797:. Pail Dome East is composed of a mass of andesite lava flows and small amounts of pyroclastic material. It lies on the eastern portion of the large glacial icefield that covers much of the Mount Cayley volcanic field. Much of the lava flows form gentle topography at high elevations but terminate in finely jointed vertical cliffs at low elevations. The first volcanic activity likely occurred about 25,000 years ago, but it could also be significantly older. The most recent volcanic activity produced a series of lava flows that were erupted when the vent area was not covered by glacial ice. However, the flows show evidence of interaction with glacial ice in their lower units. This indicates that the lavas were erupted about 10,000 years ago during the waning stages of the Fraser Glaciation. The ice-marginal lava flows reach thicknesses of up to 100 m (330 ft). Pali Dome West consists of at least three andesite lava flows and small amounts of pyroclastic material; its vent is presently buried under glacial ice. At least three eruptions have occurred at Pali Dome East. The age of the first volcanic eruption is unknown, but it could have occurred in the past 10,000 years. The second eruption produced a lava flow that was erupted when the vent area was not buried under glacial ice. However, the flow does show evidence of interaction with glacial ice at its lower unit. This indicates that the lavas were erupted during the waning stages of the Fraser Glaciation. The third and most recent eruption produced another lava flow that was largely erupted above glacial ice, but was probably constrained on its northern margin by a small glacier. Unlike the lava flow that was erupted during the second eruption, this lava flow was not impounded by glacial ice at its lower unit. This suggests that it erupted less than 10,000 years ago when the regional Fraser Glaciation retreated.
738:. Their current structures are comparable to their original forms due to the minimal degree of erosion. As a result, the domes display the shaps and columnar joints typical of subglacial volcanoes. The random shaps of the Ember Ridge domes are the result of erupted lava taking advantage of former ice pockets, eruptions taking place on uneven surfaces, subsidence of the domes during volcanic activity to create rubble and separation of older columnar units during more recent eruptions. The northern dome, known as Ember Ridge North, covers the summit and eastern flank of a mountain ridge. It comprises at least one lava flow that reaches a thickness of 100 m (330 ft), as well as the thinnest columnar units in the Mount Cayley volcanic field. The small size of the columnar joints indicates that the erupted lava was cooled immediately and are mainly located on the dome's summit. Ember Ridge Northeast, the smallest subglacial dome of Ember Ridge, comprises one lava flow that has a thickness no more than 40 m (130 ft). Ember Ridge Northwest, the most roughly circular subglacial dome, comprises at least one lava flow. Ember Ridge Southeast is the most complex of the Ember Ridge domes, consisting of a series of lava flows with a thickness of 60 m (200 ft). It is also the only Ember Ridge dome that contains large amounts of rubble. Ember Ridge Southwest comprises at least one lava flow that reaches a thickness of 80 m (260 ft). It is the only subglacial dome of Ember Ridge that contains hyaloclastite. Ember Ridge West comprises only one lava flow that reaches a thickness of 60 m (200 ft).
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lava domes. Like
Franklin to the east-southeast, the geology of Silverthrone is poorly known due to minimal studies. The region surrounding the Silverthrone complex is significantly jagged due to the mountainous terrain of the Coast Mountains. Near vertical flanks extend from near sea level to more than 3,000 m (9,800 ft) in elevation. Silverthrone is significantly younger than the Franklin Glacier Complex to the east-southeast and its volcanics likely have ages comparable to other volcanics throughout the Garibaldi chain. The oldest volcanics at the Silverthrone Caldera complex are composed of volcanic breccias, some of which became fused together by intense volcanic heat from when the deposits were first erupted. After these volcanics were deposited, a series of dacite, andesite and rhyolite lava flows were erupted upon volcanic breccia from the first volcanic phase. These eroded lava flows in total are 900 m (3,000 ft) thick. Volcanics in the lower portion of this series of lava flows give a potassium-argon date of 750,000 years while volcanics slightly above the lava flows are 400,000 years old. The most recent volcanic activity produced a series of andesite and basaltic andesite lava flows down Pashleth Creek and the
1175:, a leading authority on geothermal resources and volcanism in the Canadian Cordillera has stated, "at present the volcanoes of the Garibaldi Belt are quiet, presumed dead but still not completely cold. But the flare-up of Meager Mountain 2,500 years ago raises the question, 'Could it happen again?' Was the explosive eruption of Meager Mountain the last gasp of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt or only the most recent event in its on-going life? The short answer is nobody really knows for sure ... So just in case I sometimes do a quick check of the old hot-spots when I get off the Peak Chair ..." Recent seismic imaging from Geological Survey of Canada employees supported lithoprobe studies in the region of Mount Cayley in which scientists found a large reflector interpreted to be a pool of molten rock roughly 15 km (9.3 mi) below the surface. The existence of hot springs at the Mount Meager massif and Mount Cayley indicates that magmatic heat is still present beneath or near these volcanoes. This long history of volcanic activity along a still active plate boundary indicates that volcanic eruptions in the Garibaldi Belt have not ended and risks for future eruptions remain.
829:, a flow-dominated tuya lying at the northern portion of the Mount Cayley volcanic field, consists of a pile of at least five andesite lava flows lying on a mountain ridge. Its steep-sided flanks reach heights of 500 m (1,600 ft) and are composed of volcanic rubble. This makes it impossible to measure its exact base elevation or how many lava flows constitute the edifice. With a summit elevation of 2,192 m (7,192 ft), Ring Mountain had its last volcanic activity between 25,000 and 10,000 years ago when the Fraser Glaciation was close to its maximum. Northwest of Ring Mountain lies a minor andesite lava flow. Its chemistry is somewhat unlike other andesite flows comprising Ring Mountain, but it probably erupted from a volcanic vent adjacent to or at Ring Mountain. The part of it that lies higher in elevation contains some features that indicate lava-ice interactions, while the lower-elevation portion of it does not. Therefore, this minor lava flow was likely extruded after Ring Mountain formed but when glacial ice covered a broader area than it does currently, and that the lava flow extends beyond the region in which glacial ice existed at that time.
727:. This is evidence of explosive volcanism from Fee's eruptive history, as well as its first volcanic event. The second volcanic event produced a sequence of lavas and breccias on the eastern flank of the main ridge. These volcanics were likely placed when a sequence of lava flows and broken lava fragments erupted from a volcanic vent and moved down the flanks during the construction of a large volcano. Following extensive dissection, renewed volcanism produced a viscous series of lava flows forming its narrow, flat-topped, steep-sided northern limit and the northern end of the main ridge. The conduit for which these lava flows originated from was likely vertical in structure and intruded through older volcanics deposited during Fee's earlier volcanic events. This volcanic event was also followed by a period of erosion, and likely one or more glacial periods. Extensive erosion following the last volcanic event at Mount Fee has created the rugged north–south trending ridge that currently forms a prominent landmark.
915:. It began to form about 600,000 years ago when adjacent valleys were filled by glacial ice. When lava flows were erupted from Tuber Hill, they interacted with the valley-filling glaciers on its southern flank and produced a glacial meltwater lake. Here, more than 150 m (490 ft) of stacked hyaloclastite, lahars and lacustrine tuff were deposited. A series of pillow lavas were also deposited during this eruptive period. The most recent volcanic activity in the Bridge River volcanic field produced a series of basaltic lava flows in the regional valleys that overlie till of the last glacial period. The age of these valley-filling lava flows is unknown but the presence of unconsolidated glacial till under the flows suggests that they are less than 1,500 years old.
823:. At least two geologic units compose the edifice. Slag Hill proper consists of andesite lava flows and small amounts of pyroclastic rock. Lying on the western portion of Slag Hill is a lava flow that likely erupted less than 10,000 years ago due to the lack of features indicating volcano-ice interactions. The Slag Hill flow-dominated tuya 900 m (3,000 ft) northeast of Slag Hill proper consists of a flat-topped, steep-sided pile of andesite. It protrudes through remnants of volcanic material erupted from the Slag Hill proper, but it represents a separate volcanic vent due to its geographical appearance. This small subglacial volcano possibly formed between 25,000 and 10,000 years ago throughout the waning stages of the Fraser Glaciation.
879:. Subsequent pyroclastic flows were sent down the flanks of Plinth Peak for 7 km (4.3 mi) and were later succeeded by the eruption of a lava flow that demolished many times. This created thick agglutinated rubble that successfully blocked the adjacent Lillooet River to form a lake. Subsequently, the breccia dam collapsed to produce a catastrophic flood that deposited house-sized boulders more than 1 km (0.62 mi) downstream. After the flood took place, a small dacite lava flow was erupted that later solidified to form a series of well-preserved columnar joints. This is the last phase of the 2350 BP eruption, and subsequent stream erosion has cut through this lava flow to form a waterfall.
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and tuffs. These volcanics compose mountain ridges southwest, southeast and northwest of the prime volcanic structure. Subsequent erosion demolished the newly formed volcano. This ultimately exposed the roots of the cone, which currently form the rugged edifice of The Black Tusk. After the cone was eroded, a series of hypersthene andesite lava flows were erupted between 0.17 and 0.21 million years ago. These end at adjacent ice-marginal lava flows that form 100 m (330 ft) cliffs. This eruptive phase also produced a lava dome that comprises the current 2,316 m (7,598 ft) high pinnacle. Consequently, the regional
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1278:. When lava flows over large areas of snow, it creates meltwater. This can produce lahars that could flow further than the associated lavas. If water were to enter a volcanic vent that is erupting basaltic lava, it may create a massive explosive eruption. These explosions are generally more extreme than those during normal basaltic eruptions. Therefore, the existence of water, snow, or glacial ice at a volcanic vent would increase the risk of an eruption having a large impact on the surrounding region. Subglacial eruptions have also caused catastrophic glacial outburst floods.
