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signs of gang membership are actually involved in criminal activities. An individual's age, physical structure, ability to fight, willingness to commit violence, and arrest record are often principal factors in determining where an individual stands in the gang hierarchy; how money derived from criminal activity and ability to provide for the gang also impacts the individual's status within the gang. The structure of gangs varies depending primarily on size, which can range from five or ten to thousands. Many of the larger gangs break up into smaller groups, cliques or sub-sets (these smaller groups can be called "sets" in gang slang.) The cliques typically bring more territory to a gang as they expand and recruit new members. Most gangs operate informally with leadership falling to whoever takes control; others have distinct leadership and are highly structured, which resembles more or less a business or corporation.
1168:
940:" are seen as being promiscuous and heavy drug and alcohol users. Gang members may engage in casual sex with these girls, but they are not viewed as potential long-term partners and are severely stigmatized by both men and women in gang culture. "Good girls" are long-term friends of members, often from childhood, and relatives are typically sisters or cousins. These are fluid categories, and women often change status as they move between them. Valdez found that women with ties to gang members are often used to hold illegal weapons and drugs, typically, because members believe the girls are less likely to be searched by police for such items.
535:
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2216:"The mafia's principal activities are settling disputes among other criminals, protecting them against each other's cheating, and organizing and overseeing illicit agreements, often involving many agents, such as illicit cartel agreements in otherwise legal industries. Mafia-like groups offer a solution of sorts to the trust problem by playing the role of a government for the underworld and supplying protection to people involved in illegal markets ordeals. They may play that role poorly, sometimes veering toward extortion rather than genuine protection, but they do play it."
1390:
228:
60:
927:. Once a person is validated as a gang member, the person is subject to increased sentences, harsher punishments (such as solitary confinement) and more restrictive parole rules. To validate a person as a gang member, the officials generally must provide evidence of several factors, such as tattoos, photographs, admissions, clothing, etc. The legal requirements for validating a person are much lower than the requirements for convicting of a crime.
920:; accordingly, the criminality of members is greater when they belong to the gang than when they are not in the gang—either before or after being in the gang. In addition, when together, the gang criminality as a whole is greater than that of its members when they are alone. The gang operates as a whole greater than its parts and influences the behavior of its members in the direction of greater extend and stronger degree of criminality.
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1050:
1418:. Tattoos help a gang member gain respect within their group, and mark them as members for life. Tattoos can also represent the level they are in the gang, being that certain tattoos can mean they are a more accomplished member. The accomplishments can be related to doing a dangerous act that showed your loyalty to the gang. They can be burned on as well as inked. Some gangs make use of more than one identifier, like the
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1037:), most gangsters have no formal instructions in firearms usage and safety. The late 90s and early 2000s saw many gang members in the US being sent by judges to the military to “set them on the right path”, which only led to these street gangs gaining military training and experience. Many street gangs, most notably African-American gangs like the Folk Nation and Bloods, continue to have a presence in the
900:. These desires are very influential in attracting individuals to join gangs, and their influence is particularly strong on at-risk youth. Such individuals are often experiencing low levels of these various factors in their own lives, feeling ostracized from their community and lacking social support. Joining a gang may appear to them to be the only way to obtain status and material success or escape a
825:
1157:
768:
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715:. Differing ideologies are one of the causes of conflicts between rival punk gangs, compared to other street gangs and criminal groups who wage gang war solely for illegal profit, vendetta, and territory. Most of them can be seen in political and social protests and demonstrations and are sometimes in violent confrontation with law-enforcement. Examples of punk gangs are
3637:
2721:
847:, is the one who has control over the movement, plans, and actions of a gang. Gang leaders are the upper echelons of the gang's command. Often, they distance themselves from the gang activities and make attempts to appear legitimate, possibly operating a business that they run as a front for the gang's drug dealing or other illegal operations.
1572:, which found that "most within- and between-gang disputes ... emanated from interpersonal disputes regarding friends, family and romantic relationships", as opposed to territorial rivalries, and that criminal enterprises were "rarely gang-coordinated ... most involved gang members operating as individuals or in small groups."
1556:, law enforcement agencies are increasingly focusing enforcement efforts on gangs and gang membership. Debate persists over the extent and nature of gang activity in the UK, with some academics and policy-makers arguing that the current focus is inadvisable, given a lack of consensus over the relationship between gangs and crime.
953:, have a ritual where they would beat up (also known as "beat-in" or "jump-in") aspiring applicants for several seconds to show their toughness, willingness, and loyalty. Some of these gangs allow women to become members either through being jumped-in or having sex with male members (known as "sexed-in").
1622:
The FBI's 2007 report on gang membership in the military states that the military's recruit screening process is ineffective, allows gang members/extremists to enter the military, and lists at least eight instances in the last three years in which gang members have obtained military weapons for their
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journal, argues that gangs have been constructed as a "suitable enemy" by politicians and the media, obscuring the wider, structural roots of youth violence. At the level of enforcement, a focus on gang membership may be counterproductive; creating confusion and resulting in a drag-net approach which
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podcast claiming that the perceived increase in gang violence was in fact an overblown moral panic. There have been repeated complaints of bias around the enforcement of gang-related laws asking why Frats and Gangs are treated differently "They're both blamed for predisposing their members to violent
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Modern gangs introduced new acts of violence, which may also function as a rite of passage for new gang members. In 2006, 58 percent of L.A.'s murders were gang-related. Reports of gang-related homicides are concentrated mostly in the largest cities in the United States, where there are long-standing
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through profits from illegal activity. They may feel that "if you can't beat 'em, join 'em". Upon joining a gang, they instantly gain a feeling of belonging and identity; they are surrounded with individuals whom they can relate to. They have generally grown up in the same area as one another and can
778:
Many types of gangs make up the general structure of an organized group. Understanding the structure of gangs is a critical skill to defining the types of strategies that are most effective with dealing with them, from the at-risk youth to the gang leaders. Not all individuals who display the outward
887:
The numerous push factors experienced by at-risk individuals vary situationally, but follow a common theme of the desire for power, respect, money, and protection. In neighborhoods with high levels of violence, adolescents typically experience pressure to join a street gang for protection from other
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suggests, despite the well-rehearsed public discourse around youth gangs and gang culture, "We actually know very little about 'gangs' in the UK: about how 'a gang' might be defined or understood, about what being in 'a gang' means ... We know still less about how 'the gang' links to levels of
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for countries that are particularly affected by gang violence suggests that the links may be limited. In El
Salvador and Guatemala, for example, where gang violence is a serious problem, GSHS data show that the prevalence of bullying, physical fights and physical attacks reported by school students
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Gang violence refers mostly to the illegal and non-political acts of violence perpetrated by gangs against civilians, other gangs, law enforcement officers, firefighters, or military personnel. A gang war is a type of small war that occurs when two gangs end up in a feud over territory or vendetta.
400:
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Gangsterism is likely to crop up wherever the forces of law and order are weak. European feudalism was mainly gangsterism that had become society itself and acquired respectability through the notions of chivalry. As the rise of feudalism out of the decay of the Roman administrative system shows,
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communicated with the intent to terrorize another, to cause evacuation of a building, or to cause serious public inconvenience, in reckless disregard of the risk of causing such terror or inconvenience … an offense against property or involving danger to another person that may include but is not
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Women in gang culture are often in environments where sexual assault is common and considered to be a norm. Women who attend social gatherings and parties with heavy drug and alcohol use are particularly likely to be assaulted. A girl who becomes intoxicated and flirts with men is often seen as
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Women associated with gangs but who lack membership are typically categorized based on their relation to gang members. A survey of
Mexican American gang members and associates defined these categories as girlfriends, hoodrats, good girls, and relatives. Girlfriends are long-term partners of male
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Training and expertise in various forms of illicit activities, including combat, exist variously throughout different gangs. Specific members of
American mafia groups, like police infiltrators, double agents, and sometimes also enforcers and hitmen, have had backgrounds in law enforcement or the
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and gang warfare. The term "street gang" is commonly used interchangeably with "youth gang", referring to neighborhood or street-based youth groups that meet "gang" criteria. Miller (1992) defines a street gang as "a self-formed association of peers, united by mutual interests, with identifiable
1523:
The
Internet is one of the most significant media used by gangs to communicate in terms of the size of the audience they can reach with minimal effort and reduced risk. Social media provides a forum for recruitment activities, typically provoking rival gangs through derogatory postings, and to
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Law enforcement gangs are criminal organizations that form and operate within law enforcement agencies. Members have been accused of significant department abuses of policy and constitutional rights, terrifying the general population, intimidating their colleagues, and retaliating against
1259:, including in school. A study of 10-to-19-year-olds in the UK found that 44% of those who reported belonging to a delinquent youth group had committed violence and 13% had carried a knife in the previous 12 months versus 17% and 4% respectively among those who were not in such a group.
261:
The 17th century saw London "terrorized by a series of organized gangs", some of them known as the Mims, Hectors, Bugles, and Dead Boys. These gangs often came into conflict with each other. Members dressed "with colored ribbons to distinguish the different factions." During the
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Gang membership is generally maintained by gangs as a lifetime commitment, reinforced through identification such as tattoos, and ensured through intimidation and coercion. Gang defectors are often subject to retaliation from the deserted gang. Many gangs, including foreign and
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leadership and internal organization, who act collectively or as individuals to achieve specific purposes, including the conduct of illegal activity and control of a particular territory, facility, or enterprise." Some of the well-known ones are the Black gangs like the
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In 2006, Scott
Barfield, a Defense Department investigator, said there is an online network of gangs and extremists: "They're communicating with each other about weapons, about recruiting, about keeping their identities secret, about organizing within the military."
