Gas turbine - Knowledge

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capability of 18 knots, up from 11 knots with the original power plant, and well in excess of the 15 knot targeted. The ship made its first transatlantic crossing with an average speed of 16.8 knots, in spite of some rough weather along the way. Suitable Bunker C fuel was only available at limited ports because the quality of the fuel was of a critical nature. The fuel oil also had to be treated on board to reduce contaminants and this was a labor-intensive process that was not suitable for automation at the time. Ultimately, the variable-pitch propeller, which was of a new and untested design, ended the trial, as three consecutive annual inspections revealed stress-cracking. This did not reflect poorly on the marine-propulsion gas-turbine concept though, and the trial was a success overall. The success of this trial opened the way for more development by GE on the use of HD gas turbines for marine use with heavy fuels. The

22: 1629:. With the trailer, it was 29 m (96 ft) long, 4.0 m (13 ft) high, and painted crimson red. It contained the Ford-developed gas turbine engine, with output power and torque of 450 kW (600 hp) and 1,160 N⋅m (855 lb⋅ft). The cab boasted a highway map of the continental U.S., a mini-kitchen, bathroom, and a TV for the co-driver. The fate of the truck was unknown for several decades, but it was rediscovered in early 2021 in private hands, having been restored to running order. The Chevrolet division of GM built the 1053: 1233: 2384: 1580: 2010: 801: 2126: 2599: 1075: 933: 2095:'s diesel powerplant features the "Hyperbar" hybrid supercharging system, where the engine's turbocharger is completely replaced with a small gas turbine which also works as an assisted diesel exhaust turbocharger, enabling engine RPM-independent boost level control and a higher peak boost pressure to be reached (than with ordinary turbochargers). This system allows a smaller displacement and lighter engine to be used as the tank's power plant and effectively removes 1359: 161: 1818: 490: 2261: 1798: 1486: 2863: 1554: 1453:) are fitted with blow down turbines which are similar in design and appearance to a turbocharger except for the turbine shaft being mechanically or hydraulically connected to the engine's crankshaft instead of to a centrifugal compressor, thus providing additional power instead of boost. While the turbocharger is a pressure turbine, a power recovery turbine is a velocity one. 2103:

sand so that in desert operations air filters have to be fitted and changed several times daily. An improperly fitted filter, or a bullet or shell fragment that punctures the filter, can damage the engine. Piston engines (especially if turbocharged) also need well-maintained filters, but they are more resilient if the filter does fail.

2810:(CFD) has contributed to substantial improvements in the performance and efficiency of gas turbine engine components through enhanced understanding of the complex viscous flow and heat transfer phenomena involved. For this reason, CFD is one of the key computational tools used in design and development of gas turbine engines. 736:

1–200 μm can decrease blade temperatures by up to 200 °C (392 °F). Bond coats are directly applied onto the surface of the substrate using pack carburization and serve the dual purpose of providing improved adherence for the TBC and oxidation resistance for the substrate. The Al from the bond coats forms Al

141:) that can be connected to a fan, propeller, or electrical generator. The purpose of the gas turbine determines the design so that the most desirable split of energy between the thrust and the shaft work is achieved. The fourth step of the Brayton cycle (cooling of the working fluid) is omitted, as gas turbines are 2671:). Reduction of fuel costs was successful using a different untested fuel in a marine gas turbine but maintenance costs increased with the fuel change. After 1981 the ships were sold and refitted with, what at the time, was more economical diesel-fueled engines but the increased engine size reduced cargo space. 2082:

at the same sustained power output but the models installed to date are less fuel efficient than the equivalent diesel, especially at idle, requiring more fuel to achieve the same combat range. Successive models of M1 have addressed this problem with battery packs or secondary generators to power the

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has secured investment from the Technology Strategy Board to develop an Ultra Lightweight Range Extender (ULRE) for next-generation electric vehicles. The objective of the consortium, which includes luxury car maker Jaguar Land Rover and leading electrical machine company SR Drives, is to produce the

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and consequently deform by fewer modes – decreasing the creep rate. Although single crystals have lower creep at high temperatures, they have significantly lower yield stresses at room temperature where strength is determined by the Hall-Petch relationship. Care needs to be taken in order to optimize