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estimated that over 200 eruptions have occurred throughout the entire
Cascade Volcanic Arc in the past 12,000 years, many of them in the United States. Many eruptions in the western United States have sent large amounts of tephra in southern British Columbia. However, all major cities in southwestern British Columbia with populations more than 100,000 are located west of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt and prevailing winds travel eastwards. Therefore, these communities are less likely to have large amounts of tephra. In the
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431:. However, earthquakes along the Cascadia subduction zone are fewer than expected and there is evidence of a decline in volcanic activity over the past few million years. The probable explanation lies in the rate of convergence between the Juan de Fuca and North American plates. These two tectonic plates currently converge 3 cm (1.2 in) to 4 cm (1.6 in) per year. This is only about half the rate of convergence of seven million years ago.
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geothermal exploration at the Mount Meager massif has been undertaken by BC Hydro since the late 1970s. Bottom hole temperatures have been calculated at an average of 220 °C (428 °F) to 240 °C (464 °F), with 275 °C (527 °F) being the highest recorded temperature. This indicates that the area around Meager is a major geothermal site. The geothermal power is expected to run throughout
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in the
Lillooet River valley. If such an event would occur without it being identified by authorities who would send out a public warning, it would kill hundreds or even thousands of residents. Because of this, computer programs would be able to identify the approaching information and activate an automatic notice when a large lahar is identified. A similar system for identifying such lahars exists at
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groups of hot springs are present at the Mount Meager massif. The springs at Meager massif might be evidence of a shallow magma chamber beneath the surface. No hot springs are known to exist at Mount
Garibaldi like those found at Mount Meager and Mount Cayley, although there is evidence of abnormal high heat flow at the adjacent Table Meadows and other locations. Abnormal warm water adjacent to
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1041:. Later, the bridge that was used to access the pumice deposit was washed out. Mining operations resumed in 1988 when the deposit was staked by L.B. Bustin. In 1990, the pumice outcrop was bought by D.R. Carefoot from the owners B. Chore and M. Beaupre. In a program from 1991 to 1992, workers evaluated the deposit for its properties as a construction material, absorber of oil and
990:, Sloquet, Clear Creek and Skookumchuck springs, are not known to occur near areas with recent volcanic activity. Instead, many are located close to 16–26 million year old intrusions that are interpreted to be the roots of heavily eroded volcanoes. These volcanoes formed part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc during the Miocene period and their intrusive roots extend from the
536:. They are interpreted to have formed as a result of magma intruding into and melting a vertical hole through adjacent glacial ice that eventually breached the surface of the glacier. As this magma ascends, it ponds and spreads into horizontal layers. Lava domes that were formed mainly during subglacial activity comprise steep flanks made of intense columnar joints and
902:, is a 60 m (200 ft) high volcanic plug with a potassium-argon date of one million years. It is about 300 m (980 ft) wide and its uncovered glaciated surface is strewn with glacial erratics. Its massive level rock columns were constructed inside the main volcanic vent of a stratovolcano that has since been reduced by erosion. To the southeast, the
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subglacial volcano, consists of a flat-topped, steep-sided pile of andesite lava flows 1,800 m (5,900 ft) long and a maximum thickness of 220 m (720 ft). These volcanics were extruded about 10,000 years ago during the waning stages of the Fraser
Glaciation from a vent adjacent to upper Cauldron Dome that is currently buried under glacial ice.
1199:, a 10 cm (3.9 in) thick layer of volcanic ash can deposit once every 10,000 years and 1 cm (0.39 in) once every 1,000 years. More minor amounts of volcanic ash can be expected more commonly. During Mount St. Helens' eruption in 1980, 1 mm (0.039 in) of tephra was deposited from southeastern British Columbia to
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indicating that some
Garibaldi Belt volcanoes are likely active, with significant potential hazards. The seismic activity corresponds with some of Canada's recently formed volcanoes and with persistent volcanoes that have had major explosive activity throughout their history, such as Mount Garibaldi and the Mount Cayley and Mount Meager massifs.
719:, an extensively eroded volcano containing a north–south trending ridge. It is one of the older volcanic features in the central Garibaldi chain. Its volcanics are undated, but its large amount of dissection and evidence of glacial ice overriding the volcano indicates that it formed more than 75,000 years ago before the
803:, a subglacial volcano north of Mount Cayley, lies west of the massive glacier covering much the region. Like Pali Dome, it is composed of two geological units. Upper Cauldron Dome is a flat-topped, oval-shaped pile of at least five andesite lava flows that resembles a tuya. The five andesite flows are
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for a long period of time. Although there are no known eruptions from the massif in the past 10,000 years, it is associated with a group of hot springs. Evans (1990) has indicated that a number of landslides and debris flows at Mount Cayley in the past 10,000 years might have been caused by
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Like other volcanic zones in Canada, the
Garibaldi Volcanic Belt is not monitored closely enough by the Geological Survey of Canada to ascertain how active its magma system is. This is partly because several volcanoes in the chain are located in remote regions and no major eruptions have occurred in
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at the southern end of the chain was established in 1927 to protect the abundant geological history, glaciated mountains and other natural resources in the region. It was named after the 2,678 m (8,786 ft) stratovolcano Mount
Garibaldi, which in turn was named after the Italian military and
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covering the land. During this time, only two mountains peaked over the water, and
Garibaldi was one of them. It was here that the remaining survivors of the flood latched their canoes to the peak and waited for the waters to subside. The Black Tusk on the northwestern end of Garibaldi Lake and Mount
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in the south to Salal Creek in the north. The relationship of these hot springs to the
Garibaldi Belt is not clear. However, a few hot springs are known to exist in areas that have experienced relatively recent volcanic activity. About five hot springs exist in valleys near Mount Cayley and two small
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obtained from some of the subvolcanic intrusions indicate that Franklin formed during two volcanic events, each separated by about five million years of dormancy. The first event occurred between six and eight million years ago when volcanic activity in the Garibaldi Belt had not moved to its current
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The Black Tusk, a black pinnacle of volcanic rock on the northwestern shore of Garibaldi Lake, is the glacially eroded remnant of a much larger volcano that formed during two periods of volcanic activity. The first between 1.1 and 1.3 million years ago erupted hornblende andesite lava flows
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stratovolcano on the drift-covered floor of a circular basin. After this stratovolcano was constructed, volcanism moved to the west where a series of andesite-dacite lava flows and pyroclastic flows were extruded during a period of Peléan activity 300,000 years ago. This created the 2,050 m
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increases thickness and glass differentiation temperatures. As a result, subglacial volcanoes that erupt silicic content melt less qualities of ice and are not as likely to contain water close to the volcanic vent. This forms volcanoes with structures that display their relationship with the regional
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lies in this region. This rift zone might explain the massive amounts of basaltic lava in this part of the central Cascade Arc. A low convergence rate in a compressional setting with massive stationary bodies of magma under the surface could explain the low volume and differentiated magmas throughout
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buried and killed a group of four geologists on July 22, 1975. The estimated volume of this landslide is 13,000,000 m (460,000,000 cu ft). A considerable landslide as large as Meager's largest throughout the Holocene would likely produce a lahar that would devastate most of the growth
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further east. When the Garibaldi Belt moved to its current location five million years ago, another volcanic event occurred at the Franklin complex. This final and most recent volcanic event occurred between two and three million years ago, about a million years after Mount Cayley to the south began
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The volcanoes comprising the Garibaldi chain are adjacent to the highly populated southwest portion of British Columbia. Unlike the central Cascade Arc, renewed volcanic activity in the Garibaldi Belt at a single feeder to create stratovolcanoes is not typical. Instead, volcanic activity results in
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A large pumice outcrop adjacent to the Mount Meager massif has been mined several times in the past, and extends more than 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in length and 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in width with a thickness of about 300 m (980 ft). The deposit was first hired by J. MacIsaac,
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Silverthrone Caldera is the largest and best-preserved of the two caldera complexes in the northern Garibaldi chain, the other being the Franklin Glacier Complex 55 km (34 mi) to the east-southeast. The caldera has a diameter of 20 km (12 mi) and contains breccia, lava flows and
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area. These major volcanic zones lie in three echelon segments, referred to as the northern, central, and southern segments. Each segment contains one of the three major volcanic zones. Apart from these large volcanic zones, two large poorly studied volcanic complexes lie at the northern end of the
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of California and Oregon and about 20% of that within the U.S. state of Washington. As a result, the risk of eruptions throughout this part of the Cascade Arc is minor. Individual volcanoes and volcanic fields remain quiet for a long period of time and certain vents may never erupt again. However,
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with a lava dome placed within it. At least eight volcanic vents compose the complex and have been the sources for volcanic activity throughout massif's 2.2 million year history. A well-documented history of volcanism is present at the Mount Meager massif, with its most recent eruption about
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Flow-dominated tuyas and the absence of subglacial fragmental deposits are two uncommon glaciovolcanic features in the Garibaldi chain. This is due to their different lava compositions and decline of direct lava-water contact during volcanic activity. The lava composition of these volcanic edifies
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during the Pleistocene period. This created the unique asymmetrical shape of the mountain. Successive landslides on Garibaldi's flanks occurred after glacial ice of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet retreated. Subsequent volcanism about 9,300 years ago produced a 15 km (9.3 mi) long dacite
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into the trench. However, in common with other subduction zones, the outer margin is slowly being compressed, similar to a giant spring. When the stored energy is suddenly released by slippage across the fault at irregular intervals, the Cascadia subduction zone can create very large earthquakes,
