263:
302:
127:
198:
224:
276:
315:
332:
185:
211:
250:
78:
20:
237:
289:
104:. The weapon fired a total of 10,000 rounds during the test, taking a total elapsed time of 27 minutes 36 seconds, with breaks between firing to resolve an issue with one of the extractors. While the test was not without issues the weapon managed to fire 4,722 rounds before the first stoppage, and after the stoppage was resolved it fired approximately 5,000 rounds without incident.
173:, found a limited number of these exceptionally scarce weapons in the Old Palace of Lagan Silekhana in Kathmandu, Nepal, which were included with the purchase of over 50,000 antique firearms from the Royal Nepalese Army in 2003. There is controversy, as the arms cache had to tranship through India and questions remain as to the purchase.
123:, became interested in the weapon, and Gardner was invited to England to exhibit his invention. The Admiralty were so impressed by the demonstrations that they adopted the weapon and purchased the rights to produce it in England. Gardner remained in England to supervise the construction of the weapons.
85:
A demonstration to officers at the United States Navy yard in 1875 was successful, however they recommended that Pratt and
Whitney continue with development of the system, incorporating improvements to the feed system, which were designed by E. G. Parkhurst, an engineer at Pratt and Whitney. The army
138:
then took an interest in machine guns and after a series of trials selected the
Gardner gun. During these tests a five-barrelled Gardner gun fired 16,754 rounds before a failure occurred, with only 24 stoppages. When operator-induced errors were taken into account, there were only four malfunctions
811:
Handbook for the 0.303" Nordenfelt 3-barrel, and
Gardner 2-barrel, converted from 0.4 and 0.45" M.H. chamber (magazine rifle chamber) : mounted on carriages, field, machine gun, infantry and carriage, parapet, machine gun. London : H.M.S.O.
111:
proving ground in front of an Army review board. The weapon performed well, and they recommended that the Army buy a limited number for field evaluation, noting the low cost of the weapon. However the Army declined to purchase.
508:
2243:
1596:
2285:
2238:
2305:
2228:
2310:
169:
It is noted that the Bira was only ever produced in very small numbers. These are extremely rare and a wonderful example of
Victorian firepower. An American company,
2320:
2223:
2218:
463:
2325:
2444:
1698:
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2300:
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2104:
876:
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2315:
2275:
1589:
2340:
1675:
2330:
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2203:
433:
89:
Parkhurst added many improvements to the gun's firing mechanism which made it more reliable. During 1877 additional tests took place with a .45
2270:
2073:
712:
660:
2345:
1582:
837:
2434:
827:
2439:
2335:
46:
in the breech, the bolt closed and the weapon fired. Turning the crank further opened the breechblock and extracted the spent case.
527:
Parliamentary
Debates: Official Report ; ... Session of the ... Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
869:
845:(downloadable PDF file) James W. Alley's article on the Gardner Gun for the American Society of Arms Collectors Bulletin No. 89
822:
484:
71:
2174:
1223:
926:
842:
832:
688:
636:
581:
42:, was fed from a vertical magazine or hopper and was operated by a crank. When the crank was turned, a feed arm positioned a
1661:
1617:
1938:
1913:
1806:
1783:
1731:
1953:
1879:
139:
in 10,000 rounds fired. The Army adopted the weapon, although its introduction was delayed because of opposition from the
1986:
1928:
2429:
2066:
1981:
1923:
1908:
1903:
93:(11.4 mm) version of the weapon, which determined its muzzle velocity to be 1,280 feet per second (390 m/s).
906:
1888:
1186:
1161:
862:
96:
On 17 June 1879 a further demonstration was carried out at the Navy Yard, during which the weapon was presented by
751:"South African Military History Society - Journal - THE ORDNANCE AND MACHINE GUNS OF THE BSAC Part One: 1889-1891"
1255:
1140:
170:
410:
1976:
1819:
162:
calibre Bira gun, based upon the
Gardner gun but with dual barrels, an overhead drum magazine, and designed in
2193:
2059:
1918:
848:
399:
An initial warm-up burst of 200, followed by 1,000 rounds, followed by 431 rounds, followed by 3,071 rounds.