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in response to unemployment and other services. Social disorganization, and the disintegration of societal institutions such as family, school, and the public safety net, enable groups of peers to form gangs. According to surveys conducted internationally by the
313:
by the middle of the nineteenth century and were a concern for city leaders from the time they appeared. The emergence of the gangs was largely attributed to the vast rural population immigration to the urban areas. The first street-gang in the United States, the
1291:"asking for it" and is written off as a "hoe" by men and women. "Hoodrats" and girls associated with rival gangs have lower status at these social events, and are victimized when members view them as fair game and other women rationalize assault against them.
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and persistent gang problems and a greater number of documented gang members—most of whom are identified by law enforcement. Gang-related activity and violence has increased along the U.S. Southwest border region, as US-based gangs act as enforcers for
Mexican
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Global data on the prevalence of these different forms of gang violence in and around schools is limited. Some evidence suggests that gang violence is more common in schools where students are exposed to other forms of community violence and where they
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whistleblowers. Leaders called "shot-callers" control many aspects of local policing, including promotions, scheduling, and enforcement. They operate in the gray areas of law enforcement, perpetuate a culture of silence, and promote a mentality of
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from the
Philippines require gang members to tattoo (or "tatak") the name of the gang or their leader into their body. Triads have a more unique way of initiating associates into full members. Triad ceremonies take place at an altar dedicated to
1567:
Professor Simon
Hallsworth argues that, where they exist, gangs in the UK are "far more fluid, volatile and amorphous than the myth of the organized group with a corporate structure". This assertion is supported by a field study conducted by
656:(OMG) as "organizations whose members use their motorcycle clubs as conduits for criminal enterprises". Some clubs are considered "outlaw" not necessarily because they engage in criminal activity, but because they are not sanctioned by the
1346:
Ethnic solidarity is a common factor in gangs. Black and
Hispanic gangs formed during the 1960s in the USA often adapted nationalist rhetoric. Both majority and minority races in society have established gangs in the name of identity: the
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Statement of
Michael A. Braun, Chief of Operations, Drug Enforcement Administration, Before the House International Relations Committee, Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere, November 9, 2005 – "The Illicit Drug Transit Zone in Central
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Different gangs from around the world have their way of recruiting and introducing new members. Most criminal gangs require an interested candidate to commit a crime to be inducted into a gang. Many street gangs, like the Bloods and
4329:
Valdebenito Munoz, S.; Ttofi, M.; Eisner, M.; Gaffney, H. "Weapon carrying in and out of school among pure bullies, pure victims and bully-victims: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies".
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blue, allowing these gangs to "represent" their affiliation. Any disrespect of a gang member's color by an unaffiliated individual is regarded as grounds for violent retaliation, often by multiple members of the offended gang.
266:, criminals and gangs started to form organizations which would collectively become London's criminal underworld. Criminal societies in the underworld started to develop their own ranks and groups which were sometimes called
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1499:, alarm, influence, or exact specific responses including obedience, submission, fear, or terror. One study focused on terrorism and symbols states that "ymbolism is important because it plays a part in impelling the
1262:
According to a meta-analysis of 14 countries in North America, Europe, the Middle East, Central and South America, sub-Saharan Africa and the Pacific also showed that carrying a weapon at school is associated with
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In the case of street gangs, most do not train their members in shooting and combat. Although a few would train their youths how to shoot using empty cans and bottles as targets (with some cases using underground
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of Rio. Often, gangs hire "lookouts" to warn members of upcoming law enforcement. The dense environments of favelas in Rio and public housing projects in Chicago have helped gang members hide from police easily.
871:, are people who are not full members of the gang, but either support and participate in the activities of a gang, or have livelihoods tied to gang activities. Included here are specialized roles like enforcers (
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originated the Conservative Vice Lords and Blackstone Rangers. Although the majority of gang leaders from Chicago are now incarcerated, most of those leaders continue to manage their gangs from within prison.
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Miller, W.B. 1992 (Revised from 1982). Crime by Youth Gangs and Groups in the United States. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of JusticePrograms, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
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686:. Prison gangs often have several "affiliates" or "chapters" in different state prison systems that branch out due to the movement or transfer of their members. According to criminal justice professor
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Activists have also made the link between a perceived increase in gang activity and the sharp rise in US police budgets while pointing out rampant corruption in police gang units, such as the
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require a candidate, known as a "hang-around", to be observed and mentored by veteran gang members (which can last a year or more) in order to assess their personalities and commitment. The
4646:", Authors: J. Dingley; M. Kirk-Smith, Source: Small Wars & Insurgencies, Volume 13, Number 1, Spring 2002, pp. 102-128(27, Publisher: Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group
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became notorious for creating "schools" in the countryside to train children as young as eleven in weapons and illegal activities. Giovanni Tinebra, the chief public prosecutor of
1434:
215:. While the term often refers specifically to criminal groups, it also has a broader meaning of any close or organized group of people, and may have neutral, positive or negative
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Captain: is the one who issue the command from the boss/underboss to the gangsters. Captain is responsible for the activities in the field and of the recruitment of new members.
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2754:
2638:"We spoke to hundreds of prison gang members – here's what they said about life behind bars | Colorado Arts and Sciences Magazine | University of Colorado Boulder"
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defend the majority Igbo group violently and through terror, and in the United States, whites who feel threatened by minorities have formed their own gangs, such as the
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2637:
998:, once stated, "Instead of going to school, many boys go into the countryside where there are people who teach them to shoot and turn them into killing machines."
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article reported that gangs encourage members to enter the military to learn urban warfare techniques to teach other gang members. A January 2007 article in the
1647:, and Vice Lords have been documented on military installations both domestic and international although recruiting gang members violates military regulations.
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to act and then in defining the targets of their actions." Displaying a gang sign, such as the noose, as a symbolic act can be construed as "a threat to commit
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has argued that this is one of three concepts that shed light on patterns of organization in oppressed racial, religious and ethnic groups (the other two are
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Gang members from the same school can commit violence against other students in the same school who belong to a different gang or who do not belong to a gang;
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Collins, Angela M., Scott Menard and David Pyrooz. 2018. "Collective Behavior and the Generality of Integrated Theory: A National Study of Gang Fighting".
739:, who are groups who profess to be fighting against gang influence, but share characteristics and acts similarly to a gang. These include groups like the
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reported that gang members in the military are involved in the theft and sale of military weapons, ammunition, and equipment, including body armor. The
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1430:(by going through a process of initiation), or have to prove their loyalty and right to belong by committing certain acts, usually theft or violence.
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Gangs may commit violence against other schools and students in the community where they are active, even if these students do not belong to a gang.
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began recruiting street gang members from outside and helped increase associations between prison and street gangs. In the US, the prison gang the
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Researchers and activists in the United States have debated the true impact of US gangs on crime in the United States, with a 2019 episode of the
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Gang members in uniform use their military knowledge, skills and weapons to commit and facilitate various crimes. As of April 2011, the
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are cited as the prime example of an American gang that is neither black nor Hispanic. Some researchers have focused on ethnic factors.
1131:", often a thin cover for extortion, as the "protection" is usually from the gang itself, or in other criminal activity. Many gangs use
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has been identified as a risk factor for youth violence, including gang violence. According to studies, children who knew many adult
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suggests that gangsterism as a "form of self-help which victimizes others" may appear in societies which lack strong "forces of
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4434:
2471:
707:. Unlike other gangs and criminal groups, punk gangs follow a range of political and philosophical beliefs that can range from
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4235:
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is relatively low, and is similar to prevalence in other countries in Central America where gang violence is less prevalent.
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2214:
Gambetta, Diego (2009). Codes of the Underworld: How Criminals Communicate. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691119373:
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estimates there are approximately 30,000 gangs, with 760,000 members, impacting 2,500 communities across the United States.
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1856:
752:
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and argots used by Victorian criminal societies to distinguish each other, like those propagated by street gangs like the
2976:"Differentiating Gang Members, Gang Affiliates, and Violent Men on Their Psychiatric Morbidity and Traumatic Experiences"
1973:
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this form of self-help which victimizes others is in principle opposed to the workings of a sound bureaucratic system.
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3631:
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2953:
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100:
913:, hold that the only way to leave the gang is through death. This is sometimes informally called the "morgue rule".
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and do not adhere to its rules. Instead the clubs have their own set of bylaws reflecting the outlaw biker culture.
411:
Gangs, syndicates, and other criminal groups, come in many forms, each with their own specialties and gang culture.
5362:
5337:
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who work for criminal organizations), falcons ("eyes and ears" of the streets), and mules (smugglers who transport
507:
1619:
began investigating the gang activity in the military after receiving photos of gang graffiti showing up in Iraq.
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42:
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has identified members of at least 53 gangs whose members have served in or are affiliated with US military.
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343:
315:
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4306:
Delinquent Youth Groups and Offending Behaviour: Findings From the 2004 Offending, Crime and Justice Survey
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The Executioner's Men: Los Zetas, Rogue Soldiers, Criminal Entrepreneurs, and the Shadow State They Created
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National Gang Task Force to combat gang activity in the United States. A year later, the FBI helped create
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and historians such as Brian J. Robb and Erin H. Turner traced the first organized crime syndicates to the
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United Nations (UN) Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence Against Children. (2016).
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2082:, 2009, pp. 100–101; Gutheim and Lee, p. 73; Lowry, pp. 61–65; Evelyn, Dickson, and Ackerman, pp. 63–864.
