1070:, while the DBUMs each provided 8K of RAM. There were two BUMs and two DBUMs in the CDH subsystem and they all resided on the spun side of the spacecraft. The BUMs and DBUMs provided storage for sequences and contain various buffers for telemetry data and interbus communication. Every HLM and LLM was built up around a single 1802 microprocessor and 32K of RAM (for HLMs) or 16K of RAM (for LLMs). Two HLMs and two LLMs resided on the spun side while two LLMs were on the despun side. Thus, total memory capacity available to the CDH subsystem was 176K of RAM: 144K allocated to the spun side and 32K to the despun side. Each HLM was responsible for the following functions:
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1955:, the scientific instruments were protected from extreme heat and pressure during its high-speed journey into the Jovian atmosphere, entering at 48 kilometers per second (110,000 mph). Temperatures reached around 16,000 °C (29,000 °F). NASA built a special laboratory, the Giant Planet Facility, to simulate the heat load, which was similar to the convective and radiative heating experienced by an
8495:
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697:, with more than twice the mass of all the other planets combined. Consideration of sending a probe to Jupiter began as early as 1959. NASA's Scientific Advisory Group (SAG) for Outer Solar System Missions considered the requirements for Jupiter orbiters and atmospheric probes. It noted that the technology to build a
1592:, while two search coil magnetic antennas studied the magnetic fields. The electric dipole antenna was mounted at the tip of the magnetometer boom. The search coil magnetic antennas were mounted on the high-gain antenna feed. Nearly simultaneous measurements of the electric and magnetic field spectrum allowed
1537:
section to be measured. One set was located at the end of the magnetometer boom and, in that position, was about 11 m (36 ft) from the spin axis of the spacecraft. The second set, designed to detect stronger fields, was 6.7 m (22 ft) from the spin axis. The boom was used to remove
1420:
The PPR had seven radiometry bands. One of these used no filters and observed all incoming radiation, both solar and thermal. Another band allowed only solar radiation through. The difference between the solar-plus-thermal and the solar-only channels gave the total thermal radiation emitted. The PPR
1190:
material resistant to fracturing. The plutonium was enriched to about 83.5 percent plutonium-238. The modules were designed to survive a range of potential accidents: launch vehicle explosion or fire, re-entry into the atmosphere followed by land or water impact, and post-impact situations. An outer
1260:
mapping spectrometer to make multi-spectral images for atmospheric and moon surface chemical analysis; the ultraviolet spectrometer to study gases; and the photopolarimeter-radiometer to measure radiant and reflected energy. The camera system was designed to obtain images of
Jupiter's satellites at
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The propulsion subsystem consisted of a 400 N (90 lbf) main engine and twelve 10 N (2.2 lbf) thrusters, together with propellant, storage and pressurizing tanks and associated plumbing. The 10 N thrusters were mounted in groups of six on two 2-meter (6.6 ft) booms. The
825:
stable and holding six instruments that gathered data from many different directions, including the fields and particles instruments. Back on the ground, the mission operations team used software containing 650,000 lines of code in the orbit sequence design process; 1,615,000 lines in the telemetry
1542:
to minimize magnetic effects from the spacecraft. However, not all these effects could be eliminated by distancing the instrument. The rotation of the spacecraft was used to separate natural magnetic fields from engineering-induced fields. Another source of potential error in measurement came from
1479:
detector system to measure changes in the energetic particle population at
Jupiter as a function of position and time. These measurements helped determine how the particles got their energy and how they were transported through Jupiter's magnetosphere. The EPD weighed 10.5 kg (23 lb) and
1332:
surrounding the CCD except where the light enters the system. An eight-position filter wheel was used to obtain images at specific wavelengths. The images were then combined electronically on Earth to produce color images. The spectral response of the SSI ranged from about 400 to 1100 nm. The
971:
running at all times. Each data system bus (a.k.a. string) was composed of the same functional elements, consisting of multiplexers (MUX), high-level modules (HLM), low-level modules (LLM), power converters (PC), bulk memory (BUM), data management subsystem bulk memory (DBUM), timing chains (TC),
1466:
The energetic-particles detector (EPD) was designed to measure the numbers and energies of ions and electrons whose energies exceeded about 20 keV (3.2 fJ). The EPD could also measure the direction of travel of such particles and, in the case of ions, could determine their composition
1547:. At Jupiter, the outboard (11 m) set of sensors could measure magnetic field strengths in the range from ±32 to ±512 nT, while the inboard (6.7 m) set was active in the range from ±512 to ±16,384 nT. The MAG experiment weighed 7.0 kg (15.4 lb) and used 3.9 watts of power.
1453:
was used to measure the mass, electric charge, and velocity of incoming particles. The masses of dust particles that the DDS could detect go from 10 to 10 grams. The speed of these small particles could be measured over the range of 1 to 70 kilometers per second (0.6 to 43.5 mi/s). The
1543:
the bending and twisting of the long magnetometer boom. To account for these motions, a calibration coil was mounted rigidly on the spacecraft to generate a reference magnetic field during calibrations. The magnetic field at the surface of the Earth has a strength of about 50,000
1427:
spacecraft. A 100 mm (4 in) aperture reflecting telescope collected light and directed it to a series of filters, and, from there, measurements were performed by the detectors of the PPR. The PPR weighed 5.0 kg (11.0 lb) and consumed about 5 watts of power.
920:
The launch was delayed twice more: by a faulty main engine controller that forced a postponement to
October 17, and then by inclement weather, which necessitated a postponement to the following day, but this was not a concern since the launch window extended until November 21.
813:. At launch, the orbiter and probe together had a mass of 2,562 kg (5,648 lb) and stood 6.15 m (20.2 ft) tall. Spacecraft are normally stabilized either by spinning around a fixed axis or by maintaining a fixed orientation with reference the Sun and a star;
1559:
for energy and mass analysis. These fields of view covered most angles from 0 to 180 degrees, fanning out from the spin axis. The rotation of the spacecraft carried each field of view through a full circle. The PLS measured particles in the energy range from 0.9 to
1421:
also measured in five broadband channels that spanned the spectral range from 17 to 110 micrometers. The radiometer provided data on the temperatures of
Jupiter's atmosphere and satellites. The design of the instrument was based on that of an instrument flown on the
826:
interpretation; and 550,000 lines of code in navigation. All of the spacecraft components and spare parts received a minimum of 2,000 hours of testing. The spacecraft was expected to last for at least five yearsâlong enough to reach
Jupiter and perform its mission.
1156:
were not practical at
Jupiter's distance from the Sun; the spacecraft would have needed a minimum of 65 square meters (700 sq ft) of panels. Chemical batteries would likewise be prohibitively large due to technological limitations. The solution was two
1504:
using stacks of single crystal silicon wafers. The HIC could measure heavy ions with energies as low as 6 MeV (1 pJ) and as high as 200 MeV (32 pJ) per nucleon. This range included all atomic substances between
752:. This allowed it to take high-resolution images, but the functionality came at a cost of increased weight. A Mariner weighed 722 kilograms (1,592 lb) compared to just 146 kilograms (322 lb) for a Pioneer.
705:(JPL) as the lead center for the Jupiter Orbiter Probe (JOP) project. The JOP would be the fifth spacecraft to visit Jupiter, but the first to orbit it, and the probe would be the first to enter its atmosphere.
1199:
cladding of the RTGs provided post-impact containment. The RTGs produced about 570 watts at launch. The power output initially decreased at the rate of 0.6 watts per month and was 493 watts when
758:, who had headed the Mariner and Voyager projects, became the first project manager. He solicited suggestions for a more inspirational name for the project, and the most votes went to "Galileo" after
1245:
instrument for detecting low-energy charged particles and a plasma-wave detector to study waves generated by the particles; a high-energy particle detector; and a detector of cosmic and Jovian
1195:
provided protection against the structural, thermal, and eroding environments of a potential re-entry into Earth's atmosphere. Additional graphite components provided impact protection, while
1454:
instrument could measure impact rates from 1 particle per 115 days (10 megaseconds) to 100 particles per second. Such data was used to help determine dust origin and dynamics within the
1513:. The HIC and the EUV shared a communications link and, therefore, had to share observing time. The HIC weighed 8.0 kg (17.6 lb) and used an average of 2.8 watts of power.
1412:
rotated, EUV observed a narrow ribbon of space perpendicular to the spin axis. The two instruments combined weighed about 9.7 kg (21 lb) and used 5.9 watts of power.
6590:
701:
for an atmospheric probe did not yet exist, and facilities to test one under the conditions found on
Jupiter would not be available until 1980. NASA management designated the
2839:
4155:
Ritter, H.; Mazoue, F.; Santovincenzo, A.; Atzei, A. (2006). "Jupiter Entry Probe
Feasibility Study from the ESTEC CDF Team: Heat Flux Evaluation & TPS Definition".
1249:. It also carried the Heavy Ion Counter, an engineering experiment to assess the potentially hazardous charged particle environments the spacecraft flew through, and an
1218:
The spacecraft had a large high-gain antenna which failed to deploy while in space, so the low-gain antenna was used instead, although at slower data transfer speeds.
1055:. The AACSE could be reprogrammed in flight by sending the new program through the Command and Data Subsystem. The attitude control system software was written in the
2339:
732:, which gave a 360-degree view of the surroundings, and did not require an attitude control system. By contrast, Mariner had an attitude control system with three
7732:
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so existing manufacturing tools could be used. They provided a nominal power output of about 7.2-ampere hours capacity at a minimal voltage of 28.05 volts.
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Spacecraft are normally stabilized either by spinning around a fixed axis or by maintaining a fixed orientation with reference to the Sun and a star.
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1169:. This provided a reliable and long-lasting source of electricity unaffected by the cold environment and high-radiation fields in the Jovian system.
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Laub, B.; Venkatapathy, E. (October 6â9, 2003). "Thermal
Protection System Technology and Facility Needs for Demanding Future Planetary Missions".
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launch. RTGs were necessary for deep space probes because they had to fly distances from the Sun that made the use of solar energy impractical.
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spacecraft like that used for
Voyager for the Jupiter orbiter, rather than a Pioneer. Pioneer was stabilized by spinning the spacecraft at 60
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spacecraft adopted its configuration for solo flight, and separated from the IUS at 01:06:53 UTC on October 19. The launch was perfect, and
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stable and holding six instruments that gathered data from many different directions, including the fields and particles instruments.
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Scientific instruments to measure fields and particles were mounted on the spinning section of the spacecraft, together with the main
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639:. At launch, the orbiter and probe together had a mass of 2,562 kg (5,648 lb) and stood 6.15 m (20.2 ft) tall.
