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402:. As a matter of fact, he acknowledged the primacy and supreme power of the Roman Pontiff, but, in common with many other theologians of his time, maintained the superiority of general Councils, at least to the extent that they could compel the pope's resignation. And he displayed no more theological freedom than has been claimed and exercised by some of the strictest theologians.
518:, in which he stigmatizes the debasing of coinage by princes as dishonest exploitation of the people. In the same work he severely condemns those rulers who curtailed the popular rights of forest, meadow, and water, and who imposed arbitrary burdens of taxation, as well as the rich sportsmen who encroached upon the lands of the peasantry.
405:
Because of Biel's insistence on maintaining the precarious balancing act between his scholastic and modern views of theology, it is often the case that "His philosophical thought is not straightforwardly innovative, but has more of a synthetic nature; his generally recognized clarity of expression if
413:
Among the opinions defended by Biel concerning matters controversial in his day, the following are worthy of mention: (a) That all ecclesiastical jurisdiction, even that of bishops, is derived either immediately or mediately from the pope. His defence of the episcopal claims of Adolph von Nassau won
344:. A Scholastic, he was, to quote Janssen, "free from empty speculations and ingenious intellectual juggling, being concerned with questions and needs of actual life" (ibid.), was interested in the social movements of his time, and maintained friendly relations with the
506:, since he attaches no stigma to it, but holds it to be good in itself, and the merchant entitled to remuneration because of his labour, risks, and expense. Biel's discussion of these subjects is contained in Book IV of his commentary on the
267:
Though he was almost sixty years of age when he began to teach, Biel's work, both as professor and as writer, reflected the highest honour on the young university. His work consists in the systematic development of the views of his master,
483:
introduced him to modern students of economics, declares that Biel's grasp of economics enabled him not only to understand the work of his predecessors, but to advance beyond them. (Cf.
253:. Appointed in 1484 as the first professor of theology in the new faculty, he continued to be one of the most celebrated members of its faculty until his death, even serving as
359:
Living as he did in a transition period, Biel exhibits characteristics of two intellectual eras. According to some, he was a
Scholastic who expounded Aristotle rather than the
272:. In later years, he was known as the "last of the Scholastics". He retired to the newly founded Brethren House of St. Peter's at the Einsiedel near Tübingen, where he died.
158:. He did not complete his degree there either, and would return to Erfurt in 1451 to finish. The curriculum at these two universities varied greatly, with Cologne stressing
333:, no. 1073). The historian Janssen declares that he was one of the few Nominalists who erected a theological system without incurring the charge of unorthodoxy. (Cf.
422:
is inherent in sacerdotal orders, and that only the matter, i.e., the persons to be absolved, can be conceded or withheld by the ordinary. (c) That the minister of
1001:
150:
to obtain a baccalaureate. He succeeded academically and became an instructor in the faculty of the arts for three years, until he pursued a higher degree at the
340:
Biel was neither narrow nor excessively speculative. Though a
Nominalist, he was tolerant of Realism, which also flourished at Tübingen under the leadership of
81:
971:
341:
604:, edited and translated by Heiko Oberman, Daniel E. Zerfoss, and William J. Courtenay, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1968.
394:
treatise on the extent of papal authority (and the Church authority) and the role that scripture has on these. In it, he takes a position similar to
835:
The
Writings of John Wessel Gansfort (1419–1489): Considered as a Critique of the Theological and Ecclesiological Problems of the Fifteenth Century
991:
329:
describes him as "one of the best of the
Nominalists, clear, exact, and more positive as well as more loyal to the Church than any of the others" (
681:
455:(Brixen, 1585), on the Sundays and festivals of the Christian year, with a disquisition on the plague and a defence of the authority of the pope;
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need have no more specific intention than that of doing what the faithful, that is, the Church, intends. (d) That the State may not compel
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242:
in Mainz and integrating
Brethren piety into the curricula of the school there. In 1479 he was appointed provost of the canonry in
352:, gave him the title of "monarch among theologians". His theological writings were repeatedly brought into the discussions of the
966:
902:
597:, translated by Robert Belle Burke, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, and London: Oxford University Press, 1930.
378:, and so, Adolph von Nassau was given the position. When Diether began appealing to antipapal sentiments present throughout the
234:
of the new
Brethren House at St. Mark's, where he served for nine years, furthering the Brethren movement by bringing about a
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880:
996:
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588:
Tractatvs varii atqve vtilis de monetis, carvmqve mvtatione ac falsitate in gratiam studiosorum ac practicorum collecti
502:, 77.) The same author maintains that concerning the occupation of the merchant or trader, Biel is more advanced than
227:
802:
68:
46:
39:
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382:, escalating the conflict, Biel became involved. He campaigned unequivocally for Adolph, and was forced to flee
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830:, Brussels: Archives et Bibliothèques de Belgique/Archief-en-Bibliotheekwesen in Belgie, Special Number 19.