1697:
1553:
1315:, who was a pioneer of gang research, identified "demoralization" as a standard characteristic of gangs.
1029:, who trained their members for three months in ambushes, codes of silence and discipline, inside camps.
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Different gangs and criminal syndicates have various roles and members. Most are typically divided into:
795:
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as "mainly gangsterism that had become society itself and acquired respectability through the notions of
17:
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bond over similar needs. In some areas, joining a gang is an integrated part of the growing-up process.
774:
gang member showing his gang tattoo, a lion with a crown, and signifying the 5 point star with his hands
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Winston-Salem Police Department web site "TGOD Mofo" is a common statement being passed around the hood
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Gang Investigator's Handbook: A Law-Enforcement Guide to Identifying and Combating Violent Street Gangs
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United States. Congress. House. Select Committee on Crime, Crime in America--youth Gang Warfare (1970)
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1487:, print, music, or other mediums communicate specific informational cues used to threaten, disparage,
678:
are formed inside prisons and correctional facilities for mutual protection and entrancement like the
423:, whose activities include racketeering and overseeing illicit agreements. These include the Sicilian
357:
Outside of the US and the UK, gangs exist in both urban and rural forms, like the French gangs of the
5305:
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Hugh Orgel (3 December 1990). "Israeli Reserve Colonel Convicted of Illegal Sale of Arms, Know-how".
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The everything motorcycle book: the one book you must have to buy, ride, and maintain your motorcycle
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Gang warfare mostly consists of sanctioned and unsanctioned hits, street fighting, and gun violence.
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Valdez, A. (2007). Mexican American Girls and Gang Violence. New York, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
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Monument Wars: Washington, D.C., the National Mall, and the Transformation of the Memorial Landscape
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Contemporary organized crime has also led to the creation of anti-gang groups, vigilante gangs, and
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Raz, Jacob. "Insider Outsider: The Way of the Yakuza." Kyoto Journal. Last modified 17 April 2011.
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The European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations (HEUNI)
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1005:. The earliest and most famous example was the time when the Medellin Cartel hired Israeli soldier
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1992:
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Social origins of dictatorship and democracy: Lord and peasant in the making of the modern world
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can criminalise innocent young people rather than focusing resources on serious violent crime.
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339:
37:"Street gang", "Crime gang", and "Gang culture" redirect here. For the Sesame Street book, see
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1343:, by far the most common reason people suggest as a motive for joining gangs is unemployment.
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to train militiamen and assassins. Los Zetas became infamous for being founded by US-trained
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4537:", Cantrell, Mary Lynn, Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Problems, v1 n1 pp13-14 Spr 1992
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1472:, or code words and other group-specific symbols associated with the gang's common beliefs,
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to transport drugs internationally. Brazilian urbanization has driven the drug trade to the
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are also common identifiers, such as an '18' above the eyebrow to identify a member of the
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Street gangs take over territory or "turf" in a particular city and are often involved in "
923:
Some states have a formal process to establish that a person is a member of a gang, called
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720:
362:
46:
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4686:, Author: Matthew O'Deane, April 2011, pp. 1-7, Publisher: Federal Bureau of Investigation
4083:"May 17, 2021: 'The Holly' Explores Gang Warfare, Anti-Gang Efforts And Police Informants"
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8:
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3574:"Some Recent Inquiries into the Structure-Function of Conflict Gangs in Manila City Jail"
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The First Family: Terror, Extortion, Revenge, Murder, and the Birth of the American Mafia
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1422:, who wear red bandanas and have "14", "XIV", "x4", and "Norte" tattoos. Some members of
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In the United States, the history of gangs began on the East Coast in 1783 following the
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Ronel, N. (2011). "Criminal behavior, criminal mind: Being caught in a criminal spin."
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1363:. Responding to an increasing black and Hispanic migration, a white gang formed called
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Ovalle Marroquin, Lilian P. "Las Fronteras de la 'narcocultura.' " 2007. Digital file.
486:) who primarily deal with the illegal drug trade. These include drug cartels like the
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Cerulo, Karen A. (1993). "Symbols and the world system: National anthems and flags".
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3915:
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3627:
3278:
3267:
3236:
3101:
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3006:
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2412:
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1934:
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1312:
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1128:
897:
807:
712:
604:
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1457:
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is the primary drug of distribution by gangs in America, which have used the cities
546:
Street gangs are gangs formed by youths in urban areas, and are known primarily for
5290:
5246:
4937:
4805:
4796:
Cottrell-Boyce, Joe (December 2013). "Ending Gang and Youth Violence: A Critique".
4576:
4121:
4035:
3851:
3824:"Police find secret underground lair, shooting range at gang hideout in California"
2990:
2717:
2315:
1958:
1874:
1707:
1364:
1308:
1304:
1249:
1053:
1022:
978:
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327:
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5205:
5107:
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4949:
4905:
4886:
4683:
4609:
4554:
4521:
3655:
3438:
2713:
2538:
2497:
2478:
2304:"Evade, Corrupt, or Confront? Organized Crime and the State in Brazil and Mexico"
1744:
1722:
1682:
1672:
1662:
1628:
1560:
1541:
1320:
1274:
889:
819:
783:
704:
547:
511:
487:
483:
323:
170:
154:
2946:
Gang Injunctions and Abatement: Using Civil Remedies to Curb Gang-Related Crimes
1627:, dated January 12, 2007, states that street gangs including the Bloods, Crips,
1389:
964:
requires people wanting to be full members or become made men to take part in a
358:
5447:
5442:
5054:
4156:
3451:
2810:
2320:
2303:
1464:-type hoodies), jewelry, hair styles, fingernails, slogans, signs (such as the
1300:
1116:
1073:
1034:
991:
600:
515:
491:
436:
428:
424:
299:
142:
122:
3216:, U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), November 9, 2005, archived from
3002:
78:
5436:
5357:
4809:
3783:
3748:
2416:
2329:
2235:
2017:
Larner, Tony (1 August 2010). "When Peaky Blinders Ruled Streets with Fear".
1368:
1330:
Usually, gangs have gained the most control in poorer, urban communities and
1316:
1267:
995:
917:
787:
724:
687:
679:
539:
319:
310:
271:
263:
231:
3144:
2260:
1427:
1208:, gang violence can potentially affect schools in different ways including:
5367:
5015:
3683:
3533:
3343:
3010:
2146:
1764:
1739:
1468:
and the burning cross as the symbols of the Klan), flags secret greetings,
1398:
1360:
1352:
1324:
1002:
957:
893:
803:
782:
Criminal gangs may function both inside and outside of prison, such as the
744:
690:, many of the biggest gangs from Chicago originated from prisons. From the
675:
633:
523:
275:
118:
4557:", by Darryl Fears, Washington Post, Published: October 21, 2007 6:00 a.m.
1049:
1025:
and soldatos. Other Mexican cartels who trained their members include the
937:
227:
5215:
5190:
5117:
5112:
2436:
1667:
1477:
1461:
1453:
1442:
1384:
1348:
1189:
961:
791:
596:
519:
479:
370:
366:
347:
283:
216:
174:
38:
1819:
1640:
1537:
acts, but they’ve sparked radically different public-policy responses."
1483:
As an alternative language, hand-signals, symbols, and slurs in speech,
1448:
Gangs often establish distinctive, characteristic identifiers including
1001:
Some drug cartels in Colombia and Mexico have established themselves as
968:
involving oaths, agreement, and bloodletting to show their loyalty. The
334:. Organized crime in the United States first came to prominence in the
5138:
5122:
4612:", United States Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation
4580:
3779:"The School of Terror: Inside a Jalisco Cartel Training Camp in Mexico"
2774:
2690:"How L.A. Punks of the '80s and '90s Kept Neo-Nazis Out of Their Scene"
2672:
1509:
1496:
1469:
1367:. Some gang members are motivated by religion, as is the case with the
1336:
1273:
Comparison of Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) data on
1100:
1006:
880:
716:
703:
Punk gangs are a unique type of gang made up of members who follow the
580:
568:
560:
331:
130:
126:
2870:
2833:"The politics of mobilization for security in South African townships"
1644:
1156:
572:
133:
and internal organization that identifies with or claims control over
5165:
3940:"U.S. Department of Justice National Drug Intelligence Center (NDIC)"
3299:
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology
1500:
1245:
1201:
1112:
1088:
1018:
876:
864:, are the typical gang members who commit the activities of the gang.
799:
740:
708:
588:
495:
448:
251:
197:
138:
82:
5421:
2745:"'Mayans M.C.' Showrunner Elgin James Was A Nazi-Fighting Vigilante"
1480:
to define and differentiate themselves from other groups and gangs.
399:
5185:
5160:
5155:
5150:
3537:
1513:
1504:
1484:
1449:
1419:
1278:
1264:
1216:
617:
584:
335:
287:
255:
239:
150:
4251:
Krug, E.; Dahlberg, L.; Mercy, J.; Zwi, A. B.; Lozano, R. (2002).
3168:"The enforcer: the myth and reality of organised crime's hard man"
2710:"Crimes of Fashion Lure Affluent Kids for the Fun of It (preview)"
2668:"Unearthing the Secret History of 'LA's Deadliest Punk Rock Gang'"
2460:
FBI Safe Street Violent Crime Initiative – Report Fiscal Year 2000
2366:. Australian Research Alliance for Children and Youth. pp. 18, 29.
1639:, The 18th Street Gang, Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13), Mexican Mafia,
1356:
1108:
1104:
1096:
974:
432:
351:
279:
193:
2770:"El cártel Jalisco Nueva generación entregó armas a Los Viagras"
2276:
Britannica Academic, s.v. "Yakuza," accessed 30 September 2018,
2095:. Running Press (2015). Chapter 1: Lawlessness in the Old West.
