psychedelics 11153:/paracetamol 11066:Desomorphine 10906:Barbiturates 10830: 10829: 10687:barbiturates 10616:cannabinoids 10577: 10565:-containing 10373:Cannabinoids 10358:Benfotiamine 10268: 10169:fibromyalgia 10026:Lorpiprazole 10016:Fabomotizole 10006:Benzoctamine 9908:Vortioxetine 9884: 9851:clomipramine 9806:escitalopram 9763: 9693:Carisoprodol 9673:Barbiturates 9664: 9549: 9515:Tandospirone 9374:Fenfluramine 9354:Brivaracetam 9303:Sulfonamides 9301: 9236: 9227: 9221: 9218:Phensuximide 9208:Ethosuximide 9203:Succinimides 9201: 9181: 9140: 9120:Carboxamides 9118: 9098: 9073: 9060:Fosphenytoin 9048: 9009: 8999: 8962: 8917: 8867: 8852: 8824:Barbexaclone 8819:Barbiturates 8817: 8741:Medical uses 8724: 8723: 8722:profile for 8719: 8665:(10): 1462. 8662: 8658: 8648: 8614:(12): 2045. 8611: 8607: 8597: 8585:. Retrieved 8576: 8551:. Retrieved 8547: 8544:"Gabapentin" 8500: 8496: 8490: 8465: 8461: 8455: 8420: 8416: 8406: 8373: 8369: 8362: 8327: 8323: 8313: 8288: 8284: 8278: 8245: 8241: 8235: 8208: 8204: 8194: 8175: 8169: 8136: 8132: 8126: 8115:the original 8102: 8098: 8085: 8050: 8046: 8036: 8001: 7997: 7987: 7954: 7950: 7944: 7930:(1): 33–39. 7927: 7923: 7917: 7905:. Retrieved 7900: 7891: 7879:. Retrieved 7875: 7866: 7854:. Retrieved 7844: 7838:. Drugs.com. 7830: 7787: 7783: 7770: 7764:. TheStreet. 7761: 7754:Feuerstein A 7748: 7740:the original 7735: 7725: 7716: 7706: 7697: 7687: 7678: 7668: 7659: 7611: 7607: 7597: 7580: 7576: 7570: 7561: 7552: 7544:the original 7534: 7525: 7499: 7490: 7481: 7471: 7458: 7433:. Retrieved 7429:the original 7422: 7412: 7400:. Retrieved 7396:the original 7389: 7340: 7330: 7303: 7299: 7289: 7246: 7242: 7232: 7220:. Retrieved 7207: 7195:. Retrieved 7191: 7182: 7170:. Retrieved 7166: 7157: 7145:. Retrieved 7141: 7129: 7117:. Retrieved 7113: 7104: 7092:. Retrieved 7090:. March 2017 7087: 7075: 7058: 7046:. Retrieved 7041: 7032: 6999: 6995: 6989: 6977:. Retrieved 6972: 6963: 6954: 6942: 6930:. Retrieved 6926:the original 6922:NursingNotes 6921: 6912: 6904:Adis Insight 6903: 6894: 6882:. Retrieved 6878:the original 6867: 6832: 6828: 6818: 6806:. Retrieved 6799:the original 6768: 6764: 6751: 6743:Adis Insight 6742: 6733: 6713: 6706: 6691: 6666: 6662: 6656: 6636: 6606: 6599: 6579: 6572: 6552: 6545: 6508: 6504: 6494: 6461: 6457: 6451: 6406: 6402: 6392: 6359: 6355: 6311: 6307: 6269: 6265: 6219: 6215: 6167: 6163: 6157: 6122: 6119:Biochemistry 6118: 6080: 6076: 6032: 6028: 6018: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5961:(2): 75–82. 5958: 5954: 5912: 5908: 5862: 5858: 5827: 5822: 5789: 5785: 5772: 5739: 5735: 5689: 5685: 5639: 5635: 5628: 5606:. Retrieved 5595: 5583: 5561:. Retrieved 5548: 5524: 5489: 5485: 5475: 5445:(1): 27–32. 5442: 5438: 5432: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5385:. Retrieved 5375: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5299: 5295: 5289: 5259:(1): 31–42. 