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The largest threat from volcanoes in the Garibaldi chain would likely be due to tephra released during explosive eruptions. Mount Meager massif in particular poses a major long-distance threat to communities throughout southern British Columbia and Alberta because of its explosive history. It is
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compose the complex, a few of which seem to represent vents for the overlying sequence of volcanic deposits. Volcanics include dacite breccia and small remnants of hornblende andesite lava flows associated with tuffs that reach 450 m (1,480 ft) thick. The complex is poorly known due to
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7.0 or greater. The interface between the Juan de Fuca and North American plates remains locked for periods of roughly 500 years. During these periods, stress builds up on the interface between the plates and causes uplift of the North American margin. When the plate finally slips, the
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The hot springs associated with Meager and Cayley have made these two volcanoes targets for geothermal explorations. At Mount Cayley, temperatures of 50 °C (122 °F) to more than 100 °C (212 °F) have been measured in shallow boreholes on its southwestern flank. Further north,
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was constructed between 970,000 and 590,000 years ago. It consists of subaerial tephra and thin lava flow deposits that are surrounded by 100 m (330 ft) thick ice-ponded lava flows. These ice-marginal lava flows were created when lava ponded against glacial ice in the nearby
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in the Garibaldi chain and British Columbia, as well as the most recent to erupt. It has a volume of 20 km (4.8 cu mi) and consists of an eroded stratovolcano, ranging in composition from andesite to rhyodacite. Several dissected lava domes and volcanic plugs are present on its
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At least four volcanoes have had seismic activity since 1985, including Mount Garibaldi (three events), Mount Cayley (four events), Mount Meager massif (seventeen events) and the Silverthrone Caldera (two events). Seismic data suggest that these volcanoes still contain active magma chambers,
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and were likely extruded through glacial ice. The latest volcanic activity might have occurred between 10,000 and 25,000 years ago when this area was still influenced by glacial ice of the Fraser Glaciation. Lower Cauldron Dome, the youngest unit comprising the entire Cauldron Dome
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and higher rates of volcanic activity during regional glacial unload of the continent. However, this is hard to predict due to the infrequent geological record in this region. But there is specific data, including the temporal grouping of eruptions synglacially or just postglacial within the
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lava that was deposited during three phases of volcanic activity. The first eruptive phase started about four million years ago with the eruption of dacite lava flows and pyroclastic rock. This resulted in the creation of Mount Cayley itself. Subsequent volcanism during this volcanic phase
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plates. After this breakup, subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate might have been coincident with the northern end of Vancouver Island eight million years ago during the late Miocene period. This is when the Alert Bay Belt became active. A brief interval of plate motion adjustment about
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in the past 10,000 years that have reached more than 10 km (6.2 mi) downstream in the Lillooet River valley. At least two significant landslides from the southern flank of Pylon Peak 8,700 and 4,400 years ago dumped volcanic debris into the adjacent valley of
1155:, earthquakes and landslides. However, with the existence of earthquakes, further volcanism is expected and would probably have considerable effects, particularly in a region like southwestern British Columbia where the Garibaldi volcanoes are located in a highly populated area.
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To the northwest, the Franklin Glacier Complex is a set of volcanic bedrock that encompasses an area 20 km (12 mi) long and 6 km (3.7 mi) wide. It has an elevation of over 2,000 m (6,600 ft) and is largely destroyed by erosion. A series of dikes and
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on Vancouver Island and caused several landslides. Shaking due to this earthquake made it too difficult for the Cowichan people to stand, and the tremors were so lengthy that they were sickened. The tsunami created by the earthquake ultimately devastated a winter village at
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andesite lava flows that extend 6 km (3.7 mi) to the northwest and southwest. After these flows traveled 6 km (3.7 mi), they were dammed against glacial ice to form an ice-marginal lava flow more than 250 m (820 ft) thick known as The Barrier.
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volcanic activity. Since the 4,800 BP landslide, a number of more minor landslides have occurred at it. In 1968 and 1983, a series of landslides took place that caused considerable damage to logging roads and forest stands, but did not result in any casualties.
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Large landslides from Mount Cayley have occurred on its western flank, including a major debris avalanche about 4,800 years ago that dumped an areal extent of 8 km (3.1 sq mi) of volcanic material into the adjacent valley bottom. This blocked the
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location, but was becoming more aerially restricted within a large band to the east and west. During this period, volcanic activity in the Garibaldi Belt and other portions of the northern Cascade Arc took place mainly at the Franklin Glacier Complex and in the
774:, a craggy volcanic ridge on the southern flank of Mount Cayley. Lengthy dissection from an extended period of erosion demolished much of the original stratovolcano. Volcanic activity after this prolonged period of erosion produced thick dacite lava flows from
1215:. An eruption column released during Peléan activity would discharge large amounts of tephra that would endanger aircraft. Tephra may also melt the large sheets of glacial ice east of Garibaldi and cause floods. This could later endanger water supplies from
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on Garibaldi's southeastern flank. This is unusually long for a dacite flow, which commonly travel only short distances from a volcanic vent due to their high viscosity. The Opal Cone lava flow represents the most recent volcanic feature at Mount Garibaldi.
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valleys near the Squamish River. This subsequently created two minor parasitic lava domes 200,000 years ago. These three volcanic events are in contrast to several others around Cayley in that they do not show signs of interaction with glacial ice.
646:(6,730 ft) high cone of Mount Price, which was later buried under glacial ice. Before Mount Price was overridden by glacial ice, volcanic activity took place on its northern flank where a satellite vent is present. Renewed activity took place at
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to southwestern British Columbia. The plates move at a relative rate of over 10 mm (0.39 in) per year at a somewhat oblique angle to the subduction zone. Because of the very large fault area, the Cascadia subduction zone can produce large
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protects Brandywine Falls, a 70 m (230 ft) high waterfall composed of at least four basaltic lava flows with columnar joints. Its name origin is unclear, but it may have originated from two surveyors named Jack Nelson and Bob Mollison.
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glaciation. The surrounding landscape also changes the flow of meltwater, favouring lava to pond within valleys dominated by glacial ice. And if the edifice is eroded, it could change the prominence of fragmental glaciovolcanic deposits as well.
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the formation of volcanic fields. Of the entire Cascade Arc, the Garibaldi chain has the lowest rate of volcanic activity. In the past two million years, the volume of erupted material in the Garibaldi Belt has been less than 10% of that in the
890:, includes stratovolcanoes, volcanic plugs and lava flows. These volcanoes are unlike others throughout the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt in that they are mainly composed of volcanic rocks with mafic compositions, including alkaline basalt and
269:. At this time, the north-central portion of the Farallon Plate was just starting to subduct under the U.S. state of California, splitting it into northern and southern sections. Between 18 and five million years ago during the
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that is a portion of a subglacial volcano. The outcrop covers an area of about 0.2 km (0.077 sq mi) and an eruptive volume of roughly 0.02 km (0.0048 cu mi). The location is heavily forested and the
1190:, the largest waterfall along the Lillooet River. The solid-looking rock cliffs formed when a lava flow front repeatedly collapsed and collected downslope from the vent associated with the eruption of Plinth Peak 2,350 years ago.
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river valleys. The lava flow extending from near Pashleth Creek to down the Machmell River valley is over 25 km (16 mi) in length. Its small amount of erosion indicates that it could be 1,000 years old or younger.
1069:. In their language it means "Dirty Place". This name of the mountain refers to the volcanic rubble in the area. This mountain, like others located in the area, is considered sacred as it plays an important part of their
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time periods. The source for this material is found in upper parts of the mountainous terrain that surround Mount Garibaldi. At Opal Cone, lava of the Ring Creek flow was normally heated to cook food because its
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Even though all major cities in southwestern British Columbia are located west of the Garibaldi chain, future eruptions from Mount Garibaldi are expected to have significant impacts on the adjacent townships of
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1223:. An explosive eruption and the associated tephra may also create temporary or longer-term water supply difficulties for Vancouver and most of southern British Columbia. The water reservoir for the
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and Mount Fee, consists of at least eight lava domes composed of andesite. They were likely formed between 25,000 and 10,000 years ago when lava erupted beneath glacial ice of the
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Area of the Cascadia subduction zone, including the Cascade Volcanic Arc (red triangles). The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt is shown here as three red triangles at the northernmost end of the arc.
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represents a stratovolcano with an elevation of 2,050 m (6,730 ft). It was constructed during three periods of activity. The first phase 1.2 million years ago formed a
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segments that bring the cone's prominence to 500 m (1,600 ft). Its minimal degree of erosion indicates that it might have erupted in the past 1,000 years. A series of
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considerable volcanic activity has taken place in the geologically recent past, most notably the explosive eruption that occurred at the Mount Meager massif 2,350 years ago.
723:. Therefore, volcanism at Mount Fee does not display evidence of interaction with glacial ice. The remaining product from Fee's earliest volcanic activity is a minor portion of
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Northern flank of the Mount Meager massif. The volcanic vent that produced its latest eruption 2,350 years ago is the bowl-shaped depression in the middle of this image.
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Scientists have estimated that there have been at least 13 significant earthquakes along the Cascadia subduction zone in the past 6,000 years. The most recent, the
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To the northwest, Mount Cayley constitutes the largest and most persistent volcano in the central Garibaldi Belt. It is a highly eroded stratovolcano composed of dacite and
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who died in the late 1970s. In the mid-1970s the second hirer, W.H. Willes, investigated and mined the pumice. It was crushed, removed then stored close to the village of
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ice sheet carved a deep north-trending U-shaped valley into the eastern flank of the second-stage cone. Here, subsequent lava flows from Cinder Cone filled the valley.