1433:
1135:
to demonstrate influence and gain revenue in a particular area.
1087:
Gangs are involved in all areas of street-crime activities like
177:
5393:
5035:
5021:
Behind the numbers: ending school violence and bullying
5018:
work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Text taken from
4515:
Crimes of style: Urban graffiti and the politics of criminality
4328:
4278:
4228:
Protecting Children Affected by Armed Violence in the Community
2490:
1492:
1473:
1411:
1402:
1256:
1205:
1120:
1091:, drug trafficking, both in and outside the prison system, and
1014:
552:
503:
464:
452:
420:
378:
374:
4112:
Vigil, James Diego (2003). "Urban Violence and Street Gangs".
2278:
https://academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/yakuza/77739
824:
5200:
3481:. GateHouse Media, Inc. The Columbia Dispatch. Archived from
2113:
Badasses of the Old West: True Stories of Outlaws on the Edge
1488:
1465:
1438:
1406:
1241:
1237:
1092:
1061:
950:
916:
Gang membership represents the phenomenon of a chronic group
767:
556:
444:
295:
146:
4178:
FBI — 2011 National Gang Threat Assessment – Emerging Trends
4036:"Gang Violence Law and Legal Definition | USLegal, Inc"
3890:"Drug money saved banks in global crisis, claims UN advisor"
2176:"Fortune 5: The Biggest Organized Crime Groups in the World"
514:. Many narcos are known for their use of paramilitaries and
153:, behavior, with such behavior often constituting a form of
1299:
Most modern research on gangs has focused on the thesis of
1231:
1143:"Gang war" redirects here. For other uses of the term, see
1080:, which is thought to be worth $ 352 billion in total. The
4864:"Hate Groups Are Infiltrating the Military, Group Asserts"
2345:"In Mexico "there is no pandemic for paramilitary groups""
1076:
estimates that gangs make most of their money through the
270:, and were often made up of lower-classes and operated on
4920:- Gang-Related Activity in the US Armed Forces Increasing
3845:"Gang-Related Activity in the US Armed Forces Increasing"
1959:"Menace, Mayhem, and Morality! Crime in Victorian London"
1057:
1056:
suspect bearing gang tattoos is handcuffed. In 2004, the
542:
announced the arrest of 101 gang members on June 8, 2011.
5046:
4199:
Behind the numbers: ending school violence and bullying
3058:"Gang Structures, Crime Patterns, and Police Responses"
2503:
1401:
which are unique to their specific clique or gang. The
350:
would also cause a new boom in the emergence of gangs;
4281:
Preventing youth violence: an overview of the evidence
3679:"Mafia sets up crime academy to train child assassins"
3515:
Burris-Kitchen, D. (1997). Female Gang Participation.
490:
and other Colombian cartels, Mexican cartels like the
4951:
A World of Gangs: Armed Young Men and Gangsta Culture
3269:
Homies and Hermanos: God and Gangs in Central America
407:
gang member with a tattoo showing his gang membership
4524:", Publisher: New York: Garland. (235pp), Year: 1993
4250:
648:, known as the "Big Four" in the United States. The
4774:
Youth in Crisis? Gangs, Territoriality and Violence
3916:"Highlights of the 2004 National Youth gang Survey"
2877:
2839:. African Affairs. pp. 607–627. Archived from
2610:"Societal and Correctional Context of Prison Gangs"
1713:
List of criminal enterprises, gangs, and syndicates
1625:"Gang Activity in the U.S. Armed Forces Increasing"
369:. Many criminal organizations, such as the Italian
67:The examples and perspective in this United States
5087:List of criminal enterprises, gangs and syndicates
4791:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4724:"What's the Difference Between a Frat and a Gang?"
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3359:"Roseville police explain gang validation process"
3079:https://kyotojournal.org/society/insider-outsider/
2803:"RIGHTS-EL SALVADOR: Death Squads Still Operating"
2481:- Criminal Intelligence Service Canada, cisc.gc.ca
2033:
1926:
1897:
1508:limited to recklessly endangering another person,
1240:who grow up in neighbourhoods with high levels of
839:Boss: known in some groups as leader, elder, don,
810:is involved in organized crime outside of prison.
4978:, San Clemente, CA: Lawtechcustompublishing.com,
2509:
2342:
482:are slang terms used for criminal groups (mainly
5434:
3571:
3165:
3100:. New York: Ballantine Books. pp. 384–386.
3071:
2707:
1255:Gang violence is often associated with carrying
1215:Gang members from the same school can engage in
990:military. Sicilian mafia and Calabrian Mafia in
936:gang members, and may have children with them. "
85:, or create a new United States, as appropriate.
4926:
4780:
4657:"Terroristic Threat Law & Legal Definition"
4303:
3405:
3189:"Va Marina por 'halcones del crimen organizado"
3120:
2883:
2687:
2364:Youth Gangs, Violence and Anti-Social Behaviour
2302:Taylor, Matthew M.; Bailey, John (2009-07-20).
2283:
1252:by the age of 18 years than those who did not.
354:for example had over 1,000 gangs in the 1920s.
200:
4795:
3676:
3230:
2824:
2665:
2649:
2647:
2565:"A Brief History of "Outlaw" Motorcycle Clubs"
2405:"The L.A. County Sheriff's Deputy-Gang Crisis"
1956:
1219:on the school premises or around their school;
5062:
4255:(Report). Geneva: World Health Organization.
3273:. New York: Oxford University Press. p.
3055:
2973:
2830:
867:Associates: known also as gang affiliates or
850:Underboss: the second in command of the gang.
5014: This article incorporates text from a
3797:
3795:
3758:. Congressional Research Service. p. 10
3672:
3670:
3653:
3649:
3647:
2500:- Connecticut Gang Investigators Association
2301:
2016:
1993:"The Peaky Blinders are a romanticised myth"
1952:
1950:
1854:
419:One of the most infamous criminal gangs are
4971:
4830:
4548:Noose: 'Shameful' sign makes ominous return
3932:
3801:
3730:(1st ed.), page 46, Transaction Publishers.
3552:
3426:
3424:
3255:O'Grady. 2007. Crime in a Canadian context.
2943:
2644:
2570:International Journal of Motorcycle Studies
2556:
2543:, Adams Media Corp, pp. 193–203, 277,
1590:Gang presence in the United States military
5069:
5055:
4889:- Chicago Gang Graffiti Showing Up In Iraq
4824:
3861:
3776:
3711:
3505:Exclusive: Gangs Spreading In The Military
3091:
3089:
3087:
2768:García, Gustavo Castillo (17 April 2016).
2589:, University of Toronto Press, p. 4,
2586:The Rebels: a brotherhood of outlaw bikers
1971:
1965:
1783:
3821:
3815:
3792:
3770:
3747:Cook, Colleen W., ed. (16 October 2007).
3667:
3644:
3526:
3475:"Man, 18, gets life in prison for murder"
3264:
2800:
2319:
1947:
1583:
1307:and Irving Spergel. In this body of work
567:. Other racial gangs also exist like the
101:Learn how and when to remove this message
4947:
4908:- Army defends recruit screening process
4765:
4670:
4404:
4392:
4368:
4356:
4344:
4279:World Health Organization (WHO) (2015).
4157:"Frequently Asked Questions About Gangs"
3994:
3982:
3472:
3421:
3129:
3051:
3049:
3047:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2931:
2653:
2576:
2530:
2402:
1432:
1388:
1166:
1155:
1048:
823:
766:
632:who conduct illegal activities like the
533:
398:
226:
129:, or members of a family with a defined
4771:
4172:
4170:
4126:10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093426
4080:
3867:
3804:"WHY GANG MEMBERS CAN'T SHOOT STRAIGHT"
3265:Brenneman, Robert (November 23, 2011).
3084:
2562:
2297:
2295:
1405:, for instance, wear red bandanas, the
502:in Brazil. Other examples are Jamaican
447:organized gangs. Outside of Italy, the
14:
5435:
4566:
4274:
4272:
4221:
4219:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4186:
3740:
3473:Coolidge, Sharon (November 26, 2008).
2906:
2767:
2742:
2173:
2031:
1924:
1895:
1544:in the Los Angeles Police Department.
1327:'s work on the permanence of racism).
1323:' theory of "resistance identity" and
1095:. Gangs also victimize individuals by
5050:
4721:
4486:"Graffiti and Other Gang Identifiers"
4111:
3619:
3565:
3044:
3026:
2962:
2761:
2563:Dulaney, William L. (November 2005),
2195:
2189:
2063:
1984:
1881:. Boston: Beacon Press. p. 214.
1873:
1212:Gangs can recruit members in schools;
1044:
294:schemes. Unique also were the use of
5407:
4975:Gangs: Theory, Practice and Research
4744:
4644:Symbolism and Sacrifice in Terrorism
4304:Sharp, C.; Aldridge, J.; Medina, J.
4167:
4054:"U.S. Gangs: Their Changing History"
3887:
3870:"Gang Activity in the U.S. Military"
3746:
3444:
3336:
3095:
2890:Gangs: Theory, Practice and Research
2582:
2536:
2308:Journal of Politics in Latin America
2292:
2151:The Vertigo Years: Europe, 1900–1914
2140:
2010:
1200:Despite gangs usually formed in the
1021:, they set up camps to train future
888:violent actors (sometimes including
798:. During the 1970s, prison gangs in
753:People Against Gangsterism and Drugs
506:and the various opium barons in the
141:and engages, either individually or
53:
5131:
4416:Shaer, Matthew (September 2, 2014)
4269:
4253:World Report on Violence and Health
4216:
4183:
3166:Rahman, Mohammed (18 August 2020).
