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and acquaintances sought his protection and aid on various matters not having to do with his official position, which in turn resulted in further caustic remarks. In addition, two relatively minor incidents wounded his overblown self-importance and vanity. One was his being excluded from a projected meeting between
Mussolini and Franco. The other involved him being reprimanded for a rowdy celebration of an aviator in Bari; he wrote a letter to Mussolini stating that the Duce had "opened a wound in him which can never be closed." His own self-worth seemed to cloud his judgement, forgetting that he had acquired his position by marrying Mussolini's daughter.
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1716:[To the new Extraordinary Ambassador and Plenipotentiary of Italy His Excellence the Count Galeazzo Ciano di Cortellazzo in the occasion of his presentation of his diplomatic credentials (1° marzo 1943)] (Report). Discorsi e Radiomessaggi di Sua Santità Pio XII (Quarto anno di Pontificato, 2 marzo 1942 - 1° marzo 1943) (in Italian). Vol. IV. Vatican City: Vatican polyglot typography. pp. 405–406. Archived from
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Among other holdings, Costanzo Ciano owned a newspaper, farmland in
Tuscany and other properties worth huge sums of money. As a result, his son Galeazzo was accustomed to living a high-profile and glamorous lifestyle, which he maintained almost until the end of his life. Father and son both took part in Mussolini's 1922
710:
Throughout 1941 and thereafter, Ciano made derogatory and sarcastic comments about
Mussolini behind his back and was surprised that these comments were reported to the Duce, who did not take them lightly; for his part, Ciano ignored well-meaning friends who advised moderation. On top of that, friends
565:
and re-organizer of the
Italian merchant navy in the 1920s. Costanzo Ciano was not above extracting private profit from his public office. He would use his influence to depress the stock of a company, after which he would buy a controlling interest, then increase his wealth after its value rebounded.
714:
In late 1942 and early 1943, following the Axis defeat in North Africa, other major setbacks on the
Eastern Front, and with an Anglo-American assault on Sicily looming, Ciano turned against the doomed war and actively pushed for Italy's exit from the conflict. He was silenced by being removed from
702:
Ciano became increasingly disenchanted with Nazi
Germany and the course of World War II, although when the Italian regime embarked on an ill-advised "parallel war" alongside Germany, he went along, despite the terribly-executed Italian invasion of Greece and its subsequent setbacks. Prior to the
807:
Ciano was dismissed from his post by the new government of Italy put in place after his father-in-law was overthrown. Ciano, Edda and their three children fled to
Germany on 28 August 1943 in fear of being arrested by the new Italian government. The Germans turned him over to Mussolini's new
1511:
1441:
Kristof, Nicholas D. (19 October 2001). Baquet, Dean; Louttit, Meghan; Corbett, Philip; Chang, Lian; Drake, Monica; Kahn, Joseph; Kingsbury, Kathleen; Sulzberger, A.G.; Levien, Meredith Kopit; Caputo, Roland A.; Bardeen, William; Dunbar-Johnson, Stephen; Brayton, Diane (eds.).
836:) who had voted for Mussolini's ousting. As a further humiliation, the condemned men were tied to chairs and shot in the back, though Ciano managed to twist his chair around at the last minute to face the firing squad before uttering his final words, "Long live Italy!"
612:, and they had three children (Fabrizio, Raimonda and Marzio), though he was known to have had several affairs while married. Soon after their marriage, Ciano left for Shanghai to serve as Italian consul, where his wife had an affair with the Chinese warlord
731:
on 1 March. In this role he remained in Rome, watched closely by
Mussolini. The regime's position had become even more unstable by the coming summer, however, and court circles were already probing the Allied commands for some sort of agreement.
698:. At the start of the war in 1939, Ciano did not agree with Mussolini's plans and knew that Italy's armed forces were ill-prepared for a major war. When Mussolini formally declared war on France in 1940, he wrote in his diary,
855:
rescue some of them from Rome. Pucci was then a lieutenant in the
Italian Air Force, but would find fame after the war as a fashion designer. When Hitler vetoed the plan, she hid the bulk of the papers at a clinic in
1850:
649:. Ciano began to keep a diary a short time after his appointment and kept it active up to his 1943 dismissal as foreign minister. In 1937, he was allegedly involved in planning the murder of the brothers
1057:
775:
to launch a blistering attack on his longtime comrade. Grandi put on the table a resolution asking King Victor
Emmanuel III to resume his full constitutional powers – in effect, a vote leading to
864:
and on 9 January 1944, Pucci helped Edda escape to Switzerland with five diaries covering the war years which were then buried beneath a rose garden. The diary was first published in English in
783:, an Italian general in both World Wars. Mussolini did not expect the vote to have substantive effect, and showed up for work the next morning as usual. That afternoon, the king summoned him to
1713:
4030:
1965:
Ciano's diplomatic papers: being a record of nearly 200 conversations held during the years 1936–42 with Hitler, Mussolini, Franco; together with important memoranda, letters, telegrams etc
1714:
Al nuovo Ambasciatore Straordinario e Plenipotenziario d'Italia, S.E. il Conte Galeazzo Ciano di Cortellazzo, in occasione della presentazione delle Lettere Credenziali (1° marzo 1943)
1670:
597:, had an affair with her, and left her pregnant, leading to a botched abortion that left her infertile. The rumor was later widespread but never substantiated and Ciano's wife,
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Negrin, Alberto (director); Gallo, Mario (producer); Gulllioli, Emzo (producer) Haskins, Bob (actor); Hopkins, Anthony (actor); Sarandon, Susan (actor) (15 April 1985).