2189:"Preliminary field, petrographic and geochemical analysis of possible subglacial, dacitic volcanism at the Watts Point volcanic centre, southwestern British Columbia"
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zones, magma is able to push its way up through the Earth's crust rapidly along faults, providing less chance for differentiation. This is likely the case south of
2264:
2015:
2188:
614:
mainline passes through the lower portion of the outcrop about 40 m (130 ft) above sea level. It represents a feature in the Squamish volcanic field.
528:. Flow-dominated tuyas differ from the typical basaltic tuyas throughout British Columbia in that they are composed of piles of flat-lying lava flows and lack
2926:
Friele, Pierre; Jakob, Matthias; Clague, John (March 16, 2008). "Haz ard and risk from large landslides from Mount Meager volcano, British Columbia, Canada".
2105:
Monger, J.W.H. (1994). "Character of volcanism, volcanic hazards, and risk, northern end of the Cascade magmatic arc, British Columbia and Washington State".
520:
Dominating the Garibaldi chain are volcanoes and other volcanic formations that formed during periods of intense glaciation. This includes flow-dominated
1274:
The threat from lava flows in the Garibaldi Belt is minor unless an eruption takes place in winter or under or adjacent to areas of glacial ice, such as
3521:
3646:
3484:
3231:
944:
Geologic map of the Silverthrone volcanic field and nearby rivers. The white circular feature is the inferred boundary of the Silverthrone Caldera.
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1235:
Several landslides and lahars have occurred throughout the Garibaldi Belt. At the Mount Meager massif, considerable landslides have occurred from
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flows were erupted from Cinder Cone about 11,000 years ago that traveled into a deep north trending U-shaped valley on the eastern flank of
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history and culture. The rocks that make up The Black Tusk and Mount Cayley were said to have been burnt black by the Thunderbird's lightning.
617:
Mount Garibaldi, one of the larger volcanoes in the southern Garibaldi Belt with a volume of 6.5 km (1.6 cu mi), is composed of
2744:
1985:
1151:
Canada in the past few hundred years. As a result, volcano monitoring is less important than dealing with other natural processes, including
4241:
3400:
516:
The edge of The Barrier ice-marginal lava flow. Debris extending down the edge of The Barrier is where historical landslides have occurred.
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462:
of volcanoes in the Garibaldi Belt. A possible explanation for the lower rates of volcanism in the Garibaldi chain is that the associated
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685:. Subsequent volcanism produced another sequence of basaltic lava flows 4,000 years ago that flowed in the same glacial valley.
867:. This is the largest recorded Holocene explosive eruption in Canada, originating from a volcanic vent on the northeastern flank of
438:, was recorded in the oral traditions of the First Nations people on Vancouver Island. It caused considerable tremors and a massive
3619:
3300:
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changes their structure because eruption temperatures are lower than those associated with basaltic activity and lava containing
289:
along the descending plate edge. This eruptive period postdates the formation of the Garibaldi Belt and evidence for more recent
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lavas that were erupted in the past 300,000 years. It was constructed when volcanic material erupted onto a portion of the
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3102:
1317:
987:
3639:
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1843:
Mahoney, J. Brian; Gordee, Sarah M.; Haggart, James W.; Friedman, Richard M.; Diakow, Larry J.; Woodsworth, Glenn J. (2009).
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1949:
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on the north shore of Garibaldi Lake is a cinder cone partly engulfed by the Helmet Glacier. It consists of volcanic ash,
442:
that traveled across the Pacific Ocean. The significant shaking associated with this earthquake demolished houses of the
3545:
G. Evans, S.; Brooks, G. R. (1992). "Prehistoric debris avalanches from Mount Cayley volcano, British Columbia: Reply".
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978:
related to volcanism at the Mount Meager massif. This hot spring lies in one of the few hot spring clusters near Meager.
1249:
1107:
815:
Volcanic rubble in the Mount Cayley area. Its ridge-like structure provides easy travel to the north towards Mount Fee.
3206:
1891:"Evolution of magmas and magma sources to the Coast Mountains Batholith, British Columbia, Canada, refelcted [
1045:. About 7,500 m (260,000 cu ft) of pumice was mined in 1998 by the Great Pacific Pumice Incorporation.
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856:
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began its formation during this period. Multiple eruptions from 2.2 million to 2,350 years ago created the
56:
The location and extent of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, showing its isolated volcanoes and related volcanic features.
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1297:
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1989:
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779:
451:, killing all the people that lived there. The 1700 Cascadia earthquake caused near-shore subsidence, submerging
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Eruptions along the length of the chain have created at least three major volcanic zones. The first began in the
4645:
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Squamish Traditional Use Study: Squamish Traditional Use of Nch'kay Or the Mount Garibaldi and Brohm Ridge Area
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903:
666:
635:
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1845:"Magmatic evolution of the eastern Coast Plutonic Complex, Bella Coola region, west-central British Columbia"
1024:
and other sharp tools in pre-contact times. This material appears in sites dated 10,000 years old up to
582:
373:
at the Cascadia subduction zone along the British Columbia Coast. This is a 1,094 km (680 mi) long
293:
in the Alert Bay Belt has not been found, indicating that volcanism in the Alert Bay Belt is likely extinct.
2055:
1800:(1978). "Possible geothermal resources in the Coast Plutonic Complex of southern British Columbia, Canada".
44:
The Mount Meager massif in 1987. Summits left to right are Capricorn Mountain, Mount Meager and Plinth Peak.
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3900:
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1033:-like texture is able to maintain heat. It also did not break after it was used for a long period of time.
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that currently form pinnacles on Cayley's rugged summit. After Mount Cayley was constructed, lava flows,
710:
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proposed there could be a connection between regional glaciation of the North American continent during
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871:. It was Plinian in nature, sending an eruption column at least 20 km (12 mi) high into the
4463:
4151:
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3341:
3301:"Floods, Faults, and Fire: Geological Field Trips in Washington State and Southwest British Columbia"
1302:
1134:
540:. Ice-marginal lava flows form when lava erupts from a subaerial vent and ponds against glacial ice.
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875:. As prevailing winds carried ash of the column eastwards, it deposited across British Columbia and
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The Garibaldi Belt has formed in response to ongoing subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate under the
273:
period, the northern remnant of the Farallon Plate fractured into two tectonic plates, known as the
238:
were constructed along the Southern Coast of British Columbia. This includes the east–west trending
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in the Earth's mantle or a descending plate edge effect. The oldest volcano in the group, known as
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is being compressed in contrast to the more southern portions of the Cascade Arc. In continental
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The Black Tusk viewed from the southeast. Its craggy edifice is the result of prolonged erosion.
597:
lies the southernmost zone of volcanic activity in the Garibaldi chain. This zone, known as the
221:
relationships to other volcanoes in the Garibaldi chain are unclear because of minimal studies.
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4337:
4236:
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928:
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Lying at the northern portion of the Mount Cayley volcanic field is a subglacial volcano named
720:
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in the southern segment, is the best represented ice-marginal lava flow in the Garibaldi Belt.
525:
308:
259:
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on the western flank of Mount Price 9,000 years ago. This produced the Rubble Creek and
622:
415:
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2628:
1663:
177:. These diverse formations were created by different styles of volcanic activity, including
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1890:
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908:
370:
210:
8:
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3149:
1322:
1236:
491:
382:
197:
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plates were subducting along the western margin of the North American Plate during the
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134:
96:
2146:
860:
178:
4493:
4267:
4196:
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3312:
3103:"Geology and Geothermal Potential of the AWA Claim Group, Squamish, British Columbia"
3045:
2951:
2167:
2114:
2107:
Geology and Geological Hazards of the Vanvouver Region, Southwestern British Columbia
1829:
1734:
1624:
1224:
1095:
933:
771:
758:
constructed a significant lava dome. This acts like a volcanic plug and composes the
735:
678:
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is the flat-topped steep-sided edifice in the foreground rising above Garibaldi Lake.
378:
142:
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3117:
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1012:
People have used resources in and around the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt for centuries.
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along the coastal mainland. The Pemberton Belt began its formation when the former
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empties directly into the subduction zone and deposits silt at the bottom of the
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266:
201:
126:
3077:
2928:
Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards
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and the likelihood of it extending into the western United States is probable.
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954:
950:
911:. North of the Salal Glacier complex lies a small basaltic stratovolcano named
682:
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3237:(Report). Draft. First Heritage Archaeological Consulting. pp. 8, 11, 17
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1254:
1187:
1125:, a flow-dominated tuya rising above the southwestern side of Garibaldi Lake.
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991:
800:
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529:
483:
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that have been eroded by glacial ice. Less common volcanic landforms include
154:
101:
91:
3178:"Mount Meager, Lillooet River Pumice, Pum, Great Pacific, Mt. Meager Pumice"
2816:
4584:
4579:
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4514:
4498:
4438:
4428:
4403:
4206:
4171:
4121:
4111:
4081:
4076:
4061:
4021:
3981:
3856:
3696:
1797:
1245:
1172:
1025:
975:
894:. The different magma compositions might be related to a smaller degree of
883:
872:
647:
545:
496:
217:. They are considered to be part of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, but their
193:
3437:"Large Holocene landslides from Pylon Peak, southwestern British Columbia"
455:
and forests on the coast that were later buried under more recent debris.
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4589:
4458:
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4166:
4136:
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4011:
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1078:
868:
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274:
162:
150:
130:
86:
4609:
4569:
4363:
4358:
4307:
4201:
4146:
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1821:
1733:. pp. 112, 113, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 136, 137, 138, 148.
