255:
765:
779:
20:
364:
399:
312:
705:
414:
383:
221:
750:
164:
429:
95:
152:, it was the first British side-corridor train to have gangway connections between all the coaches, although they were provided not to enable passengers to move around the train, but rather to allow the guard to reach any compartment quickly. Electric bells were provided so that he could be summoned. When the guard was not so required, he kept the communicating doors locked. Passengers could still use the side-corridor within the coach to reach the toilet.
735:
32:
236:(TPO) services normally had their gangway connections offset to one side. There were two main reasons: there was a perceived security risk should these coaches be coupled to ordinary passenger-carrying coaches, the differing gangway positions minimising the risk of intrusion; and more space was available for sorting tables, the postal workers being able to walk in a straight line between vans without disturbing the sorters.
720:
335:
illuminated by a single circular window in the tender rear panel, placed high up and to the right of the corridor connection. Ten of these tenders were placed in service between April and
September 1928, of which three were attached to new locomotives of Class A3; two were attached to existing Class A3 locomotives, and five attached to Class A1 locomotives. The design was patented by Gresley in August 1928.
114:. For passing between cars, there was a passageway in the form of a steel-framed rectangular diaphragm mounted on a buffing plate above the centre coupler. The vestibule prevented passengers from falling out, and protected passengers from the weather when passing between cars. In the event of an accident, the design also helped prevent cars from overriding each other, reducing the risk of
48:
350:, and a final seven were built with the 1937 batch of Class A4 locomotives, making a total of 22. The original ten were reconditioned in 1936–1937 and attached to other Class A4 locomotives. In May 1948, the 1929-built corridor tender was transferred to a locomotive of Class A4, after which all 22 remained with this class until withdrawal.
172:
type at one end, and the other end having the other type. In 1925 the GWR started to use the "suspended" form of gangway connection instead of the "scissors" pattern. From 1938, GWR coaches which were expected to need coupling to LNER or SR coaches were fitted with gangway adaptors, to allow the dissimilar types to be connected.
338:
In service, the relief crew travelled in the front coach of the train, and as the train approached the half-way point, they left their seats and made their way forward through the corridor tender to the locomotive cab. On their arrival, the previous crew then handed over the controls and went back to
159:
were offset to one side. Some coaches intended for use at the ends of trains had the gangway connection fitted at one end only. The GWR introduced restaurant cars in 1896; gangway connections were fitted, but passengers wishing to use the restaurant car were expected to board it at the start of their
207:
These gangways consisted of a flat steel plate, having a large aperture for the passageway. At the bottom it was riveted to the buffing plate, whilst the top was supported on the coach end by two telescopic spring units. On the coach end was a wooden doorframe; this was connected to the faceplate by
171:
In May 1923, the GWR introduced some new coaches on their South Wales services; some of these coaches had
British Standard gangway connections and screw couplers as used on many other GWR coaches; some had Pullman-type gangway connections and Laycock "buckeye" couplers; and there were some with one
573:
on
February 1, 2024. The order initially consists of 545 cars, of which 20 are the open gangway prototype sets. There are two designs, the first ten cars utilizing interior panels in the gangway connection, and the other ten cars using interior bellows in the gangway connection. The latter design
239:
A disadvantage was that when a van was added to a TPO train, it might need to be turned around before it could be used. After the formation of
British Railways, most new Mark 1 TPO vans were provided with centre gangways, though a batch intended to work with older vans were given offset gangways.
334:
Although a normal gangway connection was used, the passageway through the tender was only 5 feet (1.52 m) high and 18 inches (0.46 m) wide, and the floor of the passage was 2 feet (0.61 m) above the bottom of the water tank, requiring two steps at both ends. The passageway was
461:
rolling stock. It provides a way to seamlessly move between cars at any time, without passing through doors and a dangerous open area that is often against the rules. It also raises the capacity of metro cars by about 10%, a significant improvement for systems such as the
110:. Older railroad cars had open platforms at their ends, which were used both for joining and leaving the train, but could also be used to step from one car to the next. This practice was dangerous, and so Pullman decided to enclose the platform to produce the
183:
On the formation of
British Railways on 1 January 1948, operators decided to produce a new range of standard coaches, instead of perpetuating existing designs—but the new types had to be compatible with the old. Two of the pre-BR companies (the GWR and the
212:. When two coaches were coupled, a curtain was used to cover the inside surfaces of the diaphragms and faceplates. The doorframe was fitted with a lockable door, of either sliding or hinged type, depending on the interior layout of that end of the coach.