812:. He was then formally arrested on charges of treason. Under German and Fascist pressure, Mussolini had Ciano imprisoned before he was tried and found guilty. After the
494:
that forced Mussolini's ousting and subsequent arrest. Ciano proceeded to flee to Germany but was arrested and handed over to Mussolini's new regime based in Salò, the
3995:
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390:
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851:, foreign ambassadors and other political figures. Edda tried to barter his papers to the Germans in return for his life; Gestapo agents helped her confidant
1514:[Notes about Galeazzo Ciano's Royal Italian Ministry for Public Education and Propaganda and the birth of the ministry for printing and propaganda].
629:
On his return to Italy in 1935, Ciano became the minister of press and propaganda in the government of his father-in-law. He volunteered for action in the
1717:
1415:
993:
Ciano's diaries were published in 1946 and were used by the prosecution against Hitler's Foreign Minister, Joachim von Ribbentrop, during the post-war
4020:
2567:
1512:"Gli appunti circa il Reichsministerium für volksaufklärung und propaganda di Galeazzo Ciano e la nascita del ministerio per la stapma e propaganda"
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In Serbia there is a proverb: "Living like Count Ciano" – describing a flamboyant and luxurious life (Živi k'o grof Ćano/Живи к'о гроф Ћано).
2560:
2197:
1633:, Új-és Jelenkori Egyetemes Történeti Tanszék (Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Modern and Contemporary Universal History): 75–85.
3160:
2054:
The Ciano Diaries, 1939-1943: The Complete, Unabridged Diaries of Count Galeazzo Ciano, Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs, 1936-1943
1484:
633:(1935–36) as a bomber squadron commander. He received two silver medals of valor and reached the rank of captain. His future opponent
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457:, from 1936 until 1943. During this period, he was widely seen as Mussolini's most probable successor as head of government.
1510:
D'Annibale, Elisa; Di Rienzo, Eugenio (1 May 2017). Rinaldi, Marcello; D'Annibale, Elisa; Rudi, Fabrizio; Xoxa, Ida (eds.).
1019:, Malaparte refers to Count Ciano and his wife Edda. Like Edda Ciano, Malaparte spent time in forced exile on the island of
483:, Ciano began pushing for Italy's exit, and he was dismissed from his post as a result. He then served as ambassador to the
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507:
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54:
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1997:
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1015:, Malaparte was jailed by the Fascist regime. He was freed on the personal intervention of Count Galeazzo Ciano. In
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Di Rienzo, Eugenio (29 November 2018). Grossi, Davide; Mazzuchi, Andrea; Malato, Enrico; Spadaro, Cetty (eds.).
779:. The motion won by an unexpectedly large margin, 19–8, with Ciano voting in favor. Mussolini's replacement was
645:
Upon his highly trumpeted return from the war as a "hero" in 1936, he was appointed by Mussolini as replacement
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4010:
2599:
2292:"Galeazzo Ciano – a Summary – History in an Hour." History in an Hour. 10 January 2014. Accessed 25 March 2015.
3092:
1992:. Translated by Miller, Robert Lawrence; Coletti-Perucca, V. Umberto (2nd ed.). New York: Enigma Books.
1897:
967:
2306:. CIA Historical Review Program (Center for the Study of Intelligence) (Report). Vol. 13. Langley, VA:
1064:(in Italian). Rome, Italy: Edito da Micromega Edizioni impresa sociale SRL (GEDI Gruppo Editoriale S.p.A.).
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581:, Galeazzo Ciano worked briefly as a journalist before choosing a diplomatic career; soon, he served as an
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771:. At that meeting, Mussolini announced that the Germans were thinking of evacuating the south. This led
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476:
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479:(1935–36) and was appointed Foreign Minister on his return. Following a series of Axis defeats in the
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2289:"Galeazzo Ciano's Last Reflections before Execution." World War II Today RSS. Accessed 25 March 2015.
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2080:
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294:
1417:
Sino-Italian Political and Economic Relations: From the Treaty of Friendship to the Second World War
891:, 8 April 2008), married to Beatriz Uzcategui Jahn, without issue. Wrote a personal memoir entitled
501:
Ciano wrote and left behind a diary that has been used as a source by several historians, including
3797:
2295:"Gian Galeazzo Ciano – Comando Supremo." Comando Supremo. 14 February 2010. Accessed 25 March 2015.
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d'Orsi, Angelo (10 April 2019). Flores d'Arcais, Paolo; Sciuto, Cinzia; Ruffolo, Giorgio (eds.).
809:
495:
284:
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Palla, Marco (10 January 1982). Rapone, Leonardo; Höbel, Alexander; Larussa, Alessandro (eds.).
1095:
Palla, Marco (10 January 1982). Rapone, Leonardo; Höbel, Alexander; Larussa, Alessandro (eds.).
888:
3714:
3555:
3325:
1988:
Ciano, Galeazzo (2002) . Pugliese, Stanislao G.; Miller, Robert Lawrence; Gibson, Hugh (eds.).
1522:(2). Rome, Italy: Societa Editrice Dante Alighieri s.r.l./Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche di
848:
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his post as foreign minister. The rest of the cabinet was removed as well on 5 February 1943.
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The figure of Galeazzo Ciano and the foreign policy of fascism: A historiographical balance
906:
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Salter, Michael; Charlesworth, Lorie (1 March 2006). Cassese, Antonio; Dé, Urmila (eds.).
703:
German campaign in France in 1940, Ciano leaked a warning of imminent invasion to neutral
676:
8:
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1954:. Translated by V. Umberto Coletti-Perucca (3rd ed.). London: William Heinemann Ltd.
1855:
1220:
945:
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449:; 18 March 1903 – 11 January 1944), was an Italian diplomat and politician who served as
1662:
La figura di Galeazzo Ciano e la politica estera del fascismo: Un bilancio storiografico
1618:
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he played a different Count, Count Claus Schenk von Stauffenberg, of the bomb plot fame.
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498:. Mussolini ordered Ciano's death, and in January 1944 he was executed by firing squad.
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Smyth, Howard McGaw; Ciano, Galeazzo (22 September 1993) . Smyth, Howard McGaw (ed.).