5256: 5252: 5246: 5211: 5207: 5197: 5160: 5156: 5146: 5111: 5107: 5097: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5050:. Retrieved 5045:the original 5023: 5019: 5009: 4982: 4978: 4968: 4931: 4927: 4917: 4884: 4880: 4874: 4839: 4835: 4825: 4790: 4786: 4776: 4743: 4739: 4733: 4698: 4694: 4684: 4670:cite journal 4635: 4631: 4621: 4588: 4584: 4577: 4544: 4540: 4530: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4454: 4450: 4444: 4414:(1): 60–72. 4411: 4407: 4401: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4323: 4319: 4309: 4282: 4278: 4268: 4233: 4229: 4219: 4184: 4180: 4132: 4128: 4118: 4085: 4081: 4074: 4039: 4035: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3965:(2): 84–90. 3962: 3958: 3952: 3915: 3911: 3901: 3866: 3862: 3814: 3810: 3774: 3770: 3764: 3719: 3715: 3705: 3670: 3666: 3656: 3619: 3615: 3605: 3570: 3566: 3517:(1): 13–21. 3514: 3510: 3500: 3467: 3463: 3457: 3424: 3420: 3414: 3392:(3): 302–4. 3389: 3385: 3379: 3344: 3340: 3298: 3260: 3253: 3220: 3216: 3210: 3173: 3169: 3144:. Retrieved 3140: 3130: 3097: 3093: 3072:. Retrieved 3068: 3059: 3047:. Retrieved 3038: 3029: 3009: 2975: 2968: 2933: 2929: 2923: 2887: 2883: 2835: 2831: 2773: 2769: 2719: 2715: 2684:. Retrieved 2676: 2629: 2625: 2598:. Retrieved 2589: 2559:. Retrieved 2552: 2508:. Retrieved 2486: 2474:. Retrieved 2469: 2460: 2433: 2429: 2419: 2397:(3): 302–4. 2394: 2390: 2384: 2372:. Retrieved 2367: 2358: 2346:. Retrieved 2342:the original 2337: 2311: 2296: 2293: 2277: 2273: 2266: 2251: 2242: 2222: 2179: 2163: 2156: 2147: 2144:Usage trends 2127: 2121: 2115: 2108:Scott Pelley 2101: 2100: 2093: 2083: 2048: 2001: 1986: 1979: 1976: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1940: 1928: 1920:Legal status 1880: 1863: 1833: 1830:γ-amino acid 1816: 1785: 1778: 1771: 1743:blood plasma 1728: 1698: 1682: 1651: 1623: 1601: 1590: 1579: 1566: 1516: 1433: 1425:Pharmacology 1408: 1395: 1383:hypertension 1367: 1342:laparoscopic 1319: 1278: 1213:side effects 1203: 1192:Side effects 1175: 1151: 1124: 1113: 1106: 1093:drug craving 1089:hyperalgesia 1078: 1067: 1051: 1036: 1024: 1021: 1010: 1007: 992:-associated 979: 971: 959:central pain 944: 936: 924: 896: 893:Medical uses 864: 840:side effects 830: 826:central pain 801: 797: 796: 785: 363:5 to 7 hours 356:Elimination 340:Less than 3% 247:Legal status 241:Legal status 103:License data 18: 16477:Anxiolytics 15993:Triamterene 15947:Poneratoxin 15937:Ciguatoxins 15824:Raxatrigine 15819:Ralfinamide 15814:PF-05089771 15809:PF-04531083 15781:Analgesics: 15739:Piperocaine 15724:Meprylcaine 15719:Mepivacaine 15674:Cinchocaine 15653:Ropivacaine 15645:Bupivacaine 15572:Sipatrigine 15557:Pheneturide 15552:Phenacemide 15537:Mephenytoin 15522:Lamotrigine 15502:Elpetrigine 15457:Propafenone 15402:Dronedarone 14978:Tolbutamide 14968:Repaglinide 14963:Nateglinide 14958:Mitiglinide 14938:Glisoxepide 14923:Glimepiride 14913:Glicaramide 14893:Carbutamide 14795:Linopirdine 14778:Vernakalant 14768:Tolterodine 14758:Terfenadine 14748:Tamulotoxin 14743:Solifenacin 14713:PNU-282,987 14688:Haloperidol 14683:Gigactonine 14663:Domperidone 14648:Darifenacin 14613:Bedaquiline 14598:Azaspiracid 14561:Vernakalant 14496:Linopirdine 14456:Dronedarone 14446:Dendrotoxin 14431:Clamikalant 14303:Tolperisone 14298:Tetrandrine 14288:Sipatrigine 