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864:
759:
754:
658:
639:
594:
475:
471:
387:
344:
328:
316:
255:
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could be geothermal activity linked to the Watts Point volcanic zone.
339:
that were added along the western margin of North America between the
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4131:
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3795:
3750:
3727:
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3109:
1868:
1722:
1275:
1216:
1129:
A number of volcanic features in the Garibaldi Belt are protected by
923:
899:
820:
790:
766:
and welded dacite rubble were erupted. This second phase of activity
716:
674:
627:
312:
290:
263:
218:
170:
81:
76:
30:
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970:
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1200:
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The belt of volcanoes has been the subject of myths and legends by
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891:
642:
423:
395:
500 years of stored energy are released in a mega-earthquake.
340:
324:
320:
3039:
811:
701:
512:
234:
Prior to Garibaldi Belt formation, a number of older, but related
1726:
1152:
876:
670:
611:
602:
463:
439:
304:
300:
296:
270:
174:
137:
in the north. This chain of volcanoes is located in southwestern
106:
1183:
282:
3.5 million years ago may have triggered the generation of
200:, and eruptions 1.3 million to 9,300 years ago formed
2186:
1030:
763:
618:
557:
487:
283:
311:, which makes up much of the Coast Mountains. This is a large
1118:
495:
the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt. In 1958, Canadian volcanologist
452:
286:
3654:
3298:
3116:: Gold Commissioner's Office. pp. 9, 10. Archived from
3040:
Etkin, David; Haque, C.E.; Brooks, Gregory R. (2003-04-30).
1842:
414:
to bury the oceanic trench. Massive floods from prehistoric
2048:"The M9 Cascadia Megathrust Earthquake of January 26, 1700"
1021:
793:, an eroded volcano north of Mount Cayley, consists of two
521:
467:
458:
Many thousand years of dormancy are expected between large
3003:"Distribution of tephra deposits in Western North America"
855:
2,350 years ago that was similar in character to the
398:
Unlike most subduction zones worldwide, there is no deep
3410:. Canadian Geothermal Energy Association. Archived from
3042:
An Assessment of Natural Hazards and Disasters in Canada
2322:"Garibaldi volcanic belt: Garibaldi Lake volcanic field"
121:
is a northwest–southeast trending volcanic chain in the
1614:
16:
Volcanic chain in southwestern British Columbia, Canada
2617:"Garibaldi Volcanic Belt: Mount Cayley volcanic field"
1098:, which means "Landing Place of the Thunderbird". The
504:
Garibaldi Belt, that suggests this could be probable.
3544:
3434:
2891:"Garibaldi volcano belt: Mount Meager volcanic field"
749:, the second highest peak of the Mount Cayley massif.
1719:
Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada
1065:. To the Squamish Nation, Mount Garibaldi is called
153:. Most volcanoes of the Garibaldi chain are dormant
986:adjacent to the Lillooet River valley, such as the
141:, Canada. It forms the northernmost segment of the
1716:
961:
770:million years ago resulted in the creation of the
3299:Stelling, Peter L.; Tucker, David Samuel (2007).
3229:
2925:
4627:
3066:"Volcanology in the Geological Survey of Canada"
2187:Bye, A.; Edwards, B. R.; Hickson, C. J. (2000).
3485:"Landslide: Devastator Glacier BC, Jul 22 1975"
1082:Cayley northwest of Mount Garibaldi are called
850:glaciated summit, as well as a clearly defined
845:The Mount Meager massif is the most voluminous
730:Ember Ridge, a volcanic mountain ridge between
2113:. pp. 232, 235, 236, 241, 243, 247, 248.
1986:"Pacific Mountain System – Cascades volcanoes"
778:300,000 years ago that extended into the
406:in Cascadia. This is because the mouth of the
315:complex that was formed when the Farallon and
3937:
3640:
2290:"Lava Domes, Volcanic Domes, Composite Domes"
1895:] by elemental and isotopic geochemistry"
377:zone running 80 km (50 mi) off the
2265:"Mt. Garibaldi, SW British Columbia, Canada"
1113:
1227:drainage area is south of Mount Garibaldi.
715:Immediately southeast of Mount Cayley lies
3944:
3930:
3647:
3633:
3100:
1717:Wood, Charles A.; Kienle, Jürgen (1990).
1617:Volcano-Ice Interaction on Earth and Mars
478:border and east-southeast of the massive
3656:Volcanoes of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt
3435:Clague, Friele; Clague, John J. (2004).
3140:
1615:Smellie, J.L.; Chapman, Mary G. (2002).
1250:large landslide from Devastation Glacier
1230:
1182:
1117:
969:
939:
882:A group of small volcanoes on the upper
836:
810:
740:
700:
657:
634:On the western shore of Garibaldi Lake,
568:
511:
354:
3225:
3223:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2262:
1888:
429:Cascadia earthquake on January 26, 1700
4628:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3336:
3334:
3253:
3251:
3143:"Squamish Nation Cognitive Landscapes"
3096:
3094:
3035:
3033:
3031:
2921:
2919:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
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2597:
2316:
2314:
2258:
2256:
2104:
2100:
2098:
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2094:
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2042:
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1980:
1978:
1944:
1942:
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1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1318:Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province
299:under the Garibaldi chain consists of
3951:
3925:
3628:
3540:
3538:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2814:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2013:
1698:
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1644:
1642:
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1570:
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1566:
1564:
262:29 million years ago during the
3220:
3170:
3134:
3044:. Springer. pp. 569, 582, 583.
2874:
2803:
2528:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1497:
1495:
1333:Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field
1056:
3405:] Member 2008 Dr. Jack Souther"
3355:
3331:
3292:
3248:
3101:Woodsworth, Glenn J. (April 2003).
3091:
3028:
2916:
2770:
2737:
2704:
2671:
2642:
2594:
2495:
2396:
2343:
2311:
2253:
2037:
2016:"Cascade Ranges Volcanoes Compared"
2007:
1975:
1939:
1915:
1747:
1158:
1007:
832:
564:
13:
3620:Map of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt
3547:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
3535:
3441:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
3428:
3342:"Brandywine Falls Provincial Park"
3230:Yumks; Reimer, Rudy (April 2003).
2837:
2363:
2180:
2069:
1677:
1637:
1561:
1352:from websites or documents of the
1108:North American indigenous peoples'
1077:, they passed down a story of the
696:
507:
422:also deposited massive amounts of
14:
4677:
3613:
3207:"South Meager Geothermal Project"
1601:
1492:
1257:in the U.S. state of Washington.
857:1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
402:present in the bathymetry of the
4212:Marble Mountain-Trout Creek Hill
3995:
2978:"Canada Volcanoes and Volcanics"
1348: This article incorporates
1343:
1298:Geology of the Pacific Northwest
1144:Brandywine Falls Provincial Park
50:
38:
3577:
3506:
3477:
3393:
3272:
3199:
3152:. pp. 5, 6. Archived from
3058:
2995:
2982:United States Geological Survey
2970:
2895:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes
2782:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes
2778:"Ring Mountain (Crucible Dome)"
2749:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes
2716:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes
2683:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes
2654:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes
2621:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes
2573:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes
2561:
2540:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes
2507:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes
2474:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes
2462:
2441:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes
2429:
2408:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes
2375:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes
2326:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes
2298:United States Geological Survey
2282:
2232:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes
2220:
2160:
2127:
1990:United States Geological Survey
1882:
1836:
1789:
1768:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes
1656:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes
1580:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes
1540:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes
1507:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes
1471:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes
1438:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes
1405:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes
1372:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes
1354:United States Geological Survey
962:Geothermal and seismic activity
859:and the continuous eruption of
573:North face of Mount Garibaldi.
427:such as the magnitude 9.0
4283:Mount Scott (Clackamas County)
3682:Salal Glacier volcanic complex
3518:Government of British Columbia
3186:Government of British Columbia
2267:. VolcanoWorld. Archived from
2263:Edwards, Ben (November 2000).
1923:"Tectonic overview of the CPC"
1889:Girardi, James Daniel (2008).
1528:
1459:
1426:
1393:
1360:
904:Salal Glacier volcanic complex
705:Mount Fee and its jagged ridge
1:
4232:Battle Ground Lake State Park
3309:Geological Society of America
1338:
1269:
583:Garibaldi Lake volcanic field
229:
4414:Mount Scott (Klamath County)
4288:Willamette National Cemetery
3595:. 2007-02-05. Archived from
3514:"Where do landslides occur?"
3491:. 2009-12-01. Archived from
3378:. 2009-02-26. Archived from
3013:. 2008-02-12. Archived from
2901:. 2009-04-01. Archived from
2824:Malaspina University-College
2788:. 2009-03-10. Archived from
2755:. 2009-03-10. Archived from
2722:. 2009-03-10. Archived from
2689:. 2009-03-10. Archived from
2627:. 2009-04-07. Archived from
2579:. 2009-03-10. Archived from
2546:. 2009-03-10. Archived from
2513:. 2009-03-10. Archived from
2480:. 2009-03-10. Archived from
2447:. 2009-03-10. Archived from
2414:. 2009-03-10. Archived from
2381:. 2009-03-10. Archived from
2328:. 2009-04-01. Archived from
2238:. 2009-03-10. Archived from
2145:. 2009-04-02. Archived from
2054:. 2010-03-03. Archived from
2014:Dutch, Steven (2003-04-07).