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1058:"Il genero del regime. Vita e morte di Galeazzo Ciano nel libro di Eugenio Di Rienzo"
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Ciano: Vita pubblica e privata del 'genero di regime' nell'Italia del Ventennio nero
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2106:]. Primary sources of recent history (in Russian). Moscow: Platz. p. 676.
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Marzio Ciano, (Rome, 18 December 1937 – 11 April 1974), married Gloria Lucchesi
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and dismissed him from office. Upon leaving the villa, Mussolini was arrested.
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1587:(8th ed.). New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 257–258 – via
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872:, covering 1939 to 1943. The complete English version was published in 2002.
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1393:. Profili (Salerno editrice) (in Italian). Rome, Italy: Salerno Editrice.
918:
913:(Piero, 1887–1971) and wife (m. Rome, 1924) Zenaida del Gallo Marchesa di
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39:
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898:
Raimonda Ciano (Rome, 12 December 1933 – Rome, 24 May 1998), married to
3596:
2330:
Caprioli, Fulvia Maria (23 March 2012). Cristofanelli, Pacifico (ed.).
1851:"Mussolini's daughter's affair with communist revealed in love letters"
1595:
980:
795:
2255:
Ciano, Fabrizio (1992) . Cimagalli, Dino; Mondadori, Leonardo (eds.).
582:
2987:
2977:
2957:
2947:
1704:
1702:
1648:– via Central and Eastern European Online Library GmbH (CEEOL).
1283:
961:
One of the most recognisable voices in German radio and television,
2007:
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861:
724:
658:
484:
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1967:. Translated by Stuart Hood (1st ed.). London: Odhams Press.
1751:
Heberlein, Wolf (1936). Bach, Maurizio; Goldschmidt, Nils (eds.).
1699:
1671:
Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali "Guido Carli"
1617:
Guida, Francesco (2016). Andreides, Gábor; Juhász, Balázs (eds.).
1169:
3203:
2359:
1154:(5th ed.). Dallas, TX: Taylor Trade Publishing. p. 79.
887:, 3rd Conte di Cortellazzo e Buccari (Shanghai, 1 October 1931 –
704:
681:
538:
530:
256:
252:
2333:
Scritture di gerarchi fascisti: Dal personaggio alla personalità
1972:
2371:
1238:
1216:
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany
1020:
865:
800:
700:"I am sad, very sad. The adventure begins. May God help Italy!"
670:
280:
276:
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in 1939, Gian Galeazzo Ciano was named an Honorary Citizen of
2869:
1279:
550:
418:
415:
26:
4031:
Italian military personnel of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War
2265:
Arnoldo Mondadori Editore (Arnoldo Mondadori Editore S.p.A.)
2081:
Arnoldo Mondadori Editore (Arnoldo Mondadori Editore S.p.A.)
1271:
Mussolini and I (Mussolini: The Decline and Fall of Il Duce)
692:, Mussolini may have been preparing Ciano to succeed him as
3183:
2123:
Mussolini's Shadow: The Double Life of Count Galeazzo Ciano
1695:(in Spanish). Barcelona: Librería Pérez Galdós - El Galeón.
1363:
Mussolini's Shadow: The Double Life of Count Galeazzo Ciano
843:, a revealing daily record of his meetings with Mussolini,
694:
424:
2121:
Moseley, Ray (18 March 2014) . Berk, Adina Popescu (ed.).
2023:
Hof, Tobias (2021). Alford, Larry P.; Yates, John (eds.).
1911:
1763:(1). Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH: 649–651.
816:
and sentence, on 11 January 1944, Ciano was executed by a
604:
On 24 April 1930, when he was 27 years old, Ciano married
549:(for which service he was given the aristocratic title of
2198:"Ribbentrop and the Ciano Diaries at the Nuremberg Trial"
1275:
763:
On the afternoon of 24 July 1943, Mussolini summoned the
657:, two exiled anti-fascist activists killed in the French
512:
404:
Gian Galeazzo Ciano, 2nd Count of Cortellazzo and Buccari
2582:
1890:
Framed in Death: The Historical Memory of Galeazzo Ciano
934:
A number of films have depicted Ciano's life, including
2079:. Le scie (in Italian) (2nd ed.). Segrate, Italy:
1839:
1509:
1812:(1). Rome, Italy: Fondazione Istituto Gramsci: 23–49.
1621:[Hungary, the Hungarians and Galeazzo Ciano].
1444:"Zhang Xueliang, 100, Dies; Warlord and Hero of China"
1107:(1). Rome, Italy: Fondazione Istituto Gramsci: 23–49.
3928:(merged into Ministry of Finance on 31 December 1922)
739:
Ciano (far right) standing alongside (right to left)
433:
421:
4046:
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
2263:] (in Italian) (5th ed.). Segrate, Italy:
2029:. Toronto Italian studies (1st ed.). Toronto:
1669:] (Master's thesis) (in Italian). Rome, Italy:
1193:
1191:
624:
412:
4041:Knights of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
2195:
3996:Members of the Chamber of Fasces and Corporations
1923:
983:played Ciano in the 1985 television mini-series,
880:Gian Galeazzo and Edda Ciano had three children:
767:to its first meeting since 1939, prompted by the
490:In July 1943, Ciano was among the members of the
3952:
3168:
1263:
1188:
723:Ciano was offered the post of ambassador to the
200:Member of the Chamber of Fasces and Corporations
471:; father and son both took part in Mussolini's
4036:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon
1691:Alfieri, Dino (1967) . de Caralt, Luis (ed.).
537:and his wife Carolina Pini; his father was an
3154:
2568:
2169:(2nd ed.). London: Bloomsbury Academic.
2052:Ciano, Galeazzo (2000) . Gibson, Hugh (ed.).
1708:
1365:, New Haven: Yale University Press, pp.
1139:
1137:
718:
637:served in the same squadron as a lieutenant.