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are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the â sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
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used a grating to disperse the light collected by the telescope. The dispersed spectrum of light was focused on detectors of
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light, overlapping the wavelength range of the SSI. NIMS used a 229 mm (9 in) aperture reflecting telescope. The
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Launches are separated by dots ( âą ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
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computers and control electronics. The sixteen instruments, weighing 118 kg (260 lb) altogether, included
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522:
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tubes that produced pulses of electrons, which were counted and the results sent to Earth. The UVS was mounted on
1014:: four on the spun side and two on the despun side. Each CPU was clocked at about 1.6 MHz, and fabricated on
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8397:
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3160:
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4024:
Hofland, L. M.; Stofel, E. J.; Taenaka, R. K. (1996). "Galileo Probe Lithium-Sulfur Dioxide Cell Life Testing".
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at Io with Jupiter in the background. In reality, the high-gain foldable antenna failed to deploy in flight.
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plant. It weighed 339 kilograms (747 lb) and was 86 centimeters (34 in) high. Inside the probe's
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581:, it consisted of an orbiter and an entry probe. It was delivered into Earth orbit on October 18, 1989, by
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International Workshop on Planetary Probe Atmospheric Entry and Descent Trajectory Analysis and Science
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1968:
1533:(MAG) used two sets of three sensors. The three sensors allowed the three orthogonal components of the
762:, the first person to view Jupiter through a telescope. His 1610 discovery of what is now known as the
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of the UVS had a 250 mm (9.8 in) aperture. Both the UVS and EUV instruments used a ruled
121:
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The HIC was, in effect, a repackaged and updated version of some parts of the flight spare of the
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sensors mounted on an 11 m (36 ft) boom to minimize interference from the spacecraft; a
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1182:. Each RTG contained 18 separate heat source modules, and each module encased four pellets of
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Missions are ordered by launch date. indicates failure en route or before any data returned.
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910:(RTGs) and General Purpose Heat Source (GPHS) modules, sought a court injunction prohibiting
896:, concerned over what they perceived as an unacceptable risk to the public's safety from the
868:, the May launch date could not be met. The mission was rescheduled to October 12, 1989. The
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material ideal for spacecraft operation. This 8-bit microprocessor was the first low-power
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632:
358:
348:
4188:. The NASA History Series (second ed.). Washington, DC: NASA History Program Office.
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in Jupiter's atmosphere on September 21, 2003. The next orbiter to be sent to Jupiter was
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1568:). The PLS weighed 13.2 kg (29 lb) and used an average of 10.7 watts of power.
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1165:. The heat emitted by this decay was converted into electricity through the solid-state
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1458:. The DDS weighed 4.2 kg (9.3 lb) and used an average of 5.4 watts of power.
1129:
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744:, which were monitored with two primary and four secondary sensors. There was also an
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to disperse light for spectral analysis. Light then passed through an exit slit into
1176:, mounted on a 5-meter long (16 ft) boom, carried 7.8 kilograms (17 lb) of
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did both. One section of the spacecraft rotated at 3 revolutions per minute, keeping
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flybys of Venus and Earth, and became the first spacecraft to orbit an outer planet.
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SSI weighed 29.7 kg (65 lb) and consumed, on average, 15 watts of power.
1318:(CCD) camera. The optical portion of the camera was a modified flight spare of the
1242:
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The Galileo Attitude and Articulation Control System (AACSE) was controlled by two
1038:
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ID 1989-084E while the orbiter had id 1989-084B. Names for the spacecraft include
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collection, processing, and formatting of telemetry data for downlink transmission
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was successfully deployed at 00:15 UTC on October 19. Following the IUS burn, the
16:
This article is about the Jupiter probe. For the navigation satellite system, see
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The probe included seven instruments for taking data on its plunge into Jupiter:
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3989:. 45th Congress of the International Astronautical Federation. Jerusalem, Israel
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provide the capability to issue coded and discrete commands to spacecraft users
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1373:. NIMS weighed 18 kg (40 lb) and used 12 watts of power on average.
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Measuring light and radio emissions associated with lightning, and fluxes of
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1600:. The PWS weighed 7.1 kg (16 lb) and used an average of 9.8 watts.
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coders (GC), hardware command decoders (HCD) and critical controllers (CRC).
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1328:. The CCD had radiation shielding a 10 mm (0.4 in) thick layer of
1115:
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Orbiter: 570 watts at launch, 493 watts on arrival, 410 watts at end-of-life
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Bennett, Gary L.; Hemler, Richard J.; Schock, Alfred (October 9â14, 1994).
3961:"Galileo Early Cruise, Including Venus, First Earth, and Gaspra Encounters"
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flew closer to the planet and its inner moons, and because the more modern
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The CDH subsystem was responsible for maintaining the following functions:
796:
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Proceedings of 11th Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances
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In addition, the probe's heat shield contained instrumentation to measure
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camera was more sensitive and had a broader color detection band than the
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and provided by West Germany, the major international partner in Project
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error recovery including system fault-protection monitoring and response.
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was soon headed towards Venus at over 14,000 km/h (9,000 mph).
698:
558:
3347:
2909:
516:
7793:
7653:
6182:
6177:
5930:
5332:
5325:
4786:
4704:
4003:
2734:
2131:
1366:
1350:
1052:
968:
733:
570:
138:
4257:. DESCANSO Design and Performance Summary Series. Washington, DC: NASA
4081:
2426:(Press Kit). NASA / Jet Propulsion Laboratory. December 1995.
6722:
6715:
6643:
6375:
6370:
6172:
6167:
6157:
6137:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
5980:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5925:
5910:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5831:
5655:
5602:
5587:
5475:
5353:
5346:
5097:
4982:
4733:
4726:
4680:
4581:
4575:
4060:. Lisbon, Portugal: University of Idaho. pp. 1â9. Archived from
2270:
abbreviated JEP. The related COSPAR IDs of the Galileo mission were:
2170:
2159:
1980:
1972:
1377:
Ultraviolet spectrometer / extreme ultraviolet spectrometer (UVS/EUV)
1178:
1161:(RTGs) which powered the spacecraft through the radioactive decay of
897:
740:
jet thrusters. Attitude was determined with reference to the Sun and
536:
4115:
3451:
3208:
3164:
2638:
8407:
Galileo's Daughter: A Historical Memoir of Science, Faith, and Love
8123:
7757:
6923:
6606:
6585:
6322:
6221:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
5920:
5904:
5865:
4903:
4443:
4139:
3252:
2224:
1629:
Diagram of the atmospheric entry probe's instruments and subsystems
1354:
1329:
1253:
detector associated with the UV spectrometer on the scan platform.
1192:
1173:
1035:
1015:
1004:
770:
of the solar system. It was also noted that the name was that of a
737:
8038:
4203:
1931:
948:
929:
on October 18, and went into a 343-kilometer (213 mi) orbit.
829:
7371:
7045:
6822:
6612:
6269:
5597:
5305:
5177:
5160:
5026:
4989:
4531:
4506:
3741:
2235:
Lacking the fuel to escape Jupiter's gravity well, at the end of
2166:
1869:
1475:, for example). The EPD used silicon solid-state detectors and a
1394:
1370:
1286:
1256:
The despun section's instruments included the camera system; the
1196:
1187:
857:
741:
690:
574:
562:
82:
3000:
1136:
pressurant. The propulsion subsystem was developed and built by
7995:
7990:
7943:
7906:
7895:
7742:
7713:
7597:
7498:
7456:
7386:
7381:
7325:
6940:
6436:
6116:
6111:
6090:
6085:
5986:
5960:
5955:
5915:
4995:
4881:
4876:
4496:
4476:
4462:
4438:
4322:
3682:
2698:
2674:"Four New Shuttle Crews Named (STS-32, STS-33, STS-34, STS-35)"
2435:
2433:
1798:
1510:
1506:
1472:
1468:
1362:
1133:
873:
594:
344:
4182:
Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958â2016
4154:
3959:
Beyer, P. E.; O'Connor, R. C.; Mudgway, D. J. (May 15, 1992).
3862:
3703:"Development of New Ablative Thermal Protection Systems (TPS)"
2535:
2162:
and radio emission detector and energetic particles instrument
6781:
5745:
4959:
4937:
4553:
3908:
Outer Solar System: Prospective Energy and Material Resources
2959:
2957:
2955:
2857:
1565:
1056:
3986:
Development and Use of the Galileo and Ulysses Power Sources
2430:
1336:
1132:. Two separate tanks held another 7 kg (15 lb) of
967:
The CDH subsystem was actively redundant, with two parallel
780:
television show. The new name was adopted in February 1978.
7105:
6817:
5225:
3844:
3792:
3706:
3659:
3628:
3569:
3038:
2628:
2626:
2570:
2485:
2178:
1956:
1652:
1408:
scan platform. The EUV was mounted on the spun section. As
1246:
1045:
1031:
1027:
624:
93:
8458:
2952:
2916:
2881:
2869:
999:
movement of data between subsystems via a data system bus.
6441:
1776:
1501:
1067:
926:
729:
322:
7194:
4248:
Taylor, Jim; Cheung, Kar-Ming; Seo, Dongae (July 2002).
4011:. The NASA History Series. Washington, DC: NASA. SP-4230
3958:
3806:
2655:
2653:
2644:
2623:
2547:
2340:
List of spacecraft powered by non-rechargeable batteries
163:
Jupiter orbit: 7 years, 9 months, 13 days
2523:
2511:
1124:
fuel for the system was 925 kg (2,039 lb) of
1097:
collect and format engineering data from the subsystems
4005:
Taming Liquid Hydrogen: The Centaur Upper Stage Rocket
3765:
3729:
3591:"Hughes Science/Scope Press Release and Advertisement"
2940:
2928:
2499:
1103:
recognize out-of-tolerance conditions on status inputs
1093:
Each LLM was responsible for the following functions:
852:, on the first leg of its journey, a road trip to the
8435:
3940:
The 1979 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop
3753:
3350:. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
2650:
2589:
2136:
Measuring the difference between upward and downward
1461:
817:
did both. One section of the spacecraft rotated at 3
724:
An important decision made at this time was to use a
4023:
3868:
3747:
2784:
1415:
993:
execution of system-level fault-protection responses
3982:
3946:. Goddard Space Flight Center: NASA. pp. 83â95
3207:. University of Colorado at Boulder. Archived from
3006:
5300:
3968:The Telecommunications and Data Acquisition Report
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
1230:, power supply, the propulsion module and most of
962:
809:managed the atmospheric probe, which was built by
635:managed the atmospheric probe, which was built by
4093:. The NASA History Series. Washington, DC: NASA.