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on the TBC-bond coat interface which provides the oxidation resistance, but also results in the formation of an undesirable interdiffusion (ID) zone between itself and the substrate. The oxidation resistance outweighs the drawbacks associated with the ID zone as it increases the lifetime of the blade

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or MCrAlY (where M is typically Fe and/or Cr) alloys. Using TBCs limits the temperature exposure of the superalloy substrate, thereby decreasing the diffusivity of the active species (typically vacancies) within the alloy and reducing dislocation and vacancy creep. It has been found that a coating of

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that is induced by the high temperatures and stresses that are experienced during operation. Higher operating temperatures are continuously sought in order to increase efficiency, but come at the cost of higher creep rates. Several methods have therefore been employed in an attempt to achieve optimal

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section to strike the turbine blades, spinning the disc they are attached to, thus creating useful power. Of the power produced, 60-70% is solely used to power the gas generator. The remaining power is used to power what the engine is being used for, typically an aviation application, being thrust in

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The simple-cycle efficiencies of early gas turbines were practically doubled by incorporating inter-cooling, regeneration (or recuperation), and reheating. These improvements, of course, come at the expense of increased initial and operation costs, and they cannot be justified unless the decrease in

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was on a par with steam propulsion at 0.318 kg/kW (0.523 lb/hp) per hour, and power output was higher than expected at 5,603 kW (7,514 shp) due to the ambient temperature of the North Sea route being lower than the design temperature of the gas turbine. This gave the ship a speed

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Despite the success of this early experimental voyage the gas turbine did not replace the diesel engine as the propulsion plant for large merchant ships. At constant cruising speeds the diesel engine simply had no peer in the vital area of fuel economy. The gas turbine did have more success in Royal

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has a top speed of 204 mph (328 km/h) and can go from 0 to 62 mph (0 to 100 km/h) in 3.4 seconds. It uses lithium-ion batteries to power four electric motors which combine to produce 780 bhp. It will travel 68 miles (109 km) on a single charge of the batteries, and uses

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had the engine positioned behind the seats, air intake grilles on either side of the car, and exhaust outlets on the top of the tail. During tests, the car reached top speeds of 140 km/h (87 mph), at a turbine speed of 50,000 rpm. After being shown in the United Kingdom and the United

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Oil and gas platforms require these engines to drive compressors to inject gas into the wells to force oil up via another bore, or to compress the gas for transportation. They are also often used to provide power for the platform. These platforms do not need to use the engine in collaboration with a

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They range in size from portable mobile plants to large, complex systems weighing more than a hundred tonnes housed in purpose-built buildings. When the gas turbine is used solely for shaft power, its thermal efficiency is about 30%. However, it may be cheaper to buy electricity than to generate it.

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The smaller the engine, the higher the rotation rate of the shaft must be to attain the required blade tip speed. Blade-tip speed determines the maximum pressure ratios that can be obtained by the turbine and the compressor. This, in turn, limits the maximum power and efficiency that can be obtained

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British, German, other national and international test codes are used to standardize the procedures and definitions used to test gas turbines. Selection of the test code to be used is an agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer, and has some significance to the design of the turbine and

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operated commercially as a tanker for three-and-a-half years with a diesel–electric propulsion unit as originally commissioned, but in 1951 one of its four 824 kW (1,105 bhp) diesel engines – which were known as "Faith", "Hope", "Charity" and "Prudence" – was replaced by the world's first

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A turbine is theoretically more reliable and easier to maintain than a piston engine since it has a simpler construction with fewer moving parts, but in practice, turbine parts experience a higher wear rate due to their higher working speeds. The turbine blades are highly sensitive to dust and fine

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appeared in 2000 (hence the designation of Y2K Superbike by MTT) and is the first production motorcycle powered by a turbine engine – specifically, a Rolls-Royce Allison model 250 turboshaft engine, producing about 283 kW (380 bhp). Speed-tested to 365 km/h or 227 mph (according

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The first race car (in concept only) fitted with a turbine was in 1955 by a US Air Force group as a hobby project with a turbine loaned them by Boeing and a race car owned by Firestone Tire & Rubber company. The first race car fitted with a turbine for the goal of actual racing was by Rover and