1619:"L'Ungheria, gli ungheresi e Galeazzo Ciano"
1524:Università degli Studi di Roma – La Sapienza
1505:
1503:
1360:
3616:Minister of Justice and Affairs of Religion
2338:Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta (LUMSA)
1564:
1452:. Vol. CL, no. 210. p. C13.
1030:'s song about Mussolini, his father in law.
16:Italian diplomat and politician (1903–1944)
3908:Minister of Freed Territories from Enemies
3161:
3147:
2575:
2561:
2298:
2077:Un amore fascista. Benito, Edda e Galeazzo
1917:
1134:
1055:
561:("The Jaw"), was a founding member of the
38:
2203:Journal of International Criminal Justice
1896:(Bachelor of Arts thesis). Hartford, CT:
1845:
1750:
1561:, tirana.gov.al; accessed 5 January 2016.
1500:
1388:
790:
4021:Italian civilians killed in World War II
2474:Undersecretary for Press and Propaganda
2383:Newspaper clippings about Galeazzo Ciano
2329:
2151:
1795:
1793:
1738:
1612:
1610:
1012:Coup d'État: The Technique of Revolution
794:
734:
675:
453:in the government of his father-in-law,
4026:Italian people of the Spanish Civil War
3981:Members of the Grand Council of Fascism
2458:Undersecretary for Press and Propaganda
2120:
1728:– via Libreria Editrice Vaticana.
1690:
1570:
1440:
1143:
965:, played Ciano in the 1983 mini-series
120:5 February 1943 – 25 July 1943
3953:
3775:Minister of Labour and Social Security
2070:
1886:
1658:
1209:
904:Alessandro Giunta (born 1929), son of
665:on 9 June. Also in 1937, prior to the
212:23 March 1939 – 5 August 1943
67:9 June 1936 – 6 February 1943
3274:Minister of Agriculture and Forestry
3142:
2556:
2254:
2097:
2051:
2026:Galeazzo Ciano: The Fascist Pretender
1987:
1958:
1945:
1929:
1799:
1790:
1616:
1607:
1601:
1197:
1094:
1026:Count Ciano was mentioned by name in
928:
444:
337:
2584:Italian Ministers of Foreign Affairs
2443:Head of the Government Press Office
2336:(Thesis) (in Italian). Rome, Italy:
1604:, pp. 308–408, Chapter 3. 1939.
1472:from the original on 24 October 2009
1413:
589:, in the 1920s in Beijing Ciano met
533:, Italy, in 1903. He was the son of
508:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
160:23 June 1935 – 11 June 1936
2022:
1490:
1420:. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 48.
1344:
1328:
1312:
1296:
777:Mussolini's ousting from leadership
727:, and presented his credentials to
640:
619:
13:
3602:Paolo Ignazio Maria Thaon di Revel
2257:Quando il nonno fece fucilare papà
1802:"Mussolini il fascista numero uno"
1151:Mussolini: The last 600 of il Duce
1097:"Mussolini il fascista numero uno"
893:Quando il nonno fece fucilare papà
585:in Rio de Janeiro. According Mrs.
314:1.79 m (5 ft 10 in)
14:
4067:
3861:Minister of Trades and Currencies
3657:Minister of Industry and Commerce
2490:Minister for Press and Propaganda
2415:Count of Cortellazzo and Buccari
2352:
2308:Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
2104:The diary of a fascist. 1939–1943
1414:Coco, Orazio (14 February 2024).
954:(1985) in which he was played by
475:in 1922. Ciano saw action in the
3887:Minister of Press and Propaganda
3791:Minister of Posts and Telegraphs
3202:
2859:
2853:
2508:Minister of Press and Propaganda
2370:
2358:
2071:Guerri, Giordano Bruno (2006) .
1887:Durgin, Paige Y. (Spring 2012).
1755:[Count Galeazzo Ciano].
625:Minister of press and propaganda
529:Gian Galeazzo Ciano was born in
408:
389:
148:Minister of Press and Propaganda
2310:. pp. 1–50. Archived from
2125:(2nd ed.). New Haven, CT:
1939:
1880:
1744:
1684:
1652:
1545:
1434:
1407:
1382:
1354:
333:
3910:(abolished on 5 February 1923)
3539:Minister of Domestic Education
2056:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
1693:Dos dictadores frente a frente
1552:Municipality of Tirana website
1257:
1203:
1088:
1049:
971:, whereas in the 1989 sequel,
895:(When Grandpa Had Daddy Shot).
557:). The elder Ciano, nicknamed
1:
3265:Giuseppe De Capitani D'Arzago
2301:The Ciano Papers: Rose Garden
1741:, pp. 5–6, Introduction.
1631:Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem
1037:
524:
4016:Anti-communist propagandists
3830:Minister of Public Education
3508:Minister of Domestic Economy
3459:Ministry of Popular Culture
1146:"7. Galeazzo Ciano and Edda"
839:Ciano is remembered for his
755:prior to the signing of the
631:Italian invasion of Ethiopia
511:(1960) and in the four-hour
7:
3373:Minister of Communications
3230:Minister of Foreign Affairs
2535:Minister of Foreign Affairs
2387:20th Century Press Archives
2261:When Grandpa Had Daddy Shot
2031:University of Toronto Press
985:Mussolini: The Untold Story
875:
467:, a founding member of the
446:[ɡaleˈattsoˈtʃaːno]
55:Minister of Foreign Affairs
10:
4072:
3986:Foreign ministers of Italy
3812:Minister of War Production
3345:Minister of Italian Africa
3200:
2100:Дневник фашиста. 1939–1943
2033:/Gerda Henkel Foundation.
1659:Danisi, Francisco (2018).