14283:Silperisone 14268:Prenylamine 14208:Lidoflazine 14163:Elpetrigine 14073:Mirogabalin 13977:Lamotrigine 13972:Flunarizine 13967:Efonidipine 13957:Cinnarizine 13952:Cilnidipine 13907:NNC 55-0396 13833:Ralfinamide 13780:Fantofarone 13775:Dronedarone 13760:Budiodarone 13755:Brinazarone 13718:Levemopamil 13618:Sornidipine 13613:Sagandipine 13603:Pranidipine 13578:Nisoldipine 13568:Nilvadipine 13558:Niguldipine 13548:Nicardipine 13513:Lemildipine 13498:Iganidipine 13493:Furnidipine 13458:Cronidipine 13453:Clevidipine 13448:Barnidipine 13438:Aranidipine 13321:Opiates use 13301:Cocaine use 13136:Issues with 13054:Switzerland 13039:South Korea 13009:Puerto Rico 12994:Philippines 12864:El Salvador 12774:Afghanistan 12510:Just Say No 12500:Switzerland 12475:Netherlands 12441:Drug policy 12371:Prohibition 12356:Drug policy 12349:State level 12194:Dance party 12105:Microdosing 12062:Psychedelia 12017:Oktoberfest 11939:Coffeehouse 11916:Stoner film 11607:Scopolamine 11337:Entactogens 11315:Theobromine 11178:Amphetamine 11104:Hydrocodone 11094:Diamorphine 10898:Depressants 10644:amphetamine 10595:antagonists 10541:hydrocodone 10413:hydrocodone 10331:desipramine 10293:lamotrigine 10277:mirogabalin 10201:milnacipran 10107:from market 10036:Mepiprazole 10021:Hydroxyzine 10011:Cycloserine 9989:propranolol 9931:Flupentixol 9888:Agomelatine 9866:mirtazapine 9687:meprobamate 9621:Fludiazepam 9596:Clotiazepam 9591:Clorazepate 9472:Anxiolytics 9414:from market 9364:Carisbamate 9359:Cannabidiol 9245:Lamotrigine 9149:Lamotrigine 9100:Fatty acids 9095:Pheneturide 9090:Phenacemide 9065:Mephenytoin 8964:Fatty acids 8945:Stiripentol 8940:Paraldehyde 8904:Nimetazepam 8884:Clorazepate 8829:Metharbital 7872:"Neurontin" 7790:(1): 5005. 7528:. CBS News. 7367:. Reuters. 6511:: 151–158. 6083:(1): 1–11. 5608:22 December 5563:21 December 5345:: 225–234. 2838:: 162–169. 2686:14 December 2561:21 December 2374:21 December 2307:neuropathic 2245:August 2024 2153:Brand names 2076:, a former 2058:hydroxyzine 2027:Aetna, Inc. 1906:in 2002. A 1883:Parke-Davis 1819:substituted 1761:(ABCB1) or 1708:peak levels 1619:or another 1535:-isoleucine 1379:tachycardia 1330:depressants 1328:, or other 1261:anaphylaxis 1168:in adults. 1116:hot flashes 875:Parke-Davis 712: g·mol 658:100.056.415 560:CHEBI:42797 380:Identifiers 89:MedlinePlus 62:Other names 53:Trade names 16467:Analgesics 16461:Categories 16297:Bumetanide 16235:Activators 16225:Piretanide 16220:Lonidamine 16171:Activators 16156:Mibefradil 16151:Mefloquine 16141:Furosemide 16136:Fluoxetine 16116:Crofelemer 16003:Activators 15926:Versutoxin 15922:Robustoxin 15904:Activators 15889:Safinamide 15839:Conotoxins 15774:Trimecaine 15769:Tetracaine 15744:Prilocaine 15734:Orthocaine 15709:Iontocaine 15704:Hexylcaine 15699:Etidocaine 15640:Benzocaine 15630:Amylocaine 15612:Zonisamide 15607:Valpromide 15577:Topiramate 15567:Rufinamide 15527:Lacosamide 15492:Cenobamate 15447:Prajmaline 15437:Moricizine 15432:Mexiletine 15427:Lorcainide 15412:Flecainide 15377:Ranolazine 15317:Activators 15302:Fluoxetine 15246:Nimesulide 15228:-specific: 15214:Activators 