1943:
1933:
1748:
1743:
1047:
550:
2424:
1434:
1135:
851:
History, technical description and animations (Requires QuickTime, and not suitable for slow-speed links)
779:
The
Machine Gun. History, Evolution, and Development of Manual, Automatic, and Airborne Repeating Weapons
597:
1893:
1218:
1110:
159:
999:
1824:
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1386:
726:
1971:
1533:
1439:
1341:
1105:
1042:
946:
885:
354:
59:
2151:
2146:
1966:
1961:
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1528:
1371:
1115:
108:
2099:
2022:
1839:
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1100:
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1518:
984:
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1834:
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1320:
1305:
1245:
1084:
1079:
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1052:
1037:
1032:
43:
8:
1991:
1670:
1631:
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1315:
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979:
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778:
1120:
951:
911:
816:
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152:
67:
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1361:
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1027:
989:
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577:
74:
company, who after a year of development produced a military version of the weapon.
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126:
97:
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2017:
1829:
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941:
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229:
155:, where its mechanism proved vulnerable to desert sand and dust blowing about.
698:
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1300:
1280:
994:
854:
792:
678:
307:
135:
101:
55:
793:
Handbook for
Gardner and Nordenfelt rifle calibre machine guns. 1889, 1891
626:
2184:
2083:
2007:
1346:
1270:
1233:
1166:
628:
Armies of the War of the
Pacific 1879-83 : Chile, Peru & Bolivia
359:
344:
281:
144:
120:
35:
2265:
1553:
1408:
1400:
1325:
331:
116:
63:
39:
23:
2398:
2081:
1604:
1449:
1196:
916:
833:
An
Illustrated Treatise On Ammunition And Ordnance: British 1880-1960
190:
2169:
1708:
1265:
1004:
956:
573:
Armies of the Adowa Campaign 1896: The Italian Disaster in Ethiopia
77:
54:
The Gardner machine gun was invented in 1874 by William Gardner of
19:
369:
107:
On 15 January and 17 March 1880 duplicate tests were conducted at
2378:
2141:
2133:
2032:
1019:
1009:
961:
893:
817:
Diagram of 2 Barrel Gardner on Field Carriage (converted Gatling)
255:
216:
90:
2091:
1513:
1495:
1485:
1351:
1176:
1156:
2129:
1563:
1475:
1171:
971:
551:"Historia de las Fábricas y Maestranzas del Ejército – FAMAE"
242:
163:
148:
1310:
294:
838:
The .450 Bira Gun, a late nepalese copy of the Gardner Gun
86:
attended the tests, but showed no interest in the weapon.
805:
Handbook for the 0.45" Gardner gun (2 barrels) 1886, 1894
434:"Lost history: Gehendra-made guns sold off to US company"
799:
Handbook for the 0.45" Gardner gun (5 barrels), 1884
464:"Rifle Caliber Artillery: The Gardner Battery Gun"
2416:
843:Rifle Caliber Artillery: The Gardner Battery Gun
370:Weapons of comparable role, performance and era
2067:
1590:
870:
680:Armies of the first Sino-Japanese War 1894-95
393:
70:. After producing a prototype he went to the
884:
530:. Cox & Baylis. 1885. pp. 1709–1711
2445:Victorian-era weapons of the United Kingdom
2074:
2060:
1597:
1583:
877:
863:
819:from Victorian Forts and Artillery website
711:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
659:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
576:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 39, 43.
569:
509:"LA ARTILLERĂŤA EN LA GUERRA DEL PACĂŤFICO"
676:
624:
330:
125:
76:
18:
2417:
2082:Italian firearms and light weapons of
927:Henrion, Dassy & Heuschen Revolver
130:.45″ Cartridge Machine Gun Ball Mk III
119:, which had successfully deployed the
2055:
1578:
1224:Villar Perosa aircraft submachine gun
858:
672:
670:
620:
618:
570:McLachlan, Sean (20 September 2011).