179:
used the
British Standard type of gangway connector, with its "scissors" pattern as used by the GWR. Some coaches needed for LNER or SR lines were given gangway adaptors, so that they could safely couple to coaches fitted with the Pullman-type gangway.
1277:
795:
With most matched multiple-units, it is possible, as with locomotive-towed carriages, to walk from one unit to another, but a passage between adjacent cabbed ends of coupled trains is less common.
43:. Notice the doors on the sides, which prevent passengers from accessing the cabs of either unit. When the gangway is not in use, they lock outwards to block off the entire cab/gangway compartment.
83:(LNWR) was the first British railway to provide passengers with the means to move from one coach to another while the train was in motion. In 1869 the LNWR built a pair of saloons for the use of
574:
also contains a wider walkway and handles between cars. Depending on the success of the prototype sets, the R211 order includes an option to purchase up to 437 additional open gangway cars.
477:. Until the late 2010s, cars like these were not purchased again, as they needed constant repair, and crime was increasing in NYC at the time, resulting in locked doors between subway cars.
331:, both of which were compatible with LNER coaches. The gangway was of concertina pattern, and was pressed against the corresponding gangway on the leading coach by means of sprung pistons.
91:
coach did not appear in
Britain until 1872), and the gangway was fitted to only one end of each coach. The Queen preferred to wait until the train had stopped before using the gangway.
308:
hours. This was too long to allow a single crew to handle the train without a rest; means were therefore sought by which the crew could be changed at approximately the half-way point.
792:
A walk-through head is a type of gangway connection that is installed in a train set that is intended to enable the passage from one train to the next when they are interconnected.
363:
764:
1281:
240:
These were altered to the standard arrangement in 1973. Until then, they had been the only BR Mark 1 gangwayed coaches not to have the
Pullman gangway.
71:) is a flexible connector fitted to the end of a railway coach, enabling passengers to move between coaches without danger of falling from the train.
778:
678:
398:
315:
A preserved corridor tender. The passageway runs along the side closest to the camera; the top of the passageway may be seen at the rear (left)
327:. A passageway was incorporated along the right-hand side, and at the rear end a Pullman type gangway connection was fitted, together with a
254:
323:, produced a new design of tender that was slightly longer than the old, but built as high and wide as possible without compromising the
581:
permits passengers to walk between cars via a more traditional gangway connection. This has been a feature since its opening in 1972.
516:
474:
1355:
1324:
1311:
505:
470:
98:
This
British locomotive has a centre buffing plate similar to that fitted to the lower portion of a Pullman-type gangway connection.
543:
133:
introduced the Gould-design gangway connection to Great
Britain in 1889, when E.F. Howlden was Carriage and Wagon Superintendent.
283:
130:
1582:
562:
435:
428:
185:
176:
1214:
469:
The NYC Subway was the first transit authority in the world to have a subway / metro system with open gangways, with the
145:
649:
287:
382:
1557:
1538:
1491:
1469:
1450:
1431:
1408:
1382:
1363:
1332:
1278:"Governor Cuomo Unveils Design of Reimagined MTA Subway Cars and Details Ambitious Plan to Enhance Subway Stations"
1252:
570:
273:
193:
189:
80:
566:
420:
835:
111:
1187:
609:
291:
258:
413:
1401:
The Illustrated History of LMS Standard Coaching Stock - I: General Introduction and Non-Passenger Vehicles
704:
454:
similarly have extensions connected with a gangway. Open gangways have also become increasingly used for
19:
1577:
527:
141:
810:
629:
593:
373:
277:
225:
197:
149:
24:
770:
726:
578:
233:
40:
36:
749:
681:
etc. use open gangways only between car pairs or 3-car sets; recent versions of these trains,
201:
137:
119:
115:
1306:
Boddy, M.G.; Fry, E.V.; Hennigan, W.; Proud, P.; Yeadon, W.B. (July 1963). Fry, E.V. (ed.).