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which began evaluations in 1953. While photos of the Firebird I may suggest that the jet turbine's thrust propelled the car like an aircraft, the turbine actually drove the rear wheels. The Firebird I was never meant as a commercial passenger car and was built solely for testing & evaluation as

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vehicles, as the driving electric motors are mechanically detached from the electricity generating engine, the responsiveness, poor performance at low speed and low efficiency at low output problems are much less important. The turbine can be run at optimum speed for its power output, and batteries

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engine is a turbine engine that drives an aircraft propeller using a reduction gear to translate high turbine section operating speed (often in the 10s of thousands) into low thousands necessary for efficient propeller operation. The benefit of using the turboprop engine is to take advantage of the

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has produced several performance test codes on gas turbines. This includes ASME PTC 22–2014. These ASME performance test codes have gained international recognition and acceptance for testing gas turbines. The single most important and differentiating characteristic of ASME performance test codes,

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in New Zealand (and later the United States). AVS turbine hybrids were plagued with reliability and quality control problems, resulting in liquidation of AVS in 2003. The most successful design by Designline is now operated in 5 cities in 6 countries, with over 30 buses in operation worldwide, and

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The first serious investigation of using a gas turbine in cars was in 1946 when two engineers, Robert Kafka and Robert Engerstein of Carney Associates, a New York engineering firm, came up with the concept where a unique compact turbine engine design would provide power for a rear wheel drive car.

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is then added by spraying fuel into the air and igniting it so that the combustion generates a high-temperature flow; this high-temperature pressurized gas enters a turbine, producing a shaft work output in the process, used to drive the compressor; the unused energy comes out in the exhaust gases

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and other Navies. While interest in the gas turbine for marine purposes, both naval and mercantile, continued to increase, the lack of availability of the results of operating experience on early gas turbine projects limited the number of new ventures on seagoing commercial vessels being embarked

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One modern development seeks to improve efficiency in another way, by separating the compressor and the turbine with a compressed air store. In a conventional turbine, up to half the generated power is used driving the compressor. In a compressed air energy storage configuration, power is used to

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Industrial gas turbines that are used solely for mechanical drive or used in collaboration with a recovery steam generator differ from power generating sets in that they are often smaller and feature a dual shaft design as opposed to a single shaft. The power range varies from 1 megawatt up to 50

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Turbines have historically been more expensive to produce than piston engines, though this is partly because piston engines have been mass-produced in huge quantities for decades, while small gas turbine engines are rarities; however, turbines are mass-produced in the closely related form of the

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In its most straightforward form, these are commercial turbines acquired through military surplus or scrapyard sales, then operated for display as part of the hobby of engine collecting. In its most extreme form, amateurs have even rebuilt engines beyond professional repair and then used them to

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Additional components have to be added to the gas generator to suit its application. Common to all is an air inlet but with different configurations to suit the requirements of marine use, land use or flight at speeds varying from stationary to supersonic. A propelling nozzle is added to produce

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FT 4C-1 DLF turbines, generating 55,000 kW (74,000 shp) and propelling the ship to a speed of 31 knots. However, the Finnjet also illustrated the shortcomings of gas turbine propulsion in commercial craft, as high fuel prices made operating her unprofitable. After four years of

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Moreover, to reach optimum performance in modern gas turbine power plants the gas needs to be prepared to exact fuel specifications. Fuel gas conditioning systems treat the natural gas to reach the exact fuel specification prior to entering the turbine in terms of pressure, temperature, gas

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or combined cycle power plants) may have 2 or 3 shafts (spools), hundreds of compressor and turbine blades, movable stator blades, and extensive external tubing for fuel, oil and air systems; they use temperature resistant alloys, and are made with tight specifications requiring precision

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fuel costs offsets the increase in other costs. The relatively low fuel prices, the general desire in the industry to minimize installation costs, and the tremendous increase in the simple-cycle efficiency to about 40 percent left little desire for opting for these modifications.