719:Ambassador to the Holy See
3925:
3907:
3886:
3860:
3829:
3811:
3790:
3774:
3738:
3672:
3656:
3615:
3574:
3538:
3507:
3486:
3458:
3416:Minister of Corporations
3415:
3372:
3344:
3306:
3273:
3255:
3229:
3211:
3177:
2868:
2851:
2590:
2541:
2532:
2524:
2514:
2505:
2501:None (Office established)
2497:
2479:
2472:
2468:None (Office established)
2464:
2448:
2441:
2435:
2430:
2420:
2413:
2405:
2398:
1959:Ciano, Galeazzo (1948) .
1946:Ciano, Galeazzo (1947) .
1576:"XVI. Who Else in Italy?"
1278:(motion picture). Italy:
1268:; Macchi, Egisto (eds.).
1219:. Vol. 2. New York:
769:Allied invasion of Sicily
397:
385:
368:
355:
347:
318:
310:
300:
295:Execution by firing squad
290:
266:
235:
230:
226:
216:
205:
198:
186:
174:
164:
153:
146:
136:
124:
113:
101:
91:
81:
71:
60:
53:
49:
37:
23:
4001:Politicians from Tuscany
3798:Giovanni Antonio Colonna
3673:Minister of Public Works
3487:Minister of the Interior
3307:Minister of the Colonies
3212:Minister of Aeronautics
2098:Ciano, Galeazzo (2010).
1952:Ciano's Diary, 1939–1943
1629:(2). Budapest, Hungary:
1495:Chapter 4. The Successor
1042:
944:, where he is played by
492:Grand Council of Fascism
291:Cause of death
142:Francesco Babuscio Rizzo
4056:Verona trial executions
3814:(since 6 February 1943)
3256:Minister of Agriculture
2483:None (Office abolished)
2452:None (Office abolished)
2347:– via Tesionline.
2212:Oxford University Press
1849:, ed. (17 April 2009).
1757:Zeitschrift für Politik
1557:12 October 2011 at the
1349:Chapter 3. The Diplomat
810:Italian Social Republic
496:Italian Social Republic
285:Italian Social Republic
3715:Giuseppe Cobolli Gigli
3556:Cesare Maria De Vecchi
3326:Pietro Lanza di Scalea
2795:Tommasi della Torretta
2363:Quotations related to
2153:Bosworth, Richard J.B.
1918:Smyth & Ciano 1993
1144:Moseley, Ray (2004) .
804:
791:Exile, trial and death
760:
685:
563:National Fascist Party
469:National Fascist Party
364:Carolina Pini (mother)
305:National Fascist Party
4051:20th-century diarists
4011:Italian propagandists
3926:Minister of Treasure
3705:Araldo di Crollalanza
3566:Carlo Alberto Biggini
3392:Antonio Stefano Benni
2127:Yale University Press
1861:Telegraph Media Group
1753:"Graf Galeazzo Ciano"
1516:Nuova Rivista Storica
1361:Moseley, Ray (1999),
820:along with 4 others (
798:
765:Fascist Grand Council
738:
679:
2379:at Wikimedia Commons
1493:, pp. 214–267,
1347:, pp. 137–213,
1221:Simon & Schuster
889:San José, Costa Rica
181:Position established
3971:People from Livorno
3751:Antonino Di Giorgio
3633:Pietro De Francisci
3575:Minister of Finance
3530:Alessandro Martelli
3473:Alessandro Pavolini
3309:(abolished in 1937)
3258:(abolished in 1923)
3093:Terzi di Sant'Agata
2431:Government offices
2220:10.1093/jicj/mqi095
1961:Muggeridge, Malcolm
1948:Muggeridge, Malcolm
1266:Perpignani, Roberto
1213:(17 October 1960).
974:War and Remembrance
868:in 1946, edited by
753:Neville Chamberlain
635:Alessandro Pavolini
555:Victor Emmanuel III
477:Italo-Ethiopian War
240:Gian Galeazzo Ciano
3940:Alberto De Stefani
3873:Raffaello Riccardi
3680:Gabriello Carnazza
3648:Alfredo De Marsico
3582:Alberto De Stefani
3515:Orso Mario Corbino
3478:Gaetano Polverelli
3407:Giuseppe Peverelli
3354:Alessandro Lessona
3336:Alessandro Lessona
3293:Giuseppe Tassinari
3179:Head of government
2705:Starabba di Rudinì
2438:Gaetano Polverelli
2317:on 19 January 2021
2073:Berlusconi, Marina
1720:on 6 December 2019
1449:The New York Times
1211:Shirer, William L.
929:In popular culture
870:Malcolm Muggeridge
830:Giovanni Marinelli
805:
761:
686:
680:Ciano arriving in
667:Italian annexation
663:Bagnoles-de-l'Orne
595:Duchess of Windsor
579:University of Rome
547:Royal Italian Navy
515:documentary-drama
460:He was the son of
131:Raffaele Guariglia
3991:Mussolini Cabinet
3948:
3947:
3935:Vincenzo Tangorra
3917:Giovanni Giuriati
3852:Giuseppe Belluzzo
3842:Alessandro Casati
3782:Stefano Cavazzoni
3690:Giovanni Giuriati
3525:Giuseppe Belluzzo
3435:Ferruccio Lantini
3397:Nino Host Venturi
3171:Mussolini Cabinet
3136:
3135:
2551:
2550:
2542:Succeeded by
2515:Succeeded by
2480:Succeeded by
2449:Succeeded by
2421:Succeeded by
2375:Media related to
2242:on 3 January 2018
2210:(1). Oxford, UK:
2113:978-5-903514-02-1
1446:. National news.