1992:. 2000-10-10. Archived from
1960:. 2008-01-15. Archived from
1796:Lewis, T. J.; Judge, A. S.;
1774:. 2009-03-10. Archived from
1662:. 2009-04-02. Archived from
1621:Geological Society of London
1586:. 2009-03-10. Archived from
1546:. 2009-03-10. Archived from
1513:. 2009-03-10. Archived from
1477:. 2009-03-10. Archived from
1444:. 2009-03-10. Archived from
1411:. 2009-03-10. Archived from
1378:. 2009-03-10. Archived from
1020:for making knives, chisels,
524:, subglacial lava domes and
350:
192:4.0 million years ago.
7:
4545:Lava Beds National Monument
3911:Watts Point volcanic centre
3401:"CanGEA Honourary [
3259:"Garibaldi Provincial Park"
1802:Pure and Applied Geophysics
1328:Volcanism of Western Canada
1308:List of volcanoes in Canada
1293:Geology of British Columbia
1281:
1142:in 1860. To the northwest,
974:A volcanic hot spring near
711:Mount Cayley volcanic field
599:Watts Point volcanic centre
204:and other volcanoes in the
10:
4682:
1950:"Cascadia Subduction Zone"
1731:Cambridge University Press
1002:
708:
586:
580:
362:
224:
4507:
4464:Mountain Lakes Wilderness
4260:
4004:
3993:
3959:
3662:
3182:MINFILE Mineral Inventory
2948:10.1080/17499510801958711
2202:: 1, 2, 3. Archived from
1652:"Garibaldi volcanic belt"
1303:List of Cascade volcanoes
1178:
1135:Garibaldi Provincial Park
1114:Protection and monitoring
69:
61:
49:
37:
28:
21:
4525:Black Butte (California)
3972:Franklin Glacier Complex
3733:Franklin Glacier Complex
3593:Natural Resources Canada
3555:Natural Resources Canada
3489:Natural Resources Canada
3449:Natural Resources Canada
3376:Natural Resources Canada
3305:Current Research, Part A
3074:Natural Resources Canada
3011:Natural Resources Canada
2899:Natural Resources Canada
2857:Global Volcanism Program
2786:Natural Resources Canada
2753:Natural Resources Canada
2720:Natural Resources Canada
2687:Natural Resources Canada
2658:Natural Resources Canada
2625:Natural Resources Canada
2577:Natural Resources Canada
2544:Natural Resources Canada
2511:Natural Resources Canada
2478:Natural Resources Canada
2445:Natural Resources Canada
2412:Natural Resources Canada
2379:Natural Resources Canada
2236:Natural Resources Canada
2200:Natural Resources Canada
2196:Current Research, Part A
2143:Natural Resources Canada
2111:Natural Resources Canada
2052:Natural Resources Canada
1958:Natural Resources Canada
1772:Natural Resources Canada
1660:Natural Resources Canada
1584:Natural Resources Canada
1544:Natural Resources Canada
1511:Natural Resources Canada
1475:Natural Resources Canada
1442:Natural Resources Canada
1409:Natural Resources Canada
1376:Natural Resources Canada
1092:mu'yin tl'a in7in'axa7en
436:1700 Cascadia earthquake
365:Cascadia subduction zone
215:Franklin Glacier Complex
190:Powder Mountain Icefield
65:British Columbia, Canada
4636:Garibaldi Volcanic Belt
4298:Rooster Rock State Park
4067:White Chuck Cinder Cone
3209:. Western GeoPower Corp
2862:Smithsonian Institution
2536:"Ember Ridge Southwest"
2503:"Ember Ridge Southeast"
2470:"Ember Ridge Northwest"
2437:"Ember Ridge Northeast"
2020:University of Wisconsin
673:and dispersed ropy and
593:On the eastern side of
589:Squamish volcanic field
526:ice-marginal lava flows
480:Newberry shield volcano
248:Pemberton Volcanic Belt
240:Alert Bay Volcanic Belt
209:Pacific Ranges, namely
119:Garibaldi Volcanic Belt
23:Garibaldi Volcanic Belt
4343:Tumalo Volcanic Center
4237:Beacon Rock State Park
4027:Schriebers Meadow Cone
3832:Monmouth Creek complex
3368:"Monitoring volcanoes"
2815:Earle, Steven (2005).
1576:"Silverthrone Caldera"
1350:public domain material
1191:
1126:
979:
945:
842:
816:
750:
721:Wisconsinan Glaciation
706:
663:
578:
517:
360:
309:Coast Plutonic Complex
260:British Columbia Coast
4646:Pleistocene volcanism
4535:Medicine Lake Volcano
3285:BC Geographical Names
2356:BC Geographical Names
2173:BC Geographical Names
1927:University of Arizona
1902:University of Arizona
1623:. pp. 195, 197.
1231:Landslides and lahars
1219:and fisheries on the
1186:
1121:
1016:was collected by the
973:
943:
929:potassium-argon dates
927:minimal studies, but
840:
814:
744:
704:
661:
623:Cordilleran Ice Sheet
572:
515:
416:Glacial Lake Missoula
358:
4656:Landslides in Canada
4127:Goat Island Mountain
3967:Silverthrone Caldera
3875:Silverthrone Caldera
3764:Little Ring Mountain
3141:Reimer/Yumks, Rudy.
2135:"Types of volcanoes"
1368:"Tricouni Southwest"
1313:Milbanke Sound Group
1288:Anahim Volcanic Belt
909:Wisconsin Glaciation
371:North American Plate
327:periods. It lies on
211:Silverthrone Caldera
159:subglacial volcanoes
143:Cascade Volcanic Arc
133:in the south to the
97:subglacial volcanoes
3977:Mount Meager massif
3888:Machmell River Cone
3769:Mount Meager massif
3563:1992CaJES..29.1343E
3457:2004CaJES..41..165F
3372:Volcanoes of Canada
3150:McMaster University
3070:Volcanoes of Canada
3007:Volcanoes of Canada
2940:2008GAMRE...2...48F
2404:"Ember Ridge North"
2294:Volcanic Lava Domes
2139:Volcanoes of Canada
1861:2009GSAB..121.1362M
1814:1978PApGe.117..172L
1323:Volcanism of Canada
1248:. More recently, a
907:valleys before the
492:Brothers Fault Zone
460:explosive eruptions
383:Northern California
337:continental margins
198:Mount Meager massif
4666:Giuseppe Garibaldi
4651:Holocene volcanism
4641:Pliocene volcanism
4157:Old Snowy Mountain
4107:Burroughs Mountain
4102:Little Tahoma Peak
3906:Tricouni Southwest
3881:Mount Silverthrone
3782:Capricorn Mountain
3585:"Photo Collection"
2569:"Ember Ridge West"
1822:10.1007/BF00879744
1764:"Franklin Glacier"
1192:
1140:Giuseppe Garibaldi
1127:
1104:legendary creature
980:
946:
888:Bridge River Cones
843:
817:
751:
707:
664:
579:
518:
404:continental margin
361:
135:Ha-Iltzuk Icefield
129:that extends from
4623:
4622:
4494:Gearhart Mountain
4333:Crescent Mountain
4268:Boring Lava Field
4197:Sawtooth Mountain
3953:Cascade Volcanoes
3919:
3918:
3775:Bridge River Vent
3318:978-0-8137-0009-0
3280:"Mount Garibaldi"
3051:978-1-4020-1179-5
2826:. pp. 21, 24
1855:(9–10): 1362–80.
1225:Greater Vancouver
1138:political leader
1096:Squamish language
1057:Early impressions
934:Intermontane Belt
863:on the island of
847:composite volcano
736:Fraser Glaciation
679:basaltic andesite
379:Pacific Northwest
183:Plinian eruptions
145:, which includes
115:
114:
4673:
4595:Bumpass Mountain
4530:Rainbow Mountain
4449:Mount McLoughlin
4394:Howlock Mountain
4379:Newberry Volcano
4222:Trout Creek Hill
4177:Mount St. Helens
4117:Cowlitz Chimneys
4037:Hannegan caldera
3999:
3960:British Columbia
3946:
3939:
3932:
3923:
3922:
3890:
3883:
3859:
3840:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3753:
3746:
3712:
3705:
3703:Pyroclastic Peak
3649:
3642:
3635:
3626:
3625:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3542:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3520:. Archived from
3510:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3416:
3409:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3364:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3338:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3255:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3236:
3227:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3158:
3147:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3122:
3114:British Columbia
3107:
3098:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3076:. Archived from
3062:
3056:
3055:
3037:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2923:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2887:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2848:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2821:
2812:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2745:"Slag Hill tuya"
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2679:"Pali Dome West"
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2650:"Pali Dome East"
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2613:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2260:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2208:
2193:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2102:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2044:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2022:. Archived from
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1899:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1869:10.1130/B26325.1
1840:
1834:
1833:
1808:(1–2): 172–179.