3653:
3295:. High Energy Stereoscopic System. Archived from
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
1697:83 million km (52 million mi)
1083:execution of stored sequences (time-event tables)
1059:programming language, which was also used in the
177:4,631,778,000 km (2.88 billion mi)
166:Final: 13 years, 11 months, 3 days
160:Planned: 8 years, 1 month, 19 days
8509:
5740:
4050:
3688:
2207:Measuring wind speeds and atmospheric absorption
2023:Measuring temperature, pressure and deceleration
1436:
1349:The NIMS instrument was sensitive to 0.7-to-5.2-
1214:Galileo project § High-gain antenna problem
1066:Memory capacity provided by each BUM was 16K of
8208:Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
4247:
4116:"Galileo Probe Heat Shield Ablation Experiment"
2439:
2246:into Jupiter on September 21, 2003, to prevent
1106:perform some system fault-protection functions.
766:orbiting Jupiter was important evidence of the
38:First NASA mission to orbit Jupiter (1989â2003)
4218:
3818:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2863:
2374:
2106:Cloud location and cloud-particle observations
1571:
601:arrived at Jupiter on December 7, 1995, after
8054:
7180:
6556:
6542:
5726:
5286:
4388:
4374:
4277:(Report). NASA History Office. Archived from
4272:Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience
4157:Thermal Protection Systems and Hot Structures
3613:
3583:
3293:"Cosmic Dust: Messengers from Distant Worlds"
2679:(Press release). NASA. 88-049. Archived from
2052:Analyze the gas composition of the atmosphere
1555:The PLS used seven fields of view to collect
848:On December 19, 1985, it departed the JPL in
4219:Siewiorek, Daniel; Swarz, Robert S. (1998).
4001:
3905:
3850:
3700:
2840:"Galileo Travels 292,500 Miles Toward Venus"
2710:"Groups Protest Use of Plutonium on Galileo"
2541:
4355:NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive
3824:
3135:"NIMS â Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer"
2893:
2352:
2250:of possible life of Jupiter's moon Europa.
1967:The probe's electronics were powered by 13
1301:
712:In the Vertical Processing Facility (VPF),
8061:
8047:
7187:
7173:
6549:
6535:
5733:
5719:
5293:
5279:
4381:
4367:
2078:supporting atmospheric composition studies
1500:cosmic-ray system. The HIC detected heavy
1483:
1261:resolutions 20 to 1,000 times better than
111:
51:
4028:. Long Beach, California. pp. 9â14.
3621:"Galileo Arrives at Kennedy Space Center"
3179:"EUVS â Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer"
2764:
2762:
2760:
1986:
1947:'s Space and Communications Group at its
1588:was used to study the electric fields of
1550:
1337:Near-infrared mapping spectrometer (NIMS)
1080:movement of data over the data system bus
8523:Spacecraft launched by the Space Shuttle
3654:D. Isbell; D. Morse (January 22, 1996).
3556:
3554:
2601:
2370:from the original on September 30, 2023.
1930:
1613:Galileo project § Atmospheric probe
1575:
1520:
1487:
1440:
1380:
1340:
1305:
1114:
947:
945:returned to Earth safely on October 23.
828:
707:
4269:
4079:
4002:Dawson, Virginia; Bowles, Mark (2004).
3933:Blagdon, L. (1980). "Galileo Lithium SO
3932:
3771:
3759:
3735:
2963:
2946:
2934:
2922:
2887:
2875:
2659:
2632:
2595:
2553:
2529:
2517:
2505:
1538:the MAG from the immediate vicinity of
1051:(ATAC), built using radiation-hardened
805:supplied the propulsion module. NASA's
631:supplied the propulsion module. NASA's
8510:
5700:Colonization of the outer Solar System
3777:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2790:
2757:
2739:"Galileo: To Launch or not to Launch?"
1603:
1159:radioisotope thermoelectric generators
1049:Advanced Technology Airborne Computers
908:radioisotope thermoelectric generators
371:December 8, 1995, 01:16 UTC
252:Orbiter: 1,880 kg (4,140 lb)
235:Orbiter: 2,220 kg (4,890 lb)
8178:Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina
8042:
7168:
6687:Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer
6530:
5714:
5536:Europa Jupiter System Mission-Laplace
5274:
4362:
4225:. Natick, Massachusetts: A K Peters.
4113:
4083:Mission to Jupiter: A History of the
3970:: 265â281. TDA Progress Report 42-109
3906:Badescu, Viorel; Zacny, Kris (2018).
3812:
3694:
3551:
3012:
2733:
2727:
2704:
2559:
2313:List of missions to the outer planets
1516:
1480:used 10.1 watts of power on average.
1207:
1003:The spacecraft was controlled by six
577:. Named after the Italian astronomer
3882:(in Czech). Knihovna Akademie vÄd ÄR
3494:. University of Iowa. Archived from
3322:"EPD â Energetic Particles Detector"
3251:. Lowell Observatory. Archived from
2671:
2470:
872:spacecraft would be launched by the
232:Total: 2,560 kg (5,640 lb)
8068:
6485:List of artificial objects on Venus
3647:
3562:"Galileo Jupiter Atmospheric Probe"
3223:"PPR â Photopolarimeter-Radiometer"
2969:
2810:
2672:Carr, Jeffrey (November 10, 1988).
1959:warhead reentering the atmosphere.
1943:The atmospheric probe was built by
1147:
1077:maintenance of the spacecraft clock
990:execution of commands and sequences
13:
6699:Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer
4319:by NASA's Solar System Exploration
4310:by NASA's Solar System Exploration
3825:Fraser Cain (September 22, 2003).
3748:Hofland, Stofel & Taenaka 1996
2791:Sawyer, Kathy (October 17, 1989).
2645:Beyer, O'Connor & Mudgway 1992
1462:Energetic-particles detector (EPD)
1345:Near-infrared mapping spectrometer
442:Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer
269:Orbiter: 118 kg (260 lb)
14:
8564:
8548:Extraterrestrial atmosphere entry
7089:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher
7036:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
5255:List of extraterrestrial orbiters
4298:
4120:Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets
3701:Bernard Laub (October 19, 2004).
3007:Bennett, Hemler & Schock 1994
1416:Photopolarimeterâradiometer (PPR)
1296:
666:, which arrived on July 5, 2016.
8493:
8481:
8469:
8457:
8445:
8114:Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment
7154:Space Flight Operations Facility
6946:Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
5830:
5824:
5818:
5568:Innovative Interstellar Explorer
5386:
5148:Double Asteroid Redirection Test
4270:Tomayko, James E. (March 1988).
2199:and Federal Republic of Germany
2020:Atmospheric structure instrument
1969:lithium sulfur dioxide batteries
1623:
1314:The SSI was an 800-by-800-pixel
716:is prepared for mating with the
685:Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)
523:Large Strategic Science Missions
515:
255:Probe: 340 kg (750 lb)
238:Probe: 340 kg (750 lb)
7003:Wide Field and Planetary Camera
3898:
3656:"Galileo Probe Science Results"
3529:
3503:
3484:
3458:
3440:
3414:
3388:
3362:
3340:
3314:
3285:
3267:"DDS â Dust Detector Subsystem"
3259:
3241:
3215:
3197:
3171:
3153:
3127:
3109:
3083:
3061:
2832:
2665:
2478:"Jupiter: Facts â NASA Science"
1431:
1030:processor chip, similar to the
963:Command and Data Handling (CDH)
925:finally lifted off at 16:53:40
683:For a chronological guide, see
5551:Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter
3827:"Galileo Plunges Into Jupiter"
3785:"Experiments on Galileo Probe"
2567:"NASA's 50 Year Men and Women"
2445:
2230:
1979:. Each cell was the size of a
1880:December 7, 1995, 22:04:44 UTC
1856:December 7, 1995, 23:06:08 UTC
1675:
1221:
1034:that was being built into the
669:
272:Probe: 30 kg (66 lb)
123:
18:Galileo (satellite navigation)
1:
7083:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
6480:Observations and explorations
6381:NASA Uranus orbiter and probe
3511:"PWS â Plasma Wave Subsystem"
2457:NASA Solar System Exploration
2440:Taylor, Cheung & Seo 2002
2345:
1451:dust-detector subsystem (DDS)
1437:Dust-detector subsystem (DDS)
1110:
1024:radiation-and static-hardened
693:is the largest planet in the
395:Controlled entry into Jupiter
8170:Letter to Benedetto Castelli
7149:Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking
7009:Wide Field Infrared Explorer
6693:Soil Moisture Active Passive
6596:Atmospheric infrared sounder
6416:Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar
4482:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
3689:Laub & Venkatapathy 2003
3309:DSI via Stuttgart University
1962:
1935:Inner Descent Module of the
474:Energetic Particles Detector
403:September 21, 2003, 18:57:18
7:
8528:Spacecraft launched in 1989
6668:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
5245:List of Solar System probes
4335:by Arizona State University
3091:"SSI â Solid State Imaging"
3069:"Solid-State Imaging (SSI)"
2301:
2065:Goddard Space Flight Center
1975:'s Power Sources Center in
1572:Plasma-wave subsystem (PWS)
987:decoding of uplink commands
791:spacecraft and managed the
616:spacecraft and managed the
569:, as well as the asteroids
458:Photopolarimeter-Radiometer
10:
8569:
8343:Galileo National Telescope
7126:Table Mountain Observatory
6096:Pioneer Venus Small Probes
5805:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
5449:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
4345:Early probe results report
4251:Galileo Telecommunications
2864:Siewiorek & Swarz 1998
2818:"PDS: Mission Information"
2770:"Mission Archives: STS-34"
2360:"The Final Day on Galileo"
2328:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
1767:October 18, 1989, 16:53:40
1610:
1211:
1138:Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm
803:Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm
682:
673:
629:Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm
529:Planetary Science Division
313:October 18, 1989, 16:53:40
207:Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm
15:
8358:
8267:
8226:
8137:
8076:
8024:
7983:
7925:
7877:
7771:
7700:
7631:
7559:
7490:
7449:
7359:
7273:
7219:
7139:
7098:
7075:
7054:
7041:Near-Earth Asteroid Scout
7023:
6952:Solar Mesosphere Explorer
6734:
6631:Large Binocular Telescope
6564:
6558:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
6513:
6467:
6429:
6393:
6363:
6290:
6283:
6256:
6231:
6202:
6195:
6125:
6104:
6038:
6002:
5896:
5846:
5839:
5816:
5777:
5759:
5752:
5695:Missions to outer planets
5628:
5583:Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter
5519:
5486:
5459:
5440:
5421:
5395:
5384:
5312:
5240:
5126:
4892:
4758:
4747:
4718:
4665:
4600:
4517:
4429:
4408:
4397:
4222:Reliable Computer Systems
4080:Meltzer, Michael (2007).