15196:-specific: 15148:-specific: 15128:Rilmakalim 15118:Nicorandil 15078:Cromakalim 15065:-specific: 15046:Activators 15036:Tipepidine 15026:Ifenprodil 15001:Caramiphen 14993:-specific: 14973:Tolazamide 14933:Gliquidone 14918:Gliclazide 14885:-specific: 14838:Retigabine 14833:Flupirtine 14830:-specific: 14815:Activators 14792:-specific: 14773:Vanoxerine 14753:Terodiline 14738:Sertindole 14728:Ranolazine 14593:Astemizole 14583:Amiodarone 14551:Terikalant 14526:Pinokalant 14511:Nifekalant 14506:Maurotoxin 14501:Lolitrem B 14491:Kaliotoxin 14451:Dofetilide 14441:Dalazatide 14436:Conotoxins 14406:Amiodarone 14401:Almokalant 14323:Activators 14313:Valperinol 14293:Terodiline 14233:Naftopidil 14223:Mesuximide 14153:Enpiperate 14133:Cycleanine 14118:Bevantolol 14108:Bencyclane 14098:Pregabalin 14088:PD-299,685 14083:PD-217,014 14078:PD-200,347 14068:Imagabalin 14058:Gabapentin 14048:Atagabalin 14038:Arbaclofen 13997:Mibefradil 13992:Loperamide 13987:Lomerizine 13962:Dotarizine 13942:Benidipine 13922:Zonisamide 13838:Safinamide 13813:Caroverine 13765:Celivarone 13713:Gallopamil 13668:Siratiazem 13658:Iprotiazem 13648:Clentiazem 13628:Tiamdipine 13623:Teludipine 13588:Olradipine 13573:Nimodipine 13563:Niludipine 13553:Nifedipine 13543:Mesudipine 13533:Manidipine 13508:Lacidipine 13503:Isradipine 13488:Flordipine 13483:Felodipine 13478:Elnadipine 13473:Elgodipine 13463:Darodipine 13433:Amlodipine 13309:Annual use 13160:Dependence 13024:Seychelles 12929:Kyrgyzstan 12844:Costa Rica 12789:Bangladesh 12762:Drug trade 12731:production 12720:production 12639:Drug court 12525:California 12443:by country 12376:Regulation 12110:Smart shop 12095:Literature 12090:Experience 12037:Sports bar 12002:Happy hour 11967:Bartending 11738:Club drugs 11711:Oneirogens 11595:Deliriants 11475:Psilocybin 11298:Polacrilex 11268:Mephedrone 11170:Stimulants 10972:Hazardous 10916:Carbamates 10818:suvorexant 10742:prednisone 10695:carbamates 10656:mephedrone 10599:perampanel 10582:pregabalin 10578:gabapentin 10437:tapentadol 10381:dronabinol 10337:Ziconotide 10309:Mexiletine 10289:lacosamide 10273:pregabalin 10269:gabapentin 10242:tapentadol 10197:duloxetine 10051:Oxaflozane 9979:guanfacine 9926:Quetiapine 9903:Vilazodone 9898:Tianeptine 9881:phenelzine 9821:duloxetine 9779:Pregabalin 9764:Gabapentin 9683:Carbamates 9646:Nordazepam 9601:Cloxazolam 9586:Clonazepam 9566:Bromazepam 9561:Alprazolam 9556:Adinazolam 9389:Perampanel 9379:Ganaxolone 9369:Etiracetam 9328:Zonisamide 9323:Topiramate 9273:Retigabine 9255:Zonisamide 9250:Topiramate 9233:Pregabalin 9228:Gabapentin 9213:Mesuximide 9164:Zonisamide 9159:Topiramate 9154:Rufinamide 9144:Lacosamide 9110:Valpromide 9050:Hydantoins 9032:modulators 8984:Vigabatrin 8974:Valpromide 8909:Nitrazepam 8879:Clonazepam 8859:Cenobamate 8854:Carbamates 8794:GABAergics 8726:Gabapentin 7526:60 Minutes 7501:SCOTUSBlog 7435:13 January 7402:13 January 5387:20 January 4934:(9): 834. 2348:9 February 2317:References 2186:atagabalin 2182:pregabalin 2117:60 Minutes 2066:dependence 2054:flumazenil 1842:carboxylic 1822:derivative 1788:eliminated 1774:metabolism 1769:(<1%). 