637:
463:
370:
311:
200:, British Railways decided to standardise on the Pullman type in view of its resistance to
8:
1239:
645:
346:
4-6-4 no. 10000; four more were built in 1935 with the first four locomotives of the new
118:. Pullman's vestibule cars were first used in 1887. Among the first to use them was the
1423:
641:
734:
1553:
1534:
1487:
1465:
1446:
1427:
1404:
1378:
1359:
1328:
830:
585:
167:
A GWR coach fitted with a British Standard gangway connection of the "suspended" type
103:
1506:
British Railway Carriages of the 20th Century - Volume 1: The end of an era, 1901-22
840:
820:
589:
535:
530:(TTC) was the second transit authority to use open gangway rolling stock, with its
107:
261:
with corridor tender. Circular window of passageway at upper right of tender rear.
1501:
1479:
1396:
621:
617:
597:
451:
405:
719:
565:(MTA) has ordered 20 experimental open gangway cars as part of the NYC Subway's
450:, where the railcars are divided into two or more sections linked by gangways.
276:(LNER) decided that from the start of their summer timetable on 1 May 1928, the
815:
784:
690:
686:
674:
657:
625:
601:
551:
539:
531:
498:
328:
156:
84:
52:
604:
trains which operate on a variety of subway systems around the world, such as
1571:
1484:
An Illustrated History of L.N.W.R. Coaches (including West Coast Joint Stock)
1347:
1192:
671:
664:
502:
458:
347:
343:
342:
Another corridor tender (Number 5484) was built in 1929 for use with the new
324:
320:
266:
249:
220:
741:
682:
667:
633:
605:
512:
509:
56:
163:
160:
journey, and remain there: the connections were still not for public use.
825:
805:
756:
613:
482:
94:
1253:"MTA debuts new 'open gangway' subway cars. Here's why you'll like them"
282:
service would run non-stop over the 392.7 miles (632.0 km) between
1513:
1392:
711:
653:
520:
478:
455:
443:
1352:
Locomotives of the L.N.E.R., Part 6C: Tender Engines—Classes Q1 to Y10
1167:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1443:
Great Northern Railway and East Coast Joint Stock Carriages from 1905
1343:
1094:
1092:
696:
447:
188:) favoured the British Standard gangway, whereas the other two (the
74:
1319:
Boddy, M.G.; Neve, E.; Yeadon, W.B. (April 1973). Fry, E.V. (ed.).
1128:
577:
While not technically an open gangway because of the use of doors,
209:
1089:
31:
1521:
269:
with a passageway to one side, allowing crew changes on the fly.
1155:
1104:
1053:
481:
was the first European authority to order open gangway cars for
555:
547:
389:
1464:. The Oakwood Library of Railway History. Usk: Oakwood Press.
1077:
494:
490:
486:
88:
1002:
1218:
442:
In urban transit, open gangways are most commonly used in
294:, and the schedule was for the journey to be completed in
47:
27:
coach fitted with a gangway connection of the Pullman type
1043:
1041:
1341:
1173:
1149:
1026:
968:
966:
964:
949:
853:
1240:
http://www.mouvementcollectif.org/SWF/?en/#/metro-cars
865:
693:, employ full walkthrough gangway along entire train.
1305:
1137:
1038:
1014:
889:
466:
where infrastructure and timetables are at capacity.
140:(GWR) introduced a set of gangwayed coaches on their
1116:
990:
978:
961:
584:The open gangway design has been incorporated into
290:. The locomotives to be used were of that railway's
196:) used the Pullman type. In the design of their new
937:
925:
913:
877:
546:(STM) upgraded its fleet of subway cars with Azur (
339:the seats in the train vacated by the relief crew.
1065:
901:
697:Multiple units and TurboTrain (walk-through heads)
1188:"Here's a glimpse at the future on NYC's subways"
353:
243:
75:Origins: Coaches in British and American railways
1569:
1185:
1391:
1318:
1161:
1110:
1098:
1083:
1059:
1008:
1550:The Heritage of North American Steam Railroads
1462:Sir Nigel Gresley: The Engineer and his Family
319:The LNER's locomotive design team, headed by
538:line of open-gangway cars) delivered to the
471:Multi-Section Articulated Cars (1925 - 1965)
1321:Part 2A: Tender Engines - Classes A1 to A10
1310:. Locomotives of the L.N.E.R. Potters Bar:
208:a flexible diaphragm made from plasticised
1342:Boddy, M. G.; Brown, W. A.; Hennigan, W.;
1323:. Locomotives of the L.N.E.R. Kenilworth:
1179:
215:
1500:
1478:
871:
859:
155:The gangway connections of the early GWR
1250:
310:
253:
219:
162:
93:
46:
30:
18:
1547:
895:
554:took delivery of the Bombardier/Alstom
87:; these had six-wheel underframes (the
1570:
1528:
1459:
1440:
1417:
1122:
1047:
1032:
1020:
996:
984:
972:
955:
943:
931:
919:
907:
550:) trains that included open gangways.
475:Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation
16:Flexible passageway between train cars
1372:
1251:Siff • •, Andrew (February 1, 2024).
883:
563:Metropolitan Transportation Authority
436:Sydney Metro Alstom Metropolis TS set
1518:The Locomotives of Sir Nigel Gresley
1512:
1508:. London: Guild Publishing. CN 8130.
1486:. Headington: Oxford Publishing Co.
1350:(September 1984). Fry, E. V. (ed.).
1186:Danielle Furfaro (August 16, 2016).
1071:
186:London, Midland and Scottish Railway
177:London, Midland and Scottish Railway
35:Internal view of gangways between a
13:
1375:The History of North American Rail
569:order. These began running on the
265:A corridor tender is a locomotive
14:
1594:
608:(Inspiro, Innnovia, Metropolis);
1403:. Yeovil: Oxford Publishing Co.
777:
763:
748:
733:
718:
703:
544:Société de Transport de Montréal
427:
412:
397:
381:
362:
274:London and North Eastern Railway
190:London and North Eastern Railway
148:service. Built to the design of
81:London and North Western Railway
1531:British Railways Mark 1 Coaches
1420:Great Western Coaches from 1890
1377:. Edison, NJ: Chartwell Books.
1270:
1244:
1232:
1207:
406:Bombardier Flexity Outlook tram
1422:(3rd ed.). Newton Abbot:
354:Open gangways in urban transit
244:Locomotives (corridor tenders)
228:with offset gangway connection
1:
1445:. Headington: Oakwood Press.
1298:
1215:"TTC unveils new subway cars"
1162:Boddy, Neve & Yeadon 1973
1111:Boddy, Neve & Yeadon 1973
1099:Boddy, Neve & Yeadon 1973
1084:Boddy, Neve & Yeadon 1973
1060:Boddy, Neve & Yeadon 1973
1583:Passenger rail rolling stock
1280:. 2016-07-18. Archived from
51:View along full length of a
7:
1373:Chant, Christopher (2002).
1009:Essery & Jenkinson 1991
798:
534:railcars (a variant of the
10:
1599:
1308:Part 1: Preliminary Survey
528:Toronto Transit Commission
247:
226:post office stowage tender
1460:Hughes, Geoffrey (2001).
1418:Harris, Michael (1985) .
811:Buffers and chain coupler
1522:Longmans, Green & Co
1441:Harris, Michael (1995).
1238:STM societyinmotion.org
847:
691:81-760 Oka/81-765 Moskva
630:Buenos Aires Underground
602:81-760 Oka/81-765 Moskva
374:Bombardier Innovia Metro
175:From the beginning, the
106:introduced his patented
1552:. London: Amber Books.
1548:Solomon, Brian (2001).
473:, then operated by the
216:Travelling post offices
25:British Railways Mark 1
1529:Parkin, Keith (1991).
771:British Rail Class 150
558:Azur trains in 2016.
542:system from 2010. The
526:In North America, the
501:); it was followed by
316:
262:
234:travelling post office
229:
168:
131:Great Northern Railway
99:
60:
44:
41:British Rail Class 158
37:British Rail Class 153
28:
1533:. Penryn: Pendragon.
612:(Metropolis, Movia);
388:Interior view of the
369:Interior view of the
314:
257:
248:Further information:
223:
166:
138:Great Western Railway
120:Pennsylvania Railroad
97:
67:(or, more loosely, a
50:
34:
22:
523:MA-300 (CAF S/300).
464:New York City Subway
126:service to Chicago.
124:Pennsylvania Limited
1424:David & Charles
1101:, pp. 68, 112.