3398:. Caltech. Archived from
3370:"HIC â Heavy Ion Counter"
2772:. NASA. February 18, 2010
2421:"Galileo Jupiter Arrival"
2364:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2183:2.7 kg (6.0 lb)
2143:3.0 kg (6.6 lb)
2123:San Jose State University
2081:1.4 kg (3.1 lb)
2071:Helium Abundance Detector
2048:Neutral mass spectrometer
2040:San Jose State University
2026:4.1 kg (9.0 lb)
1925:
1921:
1884:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1821:
1808:
1782:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1734:
1730:340 kg (750 lb)
1724:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1693:
1685:
1672:
1658:
1648:
1638:
1634:
1622:
1596:to be distinguished from
1074:uplink command processing
785:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
703:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
610:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
514:
502:
494:
486:
478:
470:
462:
454:
446:
438:
430:
423:
419:
415:
399:
391:
386:
382:
378:
367:
354:
328:
309:
304:
300:
296:
279:
262:
245:
225:
202:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
194:
189:
185:
181:
173:
153:
133:
120:
99:
89:
78:
74:
66:
50:
8307:Galileo's objective lens
7131:Solar System Ambassadors
6958:Spaceborne Imaging Radar
6030:Pioneer Venus Multiprobe
5646:Magnetosphere of Jupiter
5546:Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter
5260:List of space telescopes
4114:Milos, Frank S. (1997).
4034:10.1109/BCAA.1996.484963
3851:Badescu & Zacny 2018
3466:"PLS â Plasma Subsystem"
2542:Dawson & Bowles 2004
2290:1989-084D IUS (Orbus 6E)
2253:
2109:4.8 kg (11 lb)
1835:July 12, 1995, 03:07 UTC
1385:Ultraviolet spectrometer
1302:Solid-state imager (SSI)
888:. As the launch date of
561:that studied the planet
557:was an American robotic
450:Ultraviolet Spectrometer
8338:Galileo Galilei Airport
8109:Galilean transformation
8084:Observational astronomy
7116:NASA Deep Space Network
6964:Spitzer Space Telescope
6884:Mars Exploration Rovers
6675:Mars Science Laboratory
6602:Deep Space Atomic Clock
6401:European Venus Explorer
4326:Satellite Image Mosaics
3876:"Space Launch 1989-084"
2153:University of Wisconsin
2055:13 kg (29 lb)
1995:Scientific instruments
1945:Hughes Aircraft Company
1738:29 kg (64 lb)
1719:Hughes Aircraft Company
1484:Heavy-ion counter (HIC)
1445:Dust-detector subsystem
1324:narrow-angle camera; a
811:Hughes Aircraft Company
746:inertial reference unit
658:intentionally destroyed
637:Hughes Aircraft Company
466:Dust Detector Subsystem
217:Hughes Aircraft Company
8543:Nuclear-powered robots
8533:Destroyed space probes
8185:Discourse on the Tides
6681:Microwave limb sounder
5636:Exploration of Jupiter
5541:Jupiter Europa Orbiter
3513:. NASA. Archived from
3468:. NASA. Archived from
3450:. UCLA. Archived from
3424:. NASA. Archived from
3372:. NASA. Archived from
3324:. NASA. Archived from
3269:. NASA. Archived from
3225:. NASA. Archived from
3181:. NASA. Archived from
3163:. UCLA. Archived from
3137:. NASA. Archived from
3119:. NASA. Archived from
3093:. NASA. Archived from
2984:. NASA. Archived from
2908:. RESA. Archived from
2793:"Galileo Launch Nears"
2366:. September 21, 2003.
2308:Exploration of Jupiter
2258:The Galileo Probe had
2012:Principal investigator
1987:Scientific instruments
1949:El Segundo, California
1940:
1581:
1551:Plasma subsystem (PLS)
1526:
1493:
1446:
1386:
1346:
1311:
1120:
959:
845:
819:revolutions per minute
721:
7099:Related organizations
6210:Venus Orbiter Mission
5861:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
5641:Atmosphere of Jupiter
5578:Jovian Europa Orbiter
5208:Peregrine Mission One
4752:(by termination date)
4527:Emirates Mars Mission
4402:(deep space missions)
4331:June 2, 2016, at the
3498:on February 10, 2007.
2906:"Galileo Engineering"
2335:Atmosphere of Jupiter
2248:forward contamination
2197:University of Florida
2095:University of Rostock
1977:Horsham, Pennsylvania
1934:
1771:1989-10-18UTC16:53:40
1710:Spacecraft properties
1598:electromagnetic waves
1580:Plasma-wave subsystem
1579:
1525:Magnetometer (stowed)
1524:
1491:
1444:
1384:
1344:
1316:charge-coupled device
1309:
1118:
1061:Space Shuttle program
951:
832:
711:
506:Plasma Wave Subsystem
407:2003-09-21UTC18:57:19
317:1989-10-18UTC16:53:40
289:Probe: 730 watt-hours
190:Spacecraft properties
70:Jupiter Orbiter Probe
8349:Astronomers Monument
8302:Galileo's telescopes
8240:Michelagnolo Galilei
8094:Galileo's escapement
7203:Orbital launches in
7144:JPL Science Division
6878:Mars Global Surveyor
6846:Mars Climate Orbiter
6394:Cancelled / concepts
5250:List of lunar probes
4837:Mars Global Surveyor
4749:Completed after 2000
4284:on February 12, 2024
3539:. University of Iowa
3517:on December 13, 2009
3428:on February 18, 2010
3422:"MAG â Magnetometer"
3299:on February 10, 2007
3167:on October 10, 1999.
2708:(October 10, 1989).
2686:on February 25, 2017
2453:"Galileo â Overview"
2244:deliberately crashed
2242:life, the probe was
2217:University of Idaho
2119:Ames Research Center
2036:Ames Research Center
1564:(0.14 to 8,300
1467:(whether the ion is
1391:Cassegrain telescope
1326:Cassegrain telescope
1204:arrived at Jupiter.
854:Kennedy Space Center
850:Pasadena, California
840:on STS-34, carrying
807:Ames Research Center
736:and two sets of six
718:Inertial Upper Stage
633:Ames Research Center
603:gravitational assist
57:Artist's concept of
8553:Attached spacecraft
8319:Galileo thermometer
8192:Discourse on Comets
8162:Letters on Sunspots
8099:Galilean invariance
5742:Spacecraft missions
5620:Tsiolkovsky mission
5573:Io Volcano Observer
5302:Spacecraft missions
4399:Active space probes
4339:Galileo image album
4169:2006ESASP.631E...6R
4132:1997JSpRo..34..705M
3815:, pp. 705â713.
3789:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
3717:on October 19, 2006
3670:on January 28, 2016
3601:on January 12, 2012
3402:on December 2, 2005
3211:on August 14, 2010.
2982:"What's in an RTG?"
2966:, pp. 190â198.
2925:, pp. 198â201.
2890:, pp. 193â198.
2878:, pp. 198â199.
2844:The Washington Post
2797:The Washington Post
2745:on January 26, 2021
2737:(October 9, 1989).
2544:, pp. 190â191.
2268:Jupiter Entry Probe
1996:
1902: /
1619:
1594:electrostatic waves
1251:extreme ultraviolet
1184:plutonium(IV) oxide
1126:monomethylhydrazine
1020:silicon on sapphire
894:anti-nuclear groups
47:
8359:In popular culture
8314:Tribune of Galileo
8146:De motu antiquiora
6495:Manned Venus flyby
5785:Parker Solar Probe
5690:Deep Space Network
5509:Interstellar Probe
5422:Atmospheric probes
5173:Hakuto-R Mission 1
4719:Interstellar space
4416:Parker Solar Probe
4067:on January 8, 2007
3863:Ritter et al. 2006
3123:on August 2, 2009.
3117:"SSI Imaging Team"
2714:The New York Times
2609:"Galileo In Depth"
2091:University of Bonn
1994:
1941:
1694:Distance travelled
1617:
1582:
1527:
1517:Magnetometer (MAG)
1494:
1447:
1387:
1347:
1312:
1310:Solid-state imager
1208:Telecommunications
1130:nitrogen tetroxide
1121:
974:phase locked loops
960:
846:
795:mission for NASA.
722:
434:Solid-State Imager
174:Distance travelled
43:
8433:
8432:
8287:Galileo's paradox
8282:Villa Il Gioiello
8077:Scientific career
8036:
8035:
7162:
7161:
7121:Goldstone Complex
7076:Canceled missions
7055:Proposed missions
6872:Mars Polar Lander
6524:
6523:
6430:Program overviews
6389:
6388:
6284:Proposed missions
6279:
6278:
6264:Venus Life Finder
6191:
6190:
5814:
5813:
5708:
5707:
5487:Proposed missions
5268:
5267:
5236:
5235:
4743:
4742:
4548:2001 Mars Odyssey
4195:978-1-62683-042-4
3917:978-3-319-73845-1
3627:(Press release).
3454:on July 21, 2004.
3255:on July 21, 2004.
2988:on April 11, 2010
2912:on June 13, 2008.
2706:Broad, William J.
2635:, pp. 68â69.
2577:on March 19, 2010
2556:, pp. 30â32.
2532:, pp. 32â33.
2520:, pp. 29â30.
2362:(Press release).
2323:Juno (spacecraft)
2274:1989-084A STS 34
2221:
2220:
2193:Bell Laboratories
2009:Power consumption
1929:
1928:
1877:Atmospheric entry
1872:atmospheric probe
1643:Atmospheric probe
1557:charged particles
1492:Heavy-ion counter
1119:Propulsion module
1086:telemetry control
969:data system buses
627:. West Germany's
550:
549:
531:
510:
509:
482:Heavy Ion Counter
8560:
8498:
8497:
8496:
8486:
8485:
8484:
8474:
8473:
8472:
8462:
8461:
8450:
8449:
8448:
8441:
8399:Starry Messenger
8375:Lamp At Midnight
8276:And yet it moves
8234:Vincenzo Galilei
8216:Two New Sciences
8154:Sidereus Nuncius
8063:
8056:
8049:
8040:
8039:
7576:DFS Kopernikus 1
7260:Intelsat VA F-15
7208:
7207:
7206:
7189:
7182:
7175:
7166:
7165:
7024:Planned missions
7015:Lunar Flashlight
6626:Keck observatory
6565:Current missions
6551:
6544:
6537:
6528:
6527:
6490:List of missions
6406:Inspiration Mars
6288:
6287:
6200:
6199:
6196:Planned missions
6133:Tyazhely Sputnik
5844:
5843:
5834:
5828:
5822:
5757:
5756:
5735:
5728:
5721:
5712:
5711:
5685:Rings of Jupiter
5651:Moons of Jupiter
5460:Planned missions
5390:
5295:
5288:
5281:
5272:
5271:
4756:
4755:
4406:
4405:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4360:
4359:
4341:by Kevin M. Gill
4293:
4291:
4289:
4283:
4276:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4256:
4244:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4187:
4177:Siddiqi, Asif A.