1427:978-1-003-14326-0
1376:978-0-300-07917-3
1333:2. The Politician
1284:HBO Premier Films
1009:: After he wrote
841:Diaries 1937–1943
575:Philosophy of Law
401:
400:
4063:
4006:Italian diarists
3976:Mussolini family
3837:Giovanni Gentile
3821:Carlo Favagrossa
3766:Benito Mussolini
3756:Benito Mussolini
3695:Benito Mussolini
3551:Francesco Ercole
3546:Balbino Giuliano
3494:Benito Mussolini
3425:Benito Mussolini
3359:Benito Mussolini
3321:Benito Mussolini
3237:Benito Mussolini
3206:
3194:Benito Mussolini
3163:
3156:
3149:
3140:
3139:
3118:Moavero Milanesi
2870:Italian Republic
2863:
2857:
2770:Paternò Castello
2750:Paternò Castello
2735:Visconti-Venosta
2645:Visconti-Venosta
2630:Visconti-Venosta
2620:Visconti-Venosta
2592:Kingdom of Italy
2577:
2570:
2563:
2554:
2553:
2545:Benito Mussolini
2528:Benito Mussolini
2525:Preceded by
2498:Preceded by
2492:
2465:Preceded by
2459:
2436:Preceded by
2406:Preceded by
2400:Italian nobility
2396:
2395:
2374:
2362:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2316:
2305:
2286:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2238:. Archived from
2192:
2161:Lambert, Richard
2148:
2117:
2094:
2067:
2048:
2019:
1984:
1955:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1920:, pp. 1–50.
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1895:
1884:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1867:on 22 April 2009
1863:. Archived from
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1797:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1712:(1 March 1943).
1706:
1697:
1696:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1614:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1589:Internet Archive
1586:
1568:
1562:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1507:
1498:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1358:
1352:
1342:
1336:
1326:
1320:
1310:
1304:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1186:
1185:
1182:Internet Archive
1141:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1076:on 17 April 2019
1072:. Archived from
1053:
1001:Curzio Malaparte
995:Nuremberg Trials
968:The Winds of War
937:The Verona Trial
911:Francesco Giunta
826:Luciano Gottardi
808:government, the
757:Munich Agreement
749:Édouard Daladier
741:Benito Mussolini
647:Foreign Minister
641:Foreign minister
620:Political career
606:Benito Mussolini
481:Second World War
455:Benito Mussolini
451:Foreign Minister
448:
443:
436:
431:
430:
427:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
393:
341:
339:
335:
273:
261:Kingdom of Italy
249:
247:
231:Personal details
222:Benito Mussolini
219:
210:
189:
177:
169:Benito Mussolini
158:
139:
127:
118:
97:Benito Mussolini
94:
87:Benito Mussolini
84:
76:Benito Mussolini
65:
42:
21:
20:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4060:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3927:
3921:
3909:
3903:
3882:
3868:Felice Guarneri
3856:
3825:
3813:
3807:
3786:
3770:
3739:Minister of War
3734:
3700:Michele Bianchi
3668:
3652:
3611:
3592:Antonio Mosconi
3570:
3561:Giuseppe Bottai
3534:
3503:
3499:Luigi Federzoni
3482:
3460:
3454:
3450:Tullio Cianetti
3430:Giuseppe Bottai
3417:
3411:
3387:Umberto Puppini
3374:
3368:
3364:Attilio Teruzzi
3346:
3340:
3316:Luigi Federzoni
3308:
3302:
3288:Edmondo Rossoni
3275:
3269:
3257:
3251:
3225:
3213:
3207:
3198:
3173:
3167:
3137:
3132:
2864:
2858:
2849:
2586:
2581:
2547:
2538:
2530:
2520:
2511:
2503:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2476:
2470:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2445:
2439:
2426:
2417:
2411:
2355:
2342:
2340:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2303:
2275:
2245:
2243:
2177:
2137:
2114:
2091:
2064:
2041:
2000:
1990:Diary 1937–1943
1942:
1937:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1898:Trinity College
1893:
1885:
1881:
1870:
1868:
1847:Gallagher, Tony
1844:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1798:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1721:
1707:
1700:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1641:
1615:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1584:
1569:
1565:
1559:Wayback Machine
1550:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1508:
1501:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1359:
1355:
1343:
1339:
1327:
1323:
1311:
1307:
1295:
1291:
1262:
1258:
1231:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1189:
1162:
1142:
1135:
1125:
1123:
1093:
1089:
1079:
1077:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1034:
956:Anthony Hopkins
951:Mussolini and I
931:
921:, Brazil, 1988)
878:
799:Ciano trial in
793:
781:Pietro Badoglio
721:
671:Tirana, Albania
643:
627:
622:
587:Milton E. Miles
573:After studying
527:
518:Mussolini and I
441:
434:
411:
407:
381:
363:
343:
331:
327:
301:Political party
275:
271:
270:11 January 1944
251:
245:
243:
242:
241:
217:
211:
206:
187:
175:
159:
154:
137:
125:
119:
114:
92:
82:
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45:
33:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4069:
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4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3931:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3913:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3894:Galeazzo Ciano
3890:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3817:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3803:Costanzo Ciano
3800:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3761:Pietro Gazzera
3758:
3753:
3748:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3725:Giuseppe Gorla
3722:
3720:Adelchi Serena
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3685:Gino Sarrocchi
3682:
3676:
3674:
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3666:
3660:
3658:
3654:
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3645:
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3630:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3607:Giacomo Acerbo
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3587:Giuseppe Volpi
3584:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3558:
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3427:
3421:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3382:Costanzo Ciano
3378:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3331:Emilio De Bono
3328:
3323:
3318:
3312:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3298:Carlo Pareschi
3295:
3290:
3285:
3283:Giacomo Acerbo
3279:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3247:Galeazzo Ciano
3244:
3239:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3190:
3188:
3175:
3174:
3166:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3143:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
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3020:
3015:
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3000:
2995:
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2466:
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2461:
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2447:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2424:Fabrizio Ciano
2422:
2419:
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2409:Costanzo Ciano
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2394:
2393:
2380:
2377:Galeazzo Ciano
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2365:Galeazzo Ciano
2354:
2353:External links
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1998:
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1808:(in Italian).
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917:(Rome, 1902 –
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822:Emilio De Bono
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684:in April 1939.
