166:, claimed that the Syrian proconsul sent the murderers back to Egypt because the senate in Rome, not he, was responsible for the punishment of the criminals, who were still Roman citizens. The German historian Christoph Schäfer did not believe this version and pointed out that the proconsul probably punished the killers instead, since he had the legal authority and had he believed that the murderers could only be judged by the Senate he would not have returned them to Egypt anyway, but to Rome. Schäfer believes that Cleopatra's break with the Gabiniani was the main cause of her subsequent loss of power because her actions led to the mercenaries joining those who supported Ptolemy XIII and his three influential guardians and advisors,
216:, he fled to the coast of Egypt and demanded help and support from the Ptolemaic government. The advisors of Ptolemy XIII were not willing to get involved in the Roman civil war and decided to murder Pompey in an attempt to please the victorious Caesar. Pothinus and his companions allegedly also feared that Pompey would try to incite the former Roman soldiers in the Ptolemaic army – who had earlier fought under his command – so that he could gain control over Egypt. It is considered unlikely that the
243:
Caesar arrived in Egypt a few days after the assassination of Pompey. In spite of the elimination of his enemy, he did not leave the country and supported the expelled
Cleopatra in the Ptolemaic power struggle. Pothinus organized military opposition against Caesar. In the Alexandrinian war that
161:
Cleopatra continued the pro-Roman policies of her father. She immediately had the murderers arrested and handed over in chains to
Bibulus. This action turned the Gabiniani into bitter enemies of the queen as Cleopatra wanted to maintain good relations with Rome. The Roman historian,
126:. They married Egyptian women and had already fathered children with them before the arrival of Caesar in Egypt (48 BC). Over time, they lost their connection with Rome and became a loyal protecting power of Ptolemy XII, who used them in fights against rebellious subjects.
208:
of being so much used to the old customs of the
Alexandrinian soldiers that they demanded the execution of friends of kings, they tried to raise their pay by besieging the palace, and they deposed kings and brought other men to power.
248:
played an important role: they were the core divisions of
Achillas' army that comprised 20,000 infantrymen and 2000 cavalrymen. The forces of Caesar were one-fifth the size of his opponent's. Caesar relates in his
266:
with three reliable legions, the XXVII, XXVIII and XXIX. These served as the Roman occupying army of Egypt and were tasked with protecting
Cleopatra but also to ensure the queen's loyalty to Rome.
487:
142:, were supposed to succeed jointly on the throne as husband and wife, but the young queen soon ousted her brother and husband and ruled alone. She quickly came into a serious conflict with the
158:
for the war against the
Parthians. The Gabiniani, however, did not want to give up their comfortable life in the Ptolemaic Empire to fight against the Parthians so they killed Bibulus's sons.
47:
on the
Egyptian throne in 55 BC. The soldiers were left to protect the King, but they soon adopted the manners of their new country and became completely alienated from the
482:
193:
that had just broken out. At this time
Ptolemy XIII had regained equal power with Cleopatra, and both rulers complied with the petition. Among other things, they sent 500
122:, while they neglected Roman discipline. Nevertheless they still possessed a great fighting strength because Caesar described them as very dangerous enemies in the
220:
could have been convinced to take part in such an action given their close connection to the
Egyptian monarchy and community. Indeed two leading members of the
477:
204:
At the end of 49 BC Cleopatra was driven out of
Alexandria at the instigation of Pothinus. Probably in connection with this action, Caesar accused the
182:
449:
434:
472:
467:
95:, restored the king to the throne after a short campaign. Then he left a part of his army, called after him the
52:
287:
251:
123:
68:
235:
Salvius, participated in the assassination of Pompey (25 July 48 BC according to the Julian calendar).
151:
83:
had to leave Egypt and went into political exile in Rome due to a popular revolt, and his daughter
422:
190:
64:
84:
146:. In 53 BC the powerful Parthians had inflicted a devastating defeat on the Romans in the
8:
353:
6.14.2; compare also Christoph Schäfer, 2006, p. 42-43, and Michael Grant, 1998, p. 74-75
213:
80:
44:
255:
that fugitive criminals and exiles from the neighbouring Roman provinces had joined the
346:
175:
150:, and three years later – at the beginning of the year 50 BC – the governor of Syria,
445:
430:
147:
36:
292:
228:
163:
104:
32:
48:
40:
262:
After the successful conclusion of the Alexandrinian war, Caesar replaced the
461:
282:
139:
115:
114:
were not a Roman occupying army but mercenaries of Ptolemy XII. According to
60:
135:
134:
After the death of Ptolemy XII (51 BC), his two oldest surviving children,
304:
92:
259:
because the government recruited them to swell the ranks of their army.
119:
99:, in Egypt for the king's protection. These Roman troops also included
232:
88:
56:
171:
167:
225:
87:
seized the throne. Three years later, Aulus Gabinius, the Roman
51:. After the death of Auletes in 51 BC, they helped his son
488:
Military units and formations established in the 1st century BC
334:
296:
186:
396:
3.104.1 and 3.104.3; compare Christoph Schäfer, 2006, p. 50-51
100:
74:
429:, 1972 and 1974 (here used a German edition of 1998),
118:, they soon adopted the dissipated way of life of the
483:
Military units and formations of the Roman Republic
459:
383:3.110.5; compare Christoph Schäfer, 2006, p. 43
189:, came to Egypt to ask for military aid in the
154:, sent two of his sons to Egypt to recruit the
129:
110:Because Egypt was nominally independent, the
21:
478:Military history of the Ptolemaic Kingdom
55:in his power struggle against his sister
75:Protecting power of Ptolemy XII in Egypt
460:
212:After Pompey's decisive defeat in the
437:, pp. 35–36, 74-75, 78, 86, 102.