4172:
4151:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4092:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4066:
4059:
4047:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4010:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3965:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3945:
3929:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3872:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3822:
3816:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3781:
3775:
3769:
3763:
3757:
3751:
3745:
3739:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3713:. Archived from
3698:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3666:. Archived from
3651:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3597:. Archived from
3595:FlightGlobal.com
3587:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3566:science.nasa.gov
3558:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3507:
3501:
3499:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3472:on June 21, 2010
3462:
3456:
3455:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3328:on June 21, 2010
3318:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3304:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3273:on June 19, 2010
3263:
3257:
3256:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3229:on June 14, 2010
3219:
3213:
3212:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3045:. Archived from
3030:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2978:
2967:
2961:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2902:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2766:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2741:. Archived from
2731:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2685:
2678:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2573:. Archived from
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2508:, pp. 9â10.
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2482:science.nasa.gov
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2417:
2372:
2371:
2356:
2241:
2227:during descent.
2189:Louis Lanzerotti
2140:at each altitude
1997:
1993:
1971:manufactured by
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1790:
1774:
1772:
1759:Start of mission
1686:Mission duration
1677:
1668:
1627:
1620:
1616:
1407:
1284:
1269:
1236:
1181:
1148:Electrical power
1039:desktop computer
957:
916:
906:
881:
844:into Earth orbit
801:
768:Copernican model
586:
527:
519:
498:Plasma Subsystem
426:
421:
420:
410:
408:
336:
320:
318:
305:Start of mission
212:General Electric
154:Mission duration
149:
146:
144:
142:
140:
125:
116:
115:
109:
55:
48:
42:
8568:
8567:
8563:
8562:
8561:
8559:
8558:
8557:
8538:Galileo Galilei
8518:Galileo program
8508:
8507:
8504:
8494:
8492:
8482:
8480:
8470:
8468:
8456:
8446:
8444:
8436:
8434:
8429:
8423:Galileo's Dream
8415:Galileo Galilei
8367:Life of Galileo
8354:
8326:Galileo project
8263:
8222:
8133:
8119:Phases of Venus
8072:
8070:Galileo Galilei
8067:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8020:
7979:
7970:Molniya-3 No.46
7921:
7917:Intelsat VI F-2
7873:
7869:Gorizont No.31L
7850:Molniya-1 No.69
7805:Resurs-F1 No.48
7767:
7696:
7664:Resurs-F1 No.47
7649:Gorizont No.27L
7639:Nadezhda No.403
7627:
7623:Resurs-F1 No.46
7586:Molniya-3 No.45
7555:
7530:Resurs-F1 No.45
7486:
7445:
7355:
7331:Molniya-1 No.84
7269:
7250:Gorizont No.29L
7215:
7214:
7204:
7202:
7201:
7199:
7193:
7163:
7158:
7135:
7094:
7071:
7050:
7019:
6866:Mars Pathfinder
6743:Cassini-Huygens
6730:
6710:Voyager program
6560:
6555:
6525:
6520:
6509:
6463:
6425:
6385:
6359:
6275:
6252:
6227:
6187:
6126:Failed launches
6121:
6100:
6034:
5998:
5974:CassiniâHuygens
5892:
5835:
5829:
5823:
5810:
5773:
5753:Active missions
5748:
5739:
5709:
5704:
5624:
5521:
5515:
5482:
5455:
5436:
5417:
5391:
5382:
5370:CassiniâHuygens
5341:Voyager program
5320:Pioneer program
5308:
5299:
5269:
5264:
5232:
5122:
5042:LISA Pathfinder
4888:
4751:
4739:
4714:
4661:
4596:
4513:
4425:
4401:
4393:
4387:
4333:Wayback Machine
4301:
4296:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4274:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4233:
4209:
4207:
4196:
4185:
4175:
4104:
4102:
4090:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4057:
4044:
4014:
4012:
4008:
3992:
3990:
3973:
3971:
3963:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3936:
3918:
3901:
3896:
3895:
3885:
3883:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3861:
3857:
3849:
3845:
3835:
3833:
3823:
3819:
3811:
3807:
3797:
3795:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3770:
3766:
3758:
3754:
3746:
3742:
3734:
3730:
3720:
3718:
3699:
3695:
3691:, pp. 1â9.
3687:
3683:
3673:
3671:
3652:
3648:
3638:
3636:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3604:
3602:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3574:
3572:
3560:
3559:
3552:
3542:
3540:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3520:
3518:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3475:
3473:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3431:
3429:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3405:
3403:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3379:
3377:
3376:on July 2, 2010
3368:
3367:
3363:
3353:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3331:
3329:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3302:
3300:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3276:
3274:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3232:
3230:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3188:
3186:
3185:on June 5, 2010
3177:
3176:
3172:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3144:
3142:
3141:on May 28, 2010
3133:
3132:
3128:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3100:
3098:
3097:on July 1, 2010
3089:
3088:
3084:
3074:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3052:
3050:
3049:on May 28, 2010
3028:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3005:
3001:
2991:
2989:
2980:
2979:
2970:
2962:
2953:
2945:
2941:
2933:
2929:
2921:
2917:
2904:
2903:
2894:
2886:
2882:
2874:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2848:
2846:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2758:
2748:
2746:
2732:
2728:
2718:
2716:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2670:
2666:
2658:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2624:
2614:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2488:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2438:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2375:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2304:
2256:
2239:
2233:
2204:Radio equipment
2175:alpha particles
1989:
1965:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1832:Deployment date
1797:
1786:
1770:
1768:
1664:
1630:
1615:
1609:
1574:
1553:
1519:
1486:
1464:
1439:
1434:
1418:
1405:
1399:photomultiplier
1379:
1339:
1304:
1299:
1282:
1267:
1234:
1224:
1216:
1210:
1177:
1150:
1113:
965:
958:main components
955:
914:
904:
877:
876:mission in the
799:
760:Galileo Galilei
726:Mariner program
688:
681:
672:
582:
579:Galileo Galilei
546:
545:
542:CassiniâHuygens
539:
532:
526:
424:
406:
404:
368:Entered service
343:
332:
316:
314:
292:
275:
258:
241:
221:
169:
137:
110:
105:
62:
39:
36:
12:
11:
5:
8566:
8556:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8525:
8520:
8503:
8502:
8490:
8478:
8466:
8454:
8431:
8430:
8428:
8427:
8419:
8411:
8403:
8395:
8387:
8379:
8371:
8362:
8360:
8356:
8355:
8353:
8352:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8334:
8333:
8322:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8310:
8309:
8304:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8271:
8269:
8265:
8264:
8262:
8261:
8255:
8249:
8246:Vincenzo Gamba
8243:
8237:
8230:
8228:
8224:
8223:
8221:
8220:
8212:
8204:
8196:
8188:
8181:
8174:
8166:
8158:
8150:
8141:
8139:
8135:
8134:
8132:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8104:Galilean moons
8101:
8096:
8091:
8089:Galileo affair
8086:
8080:
8078:
8074:
8073:
8066:
8065:
8058:
8051:
8043:
8034:
8033:
8029:Crewed flights
8025:
8022:
8021:
8019:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7987:
7985:
7981:
7980:
7978:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7940:
7935:
7929:
7927:
7923:
7922:
7920:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7892:
7887:
7881:
7879:
7875:
7874:
7872:
7871:
7866:
7860:Interkosmos 24
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7790:
7785:
7775:
7773:
7769:
7768:
7766:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7738:Resurs-F2 No.4
7735:
7726:
7710:
7704:
7702:
7698:
7697:
7695:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7635:
7633:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7569:
7563:
7561:
7557:
7556:
7554:
7553:
7540:
7527:
7522:
7517:
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7507:
7494:
7492:
7488:
7487:
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7474:
7469:
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7459:
7453:
7451:
7447:
7446:
7444:
7443:
7438:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7378:
7369:
7363:
7361:
7357:
7356:
7354:
7353:
7351:Meteor-2 No.22
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7283:
7277:
7275:
7271:
7270:
7268:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
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7217:
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7210:
7195:
7192:
7191:
7184:
7177:
7169:
7160:
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7096:
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7070:
7069:
7064:
7058:
7056:
7052:
7051:
7049:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7031:Europa Clipper
7027:
7025:
7021:
7020:
7018:
7017:
7012:
7006:
7000:
6995:
6988:
6986:TOPEX/Poseidon
6983:
6978:
6973:
6966:
6961:
6955:
6949:
6943:
6938:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
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6881:
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6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6294:
6292:
6291:Venus missions
6285:
6281:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6273:
6267:
6260:
6258:
6257:Descent probes
6254:
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6140:
6135:
6129:
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6123:
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6120:
6119:
6114:
6108:
6106:
6105:Balloon probes
6102:
6101:
6099:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
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6042:
6040:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6006:
6004:
6003:Descent probes
6000:
5999:
5997:
5996:
5989:
5984:
5977:
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5963:
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5953:
5948:
5943:
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5680:
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5630:
5629:Related topics
5626:
5625:
5623:
5622:
5617:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5593:New Horizons 2
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5558:Europa Orbiter
5555:
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5525:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5505:
5499:
5490:
5488:
5484:
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5481:
5480:
5472:
5468:Europa Clipper
5463:
5461:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5452:(JUICE) (2023)
5444:
5442:
5438:
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5434:
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4806:
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4797:
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4779:
4778:
4771:
4769:NEAR Shoemaker
4762:
4760:
4753:
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4515:
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4509:
4499:
4497:Tiandu 1 and 2
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4456:
4451:
4446:
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4427:
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4403:
4395:
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4385:
4378:
4371:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4347:
4342:
4336:
4320:
4311:
4300:
4299:External links
4297:
4295:
4294:
4267:
4245:
4231:
4216:
4194:
4173:
4152:
4140:10.2514/2.3293
4126:(6): 705â713.
4111:
4077:
4048:
4042:
4021:
3999:
3980:
3956:
3934:
3930:
3916:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3867:
3855:
3853:, p. 836.