1658:intestines 1640:enzymne (K 1634:metabolism 1571:micromolar 1519:endogenous 1411:somnolence 1294:topiramate 1237:anorgasmia 1209:somnolence 1127:spasticity 1074:alcoholism 887:unapproved 883:physicians 832:Sleepiness 798:Gabapentin 717:3D model ( 705:Molar mass 591:PDB ligand 520:6CW7F3G59X 491:ChemSpider 451:IUPHAR/BPS 415:60142-96-3 406:CAS Number 389:IUPAC name 346:Metabolism 205:Drug class 173:: Moderate 159:Dependence 122:Gabapentin 23:Gabapentin 16418:See also: 16317:Mepacrine 16263:Ivacaftor 16179:Carbachol 16062:Ibuprofen 16052:Amiloride 16011:Solnatide 15983:Amiloride 15912:Aconitine 15874:Evenamide 15849:Saxitoxin 15764:Risocaine 15714:Lidocaine 15659:Butacaine 15635:Articaine 15562:Phenytoin 15472:Tocainide 15467:Sparteine 15462:Quinidine 15422:Lorajmine 15417:Lidocaine 15407:Encainide 15392:Aprindine 15133:Sarakalim 15123:Pinacidil 15113:Naminidil 15103:Minoxidil 15098:Mazokalim 15083:Diazoxide 15073:Bimakalim 15068:Aprikalim 15031:Tertiapin 15011:Clozapine 14928:Glipizide 14723:Quinidine 14673:Ergtoxins 14638:Cisapride 14628:BRL-32872 14608:Azimilide 14571:(KCNH2, K 14546:Tedisamil 14531:Quinidine 14521:Paxilline 14486:Inakalant 14481:Ibutilide 14466:Hanatoxin 14421:Bunaftine 14416:Bretylium 14411:Azimilide 14396:Adekalant 14355:Potassium 14337:Bay K8644 14278:Sesamodil 14228:Monatepil 14218:Manoalide 14213:Magnesium 14198:Imepitoin 14188:Fendiline 14168:Ethadione 14158:Eperisone 14138:Dauricine 14113:Berbamine 14024:δ subunit 13828:PD-173212 13743:Verapamil 13733:Ronipamil 13723:Nexopamil 13708:Falipamil 13703:Etripamil 13688:Devapamil 13683:Dagapamil 13663:Nictiazem 13653:Diltiazem 13643:Diltiazem 13593:Oxodipine 13305:Cannabis 13150:Addiction 13106:Beer shop 13089:Venezuela 12954:Mauritius 12784:Australia 12722:and trade 12649:Drug test 12450:Australia 12224:Nootropic 12209:Entheogen 12184:Club drug 12032:Sommelier 12027:Pub crawl 12012:Nightclub 12007:Hip flask 11944:Latte art 11881:Head shop 11751:Quaaludes 11519:Inhalants 11468:San Pedro 11453:Mescaline 11436:Ayahuasca 11409:Bufotenin 11354:Benzofury 11345:2C series 11325:Chocolate 11288:Modafinil 11278:Methylone 11251:Ephedrine 11222:Cathinone 11183:Arecoline 11148:Oxycodone 11119:Methadone 10953:Inhalants 10831:See also: 10808:inhalants 10764:areca nut 10760:arecoline 10729:analogues 10707:inhalants 10618:) (e.g., 10576:) (e.g., 10563:δ subunit 10545:oxycodone 10531:) (e.g., 10425:methadone 10421:oxycodone 10403:methadone 10368:Bupropion 10303:lidocaine 10224:dosulepin 10117:Phase III 10105:Withdrawn 10086:Validolum 10081:Tofisopam 10076:Tiagabine 10066:Picamilon 10046:Opipramol 9971:clonidine 9893:Bupropion 9836:trazodone 9726:Zopiclone 9718:Hypnotics 9708:Etifoxine 9656:Pinazepam 9641:Medazepam 9636:Lorazepam 9631:Ketazolam 9626:Halazepam 9571:Camazepam 9505:Buspirone 9424:Phase III 9412:Withdrawn 9349:Beclamide 9240:Imepitoin 9188:Ethadione 9105:Valproate 9070:Phenytoin 9016:Tiagabine 9006:Progabide 8969:Valproate 8935:Imepitoin 8914:Temazepam 8899:Midazolam 8894:Lorazepam 8864:Felbamate 8849:Primidone 8571:Coile C. 8417:Addiction 8354:208537638 8161:195878855 8004:: 21–39. 