663:Some trains, like
656:(Oka, Moskva); and
646:New Tube for London
419:Open gangway on an
284:London King's Cross
259:LNER Class A1 4-6-2
136:In March 1892, the
69:corridor connection
958:, pp. 48, 51.
642:London Underground
638:Vancouver SkyTrain
485:, with Bombardier
404:Open gangway on a
371:Vancouver SkyTrain
317:
288:Edinburgh Waverley
263:
232:Coaches built for
230:
169:
100:
65:gangway connection
61:
45:
29:
1578:Rail technologies
1174:Boddy et al. 1984
1164:, pp. 112–3.
1150:Boddy et al. 1984
1138:Boddy et al. 1963
1113:, pp. 68–69.
1062:, pp. 75–76.
831:Tightlock coupler
586:Alstom Metropolis
452:Articulated buses
224:A preserved LNER
104:George M. Pullman
1590:
1563:
1544:
1525:
1509:
1502:Jenkinson, David
1497:
1480:Jenkinson, David
1475:
1456:
1437:
1414:
1397:Jenkinson, David
1388:
1369:
1338:
1315:
1293:
1292:
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1102:
1096:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1036:
1035:, p. 18,26.
1030:
1024:
1018:
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1006:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
976:
970:
959:
953:
947:
941:
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923:
917:
911:
905:
899:
893:
887:
881:
875:
869:
863:
857:
841:Vestibuled train
821:Railway coupling
781:
767:
752:
737:
722:
707:
590:Bombardier Movia
536:Bombardier Movia
489:and GEC Alsthom
431:
416:
401:
385:
366:
307:
306:
302:
299:
194:Southern Railway
157:corridor coaches
1598:
1597:
1593:
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845:
801:
788:
782:
773:
768:
759:
753:
744:
738:
729:
723:
714:
708:
699:
622:Amsterdam Metro
618:Barcelona Metro
598:Siemens Inspiro
438:
432:
423:
417:
408:
402:
393:
386:
377:
367:
356:
329:buckeye coupler
304:
300:
297:
295:
279:Flying Scotsman
252:
246:
218:
77:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1596:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1565:
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1476:
1470:
1457:
1451:
1438:
1432:
1415:
1409:
1389:
1383:
1370:
1364:
1354:. Kenilworth:
1339:
1333:
1316:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1269:
1243:
1231:
1206:
1178:
1176:, p. 156.
1166:
1154:
1152:, p. 149.
1142:
1127:
1115:
1103:
1088:
1076:
1064:
1052:
1050:, p. 175.
1037:
1025:
1023:, p. 7,8.
1013:
1001:
989:
977:
960:
948:
936:
924:
912:
900:
898:, p. 101.
888:
886:, p. 348.
876:
872:Jenkinson 1988
864:
862:, p. 117.
860:Jenkinson 1978
851:
849:
846:
844:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
816:Janney coupler
813:
808:
802:
800:
797:
790:
789:
785:UAC TurboTrain
783:
776:
774:
769:
762:
760:
754:
747:
745:
739:
732:
730:
724:
717:
715:
709:
702:
698:
695:
675:DBAG Class 481
658:Tashkent Metro
636:(Metropolis);
626:Budapest Metro
552:Montreal Metro
540:Toronto subway
532:Toronto Rocket
499:Santiago Metro
440:
439:
434:Interior of a
433:
426:
424:
418:
411:
409:
403:
396:
394:
387:
380:
378:
376:300 (Mark III)
368:
361:
355:
352:
245:
242:
217:
214:
198:Mark 1 coaches
108:vestibule cars
85:Queen Victoria
76:
73:
53:Toronto Rocket
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1595:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1561:
1559:1-897884-75-3
1555:
1551:
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1540:0-906899-49-4
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1493:0-902888-90-0
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1471:0-85361-579-9
1467:
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1452:0-85361-477-6
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1433:0-7153-8050-8
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1365:0-901115-55-X
1361:
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1348:Yeadon, W. B.
1345:
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1336:
1334:0-901115-25-8
1330:
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1309:
1304:
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1284:on 2016-08-05
1283:
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1195:
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1193:New York Post
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1139:
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1125:, p. 95.
1124:
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999:, p. 77.
998:
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987:, p. 75.
986:
981:
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974:
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952:
946:, p. 40.