655:Nello Rosselli
642:
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610:Edda Mussolini
599:Edda Mussolini
591:Wallis Simpson
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2176:9781849660242
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2157:Newton, Nigel
2154:
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2063:1-931313-74-1
2059:
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2050:
2046:
2042:
2040:9781487507985
2036:
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2028:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1999:9781929631025
1995:
1991:
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1856:The Telegraph
1852:
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1815:
1811:
1807:
1806:Studi Storici
1803:
1796:
1794:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1759:(in German).
1758:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1739:Caprioli 2012
1735:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1710:Pope Pius XII
1705:
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1582:
1581:Inside Europe
1577:
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1572:Gunther, John
1567:
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1400:9788869733420
1396:
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1372:
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1364:
1357:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1318:
1315:, p. 5,
1314:
1309:
1302:
1299:, p. 4,
1298:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1272:
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1199:
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1161:9781589790957
1157:
1153:
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1122:
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1110:
1106:
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1101:Studi Storici
1098:
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947:
943:
942:Carlo Lizzani
939:
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742:
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733:
730:
729:Pope Pius XII
726:
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683:
678:
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668:
664:
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617:
615:
611:
607:
602:
601:, denied it.
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
569:
568:March on Rome
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
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536:
532:
522:
520:
519:
514:
510:
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504:
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488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
473:March on Rome
470:
466:
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458:
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447:
439:
438:
429:
405:
396:
392:
388:
384:
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278:
269:
265:
262:
258:
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250:18 March 1903
238:
234:
229:
225:
221:
215:
209:
204:
201:
197:
194:
191:
185:
182:
179:
173:
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167:
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145:
141:
135:
132:
129:
123:
117:
112:
109:
105:
100:
96:
90:
86:
80:
77:
74:
70:
64:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:Ciano in 1939
41:
36:
29:
28:
22:
19:
3899:Dino Alfieri
3893:
3746:Armando Diaz
3638:Arrigo Solmi
3623:Aldo Oviglio
3468:Dino Alfieri
3461:(since 1937)
3445:Carlo Tiengo
3440:Renato Ricci
3418:(since 1926)
3375:(since 1924)
3347:(since 1937)
3276:(since 1929)
3246:
3214:(since 1925)
3182:
2819:
2765:Guicciardini
2755:Guicciardini
2533:
2518:Dino Alfieri
2506:
2500:
2482:
2473:
2467:
2451:
2442:
2414:
2367:at Wikiquote
2341:. Retrieved
2332:
2319:. Retrieved
2312:the original
2260:
2256:
2244:. Retrieved
2240:the original
2207:
2201:
2189:Google Books
2187:– via
2165:
2122:
2103:
2099:
2076:
2053:
2045:Google Books
2043:– via
2025:
1989:
1964:
1951:
1940:Bibliography
1925:
1913:
1901:. Retrieved
1889:
1882:
1869:. Retrieved
1865:the original
1854:
1841:
1829:. Retrieved
1809:
1805:
1780:. Retrieved
1760:
1756:
1746:
1734:
1722:. Retrieved
1718:the original
1692:
1686:
1674:. Retrieved
1666:
1661:
1654:
1642:. Retrieved
1626:
1623:Öt Kontinens
1622:
1597:
1580:
1566:
1547:
1535:. Retrieved
1519:
1515:
1486:
1474:. Retrieved
1447:
1436:
1416:
1409:
1390:
1384:
1362:
1356:
1340:
1324:
1317:Introduction
1308:
1301:Introduction
1292:
1269:
1259:
1251:Google Books
1249:– via
1215:
1205:
1180:– via
1150:
1124:. Retrieved
1104:
1100:
1090:
1078:. Retrieved
1074:the original
1061:
1051:
1033:
1016:
1010:
1004:
984:
972:
966:
949:
935:
915:Roccagiovine
905:
899:
892:
879:
853:Emilio Pucci
840:
838:
818:firing squad
814:Verona trial
806:
785:Villa Savoia
762:
745:Adolf Hitler
722:
713:
709:
699:
693:
690:World War II
687:
644:
628:
608:'s daughter
603:
593:, later the
572:
558:
545:hero in the
528:
516:
506:
500:
489:
459:
403:
402:
272:(1944-01-11)
218:Appointed by
207:
193:Dino Alfieri
188:Succeeded by
180:
155:
138:Succeeded by
115:
108:Vatican City
93:Succeeded by
62:
25:
18:
3966:1944 deaths
3961:1903 births
3710:Luigi Razza
3643:Dino Grandi
3520:Cesare Nava
3242:Dino Grandi
3221:Italo Balbo
3169:Members of
3023:De Michelis
2214:: 103–127.
2008:2004-266790
1526:: 619–638.
1028:Sofia Vembo
963:Sky du Mont
946:Frank Wolff
773:Dino Grandi
543:World War I
176:Preceded by
126:Preceded by
83:Preceded by
3955:Categories
3597:Guido Jung
3187:of Fascism
3068:Berlusconi
2893:De Gasperi
2878:De Gasperi
2845:De Gasperi
2625:La Marmora
2539:1936–1943
2487:Himself as
2477:1934–1935
2456:Himself as
2446:1933–1934
2418:1939–1944
1930:Ciano 1947
1859:. London:
1602:Ciano 2002
1198:Ciano 2002
1178:1036749435
1170:2003026579
1038:References
981:Raul Julia
940:(1962) by
849:Ribbentrop
525:Early life
378:politician
369:Profession
246:1903-03-18
3108:Gentiloni
3103:Mogherini
3038:Andreatta
3018:Andreotti
2830:Guariglia
2825:Mussolini
2815:Mussolini
2805:Mussolini
2283:797756689
2228:1478-1387
2185:731060695
2166:Mussolini
2155:(2010) .
1818:0039-3037
1769:0044-3360
1639:1589-3839
1574:(1940) .