2782:from the original on 6 January 2019
2757:from the original on July 29, 2020.
2743:Shorey, Eric (September 11, 2018).
2701:
2688:Pursell, Robert (31 January 2018).
1547:
1527:
1524:glorify their gang and themselves.
1082:United States Department of Justice
930:
856:Gangsters: also known as soldiers,
234:gangsters fight police. Paris, 1904
24:
4747:"Gang & police funding thread"
4722:Kendi, Ibram X. (March 20, 2018).
3888:Syal, Rajeev (December 13, 2009).
3613:
3337:Wood, Graeme (17 September 2014).
2708:Anderson, Dennis (June 14, 1985).
2666:Lyons, Patrick (17 January 2016).
2343:Varzi, Changiz M. (9 April 2021).
2250:"Organised Crime Around the World"
2202:Carmichael Ellis & Brock, PLLC
1285:
1152:Category:Organized crime conflicts
981:(usually a chicken, pig or goat).
977:(關羽, GuānYǔ), with incense and an
883:, and other contraband materials).
610:
395:List of gangs in the United States
25:
5494:
5028:
4008:"Gang influence and gain revenue"
3677:Willan, Philip (16 August 1999).
1990:
1855:Caspar Walsh (10 November 2011).
1378:
1179:housing project, pictured in 2019
1066:National Gang Intelligence Center
692:St. Charles Illinois Youth Center
658:American Motorcyclist Association
318:, began around the late 1820s in
5416:
5406:
5034:
5009:
4911:
4892:
4873:
4857:
4738:
4715:
4689:
4649:
4636:
4615:
4595:
4560:
4540:
4535:Gang Identifiers and Terminology
4527:
4507:
4478:
4449:
4427:
4410:
4398:
4386:
4374:
4362:
4350:
4338:
4322:
4297:
4244:
4230:. New York: UN: United Nations.
4149:
4132:
4105:
4093:
4074:
4046:
4028:
4000:
3988:
3976:
3700:Colombia Seeks Israeli terrorist
3640:from the original on 2018-04-27.
3312:"Membership Validation Criteria"
58:
4776:. London: Routledge. p. 9.
4332:Aggression and Violent Behavior
4081:Dukakis, Andrea (17 May 2021).
3954:
3908:
3881:
3837:
3802:Leap, Jorga (29 October 2013).
3720:
3705:
3692:
3620:Wynne, Mervyn Llewelyn (1941).
3602:from the original on 2010-10-15
3588:
3509:
3497:
3466:
3432:Associated Gangs in this county
3376:
3351:
3330:
3304:
3291:
3258:
3249:
3224:
3203:
3195:. 21 April 2011. Archived from
3181:
3159:
3114:
2937:
2925:
2900:
2855:
2794:
2736:
2681:
2659:
2602:
2484:
2465:
2453:
2429:
2396:
2386:
2369:
2356:
2336:
2270:
2242:
2220:
2208:
2167:
2125:
2105:
2085:
2072:
2057:
2052:gangs in america's communities.
2025:
1838:"Hi, gang! (used with friends)"
1804:An Icelandic-English Dictionary
1575:Cottrell-Boyce, writing in the
4424:. Retrieved February 19, 2019.
2801:Gutiérrez, Raúl (2007-09-04).
2036:Gangs in America's Communities
1929:Gangs in America's Communities
1918:
1900:Gangs in America's Communities
1889:
1867:
1848:
1830:
1812:
1796:
1777:
1248:were more likely to engage in
385:, have existed for centuries.
13:
1:
4956:University of Minnesota Press
4942:10.1080/01639625.2017.1395664
4513:Author: Ferrell, J., Title: "
4381:2011 World Development Report
4283:. World Health Organization.
4114:Annual Review of Anthropology
3339:"How Gangs Took Over Prisons"
3314:. 15 May 2014. Archived from
2995:10.1080/00332747.2016.1256144
2948:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
2907:Engber, Daniel (2005-12-13).
2403:Goodyear, Dana (2022-05-30).
1460:, clothing (for example, the
1341:World Development Report 2011
943:
813:
309:. Gangs arose further in the
250:"; he characterizes European
4972:O'Deane, Matthew D. (2010),
4927:General and cited references
4697:"Gangs - You're Wrong About"
4418:"Epstein Orthodox Hit Squad"
3702:", BBC Online 29 August 2007
3137:"Levels of Club Affiliation"
2720:. p. 28. Archived from
2093:A Brief History of Gangsters
1857:"Gangs are good for society"
1771:
762:
730:
538:California Attorney General
330:, in a region then known as
160:
7:
3777:Mencho, El (13 June 2019).
3726:Grayson, George W. (2012).
2228:"Introduction to the Mafia"
2198:"Organized Crime and Gangs"
1790:Online Etymology Dictionary
1698:Gangs in the United Kingdom
1650:
1516:, ethnic intimidation, and
1399:identifying characteristics
1138:
984:
500:Primeiro Comando da Capital
326:had control of what is now
81:, discuss the issue on the
45:. For the Ice-T album, see
10:
5499:
4948:Hagedorn, John M. (2008),
4677:Combating Gangsters Online
4603:The Seven-Stage Hate Model
4383:See Figure F2.2 on page 35
2909:"How do you start a gang?"
2477:December 22, 2009, at the
2321:10.1177/1866802X0900100201
1974:"The Victotian Underworld"
1718:List of known gang members
1703:Gangs in the United States
1587:
1382:
1294:
1195:
1149:
1142:
817:
650:U.S. Department of Justice
392:
222:
79:improve this United States
36:
29:
27:Associative criminal group
5402:
5381:
5224:
5178:
5093:
5084:
5076:
4659:. Definitions.uslegal.com
4625:. Definitions.uslegal.com
4439:Everett Police Department
4308:(Report). : Home Office.
3714:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
3623:Triad Societies, Volume 5
3141:Wolfpack Motorocycle Club
2944:O'Deane, Matthew (2012).
2115:. TwoDot (2009). p. 132.
2068:. Routledge. p. 279.
2032:Howell, James C. (2012).
1925:Howell, James C. (2012).
1896:Howell, James C. (2012).
1145:Gang war (disambiguation)
670:
529:
5389:Cryptocurrency and crime
4810:10.1177/1473225413505382
4490:© 2002 Michael K. Carlie
3656:"Q&A Mafia Training"
3626:. Taylor & Francis.
3233:Cuz: An American Tragedy
2867:The Nawojczyk Group, Inc
2583:Wolf, Daniel R. (1992),
2136:Encyclopædia Britannica.
2066:Encyclopedia of the City
1728:Organized crime in Italy
1171:A mural referencing the
663:Biker gangs such as the
623:
470:
414:
388:
41:. For similar term, see
5041:Gangs (organized crime)
4918:Intelligence Assessment
4772:Goldson, Barry (2011).
4040:definitions.uslegal.com
3756:CRS Report for Congress
3749:"Mexico's Drug Cartels"
3479:The Cincinnati Enquirer
3231:Danielle Allen (2018).
2510:U.S. Dept. of Justice,
2496:August 4, 2015, at the
1760:Violent non-state actor
1750:Triad (organized crime)
1397:Most gang members have
698:
654:outlaw motorcycle gangs
201:
178:
5211:Outlaw motorcycle club
4553:July 17, 2008, at the
4318:. Online Report 14/06.
3596:"Feature Articles 378"
3034:"Gangs and gang crime"
2974:Wood, Jane L. (2017).
2863:"Street Gang Dynamics"
2831:Fourchard, L. (2011).
1735:Outlaw motorcycle club
1623:illegal enterprises.
1584:United States military
1445:
1394:
1303:following the work of
1204:, not specifically in
1180:
1164:
1069:
892:and the waging of the
832:
775:
665:Rebels Motorcycle Club
543:
429:Italian–American Mafia
408:
235:
5463:Types of organization
4087:Colorado Public Radio
3598:. AmericanMafia.com.
3572:Ashburn, Franklin G.
3065:Department of Justice
2837:volume 110, issue 441
2377:"Public Safety: Gang"
2064:Caves, R. W. (2004).
1693:Gangs in South Africa
1658:Collective narcissism
1570:Manchester University
1436:
1392:
1173:Crips–Bloods gang war
1170:
1159:
1052:
956:Biker gangs like the
827:
770:
537:
402:
244:Barrington Moore, Jr.
242:in American history,
230:
32:Gang (disambiguation)
5478:Criminal subcultures
5382:Financial regulation
5043:at Wikimedia Commons
4833:"(Re)thinking Gangs"
4703:. You're Wrong About
4161:National Gang Center
3950:on January 22, 2012.
3534:"Born to raise Hell"
3485:on September 9, 2019
3220:on December 10, 2005
2537:Drew, A. J. (2002),
1808:GÖNGUDRYKKJA – GARÐR
1688:Gangs in New Zealand
1393:A Sureño gang tattoo
1373:Epstein-Wolmark gang
1332:developing countries
1234:violence at school.
1129:providing protection
794:, and the Brazilian
749:Friends Stand United
721:Friends Stand United
667:exist in Australia.
340:Coschise Cowboy Gang
219:depending on usage.
69:may not represent a
47:Gang Culture (album)
30:For other uses, see
5483:Underground culture
4140:L.A.'S New Gang War
3874:The Balance Careers
3808:Zocal Public Square
3096:Dash, Mike (2010).