945:
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933:
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679:81-740 Rusich
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635:
631:
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623:
619:
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611:
610:Singapore MRT
607:
603:
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595:
594:Innovia Metro
591:
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541:
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503:Metrovalencia
500:
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459:rapid transit
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321:Nigel Gresley
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250:Tender (rail)
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57:folding seats
54:
49:
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26:
21:
1549:
1530:
1517:
1505:
1483:
1461:
1442:
1419:
1400:
1374:
1351:
1346:; Neve, E.;
1320:
1307:
1286:. Retrieved
1282:the original
1272:
1260:. Retrieved
1257:NBC New York
1256:
1246:
1234:
1223:. Retrieved
1221:. 2010-10-14
1209:
1197:. Retrieved
1191:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1145:
1118:
1106:
1079:
1067:
1055:
1028:
1016:
1011:, p. 7.
1004:
992:
980:
951:
939:
927:
915:
910:, p. 9.
903:
896:Solomon 2001
891:
879:
867:
855:
794:
791:
668:BVG Class HK
662:
634:Sydney Metro
606:Riyadh Metro
583:
576:
560:
525:
513:AnsaldoBreda
510:Madrid Metro
468:
441:
357:
341:
337:
333:
318:
278:
271:
264:
238:
231:
206:
182:
174:
170:
154:
150:William Dean
135:
128:
123:
101:
78:
68:
64:
62:
59:at the right
1393:Essery, Bob
1262:February 1,
1123:Hughes 2001
1048:Parkin 1991
1033:Parkin 1991
1021:Parkin 1991
997:Harris 1985
985:Harris 1985
973:Harris 1985
956:Harris 1985
944:Harris 1985
932:Harris 1985
920:Harris 1985
908:Harris 1995
826:SA3 coupler
806:Anticlimber
757:E351 series
640:(Innovia);
614:Delhi Metro
483:Paris Metro
202:telescoping
116:telescoping
1572:Categories
1520:. London:
1514:Nock, O.S.
1344:Hoole, Ken
1299:References
1288:2016-07-19
1225:2012-12-05
1199:August 16,
884:Chant 2002
712:285 series
660:(Moskva).
654:Baku Metro
521:Rome Metro
519:8000, and
456:heavy rail
448:streetcars
444:light rail
392:Azur train
146:Birkenhead
142:Paddington
1072:Nock 1945
836:Vestibule
787:power car
687:Class 483
644:(Inspiro
616:(Movia),
515:7000 and
112:vestibule
102:In 1887,
1524:. 16925.
1516:(1945).
1504:(1988).
1482:(1978).
1474:. OL118.
1399:(1991).
799:See also
683:Class IK
348:Class A4
344:Class W1
292:class A1
210:asbestos
192:and the
1413:. T450.
742:DSB IC3
740:Danish
650:S Stock
303:⁄
122:on the
1556:
1537:
1490:
1468:
1455:. X56.
1449:
1430:
1407:
1381:
1362:
1331:
725:Dutch
672:S-Bahn
665:U-Bahn
600:, and
571:C line
556:MPM-10
548:MPM-10
508:3900,
390:MPM-10
267:tender
39:and a
848:Notes
495:NS 93
491:MP 89
487:MF 88
421:R211T
89:bogie
1554:ISBN
1535:ISBN
1488:ISBN
1466:ISBN
1447:ISBN
1428:ISBN
1405:ISBN
1379:ISBN
1360:ISBN
1356:RCTS
1329:ISBN
1325:RCTS
1312:RCTS
1264:2024
1219:CP24
1201:2016
689:and
592:and
579:BART
567:R211
561:The
497:for
493:(as
479:RATP
446:and
286:and
272:The
129:The
79:The
755:JR
727:ICM
710:JR
652:);
624:,
517:CAF
506:FGV
204:.
144:to
1574::
1426:.
1395:;
1358:.
1327:.
1255:.
1217:.
1190:.
1130:^
1091:^
1040:^
963:^
685:,
677:,
670:,
648:,
632:,
628:,
620:,
596:,
588:,
63:A
55:,
23:A
1562:.
1543:.
1496:.
1436:.
1387:.
1368:.
1337:.
1314:.
1291:.
1266:.
1228:.
1203:.
305:4
301:1
298:+
296:8
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