238:
63:, the supporter of Cleopatra, during
43:after he had reinstated the Pharaoh
13:
197:horsemen to Pompey. This time the
185:, the oldest son of the triumvir,
14:
499:
333:Valerius Maximus 4.1.15; compare
35:and 500 cavalrymen stationed in
191:civil war against Julius Caesar
71:(48–47 BC) in violent battles.
399:
386:
373:
356:
327:
314:
276:
1:
416:
201:did not refuse to go to war.
452:, pp. 28, 41-43, 50-51.
7:
407:Commentarii de Bello Civili
394:Commentarii de Bello Civili
381:Commentarii de Bello Civili
364:Commentarii de Bello Civili
343:Commentarii de Bello Civili
322:Commentarii de Bello Civili
288:Commentarii de Bello Civili
252:Commentarii de Bello Civili
130:Conflict with Cleopatra VII
10:
504:
291:3.4.4; 3.103.5; 3.110.2;
152:Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus
269:
181:In the spring of 49 BC
79:In 58 BC, Pharaoh
473:Early Germanic warfare
468:Ancient Celtic warfare
22:
81:Ptolemy XII "Auletes"
39:by the Roman general
339:epistulae ad Atticum
440:Christoph Schäfer,
324:3.110.2 and 3.110.6
214:Battle of Pharsalus
69:siege of Alexandria
45:Ptolemy XII Auletes
16:Roman military unit
444:, Darmstadt 2006,
347:Seneca the Younger
239:War against Caesar
176:Theodotus of Chios
65:Caesar's Civil War
59:and even involved
31:) were 2000 Roman
148:Battle of Carrhae
124:Alexandrinian war
495:
410:
403:
397:
390:
384:
377:
371:
360:
354:
331:
325:
318:
312:
293:Valerius Maximus
280:
229:Lucius Septimius
164:Valerius Maximus
25:
503:
502:
498:
497:
496:
494:
493:
492:
458:
457:
419:
414:
413:
404:
400:
391:
387:
378:
374:
366:3.4.4; Appian,
361:
357:
341:6.5.3; Caesar,
332:
328:
319:
315:
281:
277:
272:
241:
183:Gnaeus Pompeius
132:
77:
17:
12:
11:
5:
501:
491:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
454:
453:
438:
418:
415:
412:
411:
398:
385:
372:
355:
326:
313:
274:
273:
271:
268:
244:followed, the
240:
237:
131:
128:
76:
73:
49:Roman Republic
41:Aulus Gabinius
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
500:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
465:
463:
456:
451:
450:3-534-15418-5
447:
443:
439:
436:
435:3-404-61416-X
432:
428:
424:
423:Michael Grant
421:
420:
408:
402:
395:
389:
382:
376:
369:
365:
359:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
330:
323:
317:
310:
309:Roman History
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:
284:
283:Julius Caesar
279:
275:
267:
265:
260:
258:
254:
253:
247:
236:
234:
230:
227:
224:, the former
223:
219:
215:
210:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
140:Cleopatra VII
137:
127:
125:
121:
117:
116:Julius Caesar
113:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
72:
70:
66:
62:
61:Julius Caesar
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
27:(in English:
26:
24:
455:
441:
426:
406:
401:
393:
388:
380:
375:
367:
363:
358:
350:
342:
338:
329:
321:
316:
308:
300:
286:
278:
263:
261:
256:
250:
245:
242:
221:
217:
211:
205:
203:
198:
194:
180:
160:
155:
143:
136:Ptolemy XIII
133:
120:Alexandrians
111:
109:
96:
78:
53:Ptolemy XIII
28:
20:
18:
305:Cassius Dio
93:Roman Syria
85:Berenice IV
33:legionaries
462:Categories
417:References
368:Civil Wars
301:Civil Wars
107:horsemen.
67:up to the
442:Kleopatra
427:Cleopatra
409:3.110.1-4
345:3.110.6;
303:2.24.90;
264:Gabiniani
257:Gabiniani
246:Gabiniani
233:centurion
222:Gabiniani
218:Gabiniani
206:Gabiniani
199:Gabiniani
195:Gabiniani
156:Gabiniani
144:Gabiniani
112:Gabiniani
97:Gabiniani
89:proconsul
57:Cleopatra
29:Gabinians
23:Gabiniani
405:Caesar,
392:Caesar,
379:Caesar,
362:Caesar,
320:Caesar,
295:4.1.15;
231:and the
172:Achillas
168:Pothinus
105:Germanic
351:dialogi
226:tribune
448:
433:
335:Cicero
311:42.5.4
297:Appian
187:Pompey
174:, and
101:Gallic
270:Notes
37:Egypt
446:ISBN
431:ISBN
370:2.49
138:and
103:and
19:The
91:of
464::
425:,
349:,
337:,
307:,
299:,
285:,
178:.
170:,
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.