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If the engine has a power turbine added to drive an industrial generator or a helicopter rotor, the exit pressure will be as close to the entry pressure as possible with only enough energy left to overcome the pressure losses in the exhaust ducting and expel the exhaust. For a

272:, built the first gas turbine that was able to produce more power than needed to run its own components, which was considered an achievement in a time when knowledge about aerodynamics was limited. Using rotary compressors and turbines it produced 8 kW (11 hp). 2317:, each delivering 3,210 kW (4,300 shp). They were later joined by 12 upgraded Norrköping class ships, still with the same engines. With their aft torpedo tubes replaced by antishipping missiles they served as missile boats until the last was retired in 2005. 1146:

Another significant advantage is their ability to be turned on and off within minutes, supplying power during peak, or unscheduled, demand. Since single cycle (gas turbine only) power plants are less efficient than combined cycle plants, they are usually used as

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after 44 days at sea, successfully completing her historic trans-Atlantic crossing. During this time at sea the gas turbine burnt diesel fuel and operated without an involuntary stop or mechanical difficulty of any kind. She subsequently visited Swansea, Hull,

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Gas turbine technology has steadily advanced since its inception and continues to evolve. Development is actively producing both smaller gas turbines and more powerful and efficient engines. Aiding in these advances are computer-based design (specifically

2513:'s 21st birthday in 1947, the ship was designed with an engine room layout that would allow for the experimental use of heavy fuel in one of its high-speed engines, as well as the future substitution of one of its diesel engines by a gas turbine. The 1169:

megawatts. These engines are connected directly or via a gearbox to either a pump or compressor assembly. The majority of installations are used within the oil and gas industries. Mechanical drive applications increase efficiency by around 2%.

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of the gas increases, accompanied by a slight loss in pressure. During expansion through the stator and rotor passages in the turbine, irreversible energy transformation once again occurs. Fresh air is taken in, in place of the heat rejection.

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Aeroderivatives are used in electrical power generation due to their ability to be shut down and handle load changes more quickly than industrial machines. They are also used in the marine industry to reduce weight. Common types include the

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When external combustion is used, it is possible to use exhaust air from the turbine as the primary combustion air. This effectively reduces global heat losses, although heat losses associated with the combustion exhaust remain inevitable.

1853:. It averaged 107.8 mph (173.5 km/h) and had a top speed of 142 mph (229 km/h). American Ray Heppenstall joined Howmet Corporation and McKee Engineering together to develop their own gas turbine sports car in 1968, the 2083:

tank's systems while stationary, saving fuel by reducing the need to idle the main turbine. T-80s can mount three large external fuel drums to extend their range. Russia has stopped production of the T-80 in favor of the diesel-powered

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On the emissions side, the challenge is to increase turbine inlet temperatures while at the same time reducing peak flame temperature in order to achieve lower NOx emissions and meet the latest emission regulations. In May 2011,

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Marine Proteus Gas Turbines also rated at 9,510 kW (12,750 shp), same as the Søløven-class boats, and 2 General Motors Diesel Engines, rated at 600 kW (800 shp), also for improved fuel economy at slow speeds.

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Several small companies now manufacture small turbines and parts for the amateur. Most turbojet-powered model aircraft are now using these commercial and semi-commercial microturbines, rather than a Schreckling-like home-build.

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design. In the combustor section, roughly 70% of the air from the compressor is ducted around the combustor itself for cooling purposes. The remaining roughly 30% the air is mixed with fuel and ignited by the already burning

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Gas turbines offer a high-powered engine in a very small and light package. However, they are not as responsive and efficient as small piston engines over the wide range of RPMs and powers needed in vehicle applications. In

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The primary advantage of a gas turbine engine is its power to weight ratio. Since significant useful work can be generated by a relatively lightweight engine, gas turbines are perfectly suited for aircraft propulsion.

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to some stories, the testing team ran out of road during the test), it holds the Guinness World Record for most powerful production motorcycle and most expensive production motorcycle, with a price tag of US$ 185,000.