431:
411:"Rarest gun in the history; Bira Gun"
478:
476:
458:
456:
454:
408:
432:Dahal, Phanindra (25 August 2011).
13:
2435:Machine guns of the United Kingdom
667:
615:
378:: similar hand-cranked machine gun
14:
2456:
2440:Machine guns of the United States
786:
548:
482:
473:
451:
313:
300:
287:
274:
261:
248:
235:
222:
209:
196:
183:
34:was an early type of mechanical
2152:Vetterli-Vitali Mod. 1870/87/16
1141:TP-82 Cosmonaut survival pistol
770:
743:
719:
590:
171:International Military Antiques
2369:6,5 Ă— 52 mm Mannlicher-Carcano
563:
542:
518:
501:
425:
402:
49:
1:
2244:Lanciafiamme Hersent-Thiriont
382:
2170:Carabinetta Automatica O.V.P
2147:Vetterli-Vitali Mod. 1870/87
1048:Standard Manufacturing DP-12
807:at State Library of Victoria
801:at State Library of Victoria
795:at State Library of Victoria
326:
7:
1256:Fyodorov–Shpagin Model 1922
1136:Springfield Armory M6 Scout
731:www.victorianshipmodels.com
677:Esposito, Gabriele (2022).
625:Esposito, Gabriele (2016).
364:
115:At this point, the British
81:An 1887 Gardner machine gun
10:
2461:
2239:Lanciafiamme tipo italiano
1367:Hotchkiss revolving cannon
1219:Flieger-Doppelpistole 1919
1111:M6 Aircrew Survival Weapon
985:Attached grenade launchers
598:"Gardner gun in Holland -"
38:. It had one, two or five
2430:Multi-barrel machine guns
2359:
2252:
2183:
2160:
2128:
2090:
2031:
2000:
1977:QF 12-pounder 12 cwt Mk I
1952:
1878:
1805:
1782:
1762:
1730:
1707:
1684:
1662:Smoothbore muzzle-loading
1660:
1618:Smoothbore muzzle-loading
1616:
1494:
1466:
1448:
1422:
1399:
1334:
1241:
1232:
1209:
1149:
1093:
1070:
1061:
1018:
970:
947:Multi-barrelled flintlock
902:Arsenal Firearms AF2011A1
892:
828:Gardnerguns.com - Patents
823:Gardnerguns.com - History
755:www.samilitaryhistory.org
683:. Giuseppe Rava. Oxford.
631:. Giuseppe Rava. Oxford.
2229:Lanciafiamme Schilt 3bis
1774:68-pounder Lancaster gun
886:Multiple-barrel firearms
387:
176:
2187:and other heavy weapons
1972:QF 6-pounder Nordenfelt
1763:Rifled muzzle-loaders (
1440:SPP-1 underwater pistol
1106:Chiappa M6 Survival Gun
1043:Double-barreled shotgun
355:First Sino-Japanese War
143:. It saw action in the
2404:8 Ă— 50 mm R Mannlicher
2321:Lenticolare Minucciani
2194:Fiat-Revelli Mod. 1914
1967:QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss
1962:QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss
1914:BL 9.2-inch Mk I – VII
1754:RBL 7-inch 110-pounder
1529:Double-barreled cannon
1430:Heckler & Koch P11
1116:M30 Luftwaffe drilling
849:Gardner Gun Animations
549:Famae, Administrador.