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1760:
1745:
1744:
1714:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1648:
1635:
1634:
1612:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1572:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1364:
1347:
1346:
1159:Volcanic hazards
1131:provincial parks
1008:Human occupation
833:Northern segment
805:columnar jointed
795:geological units
784:Shovelnose Creek
769:
747:Pyroclastic Peak
725:pyroclastic rock
691:Late Pleistocene
565:Southern segment
482:adjacent to the
420:Late Pleistocene
333:oceanic plateaus
244:Vancouver Island
147:Mount St. Helens
139:British Columbia
54:
42:
19:
18:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4600:Dittmar Volcano
4565:Burney Mountain
4540:Schonchin Butte
4503:
4489:Yamsay Mountain
4369:Tumalo Mountain
4353:Mount Multnomah
4323:Mount Jefferson
4278:Elk Rock Island
4256:
4227:Tumtum Mountain
4032:Kulshan caldera
4000:
3991:
3987:Mount Garibaldi
3955:
3950:
3920:
3915:
3886:
3879:
3855:
3836:
3822:
3815:
3810:Perkin's Pillar
3808:
3801:
3794:
3789:Devastator Peak
3787:
3780:
3773:
3749:
3742:
3738:Mount Garibaldi
3708:
3701:
3658:
3653:
3616:
3611:
3602:
3600:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3571:10.1139/e92-109
3543:
3536:
3527:
3525:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3498:
3496:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3469:
3467:
3465:10.1139/e03-089
3433:
3429:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3385:
3383:
3366:
3365:
3356:
3347:
3345:
3340:
3339:
3332:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3297:
3293:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3264:
3262:
3257:
3256:
3249:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3221:
3212:
3210:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3191:
3189:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3145:
3139:
3135:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3105:
3099:
3092:
3083:
3081:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3038:
3029:
3020:
3018:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2987:
2985:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2924:
2917:
2908:
2906:
2889:
2888:
2875:
2866:
2864:
2850:
2849:
2838:
2829:
2827:
2819:
2813:
2804:
2795:
2793:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2762:
2760:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2729:
2727:
2712:"Cauldron Dome"
2710:
2709:
2705:
2696:
2694:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2663:
2661:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2634:
2632:
2615:
2614:
2595:
2586:
2584:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2553:
2551:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2520:
2518:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2487:
2485:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2454:
2452:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2421:
2419:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2388:
2386:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2335:
2333:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2303:
2301:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2274:
2272:
2261:
2254:
2245:
2243:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2191:
2185:
2181:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2152:
2150:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2103:
2070:
2061:
2059:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2029:
2027:
2012:
2008:
1999:
1997:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1967:
1965:
1948:
1947:
1940:
1931:
1929:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1907:
1905:
1897:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1841:
1837:
1794:
1790:
1781:
1779:
1762:
1761:
1748:
1741:
1715:
1678:
1669:
1667:
1650:
1649:
1638:
1631:
1613:
1602:
1593:
1591:
1574:
1573:
1562:
1553:
1551:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1520:
1518:
1501:
1500:
1493:
1484:
1482:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1451:
1449:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1418:
1416:
1401:"Columnar Peak"
1399:
1398:
1394:
1385:
1383:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1344:
1341:
1284:
1272:
1241:Devastator Peak
1233:
1181:
1161:
1116:
1059:
1018:Squamish Nation
1010:
1005:
997:Britannia Beach
964:
937:its formation.
896:partial melting
886:, known as the
861:Soufrière Hills
852:volcanic crater
835:
776:parasitic vents
767:
713:
699:
697:Central segment
626:lava flow from
591:
585:
567:
510:
508:Glaciovolcanism
501:glacial periods
444:Cowichan Tribes
367:
353:
232:
227:
202:Mount Garibaldi
155:stratovolcanoes
127:Coast Mountains
111:
92:stratovolcanoes
57:
45:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4679:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4454:Brown Mountain
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4434:Applegate Peak
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4401:
4399:Mount Thielsen
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4374:Mount Bachelor
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4303:Larch Mountain
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4273:Mount Sylvania
4270:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4247:Greenleaf Peak
4244:
4242:Table Mountain
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4087:Cathedral Rock
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4017:Sherman Crater
4014:
4008:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3949:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3926:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3884:
3872:
3870:Round Mountain
3867:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3848:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3747:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3710:Vulcan's Thumb
3706:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3667:The Black Tusk
3663:
3660:
3659:
3652:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3615:
3614:External links
3612:
3610:
3609:
3576:
3534:
3505:
3476:
3427:
3392:
3354:
3330:
3317:
3291:
3271:
3247:
3219:
3198:
3169:
3133:
3090:
3057:
3050:
3027:
2994:
2969:
2915:
2873:
2836:
2802:
2769:
2736:
2703:
2670:
2641:
2593:
2560:
2527:
2494:
2461:
2428:
2395:
2362:
2342:
2310:
2281:
2252:
2219:
2179:
2159:
2126:
2119:
2068:
2036:
2006:
1974:
1938:
1914:
1881:
1835:
1798:Souther, J. G.
1788:
1746:
1739:
1676:
1636:
1629:
1600:
1560:
1527:
1491:
1458:
1425:
1392:
1358:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1283:
1280:
1271:
1268:
1263:Squamish River
1232:
1229:
1197:Lower Mainland
1180:
1177:
1160:
1157:
1115:
1112:
1058:
1055:
1051:Western Canada
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
963:
960:
834:
831:
772:Vulcan's Thumb
745:South face of
709:Main article:
698:
695:
683:The Black Tusk
587:Main article:
581:Main article:
566:
563:
550:Garibaldi Lake
538:volcanic glass
509:
506:
408:Columbia River
400:oceanic trench
363:Main article:
352:
349:
335:and clustered
252:Farallon Plate
236:volcanic belts
231:
228:
226:
223:
206:Garibaldi Lake
167:volcanic plugs
123:Pacific Ranges
113:
112:
110:
109:
104:
102:volcanic plugs
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
73:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
55:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
29:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4678:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4575:Snow Mountain
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4550:Modoc Plateau
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4469:Roxy Ann Peak
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4444:Pelican Butte
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4419:Wizard Island
4417:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:(unvalidated)
4354:
4351:
4349:
4348:Three Sisters
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4338:Iron Mountain
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4318:Olallie Butte
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4253:
4252:Wind Mountain
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4187:Indian Heaven
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4097:Mount Rainier
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4047:Ruth Mountain
4045:
4043:
4042:Hannegan Peak
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3947:
3942:
3940:
3935:
3933:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3865:Ring Mountain
3863:
3858:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3759:Glacier Pikes
3757:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3692:Cauldron Dome
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3650:
3645:
3643:
3638:
3636:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3599:on 2024-05-25
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3539:
3524:on 2010-08-18
3523:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3495:on 2011-07-21
3494:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3431:
3417:on 2010-10-22
3413:
3406:
3404:
3396:
3382:on 2011-05-14
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3320:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3233:
3226:
3224:
3208:
3202:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3159:on 2008-12-19
3155:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3123:on 2022-01-09
3119:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3095:
3080:on 2006-10-08
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3053:
3047:
3043:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3017:on 2011-06-04
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2920:
2905:on 2005-12-28
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2825:
2818:
2817:"3 Volcanism"
2811:
2809:
2807:
2792:on 2007-03-20
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2759:on 2011-05-06
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2726:on 2007-11-09
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2693:on 2024-05-25
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2631:on 2011-06-04
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2583:on 2010-12-11
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2550:on 2010-12-11
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2517:on 2010-12-12
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2484:on 2010-12-11
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2451:on 2010-12-11
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2418:on 2010-12-11
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2385:on 2006-02-19
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2351:"Cinder Cone"
2346:
2332:on 2006-02-19
2331:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2271:on 2010-07-31
2270:
2266:
2259:
2257:
2242:on 2010-12-11
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2228:"Watts Point"
2223:
2209:on 2011-07-06
2205:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2168:"The Barrier"
2163:
2149:on 2011-05-14
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2122:
2120:0-660-15784-5
2116:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2058:on 2013-01-01
2057:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2041:
2026:on 2012-03-18
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
1996:on 2011-12-11
1995:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1964:on 2010-01-22
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1903:
1896:
1894:
1885:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1778:on 2010-12-11
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1742:
1740:0-521-43811-X
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1666:on 2011-05-28
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1632:
1630:1-86239-121-1
1626:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1590:on 2010-12-12
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1550:on 2010-12-11
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1517:on 2010-12-12
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1496:
1481:on 2009-06-28
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1467:"Mount Price"
1462:
1448:on 2006-02-19
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1415:on 2006-02-19
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1382:on 2010-12-11
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1267:
1264:
1258:
1256:
1255:Mount Rainier
1251:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1189:
1188:Keyhole Falls
1185:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1156:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:First Nations
1054:
1052:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1026:protohistoric
1023:
1019:
1015:
1000:
998:
993:
992:Fraser Valley
989:
985:
977:
972:
968:
959:
956:
952:
942:
938:
935:
930:
925:
922:
916:
914:
910:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
853:
848:
839:
830:
828:
827:Ring Mountain
824:
822:
813:
809:
806:
802:
801:Cauldron Dome
798:
796:
792:
788:
785:
781:
777:
773:
765:
761:
756:
748:
743:
739:
737:
733:
732:Tricouni Peak
728:
726:
722:
718:
712:
703:
694:
692:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
660:
656:
653:
652:Clinker Ridge
649:
644:
641:
637:
632:
629:
624:
620:
615:
613:
608:
607:volcanic rock
604:
601:, is a small
600:
596:
590:
584:
576:
571:
562:
559:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
530:hyaloclastite
527:
523:
514:
505:
502:
498:
493:
489:
485:
484:Cascade Range
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
425:
421:
417:
413:
412:Pacific Ocean
409:
405:
401:
396:
393:
389:
384:
380:
376:
372:
366:
357:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
307:rocks of the
306:
302:
298:
294:
292:
288:
285:
280:
276:
272:
268:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
222:
220:
216:
212:
207:
203:
199:
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186:
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172:
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164:
160:
156:
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136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
53:
48:
41:
36:
32:
31:Volcanic area
27:
20:
4661:Belt regions
4585:Mount Tehama
4580:Latour Butte
4555:Brushy Butte
4515:Mount Shasta
4499:Yainax Butte
4479:Grizzly Peak
4439:Rustler Peak
4429:Hillman Peak
4424:Phantom Ship
4404:Mount Mazama
4389:Mount Bailey
4384:Diamond Peak
4207:Big Lava Bed
4172:Spiral Butte
4152:Gilbert Peak
4122:Old Desolate
4112:Banshee Peak
4082:Mount Daniel
4077:Mount Hinman
4062:Glacier Peak
4057:Mount Terror
4022:Black Buttes
3982:Mount Cayley
3857:Clinker Peak
3803:Mount Meager
3697:Mount Cayley
3655:
3601:. Retrieved
3597:the original
3588:
3579:
3550:
3546:
3526:. Retrieved
3522:the original
3508:
3497:. Retrieved
3493:the original
3479:
3468:. Retrieved
3444:
3440:
3430:
3419:. Retrieved
3412:the original
3402:
3395:
3384:. Retrieved
3380:the original
3371:
3346:. Retrieved
3322:. Retrieved
3304:
3294:
3283:
3274:
3263:. Retrieved
3239:. Retrieved
3211:. Retrieved
3201:
3190:. Retrieved
3188:. 1998-12-04
3181:
3172:
3161:. Retrieved
3154:the original
3136:
3125:. Retrieved
3118:the original
3082:. Retrieved
3078:the original
3069:
3060:
3041:
3019:. Retrieved
3015:the original
3006:
2997:
2986:. Retrieved
2984:. 2009-11-06
2972:
2931:
2927:
2907:. Retrieved
2903:the original
2894:
2865:. Retrieved
2855:
2828:. Retrieved
2794:. Retrieved
2790:the original
2781:
2772:
2761:. Retrieved
2757:the original
2748:
2739:
2728:. Retrieved
2724:the original
2715:
2706:
2695:. Retrieved
2691:the original
2682:
2673:
2662:. Retrieved
2660:. 2009-03-10
2653:
2644:
2633:. Retrieved
2629:the original
2620:
2585:. Retrieved
2581:the original
2572:
2563:
2552:. Retrieved
2548:the original
2539:
2530:
2519:. Retrieved
2515:the original
2506:
2497:
2486:. Retrieved
2482:the original
2473:
2464:
2453:. Retrieved
2449:the original
2440:
2431:
2420:. Retrieved
2416:the original
2407:
2398:
2387:. Retrieved
2383:the original
2374:
2365:
2354:
2345:
2334:. Retrieved
2330:the original
2325:
2302:. Retrieved
2300:. 2009-06-25
2293:
2284:
2273:. Retrieved
2269:the original
2244:. Retrieved
2240:the original
2231:
2222:
2211:. Retrieved
2204:the original
2198:. 2000-A20.