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resistance, strength, and creep resistance. The development of single crystal superalloys has led to significant improvements in creep resistance as well. Due to the lack of grain boundaries, single crystals eliminate

2667:(OPEC) price increases of the mid-1970s, operations were constrained by rising fuel costs. Some modification of the engine systems on those ships was undertaken to permit the burning of a lower grade of fuel (i.e., 633:. Simple turbines might have one main moving part, the compressor/shaft/turbine rotor assembly, with other moving parts in the fuel system. This, in turn, can translate into price. For instance, costing 10,000 2473:, is to be the Navy's first amphibious assault ship powered by gas turbines. The marine gas turbine operates in a more corrosive atmosphere due to the presence of sea salt in air and fuel and use of cheaper fuels. 1155:

capacity or with low fuel costs, a gas turbine powerplant may regularly operate most hours of the day. A large single-cycle gas turbine typically produces 100 to 400 megawatts of electric power and has 35–40%

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only enough pressure and energy is extracted from the flow to drive the compressor and other components. The remaining high-pressure gases are accelerated through a nozzle to provide a jet to propel an aircraft.

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Diesel engines, rated at 340 kW (460 shp), for better fuel economy at slower speeds. And they also produced 10 Willemoes Class Torpedo / Guided Missile boats (in service from 1974 to 2000) which had 3

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propulsion system. Those vessels used 4 M8E gas turbines, which generated 54,000–72,000 kW (72,000–96,000 hp). Those ships were the first large ships in the world to be powered solely by gas turbines.

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were commercially introduced to gas turbines in the 1990s. These can withstand over a hundred thousand start/stop cycles and have eliminated the need for an oil system. The application of microelectronics and

1213:. A separately spinning power-turbine is usually used to drive the rotor on helicopters. Allowing the gas generator and power turbine/rotor to spin at their own speeds allows more flexibility in their design. 1096:

Industrial gas turbines differ from aeronautical designs in that the frames, bearings, and blading are of heavier construction. They are also much more closely integrated with the devices they power—often an

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gamma-prime (γ') phases. The finely dispersed γ' precipitates impede dislocation motion and introduce a threshold stress, increasing the stress required for the onset of creep. Furthermore, γ' is an ordered

301:(pulse combustion) achieves an output of 150 kW (200 hp). Planned output of the machine was 750 kW (1,000 hp) and its efficiency of 8% is below that of contemporary reciprocating engines. 2031:(Army Ordnance Board), studied a number of gas turbine engine designs for use in tanks starting in mid-1944. The first gas turbine engine design intended for use in armored fighting vehicle propulsion, the 2642:

service between ports on the eastern seaboard of the United States and ports in northwest Europe across the North Atlantic with four container ships of 26,000 tonnes DWT. Those ships were powered by twin

2497:(DWT) was used to obtain operating experience with a main propulsion gas turbine under service conditions at sea and so became the first ocean-going merchant ship to be powered by a gas turbine. Built by 5078: 1151:, which operate anywhere from several hours per day to a few dozen hours per year—depending on the electricity demand and the generating capacity of the region. In areas with a shortage of base-load and 1131:

Aeroderivative gas turbines can also be used in combined cycles, leading to a higher efficiency, but it will not be as high as a specifically designed industrial gas turbine. They can also be run in a

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In a real gas turbine, mechanical energy is changed irreversibly (due to internal friction and turbulence) into pressure and thermal energy when the gas is compressed (in either a centrifugal or axial

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Latief, F. H.; Kakehi, K. (2013) "Effects of Re content and crystallographic orientation on creep behavior of aluminized Ni-based single crystal superalloys". Materials & Design 49 : 485–492

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engines are used to drive compressors in gas pumping stations and natural gas liquefaction plants. They are also used in aviation to power all but the smallest modern helicopters, and function as an

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CHP system due to getting the gas at an extremely reduced cost (often free from burn off gas). The same companies use pump sets to drive the fluids to land and across pipelines in various intervals.

1435:. The centripetal turbine wheel drives a centrifugal compressor wheel through a common rotating shaft. This wheel supercharges the engine air intake to a degree that can be controlled by means of a 1332:

is lower in the indirect type of external combustion; however, the turbine blades are not subjected to combustion products and much lower quality (and therefore cheaper) fuels are able to be used.