2807:Inter Press Service
2724:on October 22, 2012
2362:White, Rob (2007).
1957:Barton, William A.
970:Sigue-Sigue Sputnik
911:transnational gangs
684:United Blood Nation
467:are also examples.
307:American Revolution
5196:Front organization
4904:2009-02-12 at the
4885:2007-10-14 at the
4868:The New York Times
4682:2014-05-08 at the
4608:2010-04-10 at the
4581:10.1007/BF01115492
4569:Sociological Forum
4520:2007-11-10 at the
4457:"Gang Identifiers"
4146:. January 25, 2007
3857:on August 5, 2009.
3660:How To Fight Write
3654:Schwarz, Michael.
3560:The Sicilian Mafia
3521:Edwin Mellen Press
3517:Lewiston, New York
3437:2007-10-16 at the
3318:on 6 November 2020
3301:, 55(8), 1208–1233
3199:on 27 August 2011.
3056:Klein, Malcolm W.
2472:2004 Annual Report
1802:Cleasby/Vigfusson
1678:Gangs in Australia
1633:Gangster Disciples
1534:You're Wrong About
1446:
1395:
1181:
1165:
1070:
1045:Typical activities
896:), perpetuating a
833:
829:Black Mafia Family
776:
705:punk rock ideology
605:Blood & Honour
565:Gangster Disciples
544:
441:Sacra Corona Unita
409:
238:In discussing the
236:
5430:
5429:
5174:
5173:
5039:Media related to
5024:, 70. UNESCO.
4899:Stars and Stripes
4831:Runnymede Trust.
4745:Bronsdon, Conor.
4290:978-92-4-150925-1
4237:978-92-1-101345-0
4209:978-92-3-100306-6
3962:"Organized_crime"
3540:. August 14, 2000
3503:James M Klatell.
3121:Matthew O'Deane.
2884:Matthew O'Deane.
1875:Moore, Barrington
1844:. 18 August 2015.
1842:wordreference.com
1755:Violent extremism
1613:Chicago Sun-Times
1608:Chicago Sun-Times
1564:youth violence."
1518:criminal mischief
1313:Frederic Thrasher
1250:violent behaviour
1177:Nickerson Gardens
1011:Mexican commandos
898:cycle of violence
845:original gangster
808:Aryan Brotherhood
717:Fight For Freedom
431:. The Neapolitan
169:derives from the
111:
110:
103:
16:(Redirected from
5490:
5420:
5410:
5409:
5368:Papua New Guinea
5129:
5128:
5071:
5064:
5057:
5048:
5047:
5038:
5013:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4988:, archived from
4968:
4936:39(8):992–1005.
4934:Deviant Behavior
4921:
4915:
4909:
4896:
4890:
4877:
4871:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4844:
4838:. Archived from
4837:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4793:
4778:
4777:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4753:. Conor Bronsdon
4742:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4693:
4687:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4653:
4647:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4619:
4613:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4564:
4558:
4544:
4538:
4531:
4525:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4492:. Archived from
4482:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4463:. Archived from
4453:
4447:
4446:
4441:. Archived from
4435:"Gang Awareness"
4431:
4425:
4414:
4408:
4407:, pp. 53–54
4402:
4396:
4390:
4384:
4378:
4372:
4366:
4360:
4354:
4348:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4276:
4267:
4266:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4223:
4214:
4213:
4202:. UNESCO. 2019.
4194:
4181:
4174:
4165:
4164:
4153:
4147:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4109:
4103:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4063:. Archived from
4058:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4017:. Archived from
4012:
4004:
3998:
3997:, pp. 14–15
3992:
3986:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3968:. Archived from
3958:
3952:
3951:
3946:. Archived from
3936:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3920:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3885:
3879:
3877:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3850:. Archived from
3849:
3841:
3835:
3834:February 9, 2019
3833:
3819:
3813:
3812:October 29, 2013
3811:
3799:
3790:
3788:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3753:
3744:
3738:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3709:
3703:
3696:
3690:
3688:
3674:
3665:
3664:November 1, 2017
3663:
3651:
3642:
3641:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3592:
3586:
3584:
3578:
3569:
3563:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3530:
3524:
3513:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3448:
3442:
3428:
3419:
3416:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3390:. Archived from
3380:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3361:. Archived from
3355:
3349:
3348:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3308:
3302:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3272:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3173:The Conversation
3163:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3143:. Archived from
3133:
3127:
3126:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3093:
3082:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3062:
3053:
3042:
3041:
3030:
3024:
3022:
2980:
2971:
2960:
2959:
2941:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2892:. Archived from
2881:
2875:
2874:
2869:. Archived from
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2843:on 15 April 2013
2828:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2809:. Archived from
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2718:Associated Press
2705:
2699:
2698:January 31, 2018
2697:
2685:
2679:
2678:January 17, 2016
2677:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2642:
2641:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2619:. Archived from
2614:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2516:, archived from
2513:Motorcycle Gangs
2507:
2501:
2491:Motorcycle Gangs
2488:
2482:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2400:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2373:
2367:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2323:
2299:
2290:
2287:
2281:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2259:. Archived from
2254:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2234:. Archived from
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2193:
2187:
2185:
2171:
2165:
2144:
2138:
2129:
2123:
2111:Turner, Erin H.
2109:
2103:
2089:
2083:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2039:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1991:Halls, Eleanor.
1988:
1982:
1981:
1972:Thomas, Donald.
1969:
1963:
1962:
1961:. Surrey Shores.
1954:
1945:
1944:
1932:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1903:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1816:
1810:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1784:Douglas Harper.
1781:
1708:Malcolm W. Klein
1635:, Hells Angels,
1548:UK impact debate
1528:US impact debate
1437:A member of the
1416:18th Street gang
1365:Chicago Gaylords
1305:Walter B. Miller
1054:Mara Salvatrucha
1013:. Together with
979:animal sacrifice
931:Non-member women
902:cycle of poverty
630:motorcycle clubs
628:Biker gangs are
577:Tiny Rascal Gang
439:and the Apulian
435:, the Calabrian
405:Mara Salvatrucha
328:Federal Triangle
292:money laundering
214:
211:
208:
204:
191:
188:
185:
181:
106:
99:
95:
92:
86:
62:
61:
54:
21:
5498:
5497:
5493:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5473:Organized crime
5468:Group processes
5433:
5432:
5431:
5426:
5398:
5377:
5220:
5206:Organized crime
5170:
5127:
5095:
5089:
5080:
5075:
5031:
4995:
4993:
4986:
4966:
4954:, Minneapolis:
4929:
4924:
4916:
4912:
4906:Wayback Machine
4897:
4893:
4887:Wayback Machine
4878:
4874:
4862:
4858:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4835:
4829:
4825:
4794:
4781:
4770:
4766:
4756:
4754:
4743:
4739:
4729:
4727:
4720:
4716:
4706:
4704:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4684:Wayback Machine
4675:
4671:
4662:
4660:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4641:
4637:
4628:
4626:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4610:Wayback Machine
4600:
4596:
4565:
4561:
4555:Wayback Machine
4545:
4541:
4532:
4528:
4522:Wayback Machine
4512:
4508:
4499:
4497:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4470:
4468:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4415:
4411:
4403:
4399:
4391:
4387:
4379:
4375:
4367:
4363:
4355:
4351:
4343:
4339:
4327:
4323:
4316:
4302:
4298:
4291:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4249:
4245:
4238:
4224:
4217:
4210:
4196:
4195:
4184:
4175:
4168:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4137:
4133:
4110:
4106:
4098:
4094:
4079:
4075:
4067:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4021:
4010:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3993:
3989:
3981:
3977:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3944:www.justice.gov
3938:
3937:
3933:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3899:
3897:
3886:
3882:
3866:
3862:
3854:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3822:Osborne, Mark.
3820:
3816:
3800:
3793:
3775:
3771:
3761:
3759:
3751:
3745:
3741:
3725:
3721:
3710:
3706:
3697:
3693:
3689:August 16, 1999
3675:
3668:
3652:
3645:
3634:
3618:
3614:
3605:
3603:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3576:
3570:
3566:
3557:
3553:
3543:
3541:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3514:
3510:
3502:
3498:
3488:
3486:
3471:
3467:
3457:
3455:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3439:Wayback Machine
3430:Maryland gangs.
3429:
3422:
3417:
3406:
3397:
3395:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3368:
3366:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3335:
3331:
3321:
3319:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3243:
3229:
3225:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3178:August 19, 2020
3164:
3160:
3150:
3148:
3147:on 12 July 2020
3135:
3134:
3130:
3119:
3115:
3108:
3094:
3085:
3076:
3072:
3060:
3054:
3045:
3032:
3031:
3027:
2978:
2972:
2963:
2956:
2942:
2938:
2930:
2926:
2917:
2915:
2905:
2901:
2882:
2878:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2844:
2829:
2825:
2816:
2814:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2766:
2762:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2714:Chicago Tribune
2706:
2702:
2686:
2682:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2645:
2640:. 3 April 2020.
2636:
2635:
2631:
2623:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2581:
2577:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2535:
2531:
2523:
2521:
2508:
2504:
2498:Wayback Machine
2489:
2485:
2479:Wayback Machine
2470:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2445:
2443:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2421:
2419:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2387:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2361:
2357:
2341:
2337:
2300:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2275:
2271:
2263:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2194:
2190:
2172:
2168:
2145:
2141:
2130:
2126:
2110:
2106:
2091:Robb, Brian J.
2090:
2086:
2077:
2073:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2030:
2026:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1989:
1985:
1970:
1966:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1894:
1890:
1877:(March 1967) .