2195:
2182:
2171:
2162:
2151:. Retrieved
2147:the original
2138:
2129:
2106:
2060:. Retrieved
2056:the original
2028:. Retrieved
2024:the original
2009:
1998:. Retrieved
1994:the original
1966:. Retrieved
1962:the original
1953:
1930:. Retrieved
1917:
1906:. Retrieved
1892:
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1872:. Retrieved
1852:
1849:GSA Bulletin
1848:
1838:
1805:
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1791:
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1776:the original
1767:
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1668:. Retrieved
1664:the original
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1384:. Retrieved
1380:the original
1371:
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1259:
1246:Meager Creek
1234:
1205:
1193:
1173:Jack Souther
1171:
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1128:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1075:oral history
1066:
1060:
1047:
1035:
1011:
982:A series of
981:
976:Meager Creek
965:
947:
917:
884:Bridge River
881:
873:stratosphere
844:
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818:
799:
789:
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729:
714:
687:
665:
648:Clinker Peak
633:
616:
592:
554:
519:
497:Bill Mathews
490:because the
457:
433:
397:
368:
295:
279:Juan de Fuca
242:on northern
233:
194:Mount Cayley
187:
163:cinder cones
118:
116:
87:cinder cones
4605:Mount Maidu
4590:Lassen Peak
4459:Aspen Butte
4408:Crater Lake
4293:Mount Tabor
4217:West Crater
4182:Mount Adams
4167:Tieton Peak
4137:Fifes Peaks
4072:Dishpan Gap
4012:Mount Baker
3851:Mount Price
3817:Plinth Peak
3723:Ember Ridge
3718:Cinder Cone
2371:"Mount Fee"
1954:Geodynamics
1904:. p. 5
1536:"Sham Hill"
1503:"Slag Hill"
1434:"Opal Cone"
1166:U.S. states
1100:Thunderbird
1073:. In their
984:hot springs
921:subvolcanic
869:Plinth Peak
760:lava spines
667:Cinder Cone
636:Mount Price
548:impounding
542:The Barrier
534:pillow lava
486:in central
449:Pachena Bay
418:during the
388:earthquakes
151:Mount Baker
131:Watts Point
4630:Categories
4610:Mount Yana
4570:Magee Peak
4508:California
4484:Pilot Rock
4364:Ball Butte
4359:Broken Top
4308:Mount Hood
4202:Lemei Rock
4192:Lone Butte
4147:Goat Rocks
4005:Washington
3838:The Castle
3824:Pylon Peak
3677:Tuber Hill
3672:Mount Brew
3603:2010-03-03
3589:Landslides
3528:2010-03-03
3499:2010-03-03
3470:2010-03-03
3421:2010-03-04
3386:2010-03-24
3348:2010-03-06
3324:2010-03-04
3265:2010-03-06
3241:2010-03-30
3213:2011-05-09
3192:2010-03-16
3163:2008-05-19
3127:2021-01-31
3084:2008-05-09
3021:2010-03-29
2988:2010-03-29
2909:2010-03-04
2867:2010-02-24
2830:2010-03-19
2796:2010-03-07
2763:2010-03-08
2730:2010-03-07
2697:2010-03-07
2664:2010-03-07
2635:2010-03-03
2587:2010-03-28
2554:2010-03-28
2521:2010-03-28
2488:2010-03-28
2455:2010-03-28
2422:2010-03-28
2389:2010-03-03
2336:2010-03-12
2304:2010-03-18
2275:2010-03-18
2246:2010-07-22
2213:2010-03-04
2153:2010-05-27
2062:2010-03-06
2030:2010-05-20
2000:2010-03-05
1968:2010-03-06
1932:2010-03-04
1908:2010-02-22
1782:2010-02-20
1670:2010-02-20
1594:2010-03-04
1554:2010-03-04
1521:2010-03-04
1485:2010-03-04
1452:2010-03-04
1419:2010-03-04
1386:2010-03-04
1339:References
1276:ice fields
1270:Lava flows
1237:Pylon Peak
1221:Pitt River
924:intrusions
913:Tuber Hill
865:Montserrat
755:rhyodacite
640:hornblende
595:Howe Sound
476:California
472:Mount Hood
345:Cretaceous
331:remnants,
329:island arc
258:under the
256:subducting
230:Background
171:lava domes
82:lava domes
77:Lava flows
4615:Goosenest
4328:Snow Peak
4313:Battle Ax
4162:Ives Peak
4142:Mount Aix
4132:Mount Wow
3901:The Table
3896:Slag Hill
3846:Pali Dome
3796:Mount Job
3728:Mount Fee
3687:Sham Hill
3344:. BCParks
3311:: 2, 14.
3261:. BCParks
3110:Vancouver
2956:1749-9518
2934:(1): 61.
1874:March 29,
1830:186232157
1723:Cambridge
1217:Pitt Lake
1123:The Table
1043:stonewash
1039:Pemberton
900:Sham Hill
821:Slag Hill
791:Pali Dome
768:2.7 ± 0.7
717:Mount Fee
675:lava bomb
628:Opal Cone
575:The Table
392:magnitude
351:Formation
347:periods.
313:batholith
291:volcanism
264:Oligocene
4560:Big Cave
4520:Shastina
4092:Mount Si
4052:Icy Peak
3557:: 1346.
2964:15157361
2852:"Meager"
1282:See also
1213:Whistler
1209:Squamish
1201:Manitoba
1153:tsunamis
1014:Obsidian
988:Harrison
955:Kingcome
951:Machmell
892:hawaiite
643:andesite
546:lava dam
424:sediment
341:Triassic
325:Tertiary
321:Jurassic
305:dioritic
301:granitic
284:basaltic
246:and the
219:tectonic
175:calderas
107:calderas
62:Location
3559:Bibcode
3453:Bibcode
3451:: 165.
2936:Bibcode
1857:Bibcode
1810:Bibcode
1727:England
1094:in the
1071:history
1067:Nch'kay
1003:History
877:Alberta
671:lapilli
612:BC Rail
603:outcrop
474:to the
464:terrain
453:marshes
440:tsunami
297:Bedrock
271:Miocene
225:Geology
125:of the
70:Geology
4261:Oregon
3744:Atwell
3315:
3048:
2962:
2954:
2117:
1828:
1737:
1627:
1179:Tephra
1031:pumice
780:Turbid
764:tephra
619:dacite
558:silica
488:Oregon
179:Peléan
4474:Baldy
3553:(6).
3447:(2).
3415:(PDF)
3408:(PDF)
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3146:(PDF)
3121:(PDF)
3106:(PDF)
2960:S2CID
2820:(PDF)
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2192:(PDF)
1898:(PDF)
1826:S2CID
1102:is a
1079:flood
1022:adzes
522:tuyas
381:from
375:fault
287:magma
275:Gorda
267:epoch
3751:Opal
3403:sic?
3313:ISBN
3046:ISBN
2952:ISSN
2115:ISBN
1876:2010
1735:ISBN
1625:ISBN
1239:and
1211:and
953:and
782:and
544:, a
532:and
468:rift
343:and
323:and
317:Kula
303:and
277:and
254:was
213:and
181:and
173:and
157:and
149:and
117:The
3567:doi
3461:doi
2944:doi
1893:sic
1865:doi
1853:121
1818:doi
1806:117
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