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9HA achieved a 62.22% efficiency rate with temperatures as high as 1,540 °C (2,800 °F). For 2018, GE offers its 826 MW HA at over 64% efficiency in combined cycle due to advances in

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Up to the late 1940s, much of the progress on marine gas turbines all over the world took place in design offices and engine builder's workshops and development work was led by the British

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States in 1950, JET1 was further developed, and was subjected to speed trials on the Jabbeke highway in Belgium in June 1952, where it exceeded 240 km/h (150 mph). The car ran on

1622:. This vehicle, looking like an aircraft with wheels, used a unique combination of both jet thrust and the engine driving the wheels. Speeds of 282 km/h (175 mph) were claimed. 1128:

and combustion breakthroughs, up from 63.7% in 2017 orders and on track to achieve 65% by the early 2020s. In March 2018, GE Power achieved a 63.08% gross efficiency for its 7HA turbine.

179:). It most likely served no practical purpose, and was rather more of a curiosity; nonetheless, it demonstrated an important principle of physics that all modern turbine engines rely on. 101:) to reduce fuel consumption (by increasing propulsive efficiency) at subsonic flight speeds. An extra turbine is also required to drive a helicopter rotor or land-vehicle transmission ( 2750:

to be powered by both gas and steam turbines. The ship featured two General Electric LM2500 gas turbine generators whose exhaust heat was used to operate a steam turbine generator in a

198:. When the lamp is lit, the heated airflow rises and drives an impeller with horse-riding figures attached on it, whose shadows are then projected onto the outer screen of the lantern. 2555:

then had all of its power plants replaced with a 3,910 kW (5,250 shp) directly coupled gas turbine to become the first civilian ship to operate solely on gas turbine power.

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UK patent no. 1833 – Obtaining and Applying Motive Power, & c. A Method of Rising Inflammable Air for the Purposes of Procuring Motion, and Facilitating Metallurgical Operations

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helicopter carrying destroyers first commissioned in 1972. They used 2 ft-4 main propulsion engines, 2 ft-12 cruise engines and 3 Solar Saturn 750 kW generators.

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Most gas turbines are internal combustion engines but it is also possible to manufacture an external combustion gas turbine which is, effectively, a turbine version of a

712:. These technologies work by limiting deformation that occurs by mechanisms that can be broadly classified as dislocation glide, dislocation climb and diffusional flow. 211:: Hot air from a fire rises through a single-stage axial turbine rotor mounted in the exhaust duct of the fireplace and turns the roasting spit by gear-chain connection. 5809: 3718: 2350:

marine diesels for slower speeds. They were the fastest vessels in the Finnish Navy; they regularly achieved speeds of 35 knots, and 37.3 knots during sea trials. The

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Chrystie, R; Burns, I; Kaminski, C (2013). "Temperature Response of an Acoustically Forced Turbulent Lean Premixed Flame: A Quantitative Experimental Determination".

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has led to several hybrid bus designs, starting with HEV-1 by AVS of Chattanooga, Tennessee in 1999, and closely followed by Ebus and ISE Research in California, and

5250: 218:, an Englishman, for the first true gas turbine. His invention had most of the elements present in the modern day gas turbines. The turbine was designed to power a 2175: 5839: 1469:. More recently, there has been some interest in the use of turbine engines for hybrid electric cars. For instance, a consortium led by micro gas turbine company 832:

or (rarely) fan-jets. These engines produce nearly 80% of their thrust by the ducted fan, which can be seen from the front of the engine. They come in two types,

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were powered by a small Williams regenerative gas turbine weighing 250 lb (113 kg) and producing 80 hp (60 kW; 81 PS) at 4450 rpm.

5272: 5102: 4691: 840:, the difference being the amount of air moved by the fan, called "bypass air". These engines offer the benefit of more thrust without extra fuel consumption. 4179: 1916:

gas turbine. Chapman had a reputation of building radical championship-winning cars, but had to abandon the project because there were too many problems with

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powered turbine car was almost a lap ahead of the second place car when a gearbox bearing failed just three laps from the finish line. The next year the STP

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can be added in solid solution to improve creep strength. The addition of these elements reduces the diffusion of the gamma prime phase, thus preserving the

414:, and was intended to power a Hungarian twin-engine heavy fighter, the RMI-1. Work on the Cs-1 stopped in 1941 without the type having powered any aircraft. 304:

1920s The practical theory of gas flow through passages was developed into the more formal (and applicable to turbines) theory of gas flow past airfoils by