1532:0469-2462
1458:0362-4331
1113:0039-3037
1070:2282-121X
1062:MicroMega
919:São Paulo
386:Signature
356:Parent(s)
208:In office
156:In office
116:In office
63:In office
3088:Frattini
3073:Frattini
3063:Ruggiero
3003:Malfatti
2938:Piccioni
2903:Piccioni
2835:Badoglio
2800:Schanzer
2785:Scialoja
2740:Prinetti
2730:Canevaro
2695:Depretis
2690:Robilant
2685:Depretis
2670:Depretis
2655:Depretis
2650:Melegari
2640:Menabrea
2635:Campello
2615:Pasolini
2610:Rattazzi
2605:Ricasoli
2236:52158126
2163:(eds.).
2145:41497106
2016:49545875
1973:49019765
1826:20565036
1777:43527439
1555:Archived
1491:Hof 2021
1470:Archived
1345:Hof 2021
1329:Hof 2021
1313:Hof 2021
1297:Hof 2021
1247:22888118
1121:20565036
876:Children
862:Medesano
725:Holy See
659:spa town
559:Ganascia
521:(1985).
442:Italian:
375:Diplomat
362:(father)
348:Children
3123:Di Maio
3083:D'Alema
3053:Agnelli
3048:Martino
3033:Colombo
3013:Colombo
3008:Ruffini
2998:Forlani
2963:Fanfani
2953:Fanfani
2943:Saragat
2933:Fanfani
2918:Fanfani
2908:Martino
2780:Tittoni
2775:Sonnino
2760:Tittoni
2745:Tittoni
2725:Capelli
2720:Caetani
2680:Mancini
2675:Cairoli
2665:Cairoli
2389:of the
2385:in the
2343:27 July
2321:25 July
2246:25 July
2075:(ed.).
1981:1085348
1963:(ed.).
1950:(ed.).
1903:27 July
1871:25 July
1831:27 July
1782:27 July
1724:27 July
1676:27 July
1644:27 July
1537:27 July
1476:25 July
1466:1645522
1280:Rai Uno
1239:60-6729
1126:27 July
1080:25 July
860:, near
858:Ramiola
803:, 1944.
705:Belgium
688:Before
682:Albania
583:attaché
577:at the
539:Admiral
531:Livorno
505:in his
485:Vatican
462:Admiral
342:
330:
257:Tuscany
253:Livorno
3128:Tajani
3113:Alfano
3098:Bonino
3028:Scotti
2983:Medici
2968:Medici
2888:Sforza
2840:Bonomi
2810:Grandi
2790:Sforza
2700:Crispi
2600:Cavour
2281:
2271:
2234:
2226:
2183:
2173:
2143:
2133:
2110:
2087:
2060:
2037:
2014:
2006:
1996:
1979:
1971:
1824:
1816:
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1227:
1176:
1168:
1158:
1119:
1111:
1068:
1021:Lipari
1017:Kaputt
1006:Kaputt
907:Nobile
901:Nobile
866:London
845:Hitler
801:Verona
751:, and
336:
319:Spouse
311:Height
281:Veneto
277:Verona
2993:Rumor
2973:Nenni
2928:Segni
2923:Pella
2913:Pella
2898:Pella
2883:Nenni
2820:Ciano
2715:Blanc
2660:Corti
2512:1935
2315:(PDF)
2304:(PDF)
2259:[
2102:[
1894:(PDF)
1822:JSTOR
1773:JSTOR
1665:[
1585:(PDF)
1117:JSTOR
1043:Notes
651:Carlo
551:Count
340:)
332:(
328:
104:Italy
27:Conti
3184:duce
3181:and
3078:Fini
3058:Dini
3043:Elia
2988:Moro
2978:Moro
2958:Moro
2948:Moro
2710:Brin
2345:2021
2323:2021
2279:OCLC
2269:ISBN
2248:2021
2232:OCLC
2224:ISSN
2181:OCLC
2171:ISBN
2141:OCLC
2131:ISBN
2108:ISBN
2085:ISBN
2058:ISBN
2035:ISBN
2012:OCLC
2004:LCCN
1994:ISBN
1977:OCLC
1969:LCCN
1905:2021
1873:2021
1833:2021
1814:ISSN
1784:2021
1765:ISSN
1726:2021
1678:2021
1646:2021
1635:ISSN
1539:2021
1528:ISSN
1478:2021
1462:OCLC
1454:ISSN
1422:ISBN
1395:ISBN
1371:ISBN
1367:9–10
1243:OCLC
1235:LCCN
1225:ISBN
1174:OCLC
1166:LCCN
1156:ISBN
1128:2021
1109:ISSN
1082:2021
1066:ISSN
948:and
832:and
695:Duce
653:and
541:and
437:-noh
435:CHAH
338:1930
267:Died
236:Born
2391:ZBW
2216:doi
1520:101
1276:HBO
661:of
553:by
513:HBO
106:to
3957::
2277:.
2267:.
2230:.
2222:.
2206:.
2200:.
2179:.
2159:;
2139:.
2129:.
2083:.
2010:.
2002:.
1975:.
1853:.
1820:.
1810:23
1804:.
1792:^
1771:.
1761:26
1701:^
1627:13
1609:^
1578:.
1502:^
1468:.
1460:.
1369:,
1274:.
1241:.
1233:.
1223:.
1190:^
1172:.
1164:.
1148:.
1136:^
1115:.
1105:23
1099:.
1060:.
1003:-
847:,
828:,
824:,
747:,
743:,
707:.
673:.
616:.
570:.
487:.
440:,
425:oʊ
419:ɑː
416:tʃ
334:m.
283:,
279:,
259:,
255:,
3162:e
3155:t
3148:v
2576:e
2569:t
2562:v
2325:.
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2250:.
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2147:.
2116:.
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2018:.
1983:.
1932:.
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413:ˈ
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351:3
248:)
244:(
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