7608:Addiction 7002:: k4364. 6808:15 August 6486:264888110 5664:266985259 5492:: l2147. 5302:: 36–39. 5052:22 August 4836:Neurology 4522:209462426 4129:Addiction 4110:201662179 3315:252983016 3074:30 August 3049:30 August 2960:216082872 2654:265753780 2592:. WebMD. 2510:16 August 2430:CNS Drugs 2368:Drugs.com 2338:Drugs.com 2237:talk page 2095:Addiction 2078:junk bond 1885:to be an 1852:Synthesis 1805:Chemistry 1781:cirrhosis 1706:(time to 1656:from the 1630:transport 1559:nanomolar 1480:neurexins 1398:rewarding 1306:self-harm 1245:myoclonus 1233:mentation 1229:nystagmus 1205:Dizziness 1182:pregnancy 1143:essential 907:off-label 836:dizziness 802:Neurontin 580:ChEMBL940 369:Excretion 358:half-life 191:Routes of 181:liability 179:Addiction 161:liability 133:Pregnancy 81:Monograph 75:Drugs.com 16451:Medicine 16403:instead. 16378:instead. 16289:Blockers 16281:Unsorted 16207:Blockers 16108:Blockers 16085:Chloride 16047:A-317567 16039:Blockers 15988:Benzamil 15975:Blockers 15804:NKTR-171 15799:GDC-0276 15794:Funapide 15789:DSP-2230 15784:AZD-3161 15749:Procaine 15664:Butamben 15512:Ethotoin 15387:Ajmaline 15366:Blockers 15325:Riluzole 15284:Blockers 15182:Blockers 15088:Emakalim 14866:Blockers 14708:Pimozide 14578:Ajmaline 14378:Blockers 14193:Fostedil 14123:Canadine 14093:Phenibut 14053:Baclofen 14002:NP078585 13947:Bepridil 13785:SR-33805 13738:Tiapamil 13698:Emopamil 13678:Anipamil 13413:Blockers 13289:drug use 13202:Overdose 13138:drug use 13064:Thailand 13049:Suriname 13029:Slovakia 13004:Portugal 12989:Paraguay 12949:Malaysia 12889:Honduras 12839:Colombia 12824:Cambodia 12545:Virginia 12535:Maryland 12530:Colorado 12485:Slovakia 12480:Portugal 12153:Smokeasy 12047:Wine bar 11949:Teahouse 11672:Hash oil 11603:Atropine 11561:Muscimol 11551:Ketamine 11514:Glaucine 11479:Psilocin 11293:Nicotine 11200:Caffeine 11160:Tramadol 11136:Morphine 11113:Dilaudid 11089:Fentanyl 11080:Darvocet 11070:Krokodil 11045:Suboxone 10984:Gasoline 10974:solvents 10957:Medical 10792:ketamine 10752:nicotine 10680:receptor 10634:levodopa 10624:cannabis 10612:agonists 10609:receptor 10586:phenibut 10570:blockers 10533:morphine 10525:agonists 10511:euphoria 10433:tramadol 10417:morphine 10395:ketamine 10385:nabilone 10377:cannabis 10246:tramadol 10061:Phenibut 10041:Nicotine 9961:prazosin 9774:Phenibut 9754:blockers 9661:Prazepam 9651:Oxazepam 9616:Etizolam 9606:Diazepam 9581:Clobazam 9510:Gepirone 9497:agonists 9344:Albutoin 9318:Sultiame 9055:Ethotoin 8889:Diazepam 8874:Clobazam 8691:38791679 8682:11117262 8640:37370556 8631:10295034 8581:Archived 8517:29099247 8482:21831060 8447:27265421 8398:59226292 8390:30676102 8346:31786961 8305:29179227 8270:24396685 8262:28144823 8227:28767350 8153:31291212 8105:: 1018. 