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is morally lawful. All of these opinions have since become the prevailing theological doctrine.
299:, is of permanent interest and value. His second and most important work is a commentary on the
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50:
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is determined chiefly by human needs, by its scarcity, and by the difficulty of producing it.
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Elisabeth
Reinhardt (2007), "La recuperación del equilibrio teológico en Gabriel Biel", in
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8:
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215:
317:. In this he calls William of Ockham his master, but the last three books show him more
226:, and lived in the House of the Brethren on the Rheingau until 1468. He was invited by
498:, and is more complete and reasonable than any made by his predecessors. (Cf. Garnier,
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The
Harvest of Medieval Theology: Gabriel Biel and Late Medieval Nominalism
718:, 1987 reprint, New York: Ballantine, "You get what you pay for." p. 353.
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often achieved by contrasting diverse positions with each other (Gracia,
318:
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Scripta
Mercuraturae: Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte
143:
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690:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 920.
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Nicolas Oresme und
Gabriel Biel. Zur Geldtheorie im späten Mittelalter
249:
At this period Biel cooperated with Duke Eberhard in the founding the
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views, he is often credited as being an "articulate spokesman of the
154:. His first stay was brief, lasting only until he transferred to the
826:
Wolfgang Leesch, Ernest Persoons, and Anton G. Weiler (1979), edd.,
736: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
511:
345:
223:
199:
852:
The Harvest of Medieval Theology: Gabriel Biel and Late Medieval
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Sacri canonis Missae expositio resolutissima literalis et mystica
445:
Sacri canonis Missae expositio resolutissima literalis et mystica
423:
375:
195:
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and overall scholastic curricula heavily, and Erfurt emphasizing
569:
and William J. Courtenay, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1965-1967.
363:; according to others, he defended freer theological teaching.
191:
135:
124:
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The subject on which Biel held the most progressive views is
383:
239:
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Collectorium sive epitome in magistri sententiarum libros IV
457:
Collectorium sive epitome in magistri sententiarum libros IV
823:), Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, Vol. 2, pp. 622 f.
257:
in 1484 and 1489. There, he opposed the appointment of the
434:, or their children to receive baptism. (e) And that the
427:
866:: Essays in Late Medieval and Early Reformation Thought
494:
Biel's enumeration includes all the factors that govern
146:. In 1432 he was ordained to the priesthood and entered
602:
Defensorium Obedientiae Apostolicae et Alia Documenta
447:(Brixen, 1576); an abridgment of this work, entitled
917:
Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)
771:. Evans, GR, (London and New York: Routledge, 2002)
914:
487:, 21 sqq.) According to Biel, the just price of a
752:. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
938:
309:, which would come to play a major influence on
285:Commentarii doctissimi in 4. Sententiarum libros
222:. Later, he became a superior of the canons at
485:Geschichte der Nationalökonomik in Deutschland
16:German canon regular and scholar (1420/5-1495)
837:, PhD dissertation, University of Pittsburgh.
461:Tractatus de potestate et utilitate monetarum
408:A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages)
1002:Academic staff of the University of Tübingen
781:A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages
775:The Cambridge History of Medieval Philosophy
595:Treatise on the power and utility of moneys
972:15th-century German Roman Catholic priests
174:and … a discerning user of the thought of
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
676:
530:, he expressed a version of the phrase "
279:
108:; 1420 to 1425 – 7 December 1495) was a
80:
32:This article includes a list of general
992:Academic staff of Heidelberg University
702:"Klöster in Baden-Württemberg: Kloster"
939:
563:Gabrielis Biel Canonis Misse Expositio
366:In May 1459, a controversy arose when
198:. During the early 1460s, he became a
103:
903:Literature by and about Gabriel Biel
815:Hertling (1875), "Gabriel Biel", in
797:(1980), Berlin: Walter de Gruyter,
741:
18:
590:, Cologne: Theodorus Baumius, 1574.