3843:
3831:Universe Today
3817:
3805:
3776:
3774:, p. 122.
3764:
3752:
3740:
3738:, p. 118.
3728:
3693:
3681:
3646:
3635:. May 17, 1989
3612:
3582:
3550:
3528:
3502:
3483:
3457:
3439:
3413:
3387:
3361:
3339:
3313:
3284:
3258:
3240:
3214:
3196:
3170:
3152:
3126:
3108:
3082:
3060:
3011:
2999:
2968:
2951:
2949:, p. 110.
2939:
2937:, p. 199.
2927:
2915:
2892:
2880:
2868:
2866:, p. 683.
2856:
2831:
2809:
2783:
2756:
2726:
2697:
2664:
2649:
2637:
2622:
2600:
2588:
2558:
2546:
2534:
2522:
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2373:
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2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2318:Europa Clipper
2310:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2291:
2288:
2281:
2275:
2255:
2252:
2232:
2229:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2214:David Atkinson
2212:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2163:
2156:
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2134:
2127:
2126:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:interferometer
2072:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2015:Organizations
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1988:
1985:
1964:
1961:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1918:
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1878:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1848:End of mission
1845:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1837:
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1833:
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1823:
1819:
1818:
1810:
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1646:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1608:
1602:
1586:dipole antenna
1573:
1570:
1552:
1549:
1535:magnetic field
1518:
1515:
1485:
1482:
1477:time-of-flight
1463:
1460:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1417:
1414:
1378:
1375:
1338:
1335:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1297:Despun section
1295:
1270:best, because
1223:
1220:
1212:Main article:
1209:
1206:
1167:Seebeck effect
1149:
1146:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1041:at that time.
1022:), which is a
1009:microprocessor
1001:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
964:
961:
862:Space Shuttle
835:Space Shuttle
764:Galilean moons
756:John R. Casani
674:Main article:
671:
668:
548:
547:
540:
534:
533:
520:
512:
511:
508:
507:
504:
500:
499:
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436:
435:
432:
428:
427:
417:
416:
413:
412:
401:
397:
396:
393:
389:
388:
387:End of mission
384:
383:
380:
379:
376:
375:
369:
365:
364:
356:
352:
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311:
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37:
9:
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8323:
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8312:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8299:
8298:
8297:Museo Galileo
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8277:
8273:
8272:
8270:
8266:
8259:
8256:
8253:
8252:Maria Celeste
8250:
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7913:
7912:Meteor-3 No.4
7910:
7908:
7905:
7902:
7898:
7897:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7882:
7880:
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7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7593:
7592:Okean-O1 No.4
7589:
7587:
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7582:
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7577:
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7568:
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7564:
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7558:
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7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7454:
7452:
7448:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7433:
7429:
7425:
7421:
7417:
7413:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7388:
7384:
7383:
7379:
7377:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7364:
7362:
7358:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7278:
7276:
7272:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7232:
7228:
7225:
7224:
7222:
7218:
7213:
7209:
7198:
7190:
7185:
7183:
7178:
7176:
7171:
7170:
7167:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7141:
7138:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7103:
7101:
7097:
7090:
7087:
7084:
7081:
7080:
7078:
7074:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7062:Europa Lander
7060:
7059:
7057:
7053:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7028:
7026:
7022:
7016:
7013:
7010:
7007:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6993:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6971:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6959:
6956:
6953:
6950:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6936:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6914:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6901:
6899:
6895:
6893:
6891:
6887:
6886:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6879:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6867:
6863:
6861:
6860:
6859:Mars Observer
6856:
6853:
6852:Mars Cube One
6850:
6848:
6847:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6835:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6792:
6791:
6790:
6789:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6772:
6768:
6766:
6765:
6761:
6759:
6758:
6754:
6752:
6751:
6747:
6745:
6744:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6735:Past missions
6733:
6725:
6724:
6720:
6718:
6717:
6713:
6712:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6700:
6697:
6694:
6691:
6688:
6685:
6682:
6679:
6676:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6659:
6655:
6653:
6651:
6647:
6646:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6639:
6635:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6621:
6617:
6615:
6614:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6581:
6577:
6575:
6574:
6570:
6569:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6552:
6547:
6545:
6540:
6538:
6533:
6532:
6529:
6516:
6515:
6512:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6466:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6454:Pioneer Venus
6452:
6450:
6447:
6443:
6440:
6439:
6438:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6428:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6392:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6362:
6356:
6355:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6289:
6286:
6282:
6271:
6268:
6265:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6255:
6248:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6230:
6223:
6220:
6217:
6214:
6211:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6201:
6198:
6194:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6103:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6037:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6001:
5995:
5994:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5982:
5978:
5976:
5975:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5906:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5895:
5889:
5888:
5887:Venus Express
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5845:
5842:
5840:Past missions
5838:
5833:
5827:
5821:
5806:
5803:
5800:
5799:Solar Orbiter
5797:
5794:
5793:
5789:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5776:
5770:
5769:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5758:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5736:
5731:
5729:
5724:
5722:
5717:
5716:
5713:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5627:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5518:
5511:
5510:
5506:
5503:
5502:Europa Lander
5500:
5497:
5496:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5485:
5478:
5477:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5451:
5450:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5439:
5433:
5431:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5420:
5413:
5412:
5408:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5389:
5379:
5378:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5339:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5323:
5322:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5296:
5291:
5289:
5284:
5282:
5277:
5276:
5273:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5191:
5189:
5184:
5183:Chandrayaan-3
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5163:
5159:
5157:
5156:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5117:
5115:
5110:
5109:Chandrayaan-2
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5009:
5008:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4966:Venus Express
4963:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4950:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4872:Chandrayaan-1
4870:
4868:
4867:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4667:Minor planets
4664:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4601:Other planets
4599:
4591:
4589:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4449:Chandrayaan-2
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4422:
4421:Solar Orbiter
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4389:21st-century
4384:
4379:
4377:
4372:
4370:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4280:
4273:
4268:
4253:
4252:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4232:1-56881-092-X
4228:
4224:
4223:
4217:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4112:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4063:
4056:
4055:
4049:
4045:
4043:0-7803-2994-5
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4007:
4006:
4000:
3988:
3987:
3981:
3969:
3962:
3957:
3942:
3941:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3903:
3881:
3877:
3871:
3864:
3859:
3852:
3847:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3809:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3780:
3773:
3768:
3762:, p. 83.
3761:
3756:
3749:
3744:
3737:
3732:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3685:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3650:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3538:
3537:"Galileo PWS"
3532:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3349:
3348:"Galileo EPD"
3343:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3310:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3070:
3064:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3015:
3008:
3003:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2965:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2948:
2943:
2936:
2931:
2924:
2919:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2889:
2884:
2877:
2872:
2865:
2860:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2819:
2813:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2662:, p. 78.
2661:
2656:
2654:
2646:
2641:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2610:
2604:
2598:, p. 38.
2597:
2592:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2555:
2550:
2543:
2538:
2531:
2526:
2519:
2514:
2507:
2502:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2442:, p. 86.
2441:
2436:
2434:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2264:Galileo Probe
2261:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2228:
2226:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2061:Hasso Niemann
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1992:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1933:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1822:Deployed from
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1789:
1788:Space Shuttle
1785:
1781:
1778:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1621:
1618:Galileo Probe
1614:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1578:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1548:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1523:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1490:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1459:
1457:
1456:magnetosphere
1452:
1443:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1424:Pioneer Venus
1413:
1411:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1383:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1308:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1258:near infrared
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1163:plutonium-238
1160:
1155:
1152:At the time,
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1006:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
985:
984:
981:
979:
975:
970:
954:
950:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
918:
913:
909:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
886:
880:
879:Space Shuttle
875:
871:
867:
865:
860:. Due to the
859:
855:
851:
843:
839:
838:
831:
827:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
798:
794:
790:
786:
781:
779:
778:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
751:
750:accelerometer
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
719:
715:
710:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
686:
680:
678:
667:
665:
664:
659:
655:
651:
649:
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
620:
615:
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
591:
585:
584:Space Shuttle
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
555:
544: →
543:
538:
535:←
530:
525:
524:
518:
513:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
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437:
433:
429:
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418:
414:
402:
398:
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390:
385:
381:
377:
374:
370:
366:
363:
360:
357:
353:
350:
346:
342:
341:
335:
334:Space Shuttle
331:
327:
324:
312:
308:
303:
299:
295:
288:
285:
284:
282:
278:
271:
268:
267:
265:
261:
254:
251:
250:
248:
244:
237:
234:
231:
230:
228:
224:
218:
215:
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210:
208:
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200:
199:
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193:
188:
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180:
176:
172:
165:
162:
159:
158:
156:
152:
148:
136:
132:
128:
126:
119:
114:
108:
104:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
84:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
60:
54:
49:
46:
41:
34:
32:
28:
24:shuttle, see
23:
19:
8505:
8500:Solar System
8425:(2009 novel)
8422:
8417:(2002 opera)
8414:
8406:
8398:
8390:
8382:
8374:
8366:
8347:
8330:
8258:Marina Gamba
8214:
8206:
8198:
8190:
8168:
8160:
8152:
8144:
8028:
8006:Progress M-2
8001:Gran' No.36L
7942:
7900:
7894:
7792:
7758:Marco Polo 1
7753:Progress M-1
7712:
7618:Globus No.11
7590:
7497:
7472:Gran' No.33L
7380:
6991:
6969:
6934:
6912:
6897:
6889:
6876:
6864:
6857:
6844:
6833:
6801:
6793:
6787:
6771:Deep Space 2
6769:
6764:Deep Space 1
6762:
6756:
6749:
6742:
6721:
6714:
6666:
6657:
6650:Perseverance
6649:
6638:Mars Odyssey
6636:
6619:
6611:
6578:
6571:
6500:Terraforming
6475:Colonization
6352:
6247:MBR Explorer
6238:
5991:
5979:
5972:
5965:
5903:
5885:
5853:
5790:
5766:
5612:
5528:
5507:
5493:
5474:
5466:
5447:
5429:
5410:
5403:
5377:New Horizons
5375:
5368:
5362:
5352:
5345:
5331:
5324:
5213:
5195:
5187:
5161:
5154:
5147:
5113:
5096:
5089:
5063:
5046:
5031:Schiaparelli
5029:
5019:
5011:
5005:
4988:
4981:
4972:Chang'e 5-T1
4964:
4947:
4925:
4913:
4902:
4864:
4847:
4835:
4823:
4811:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4785:
4775:Deep Space 1
4773:
4732:
4725:
4699:New Horizons
4697:
4690:
4679:
4649:
4635:
4621:
4607:
4588:Perseverance
4587:
4574:
4567:
4546:
4541:Mars Express
4539:
4463:
4391:space probes
4350:
4323:
4314:
4308:mission site
4305:
4286:. Retrieved
4279:the original
4261:November 15,
4259:. Retrieved
4250:
4221:
4208:. Retrieved
4181:
4160:
4156:
4123:
4119:
4103:. Retrieved
4086:
4082:
4071:December 12,
4069:. Retrieved
4062:the original
4053:
4025:
4013:. Retrieved
4004:
3991:. Retrieved
3985:
3972:. Retrieved
3967:
3948:. Retrieved
3939:
3910:. Springer.