8077:22867659 8028:19787095 7979:22241527 7971:21681607 7936:16425669 7897:"Brands" 7822:37591833 7813:10435503 7698:NBC News 7679:CBS News 7638:22082089 7369:Archived 7347:Archived 7322:22575611 7281:17085492 7273:14664664 7264:10437292 7197:12 April 7024:53520780 7016:30327316 6859:23342236 6795:14664664 6786:10437292 6683:21428817 6537:20505847 6478:37918778 6458:Am J Med 6443:10518579 6384:32513471 6376:19937841 6338:26305616 6286:23567998 6244:16398062 6236:20818832 6184:18656534 6149:30427175 6059:30021858 6010:17403543 5975:17222465 5937:33200190 5929:27345098 5879:16376147 5814:49344251 5806:29930223 5764:10345555 5756:28988943 5714:21108959 5706:26721643 5656:38224592 5602:Archived 5557:Archived 5516:31189556 5467:54130760 5459:30383553 5424:20388896 5367:53165515 5359:30381161 5324:32010921 5316:29111014 5281:39571068 5273:26559937 5238:25590213 5189:28809936 5138:23797675 5089:21940981 5040:27535436 5001:20054678 4960:34577534 4909:10662268 4901:21080739 4866:22013182 4817:24142589 4768:39737885 4760:22556282 4725:33283264 4662:21767770 4613:21669996 4605:29756335 4569:25028259 4561:27207462 4514:31870736 4471:22661344 4436:40370476 4428:22072056 4393:21477128 4385:19601699 4350:30687936 4301:24250527 4260:20081039 4211:29241365 4159:31077485 4102:31461226 4066:26835178 4014:24364635 3979:20124884 3944:28769860 3885:29579375 3839:38188832 3831:17502773 3791:29486015 3756:21203440 3716:PLOS ONE 3697:29970367 3648:28809936 3597:25575710 3543:17372630 3484:24798217 3449:46952737 3441:16978035 3406:15898970 3371:34819636 3276:Archived 3245:85497732 3237:30907944 3202:30480717 3122:39262014 3114:16908923 3069:ClinCalc 3043:Archived 3039:ClinCalc 2991:Archived 2952:32321743 2904:23642658 2862:32521436 2808:28597471 2746:14236933 2738:20402746 2594:Archived 2554:DailyMed 2504:Archived 2476:30 March 2452:24760436 2411:15898970 2299:epilepsy 2269:cannabis 2231:You may 2123:NBC News 2092:journal 2050:Gabasync 2045:Gabasync 1887:analogue 1694:morphine 1654:absorbed 1541:, bind α 1528:-leucine 1494:to two: 1492:affinity 1405:Overdose 1387:insomnia 1350:epilepsy 1302:epilepsy 1162:tinnitus 1120:estrogen 986:sciatica 921:Seizures 788:(verify) 471:DrugBank 275:Class C1 217:ATC code 198:By mouth 166:Physical 148: B1 135:category 117:DailyMed 16057:Aspirin 15879:Menthol 15866:Others: 15836:Toxins: 15679:Cocaine 15204:GAL-021 14824:KCNQ (K 14786:KCNQ (K 14603:AZD1305 14541:Sotalol 14536:ShK-186 14516:Notoxin 14203:JTV-519 14183:Fasudil 13912:ProTx I 13892:ABT-639 13879:SNX-482 13750:AH-1058 13747:Others: 13390:Calcium 12964:Nigeria 12959:Moldova 12879:Germany 12874:Finland 12869:Estonia 12809:Bolivia 12465:Germany 12264:Whoonga 12115:Therapy 11783:Poppers 11761:Ecstasy 11746:Cocaine 11694:APINACA 11684:JWH-018 11667:Hashish 11539:poppers 11375:Ecstasy 11308:Tobacco 11256:Ephedra 11234:Cocaine 11054:Codeine 11048:Subutex 11033:Opioids 10816:(e.g., 10786:(e.g., 10778:poppers 10772:(e.g., 10756:tobacco 10750:(e.g., 10736:(e.g., 10685:(e.g., 10666:cocaine 10664:(e.g., 10642:(e.g., 10632:(e.g., 10597:(e.g., 10529:opioids 10411:(e.g., 10409:Opioids 10393:(e.g., 10375:(e.g., 10321:(e.g., 10301:(e.g., 10267:(e.g., 10240:(e.g., 10214:(e.g., 10195:(e.g., 10031:Mebicar 9987:(e.g., 9969:(e.g., 9959:(e.g., 9885:Others: 9879:(e.g., 9864:(e.g., 9849:(e.g., 9834:(e.g., 9819:(e.g., 9804:(e.g., 9685:(e.g., 9675:(e.g., 9668:Alpidem 9665:Others: 9237:Others: 9141:Others: 9075:Ureides 9030:Channel 