336:
160:.577/450 Martini–Henry
131:
82:
27:
2379:7,65 Ă— 17 mm Browning
2311:Excelsior-Thévenot P2
2224:Lanciafiamme Schilt 2
2219:Lanciafiamme Schilt 1
2100:Glisenti Modello 1910
2023:1-inch Nordenfelt gun
1929:BL 12-inch Mk I – VII
1825:RML 64-pounder 64 cwt
1807:Rifled muzzle-loaders
1797:RML 64-pounder 71 cwt
1784:Rifled muzzle-loaders
1608:naval weapons of the
1286:Montigny mitrailleuse
1101:Chiappa Double Badger
334:
129:
80:
22:
2214:Nordenfelt Mod. 1884
1904:BL 6-inch Mk II – VI
1899:BL 6-inch 80-pounder
1732:Rifled breechloaders
1246:Caldwell machine gun
1053:Winchester Liberator
1038:Chiappa Triple Crown
1033:Colt Defender Mark I
2374:7,63 Ă— 25 mm Mauser
1919:BL 9.2-inch Mk VIII
1820:RML 9-pounder 8 cwt
1423:Amphibious firearms
1291:Nikonov machine gun
158:There was also the
2425:Early machine guns
2384:9 Ă— 19 mm Glisenti
1934:BL 12-inch Mk VIII
1860:RML 12-inch 35-ton
1855:RML 12-inch 25-ton
1699:13-inch Blomefield
1694:10-inch Blomefield
1509:GAU-12/U Equalizer
1192:S&T Daewoo K11
1121:Marble Game Getter
952:Pepperbox revolver
912:COP .357 Derringer
485:"FIREARMS CURIOSA"
438:The Kathmandu Post
350:First Matabele War
340:War of The Pacific
337:
153:Battle of Abu Klea
151:), notably at the
132:
83:
68:American Civil War
28:
2412:
2411:
2399:8 Ă— 50 mm R Lebel
2049:
2048:
2041:Whitehead torpedo
1954:Quick-firing guns
1722:24-pounder Millar
1717:12-pounder Millar
1637:32-pounder 55 cwt
1572:
1571:
1468:Grenade launchers
1395:
1394:
1362:Fokker-Leimberger
1205:
1204:
1028:Ball and shot gun
990:Ball and shot gun
776:George M. Chinn,
690:978-1-4728-5130-7
638:978-1-4728-1406-7
583:978-1-84908-938-8
72:Pratt and Whitney
2452:
2326:Petardo Thévenot
2234:Lanciafiamme DLF
2199:Perino Mod. 1908
2105:Brixia Mod. 1913
2076:
2069:
2062:
2053:
2052:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1239:
1238:
1068:
1067:
1063:Combination guns
937:Lancaster pistol
879:
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855:
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602:The Firearm Blog
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269:Kingdom of Italy
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98:Francis A. Pratt
2460:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2394:10,35 Ă— 47 mm R
2355:
2351:Vivien Bessiere
2316:Lenticolare M14
2276:Aasen da fucile
2248:
2179:
2162:Submachine guns
2156:
2142:Carcano Mod. 91
2124:
2110:Bodeo Mod. 1889
2086:
2080:
2050:
2045:
2027:
1996:
1948:
1874:
1801:
1778:
1758:
1726:
1703:
1680:
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1652:Somerset cannon
1612:
1603:
1573:
1568:
1490:
1462:
1444:
1418:
1391:
1330:
1228:
1211:Submachine guns
1201:
1145:
1131:Savage Model 42
1126:Savage Model 24
1089:
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883:
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413:. BuzzFeedNepal
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2258:rifle grenades
2250:
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2020:
2018:Nordenfelt gun
2015:
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1926:
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1906:
1901:
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1883:
1880:Breech-loaders
1876:
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1768:
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1756:
1751:
1749:RBL 40-pounder
1746:
1744:RBL 20-pounder
1741:
1737:
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1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1688:
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1679:
1678:
1676:10-inch 86 cwt
1673:
1667:
1665:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1642:32-pounder gun
1639:
1634:
1629:
1623:
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1614:
1613:
1606:British Empire
1602:
1601:
1594:
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1524:T250 Vigilante
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1411:
1405:
1403:
1397:
1396:
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1390:
1389:
1384:
1382:XM214 Microgun
1379:
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1354:
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1338:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1296:Nordenfelt gun
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
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1939:BL 13.5-inch
1377:M134 Minigun
1301:Ribauldequin
1281:Mitrailleuse
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1234:Machine guns
995:Double rifle
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771:Bibliography
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102:Amos Whitney
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2084:World War I
2013:Gardner gun
2008:Gatling gun
1987:QF 4.7-inch
1870:RML 16-inch
1850:RML 11-inch
1845:RML 10-inch
1734:(Armstrong)
1347:Gatling gun
1335:Rotary type
1261:Gardner gun
1167:NIVA XM1970
782:, Volume I.