3907:
3899:Bibliography
3884:. Retrieved
3879:
3870:
3865:, p. 6.
3858:
3846:
3836:February 10,
3834:. Retrieved
3830:
3820:
3808:
3796:. Retrieved
3788:
3779:
3772:Meltzer 2007
3767:
3760:Blagdon 1980
3755:
3750:, p. 9.
3743:
3736:Meltzer 2007
3731:
3721:December 12,
3719:. Retrieved
3715:the original
3696:
3684:
3672:. Retrieved
3668:the original
3649:
3637:. Retrieved
3625:jpl.nasa.gov
3624:
3615:
3603:. Retrieved
3599:the original
3594:
3585:
3573:. Retrieved
3565:
3541:. Retrieved
3531:
3519:. Retrieved
3515:the original
3505:
3496:the original
3486:
3474:. Retrieved
3470:the original
3460:
3452:the original
3442:
3430:. Retrieved
3426:the original
3416:
3404:. Retrieved
3400:the original
3390:
3378:. Retrieved
3374:the original
3364:
3352:. Retrieved
3342:
3330:. Retrieved
3326:the original
3316:
3308:
3303:December 10,
3301:. Retrieved
3297:the original
3287:
3275:. Retrieved
3271:the original
3261:
3253:the original
3243:
3231:. Retrieved
3227:the original
3217:
3209:the original
3199:
3187:. Retrieved
3183:the original
3173:
3165:the original
3155:
3143:. Retrieved
3139:the original
3129:
3121:the original
3111:
3099:. Retrieved
3095:the original
3085:
3075:November 19,
3073:. Retrieved
3063:
3051:. Retrieved
3047:the original
3035:jpl.nasa.gov
3034:
3025:
3021:
3014:
3009:, p. 4.
3002:
2990:. Retrieved
2986:the original
2964:Tomayko 1988
2947:Tomayko 1988
2942:
2935:Tomayko 1988
2930:
2923:Tomayko 1988
2918:
2910:the original
2888:Tomayko 1988
2883:
2876:Tomayko 1988
2871:
2859:
2847:. Retrieved
2843:
2834:
2822:. Retrieved
2812:
2800:. Retrieved
2796:
2786:
2774:. Retrieved
2747:. Retrieved
2743:the original
2729:
2717:. Retrieved
2713:
2700:
2688:. Retrieved
2681:the original
2667:
2660:Meltzer 2007
2640:
2633:Meltzer 2007
2613:. Retrieved
2603:
2596:Meltzer 2007
2591:
2579:. Retrieved
2575:the original
2561:
2554:Meltzer 2007
2549:
2537:
2530:Meltzer 2007
2525:
2518:Meltzer 2007
2513:
2506:Meltzer 2007
2501:
2489:. Retrieved
2481:
2472:
2460:. Retrieved
2456:
2447:
2354:
2294:
2278:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2236:
2234:
2222:
2149:L. Sromovsky
2138:radiant flux
2115:Boris Ragent
2102:Nephelometer
2087:Ulf von Zahn
1990:
1966:
1942:
1936:
1853:Last contact
1825:
1793:
1735:Payload mass
1715:Manufacturer
1689:61.4 minutes
1639:Mission type
1604:
1584:An electric
1583:
1560:52,000
1554:
1539:
1531:magnetometer
1528:
1497:
1495:
1465:
1448:
1432:Spun section
1422:
1419:
1409:
1402:
1388:
1359:spectrometer
1348:
1319:
1313:
1290:
1279:
1271:
1263:
1255:
1239:magnetometer
1231:
1225:
1217:
1201:
1191:covering of
1171:
1154:solar panels
1151:
1141:
1122:
1092:
1065:
1043:
1002:
982:
966:
952:
942:
938:
934:
930:
922:
919:
911:
901:
889:
884:
869:
863:
847:
841:
836:
822:
814:
797:West Germany
792:
788:
782:
775:
754:
723:
713:
695:Solar System
689:
676:
662:
653:
652:
647:
643:
641:
618:
613:
607:
598:
589:
553:
552:
551:
528:
521:
490:Magnetometer
339:
263:Payload mass
195:Manufacturer
79:Mission type
58:
44:
40:
30:
26:
21:
8488:Outer space
8476:Spaceflight
8409:(1999 book)
8401:(1996 book)
8393:(1975 film)
8385:(1968 film)
8377:(1947 play)
8369:(1943 play)
8200:The Assayer
8149:(1589â1592)
8129:Thermoscope
8016:Kosmos 2054
8011:Kosmos 2053
7975:Kosmos 2052
7960:Kosmos 2051
7955:Kosmos 2050
7933:Kosmos 2049
7890:Kosmos 2048
7885:Kosmos 2047
7855:Kosmos 2046
7840:Kosmos 2045
7835:Kosmos 2044
7830:Kosmos 2043
7826:Kosmos 2042
7822:Kosmos 2041
7818:Kosmos 2040
7814:Kosmos 2039
7810:Kosmos 2038
7763:Kosmos 2037
7748:Kosmos 2036
7708:Kosmos 2035
7692:Kosmos 2034
7687:Kosmos 2033
7682:Kosmos 2032
7677:Kosmos 2031
7659:Kosmos 2030
7644:Kosmos 2029
7613:Kosmos 2028
7603:Kosmos 2027
7581:Kosmos 2026
7572:Superbird-A
7567:Kosmos 2025
7551:Kosmos 2024
7547:Kosmos 2023
7543:Kosmos 2022
7525:Kosmos 2021
7520:Kosmos 2020
7510:Kosmos 2019
7482:Foton No.5L
7477:Kosmos 2018
7467:Kosmos 2017
7462:Kosmos 2016
7436:Kosmos 2015
7432:Kosmos 2014
7428:Kosmos 2013
7424:Kosmos 2012
7420:Kosmos 2011
7416:Kosmos 2010
7412:Kosmos 2009
7408:Kosmos 2008
7403:Kosmos 2007
7398:Progress 41
7393:Kosmos 2006
7367:Kosmos 2005
7346:Kosmos 2004
7336:Kosmos 2003
7321:Kosmos 2002
7316:Kosmos 2001
7311:Kosmos 2000
7306:Kosmos 1999
7302:Kosmos 1998
7298:Kosmos 1997
7294:Kosmos 1996
7290:Kosmos 1995
7286:Kosmos 1994
7281:Progress 40
7265:Kosmos 1993
7255:Kosmos 1992
7245:Kosmos 1991
7240:Kosmos 1990
7235:Kosmos 1989
7231:Kosmos 1988
7227:Kosmos 1987
6898:Opportunity
6757:Deep Impact
6272:(2031â2032)
5792:BepiColombo
5661:Exploration
5104:Longjiang-2
5090:Opportunity
5071:Longjiang-1
4949:Deep Impact
4609:BepiColombo
4317:legacy site
4288:October 29,
4210:October 29,
4105:January 19,
3993:December 7,
3886:December 3,
3798:January 18,
3543:December 5,
3406:December 5,
3354:December 5,
3161:"NIMS Team"
2849:November 5,
2824:November 9,
2802:November 5,
2749:November 4,
2735:Sagan, Carl
2719:November 4,
2690:November 5,
2615:December 6,
2581:October 28,
2491:October 27,
2462:December 7,
2293:1989-084E
2277:1989-084B
2231:Termination
2125:Foundation
2042:Foundation
2032:Alvin Seiff
1953:heat shield
1939:Entry Probe
1909: /
1906:6.5°N 4.4°W
1885:Impact site
1809:Launch site
1764:Launch date
1607:entry probe
1353:wavelength
1222:Instruments
699:heat shield
670:Development
559:space probe
425:Instruments
355:Launch site
310:Launch date
226:Launch mass
139:solarsystem
8512:Categories
8331:spacecraft
8260:(mistress)
8254:(daughter)
7794:Soyuz TM-8
7788:Himawari 4
7654:Olympus F1
7376:Meteosat 4
6794:spacecraft
6660:helicopter
6163:3MV-1 No.2
6153:2MV-2 No.1
6148:2MV-1 No.2
6143:2MV-1 No.1
5807:(en route)
5801:(en route)
5795:(en route)
5787:(en route)
5520:Cancelled,
5326:Pioneer 10
5216:helicopter
5155:Mangalyaan
4787:Pioneer 10
4705:OSIRIS-REx
4686:MINERVA-II
4204:2017059404
4015:October 1,
3926:1042249198
3880:lib.cas.cz
3813:Milos 1997
3575:August 20,
3492:"PLS Team"
3448:"MAG Team"
3396:"HIC Team"
3249:"PPR Team"
3205:"EUV Team"
2776:January 7,
2346:References
2287:(Orbus 21)
2283:1989-084C
2177:and heavy
2132:radiometer
2000:Instrument
1611:See also:
1367:antimonide
1351:micrometer
1278:sensor in
1111:Propulsion
864:Challenger
833:Launch of
821:, keeping
787:built the
772:spacecraft
734:gyroscopes
612:built the
400:Decay date
20:. For the
8452:Astronomy
8242:(brother)
7772:September
7733:Hipparcos
6777:Explorers
6723:Voyager 2
6716:Voyager 1
6658:Ingenuity
6644:Mars 2020
6376:Laplace-P
6371:Mercury-P
6240:Dragonfly
6168:Kosmos 27
6158:Kosmos 21
6138:Mariner 1
5981:MESSENGER
5936:Venera 11
5926:Mariner 5
5911:Mariner 2
5603:Pioneer H
5588:Laplace-P
5476:Tianwen-4
5347:Voyager 1
5214:Ingenuity
5137:Chang'e 5
5098:Beresheet
4983:MESSENGER
4860:Chang'e 1
4734:Voyager 2
4727:Voyager 1
4681:Hayabusa2
4675:Chang'e 2
4582:Mars 2020
4576:Tianwen-1
4568:Curiosity
4502:Chang'e 6
4492:Queqiao 2
4472:Chang'e 5
4459:Chang'e 4
4454:Chang'e 3
4241:245700546
4206:. SP-4041
4148:1533-6794
4101:. SP-4231
4099:124150579
3031:Antennas"
2171:electrons
2160:Lightning
2130:Net-flux
1981:D battery
1973:Honeywell
1963:Batteries
1911:6.5; -4.4
1746:580 watts
1666:1989-084E
1660:COSPAR ID
898:plutonium
777:Star Trek
593:, during
567:its moons
537:Voyager 1
107:1989-084B
101:COSPAR ID
31:Star Trek
22:Star Trek
8236:(father)
8187:" (1616)
8180:" (1615)
8124:Celatone
7984:December
7926:November
7864:Magion 2
7729:TV-SAT 2
7504:Magellan
7274:February
6976:Surveyor
6970:Stardust
6924:QuikSCAT
6834:Magellan
6813:Herschel
6607:GRACE-FO
6586:ACRIMSAT
6411:TMK-Mavr
6323:Venera-D
6222:EnVision
6203:Orbiters
6046:Venera 7
6010:Venera 3
5921:Venera 2
5905:Venera 1
5866:Venera 9
5855:Magellan
5847:Orbiters
5768:Akatsuki
5760:Orbiters
5678:Callisto
5673:Ganymede
5522:concepts
5441:En route
5414:(active)
5396:Orbiters
4927:Stardust
4904:Hayabusa
4623:Akatsuki
4444:CAPSTONE
4329:Archived
4179:(2018).