8921:Bromide 8918:Others: 8716:Scholia 8659:Animals 8608:Animals 8553:2 April 8525:7780988 8438:5573873 8111:8959463 8068:3404313 8019:2746576 7907:17 June 7901:Viatris 7881:17 June 7856:17 June 7792:Bibcode 7629:4122522 7482:Reuters 7222:28 June 7094:18 June 7048:2 April 6979:2 April 6932:16 June 6884:22 June 6850:3539268 6528:2874339 6411:Bibcode 6329:4675962 6140:6528808 6097:8565962 6050:6108572 5507:6559335 5229:5393509 5180:5557428 5129:6599858 4951:8469561 4857:3208950 4808:3899476 4716:8094883 4653:3692272 4479:1950738 4341:6360924 4292:3813133 4251:2825098 4202:5957503 4150:6682454 4057:4732322 3987:4046961 3935:5510619 3918:: 316. 3893:4321472 3747:3010990 3724:Bibcode 3688:6028270 3639:5557428 3588:4493167 3534:2670721 3492:6943460 3362:9095464 3193:6583557 3146:11 June 3141:Reuters 2853:7483897 2799:6452908 2646:7693432 2600:6 April 2303:chronic 2200:(FDA). 2190:prodrug 2166:Viatris 2103:Barrons 2070:cocaine 1889:of the 1877:History 1793:in the 1791:renally 1625:in vivo 1567:in vivo 1474:δ with 1438:of the 1419:opioids 1415:alcohol 1391:tapered 1370:rebound 1322:opioids 1310:lithium 1282:suicide 1275:Suicide 1217:Fatigue 1058:arousal 1004:Anxiety 975:placebo 844:suicide 710:171.240 675:Formula 480:DB00996 426:PubChem 299:Class C 285:: 233:) 227: ( 225:N02BF01 119:: 95:a694007 16437:Portal 16354:Others 15343:Sodium 14996:Barium 14800:XE-991 14668:E-4031 14618:BeKm-1 14588:AmmTX3 14471:HgeTx1 14461:E-4031 14243:Osthol 14012:TROX-1 13897:ML-218 13069:Turkey 13059:Taiwan 13014:Russia 12999:Poland 12979:Panama 12969:Norway 12944:Latvia 12924:Kosovo 12854:Cyprus 12814:Brazil 12804:Bhutan 12794:Belize 12540:Oregon 12495:Sweden 12455:Canada 12214:Hippie 12148:Loosie 11617:Datura 11463:Peyote 11448:LSD-25 11205:Coffee 11129:Kratom 11098:Heroin 11083:Darvon 11000:Other 10727:) and 10553:kratom 10537:heroin 10346:Others 10230:Opioid 10100:WHO-EM 10071:Selank 9999:Others 9407:WHO-EM 9337:Others 9286:Others 8993:Others 8718:has a 8689: 8679: 8638: 8628: 8587:12 May 8523: 8515: 8480: 8445: 8435: 8396: 8388: 8352: 8344: 8303: 8268: 8260: 8225: 8182: 8159: 8151: 8109: 8075: 8065: 8026: 8016: 7977: 7969: 7934: 7876:Pfizer 7820: 7810: 7636: 7626: 7320: 7279: 7271: 7261: 7172:30 May 7147:30 May 7142:tn.gov 7119:30 May 7042:GOV.UK 7022: 7014: 6973:GOV.UK 6955:GOV.UK 6857: 6847: 6793: 6783: 6721: 6681: 6644: 6614: 6587: 6560: 6535: 6525: 6484: 6476: 6441: 6431: 6382: 6374: 6336: 6326: 6284: 6242: 6234: 6182: 6147: 6137: 6095: 6057: 6047: 6008: 5973: 5935: 5927: 5877: 5834: 5812: 5804: 5762: 5754: 5712: 5704: 5662: 5654: 5514: 5504: 5465: 5457: 5422: 5365: 5357: 5322: 5314: 5279: 5271: 5236: 5226: 5187: 5177: 5136: 5126: 5087: 5038: 4999: 4958: 4948: 4907: 4899: 4864: 4854: 4815: 4805: 4766: 4758: 4723: 4713: 4660: 4650: 4611: 4603: 4567: 4559: 4520: 4512: 4477: 4469: 4434: 4426: 4391: 4383: 4348: 4338: 4299: 4289: 4258: 4248: 4209: 4199: 4157: 4147: 4108: 4100: 4064: 4054: 4012: 3985: 3977: 3942: 3932: 3891: 3883: 3837: 3829: 3789: 3754: 3744: 3695: 3685: 3646: 3636: 3595: 3585: 3541: 3531: 3490: 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