169:, showing how, since electronic networks of control are both visible to players and essential to gameplay, video games have a certain kind of political and critical transparency - that is, because of their nature as a collaboration between player and computer, video games make obvious some elements that other media, such as film, deliberately try to conceal. Galloway argues that this characteristic of video games problematizes ideological critique, because everything in the game must first be codified as a mathematical variable. His remark, "the more one begins to think that
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is about a certain ideological interpretation of history ... or even that it creates a computer-generated 'history effect', the more one realises that it is about the absence of history altogether, or rather, the transcoding of history into specific mathematical models", has attracted criticism from
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non-diegetic (i.e., "out of character"). For example, firing a weapon is a diegetic operator action; ambience is a diegetic machine action; pausing the game is a non-diegetic operator action; and network lag is a non-diegetic machine action. These four modes of action can also be used to describe
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The first chapter, "Gamic Action, Four
Moments", outlines the theoretical underpinnings of the book. Proceeding from the premise that "video games are actions", and that they are a collaboration between player and computer, Galloway offers two axes of analysis: operator (i.e., the
159:'s work on "disciplinary societies". Galloway writes that "what Deleuze defines as control is key to understanding how computerized information societies function." In particular, this chapter focuses on
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200:(December 2007). "Review: Alexander R. Galloway Gaming: Essays on Algorithmic Culture. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2006. 143 pp. (paper) 9780816648504".
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cultural objects", to think through new possibilities for critical interpretation. The critical framework for this chapter is
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Gaming rhythms : play and counterplay from the situated to the global
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historians in games studies like Tom
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