1872:
1868:
1861:theguardian.com
1853:
1849:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1801:
1797:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1745:School violence
1723:Organized crime
1683:Gangs in Canada
1673:Gang population
1663:Criminal tattoo
1653:
1629:Black Disciples
1592:
1586:
1561:Runnymede Trust
1550:
1542:Rampart scandal
1530:
1387:
1381:
1321:Manuel Castells
1297:
1288:
1286:Sexual violence
1275:school violence
1198:
1154:
1148:
1141:
1047:
1035:shooting ranges
987:
946:
933:
890:police violence
831:leaders in 2004
822:
820:Gang population
816:
784:Nuestra Familia
765:
733:
701:
673:
626:
613:
611:Law enforcement
597:The Hammerskins
593:The Latin Kings
548:street fighting
532:
512:Golden Crescent
508:Golden Triangle
488:Medellin Cartel
484:Latin Americans
473:
417:
397:
391:
324:Washington D.C.
322:. The gangs in
225:
212:
209:
206:
189:
186:
183:
171:past participle
163:
155:organized crime
149:, and possibly
125:of associates,
107:
96:
90:
87:
76:
63:
59:
50:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5496:
5486:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5414:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5391:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5264:
5257:United Kingdom
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5228:
5226:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5135:
5133:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5099:
5097:
5091:
5090:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5074:
5073:
5066:
5059:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5030:
5029:External links
5027:
5026:
5025:
5006:
5005:
5001:
5000:
4985:978-1933778198
4984:
4969:
4965:978-0816650668
4964:
4945:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4910:
4891:
4872:
4856:
4823:
4804:(3): 193–206.
4779:
4764:
4737:
4726:. The Atlantic
4714:
4701:Apple Podcasts
4688:
4669:
4648:
4635:
4614:
4594:
4575:(2): 243–271.
4559:
4539:
4526:
4506:
4477:
4448:
4445:on 2015-04-23.
4426:
4409:
4397:
4385:
4373:
4361:
4349:
4337:
4321:
4314:
4296:
4289:
4268:
4261:
4243:
4236:
4215:
4208:
4182:
4166:
4148:
4131:
4104:
4092:
4073:
4070:on 2013-07-24.
4045:
4027:
4024:on 2014-05-24.
3999:
3987:
3975:
3972:on 2016-12-30.
3953:
3931:
3907:
3880:
3860:
3836:
3814:
3791:
3769:
3739:
3719:
3704:
3691:
3666:
3643:
3632:
3612:
3587:
3564:
3551:
3525:
3508:
3496:
3465:
3443:
3420:
3404:
3375:
3350:
3329:
3303:
3290:
3283:
3257:
3248:
3242:978-1631494949
3241:
3223:
3202:
3193:Blog del Narco
3180:
3158:
3128:
3113:
3107:978-0345523570
3106:
3083:
3070:
3043:
3025:
2989:(3): 221–235.
2961:
2954:
2936:
2924:
2913:Slate Magazine
2899:
2896:on 2016-03-05.
2876:
2873:on 2014-08-18.
2854:
2823:
2793:
2760:
2735:
2700:
2680:
2658:
2643:
2629:
2626:on 2011-10-15.
2601:
2596:978-0802073631
2595:
2575:
2555:
2549:
2529:
2502:
2483:
2464:
2452:
2428:
2409:The New Yorker
2395:
2385:
2368:
2355:
2335:
2291:
2282:
2269:
2266:on 2013-10-16.
2241:
2238:on 2016-01-02.
2219:
2207:
2188:
2166:
2139:
2124:
2121:978-0762754663
2104:
2101:978-0762454761
2084:
2071:
2056:
2047:978-1412979535
2046:
2024:
2019:Sunday Mercury
2009:
1983:
1964:
1946:
1940:978-1412979535
1939:
1917:
1911:978-1412979535
1910:
1888:
1866:
1847:
1829:
1824:dictionary.com
1811:
1795:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
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1757:
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1700:
1695:
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1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1588:Main article:
1585:
1582:
1549:
1546:
1529:
1526:
1424:criminal gangs
1383:Main article:
1380:
1379:Identification
1377:
1301:class struggle
1296:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1213:
1197:
1194:
1140:
1137:
1117:Rio de Janeiro
1074:United Nations
1046:
1043:
1027:Jalisco Cartel
1003:paramilitaries
992:Southern Italy
986:
983:
945:
942:
932:
929:
885:
884:
865:
854:
851:
848:
815:
812:
764:
761:
732:
729:
700:
697:
672:
669:
625:
622:
618:punisher-style
612:
609:
601:Nazi Lowriders
531:
528:
516:narcoterrorism
492:Sinaloa Cartel
472:
469:
463:, and Russian
416:
413:
390:
387:
381:, and Chinese
300:Peaky Blinders
284:counterfeiting
224:
221:
162:
159:
109:
108:
73:of the subject
71:worldwide view
66:
64:
57:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5495:
5484:
5481:
5479:
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5405:
5404:
5401:
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5392:
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5387:
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5380:
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5364:
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5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5316:U.S. military
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5274:United States
5272:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5258:
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5253:
5250:
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5245:
5243:
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5230:
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5177:
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5152:
5149:
5145:
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5141:
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5137:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5124:
5121:
5119:
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5109:
5106:
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5101:
5100:
5098:
5092:
5088:
5083:
5079:
5072:
5067:
5065:
5060:
5058:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5042:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5008:
5007:
5003:
5002:
4992:on 2016-03-05
4991:
4987:
4981:
4977:
4976:
4970:
4967:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4952:
4946:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4930:
4919:
4914:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4895:
4888:
4884:
4881:
4876:
4869:
4865:
4860:
4845:on 4 May 2016
4841:
4834:
4827:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4798:Youth Justice
4792:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4775:
4768:
4752:
4748:
4741:
4725:
4718:
4702:
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4685:
4681:
4678:
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4639:
4624:
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4607:
4604:
4598:
4590:
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4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4563:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4543:
4536:
4530:
4523:
4519:
4516:
4510:
4496:on 2009-12-06
4495:
4491:
4487:
4481:
4467:on 2011-07-17
4466:
4462:
4458:
4452:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4430:
4423:
4419:
4413:
4406:
4405:Hagedorn 2008
4401:
4394:
4393:Hagedorn 2008
4389:
4382:
4377:
4370:
4369:Hagedorn 2008
4365:
4358:
4357:Hagedorn 2008
4353:
4346:
4345:Hagedorn 2008
4341:
4333:
4325:
4317:
4315:1-84473-924-4
4311:
4307:
4300:
4292:
4286:
4282:
4275:
4273:
4264:
4262:92-4-154561-5
4258:
4254:
4247:
4239:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4220:
4211:
4205:
4201:
4200:
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4119:
4115:
4108:
4102:
4096:
4088:
4084:
4077:
4066:
4062:
4055:
4049:
4041:
4037:
4031:
4020:
4016:
4009:
4003:
3996:
3995:Hagedorn 2008
3991:
3984:
3983:Hagedorn 2008
3979:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3917:
3911:
3895:
3891:
3884:
3878:June 08, 2018
3875:
3871:
3868:Powers, Rod.
3864:
3853:
3846:
3840:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3818:
3809:
3805:
3798:
3796:
3789:June 13, 2019
3786:
3785:
3784:InSight Crime
3780:
3773:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3737:
3736:9781412846172
3733:
3729:
3723:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3695:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3673:
3671:
3661:
3657:
3650:
3648:
3639:
3635:
3633:9780415243971
3629:
3625:
3624:
3616:
3601:
3597:
3591:
3585:July 25, 2007
3582:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3555:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3500:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3469:
3454:. Vlad Sokhin
3453:
3452:"Crying Meri"
3447:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3427:
3425:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3394:on 2018-02-15
3393:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3365:on 2018-09-04
3364:
3360:
3354:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3333:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3300:
3294:
3286:
3284:9780199753901
3280:
3276:
3271:
3270:
3261:
3252:
3244:
3238:
3235:. Liveright.
3234:
3227:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3206:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3162:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3124:
3117:
3109:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3090:
3088:
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3074:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2957:
2955:9781466554108
2951:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2932:Hagedorn 2008
2928:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2813:on 2007-11-08
2812:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2764:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2739:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2654:Hagedorn 2008
2650:
2648:
2639:
2633:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2605:
2598:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2579:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2550:9781580625548
2546:
2542:
2541:
2533:
2520:on 2014-04-15
2519:
2515:
2514:
2506:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2468:
2461:
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2438:
2432:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2389:
2378:
2372:
2365:
2359:
2353:April 9, 2021
2350:
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2327:
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2296:
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2258:
2251:
2245:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2186:July 31, 2010
2183:
2182:
2177:
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2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2081:
2075:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2028:
2021:. p. 14.
2020:
2013:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1960:
1953:
1951:
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1936:
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1930:
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1597:
1591:
1581:
1578:
1577:Youth Justice
1573:
1571:
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1413:
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1391:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1369:Muslim Patrol
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:John Hagedorn
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1268:victimization
1266:
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1125:
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1020:
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1004:
999:
997:
996:Caltanissetta
993:
982:
980:
976:
971:
967:
963:
959:
954:
952:
941:
939:
928:
926:
921:
919:
918:criminal spin
914:
912:
906:
903:
899:
895:
891:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
863:
859:
855:
852:
849:
846:
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838:
837:
836:
830:
826:
821:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
788:Mexican Mafia
785:
780:
773:
769:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
728:
726:
725:Straight Edge
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
696:
693:
689:
688:John Hagedorn
685:
681:
680:Mexican Mafia
677:
668:
666:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
621:
620:retaliation.
619:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
549:
541:
540:Kamala Harris
536:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
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497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
468:
466:
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458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
412:
406:
401:
396:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:New York City
317:
312:
311:United States
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
286:, commercial
285:
281:
277:
273:
272:pick-pocketry
269:
265:
264:Victorian era
259:
257:
253:
249:
248:law and order
245:
241:
233:
229:
220:
218:
203:
199:
195:
180:
176:
172:
168:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
105:
102:
94:
84:
80:
74:
72:
65:
56:
55:
52:
48:
44:
43:criminal gang
40:
33:
19:
5373:South Africa
5311:Prison gangs
5077:
5020:
5016:free content
4994:, retrieved
4990:the original
4974:
4950:
4933:
4913:
4894:
4875:
4867:
4859:
4847:. Retrieved
4840:the original
4826:
4801:
4797:
4773:
4767:
4755:. Retrieved
4750:
4740:
4728:. Retrieved
4717:
4705:. Retrieved
4700:
4691:
4672:
4661:. Retrieved
4651:
4638:
4627:. Retrieved
4617:
4597:
4572:
4568:
4562:
4542:
4529:
4509:
4498:. Retrieved
4494:the original
4489:
4480:
4469:. Retrieved
4465:the original
4460:
4451:
4443:the original
4438:
4429:
4421:
4412:
4400:
4395:, p. 16
4388:
4376:
4364:
4352:
4347:, p. 55
4340:
4334:: 33, 62–77.
4331:
4324:
4299:
4280:
4246:
4227:
4198:
4160:
4151:
4143:
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4117:
4113:
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4095:
4086:
4076:
4065:the original
4060:
4048:
4039:
4030:
4019:the original
4014:
4002:
3990:
3985:, p. 14
3978:
3970:the original
3965:
3956:
3948:the original
3943:
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1740:Raskol gangs
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1458:hand signals
1447:
1396:
1361:Ku Klux Klan
1353:Bakassi Boys
1345:
1329:
1325:Derrick Bell
1309:The Gaylords
1298:
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1190:drug cartels
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1060:created the
1031:
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676:Prison gangs
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634:Hells Angels
627:
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545:
524:Shower Posse
480:drug cartels
474:
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410:
359:Belle Époque
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260:
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217:connotations
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164:
143:collectively
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5458:Urban decay
5453:Criminology
5363:Philippines
5338:Netherlands
5306:New Orleans
5284:Los Angeles
5252:New Zealand
5225:By location
5216:Prison gang
5191:Drug cartel
5094:Aspects and
5004:Attribution
4880:CBS2Chicago
4371:, p. 6
4359:, p. 7
4120:: 225–242.
3921:. Ncjrs.gov
3544:February 1,
3458:12 February
3322:14 February
2694:LA Magazine
2393:Prevention.
2349:Equal Times
2314:(2): 3–29.
2196:Lawlytics.
2002:30 December
1668:Drug cartel
1637:Latin Kings
1478:mythologies
1462:gangsta rap
1443:gang signal
1428:"jumped in"
1385:Gang signal
1161:Latin Kings
1078:drugs trade
1039:US Military
962:Cosa Nostra
792:Folk Nation
559:, also the
520:Gulf Cartel
451:, Japanese
437:'Ndrangheta
425:Cosa Nostra
373:, Japanese
371:Cosa Nostra
367:Bonnot Gang
348:Prohibition
175:Old English
39:Street Gang
18:Gang member
5437:Categories
5422:Wiktionary
5279:California
5237:Bangladesh
5103:Population
5096:components
4996:2011-05-07
4849:29 January
4663:2014-06-18
4629:2014-06-18
4500:2009-10-21
4471:2009-10-21
4180:. Fbi.gov.
3925:2012-10-24
3606:2010-08-31
3558:Gambetta,
3398:2018-02-14
3369:2018-02-14
3003:1021134955
2983:Psychiatry
2918:2020-02-21
2817:2007-11-07
2775:La Jornada
2728:August 13,
2524:2020-11-22
2446:2023-10-14
2422:2023-10-14
2159:0786726709
1554:UK context
1510:harassment
1497:intimidate
1441:showing a
1339:for their
1337:World Bank
1175:in Watts'
1150:See also:
1101:kidnapping
1007:Yair Klein
944:Initiation
925:validation
818:See also:
814:Membership
772:Latin King
644:, and the
581:Asian Boyz
569:Trinitario
561:Vice Lords
498:, and the
459:, British
455:, Chinese
393:See also:
377:, Russian
344:Wild Bunch
332:Murder Bay
316:40 Thieves
205:, meaning
182:, meaning
131:leadership
5267:Liverpool
5232:Australia
5166:Informant
4818:147163053
4589:144023960
3388:dconc.gov
3023:Fall 2017
2786:6 January
2462:, FBI.org
2417:0028-792X
2330:1866-802X
1772:Citations
1617:Sun-Times
1501:terrorist
1246:criminals
1202:community
1113:Cape Town
1089:extortion
1019:Guatemala
800:Cape Town
763:Structure
741:Los Pepes
731:Vigilante
709:alt-right
589:Zoe Pound
518:like the
496:Los Zetas
449:Irish Mob
361:like the
252:feudalism
198:Old Norse
165:The word
161:Etymology
139:community
135:territory
83:talk page
5348:Pakistan
5186:Banditry
5161:Henchman
5156:Gun moll
5151:Gangster
4902:Archived
4883:Archived
4680:Archived
4606:Archived
4551:Archived
4518:Archived
4144:Newsweek
3896:. London
3829:ABC News
3762:9 August
3638:Archived
3600:Archived
3538:BBC News
3435:Archived
3384:"Report"
3213:America"
3038:Thurrock
3019:25970766
3011:29087253
2847:6 August
2780:Archived
2755:Archived
2494:Archived
2475:Archived
2437:"LA BOS"
2153:, 2008,
2078:Savage,
2040:. Sage.
1933:. Sage.
1904:. Sage.
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1505:violence
1485:graffiti
1450:graffiti
1420:Nortenos
1371:and the
1279:bullying
1265:bullying
1238:Children
1217:violence
1163:graffiti
1139:Violence
1023:sicarios
1015:Kaibiles
985:Training
966:ceremony
938:Hoodrats
858:soldatos
652:defines
646:Bandidos
585:Wa Ching
563:and the
555:and the
427:and the
365:and the
342:and the
336:Old West
288:burglary
268:families
256:chivalry
240:banditry
192:. It is
77:You may
5412:Commons
5343:Nigeria
5301:Memphis
5296:Georgia
5291:Chicago
5262:Glasgow
5247:Germany
4757:13 June
4751:Twitter
4730:13 June
4707:13 June
4101:Excerpt
3581:Asj.UPD
3151:10 June
2181:Fortune
1978:SF Gate
1645:Sureños
1605:A 2006
1552:In the
1474:rituals
1412:Tattoos
1357:Nigeria
1295:Motives
1257:weapons
1206:schools
1196:Schools
1121:favelas
1109:Chicago
1105:Cocaine
1097:robbery
975:Guan Yu
757:OG Imba
727:gangs.
642:Outlaws
573:Sureños
504:Yardies
445:Italian
433:Camorra
363:Apaches
352:Chicago
280:forgery
223:History
210:journey
194:cognate
151:violent
147:illegal
127:friends
123:society
5394:Hawala
5353:Panama
5333:Mexico
5242:Canada
5118:Colors
5108:Tattoo
4982:
4962:
4816:
4623:"RICO"
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873:hitmen
841:oyabun
755:, and
723:, and
671:Prison
640:, the
638:Pagans
636:, the
553:Bloods
530:Street
476:Narcos
465:Bratva
457:triads
453:yakuza
421:Mafias
383:triads
379:Bratva
375:yakuza
296:slangs
290:, and
232:Apache
5448:Crime
5443:Gangs
5328:India
5201:Mafia
5179:Types
5123:Patch
5078:Gangs
4843:(PDF)
4836:(PDF)
4814:S2CID
4585:S2CID
4068:(PDF)
4057:(PDF)
4022:(PDF)
4011:(PDF)
3919:(PDF)
3855:(PDF)
3848:(PDF)
3752:(PDF)
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3015:S2CID
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2253:(PDF)
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1470:slurs
1466:noose
1452:tags
1439:Crips
1407:Crips
1351:gang
1242:crime
1093:theft
1062:MS-13
1017:from
951:MS-13
881:money
877:drugs
862:kobun
860:, or
843:, or
624:Biker
557:Crips
471:Narco
461:firms
415:Mafia
389:Types
202:gangr
196:with
187:to go
145:, in
137:in a
119:group
117:is a
5358:Peru
5321:List
5144:List
5139:Boss
5132:Role
5113:Sign
4980:ISBN
4960:ISBN
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4759:2021
4732:2021
4709:2021
4310:ISBN
4285:ISBN
4257:ISBN
4232:ISBN
4204:ISBN
4061:data
3902:2010
3764:2009
3732:ISBN
3628:ISBN
3546:2013
3491:2008
3460:2014
3324:2018
3279:ISBN
3237:ISBN
3153:2016
3102:ISBN
3007:PMID
2999:OCLC
2950:ISBN
2849:2012
2788:2019
2730:2021
2673:Vice
2591:ISBN
2545:ISBN
2413:ISSN
2326:ISSN
2155:ISBN
2117:ISBN
2097:ISBN
2042:ISBN
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1935:ISBN
1906:ISBN
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