534:27 November
360:World War I
345:Mahdist War
308:Qing Empire
282:Netherlands
145:Mahdist War
121:Gatling gun
66:during the
50:Development
36:machine gun
32:Gardner gun
16:Machine gun
2419:Categories
2346:Spaccamela
1924:BL 10-inch
1840:RML 9-inch
1835:RML 8-inch
1830:RML 7-inch
1664:shell guns
1647:68-pounder
1632:24-pounder
1627:18-pounder
1554:M61 Vulcan
1450:Flare guns
1409:Flash-ball
1401:Non-lethal
1326:Volley gun
1182:Scicon PDW
907:Baylè 1879
760:2022-12-01
736:2022-12-01
699:1350351894
608:2022-11-29
556:2023-01-04
494:2022-12-01
383:References
335:A Bira gun
117:Royal Navy
109:Sandy Hook
64:Union Army
24:Lithograph
2361:Cartridge
2033:Torpedoes
1992:QF 6-inch
1982:QF 4-inch
1909:BL 8-inch
1894:BL 5-inch
1889:BL 4-inch
1788:converted
1765:Lancaster
1709:Howitzers
1387:YakB-12.7
1357:GShG-7.62
1311:Twin Bren
1197:XM29 OICW
1085:Vierlings
1080:Drillings
1075:Cape guns
917:Derringer
707:cite book
655:cite book
647:956263929
443:28 August
327:Conflicts
191:Argentina
44:cartridge
2336:PO/PD/PI
2286:Benaglia
2134:carbines
1811:Woolwich
1549:GSh-6-30
1539:GSh-6-23
1519:GAU-22/A
1514:GAU-13/A
1321:Type 100
1306:RMG 7.62
1266:Gast gun
1020:Shotguns
1005:Nock gun
957:Revolver
922:Garrucha
894:Handguns
365:See also
2306:Bertone
2301:Carasco
2291:Besozzi
2281:Baldari
2092:Pistols
1686:Mortars
1620:cannons
1481:Redback
1435:Mk1 UDG
1342:Eli gun
1316:Type 89
1271:In-Line
1010:TKB-059
1000:Knötgen
962:TKB-506
483:augfc.
417:1 April
256:Denmark
217:Bolivia
91:calibre
62:in the
60:captain
40:barrels
2130:Rifles
1671:8-inch
1544:GSh-30
1534:GSh-23
1496:Cannon
1486:RPG-30
1372:MGG-50
1352:GAU-19
1177:QTS-11
1157:80.002
972:Rifles
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1564:XM301
1476:DP-64
1276:MG14z
1172:PAPOP
980:AO-63
512:(PDF)
467:(PDF)
388:Notes
243:Chile
177:Users
164:Nepal
149:Sudan
2341:SIPE
2256:and
2132:and
1559:M197
1187:SPIW
1162:AICW
812:1900
713:link
695:OCLC
685:ISBN
661:link
643:OCLC
633:ISBN
578:ISBN
536:2023
445:2016
419:2019
295:Peru
147:(in
134:The
100:and
30:The
2296:BPD
1414:Osa
2421::
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709:}}
705:{{
693:.
669:^
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