3974:March 6,
3950:March 7,
3674:March 4,
3639:March 6,
2368:Archived
2302:See also
2225:ablation
2003:Function
1794:Atlantis
1726:BOL mass
1649:Operator
1355:infrared
1330:tantalum
1287:vidicons
1193:graphite
1174:GPHS-RTG
1036:Apple II
1016:sapphire
1005:RCA 1802
943:Atlantis
923:Atlantis
892:neared,
885:Atlantis
866:disaster
837:Atlantis
738:nitrogen
720:booster.
590:Atlantis
392:Disposal
340:Atlantis
246:Dry mass
145:/galileo
90:Operator
8438:Portals
8391:Galileo
8383:Galileo
8268:Related
7965:Kvant 2
7901:Galileo
7878:October
7372:JCSAT-1
7341:Akebono
7220:January
7111:Caltech
7091:(MAX-C)
7067:FINESSE
7046:SPHEREx
6992:Ulysses
6935:Rosetta
6919:Pioneer
6913:Phoenix
6854:(MarCO)
6840:Mariner
6823:Jason-1
6802:Genesis
6788:Galileo
6613:InSight
6468:Related
6449:Mariner
6270:DAVINCI
6216:VERITAS
6039:Landers
5993:Shin-en
5967:Galileo
5614:Trident
5598:OKEANOS
5498:(2020s)
5495:Shensuo
5430:Galileo
5404:Galileo
5363:Ulysses
5306:Jupiter
5196:Zhurong
5188:Pragyan
5178:Luna 25
5162:InSight
5114:Pragyan
5048:Cassini
5027:ExoMars
5007:Rosetta
4990:PROCYON
4866:Ulysses
4849:Phoenix
4825:Huygens
4813:Genesis
4794:Galileo
4656:Jupiter
4643:Jupiter
4615:Mercury
4532:ExoMars
4507:ICUBE-Q
4487:Queqiao
4439:ARTEMIS
4351:Galileo
4324:Galileo
4315:Galileo
4306:Galileo
4165:Bibcode
4128:Bibcode
4087:Project
4085:Galileo
3605:May 15,
3521:May 15,
3476:May 15,
3432:May 15,
3380:May 15,
3332:May 15,
3277:May 15,
3233:May 15,
3189:May 15,
3145:May 15,
3101:May 15,
3053:May 15,
3026:Galileo
3022:Galileo
2992:May 15,
2295:Galileo
2279:Galileo
2237:Galileo
2167:protons
1937:Galileo
1870:Jupiter
1826:Galileo
1813:Kennedy
1769: (
1674:SATCAT
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1590:plasmas
1540:Galileo
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1410:Galileo
1403:Galileo
1395:grating
1371:silicon
1321:Voyager
1291:Voyager
1280:Galileo
1272:Galileo
1264:Voyager
1232:Galileo
1228:antenna
1202:Galileo
1197:iridium
1188:ceramic
1142:Galileo
1007:COSMAC
976:(PLL),
953:Galileo
939:Galileo
935:Galileo
931:Galileo
912:Galileo
902:Galileo
900:in the
890:Galileo
870:Galileo
858:Florida
842:Galileo
823:Galileo
815:Galileo
793:Galileo
789:Galileo
774:in the
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691:Jupiter
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654:Galileo
648:Galileo
644:Galileo
621:program
619:Galileo
614:Galileo
599:Galileo
563:Jupiter
554:Galileo
405: (
359:Kennedy
315: (
134:Website
122:SATCAT
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83:Jupiter
59:Galileo
45:Galileo
27:Galileo
8292:Sector
8227:Family
8219:(1638)
8211:(1632)
8203:(1623)
8195:(1619)
8173:(1613)
8165:(1613)
8157:(1610)
7996:USA-49
7991:Granat
7949:USA-48
7944:STS-33
7907:USA-47
7896:STS-34
7845:USA-46
7800:USA-45
7783:USA-44
7779:USA-43
7743:USA-42
7723:USA-41
7719:USA-40
7714:STS-28
7701:August
7672:Pion 4
7668:Pion 3
7608:USA-39
7598:USA-38
7538:Pion 2
7534:Pion 1
7515:USA-37
7499:STS-30
7457:Tele-X
7441:USA-36
7387:TDRS-4
7382:STS-29
7326:USA-35
7212:1990 â
7197:â 1988
7011:(WIRE)
7005:(WFPC)
6998:Viking
6948:(SRTM)
6941:Seasat
6929:Ranger
6890:Spirit
6828:Kepler
6695:(SMAP)
6689:(MISR)
6598:(AIRS)
6580:Psyche
6573:Euclid
6437:Venera
6364:Flybys
6354:Zephyr
6333:VISAGE
6266:(2025)
6249:(2028)
6243:(2028)
6232:Flybys
6224:(2031)
6218:(2031)
6212:(2028)
6112:Vega 1
6086:Vega 1
5987:IKAROS
5956:Vega 1
5916:Zond 1
5897:Flybys
5778:Flybys
5668:Europa
5512:(2036)
5504:(2025)
5479:(2029)
5471:(2024)
5313:Flybys
5059:MASCOT
5013:Philae
4996:IKAROS
4914:Spirit
4882:LCROSS
4877:SELENE
4801:Nozomi
4710:Psyche
4477:Danuri
4464:Yutu-2
4239:
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2260:COSPAR
2240:'s
1897:4°24âČW
1894:6°30âČN
1816:LC-39B
1799:STS-34
1783:Rocket
1775:
1511:nickel
1507:carbon
1473:sulfur
1469:oxygen
1406:'s
1363:indium
1283:'s
1268:'s
1243:plasma
1235:'s
1134:helium
956:'s
915:'s
905:'s
874:STS-34
800:'s
595:STS-34
571:Gaspra
362:LC-39B
345:STS-34
329:Rocket
321:
8464:Stars
8248:(son)
8138:Works
7450:April
7360:March
7085:(AFL)
6981:SVLBI
6960:(SIR)
6954:(SME)
6907:NSCAT
6900:rover
6892:rover
6808:GRACE
6782:GALEX
6701:(TES)
6683:(MLS)
6677:(MSL)
6671:(MRO)
6652:rover
6633:(LBT)
6591:ASTER
6505:VeSpR
6421:Vesta
6343:VOICE
6313:HOVER
6308:HAVOC
5746:Venus
5608:SMARA
5432:Probe
5204:2024
5198:rover
5190:rover
5169:2023
5143:2022
5133:2020
5127:2020s
5116:rover
5092:rover
5081:MarCO
5077:2019
5055:2018
5038:2017
5022:rover
5002:2016
4978:2015
4960:LADEE
4956:2014
4944:2013
4938:GRAIL
4934:2012
4922:2011
4916:rover
4899:2010
4893:2010s
4856:2009
4844:2008
4832:2006
4820:2005
4808:2004
4782:2003
4765:2001
4759:2000s
4651:Juice
4629:Venus
4590:rover
4570:rover
4554:MAVEN
4466:rover
4353:Probe
4282:(PDF)
4275:(PDF)
4255:(PDF)
4186:(PDF)
4163:: 6.
4091:(PDF)
4065:(PDF)
4058:(PDF)
4009:(PDF)
3964:(PDF)
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2684:(PDF)
2677:(PDF)
2424:(PDF)
2297:Probe
2254:Names
2186:2.3 W
2146:7.0 W
2084:1.1 W
2029:6.3 W
1791:
1743:Power
1681:43337
1172:Each
1057:HAL/S
1053:2901s
978:Golay
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280:Power
141:.nasa
129:20298
67:Names
7938:COBE
7632:July
7560:June
7205:1989
7106:NASA
6818:IRAS
6750:Dawn
6705:SWOT
6620:Juno
6459:Vega
6338:VISE
6328:VICI
6318:VAMP
6303:CUVE
6298:AREE
5563:FIRE
5530:Argo
5411:Juno
5226:IM-1
5221:SLIM
5065:Dawn
5020:Yutu
4692:Lucy
4637:Juno
4519:Mars
4431:Moon
4290:2020
4263:2020
4237:OCLC
4227:ISBN
4212:2020
4200:LCCN
4190:ISBN
4144:ISSN
4107:2021
4095:OCLC
4073:2006
4038:ISBN
4017:2020
3995:2020
3976:2021
3952:2021
3922:OCLC
3912:ISBN
3888:2018
3838:2022
3800:2009
3793:NASA
3723:2006
3711:Ames
3707:NASA
3676:2016
3660:NASA
3641:2021
3629:NASA
3607:2011
3577:2024
3570:NASA
3545:2020
3523:2011
3478:2011
3434:2011
3408:2020
3382:2011
3356:2020
3334:2011
3305:2012
3279:2011
3235:2011
3191:2011
3147:2011
3103:2011
3077:2020
3055:2011
3039:NASA
2994:2011
2851:2020
2826:2020
2804:2020
2778:2017
2751:2020
2721:2020
2692:2020
2617:2020
2583:2020
2571:NASA
2493:2020
2486:NASA
2464:2021
2179:ions
2121:and
2112:14 W
2058:29 W
2038:and
2006:Mass
1957:ICBM
1653:NASA
1529:The
1509:and
1502:ions
1449:The
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