556:Epitome expositionis canonis Missae
466:
449:Epitome expositionis canonis Missae
13:
873:Por las rutas medievales del saber
787:
783:. Gracia, Jorge and Noone, Timothy
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1018:
887:
828:Fratrum Vitae Communis Monasticon
746:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
615:Bartholomaeus Arnoldi von Usingen
374:, yet failed to pay the required
291:Biel's first publication, on the
977:15th-century German philosophers
757:Thomas Aquinas and Gabriel Biel.
731:
664:
388:Defensorium obediente apostolice
386:. While in hiding, he wrote the
220:Defensorium obediente apostolice
23:
868:, Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark.
536:Pro tali numismate tales merces
335:Geschichte des deutschen Volkes
214:that he took to the defense of
186:Biel's studies were pursued at
967:Canonical Augustinian scholars
894:Works by or about Gabriel Biel
817:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie
708:
694:
657:
1:
795:Theologische Realenzyklopädie
742:Ryan, John Augustin (1907). "
650:
510:. He wrote a special work on
238:of the Brethren on the upper
987:Heidelberg University alumni
844:, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.
833:John Pascal Mazzola (1939),
443:Biel's other works include:
7:
997:University of Erfurt alumni
842:Gabriel Biel und die Mystik
769:Fifty Key Medieval Thinkers
608:
129:Brethren of the Common Life
10:
1023:
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516:Ein wahrhaft goldenes Buch
121:Congregation of Windesheim
716:The Dictionary of Cliches
532:You get what you pay for"
521:
640:Johann Ruchrat von Wesel
528:Expositio Canonis Missae
418:. (b) That the power of
275:
90:Supplementum commentarii
982:Scholastic philosophers
907:German National Library
687:Encyclopædia Britannica
181:
53:more precise citations.
933:37 (2003) 1, S. 56-94.
860:Heiko Oberman (1986),
288:
251:University of Tübingen
210:. It was while at the
113:scholastic philosopher
93:
749:Catholic Encyclopedia
714:James Rogers (1985),
348:. One of the latter,
283:
156:University of Cologne
148:Heidelberg University
84:
875:, Pamplona: EUNSA,
840:Detlef Metz (2001),
459:(Brixen, 1574); and
400:plenitudo potestatis
396:Bernard of Clairvaux
368:Diether von Isenburg
337:, I, 127, 15th ed.)
230:to become the first
152:University of Erfurt
1007:German male writers
793:"Gabriel Biel", in
500:L'idée du just prix
372:Archbishop of Mainz
127:counterpart to the
962:Augustinian canons
957:People from Speyer
925:Hendrik Mäkeler:
810:Jodocus Trutfetter
437:contractum trinius
414:him the thanks of
313:during the coming
289:
212:Cathedral of Mainz
206:, of which he was
204:Cathedral of Mainz
160:St. Thomas Aquinas
115:and member of the
94:
881:978-84-313-2465-0
805:, pp. 488 f.
645:Paulus Scriptoris
630:Johannes von Goch
473:political economy
451:(Antwerp, 1565);
380:Holy Roman Empire
342:Konrad Summenhart
327:Matthias Scheeben
270:William of Ockham
178:" (Oberman, 11).
164:William of Ockham
134:Biel was born in
86:Wendelin Stambach
79:
78:
71:
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898:Internet Archive
777:. Pasnau, Robert
765:. Heiko, Oberman
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467:Economic thought
354:Council of Trent
264:to the faculty.
216:Adolf von Nassau
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138:and died in
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952:1495 deaths
864:Reformation
479:, who with
315:Reformation
176:via antiqua
172:via moderna
51:introducing
941:Categories
854:Nominalism
651:References
620:Johann Eck
526:In Biel's
504:St. Thomas
361:Scriptures
323:Nominalist
188:Heidelberg
168:nominalist
34:references
909:catalogue
508:Sentences
489:commodity
420:absolving
346:Humanists
302:Sentences
140:Einsiedel
850:(1963),
609:See also
574:Sermones
512:currency
453:Sermones
432:heathens
331:Dogmatik
224:Butzbach
200:preacher
144:Tübingen
125:clerical
905:in the
896:at the
740::
675::
424:baptism
376:annates
319:Scotist
295:of the
259:Realist
232:provost
202:in the
196:Cologne
119:of the
101:German:
47:improve
879:
801:
669:
522:Legacy
287:, 1574
255:Rector
192:Erfurt
136:Speyer
110:German
92:, 1574
36:, but
929:, in
542:Works
430:, or
390:, an
384:Mainz
321:than
293:Canon
276:Works
244:Urach
240:Rhine
208:vicar
142:near
877:ISBN
799:ISBN
428:Jews
297:Mass
194:and
182:Life
821:ADB
684:".
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