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R. M. "Fred" Klaass and Christopher DellaCorte, "The Quest for Oil-Free Gas Turbine Engines," SAE Technical Papers, No. 2006-01-3055, available at sae.org

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Core engine costs can be high due to the use of exotic materials, especially in applications where high reliability is required (e.g. aircraft propulsion)

5814: 4746: 4139:. International Conference on Opportunities and Advances in International Electric Power Generation (Conf. Publ. No. 419). Durham, UK. pp. 104–110. 68:. The main parts common to all gas turbine engines form the power-producing part (known as the gas generator or core) and are, in the direction of flow: 2686:

service, additional diesel engines were installed on the ship to reduce running costs during the off-season. The Finnjet was also the first ship with a

279:, based on his earlier 1873 patent application, is built and tested in Berlin. The Stolze gas turbine was too inefficient to sustain its own operation. 3686: 4948: 2926:

Waste heat is dissipated almost entirely in the exhaust. This results in a high-temperature exhaust stream that is very usable for boiling water in a

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including PTC 22, is that the test uncertainty of the measurement indicates the quality of the test and is not to be used as a commercial tolerance.

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Hazel, Brian; Rigney, Joe; Gorman, Mark; Boutwell, Brett; Darolia, Ram (2008). "Development of Improved Bond Coat for Enhanced Turbine Durability".

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ones – is irrelevant in most automobile applications. Their power-to-weight advantage, though less critical than for aircraft, is still important.

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Aeroderivative gas turbines are generally based on existing aircraft gas turbine engines and are smaller and lighter than industrial gas turbines.

5452: 2406:, a cutter commissioned in 1961 that was powered by two 750 kW (1,000 shp) turbines utilizing controllable-pitch propellers. The larger 5605: 3929: 917: 4158: 2842:

technology have enabled the development of commercially viable electricity generation by microturbines for distribution and vehicle propulsion.

2754:(combined gas electric and steam) configuration. Propulsion was provided by two electrically driven Rolls-Royce Mermaid azimuth pods. The liner 4854: 276: 5587: 4283: 3530:

Eckardt, D. and Rufli, P. "Advanced Gas Turbine Technology – ABB/ BBC Historical Firsts", ASME J. Eng. Gas Turb. Power, 2002, p. 124, 542–549

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powered by a gas turbine using pulverised coal dust. This was considered for the United States and the western world to reduce dependence on

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well as public relation purposes. Additional Firebird concept cars, each powered by gas turbines, were developed for the 1953, 1956 and 1959

1443:). It mainly serves as a power recovery device which converts a great deal of otherwise wasted thermal and kinetic energy into engine boost. 5554: 4372: 3458: 1474:

world's first commercially viable – and environmentally friendly – gas turbine generator designed specifically for automotive applications.

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High shaft speeds in smaller "free turbine units", although larger gas turbines employed in power generation operate at synchronous speeds.

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Fewer moving parts than reciprocating engines results in lower maintenance cost and higher reliability/availability over its service life.

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Amendments of 1970, research was funded into developing automotive gas turbine technology. Design concepts and vehicles were conducted by

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engine due to the turbojet's low fuel efficiency, and high noise. Those that generate thrust with the addition of a ducted fan are called

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Therefore, many engines are used in CHP (Combined Heat and Power) configurations that can be small enough to be integrated into portable

4440: 645:, and needed only 375 hours of lower-skill labor to complete (including manufacture, assembly, and shipping), compared to 1,400 for the 868:

to drive a propeller, thus allowing a more powerful, but also smaller engine to be used. Turboprop engines are used on a wide range of

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Bakken, Lars E et al., p.83-88. "Centenary of the First Gas Turbine to Give Net Power Output: A Tribute to Ægidius Elling". ASME. 2004

5535:"MHI Achieves 1,600 °C Turbine Inlet Temperature in Test Operation of World's Highest Thermal Efficiency "J-Series" Gas Turbine" 4346: 3079: 808:, sectioned for display. Flow is left to right, multistage compressor on left, combustion chambers center, two-stage turbine on right 622:

must double. For example, large jet engines operate around 10,000–25,000 rpm, while micro turbines spin as fast as 500,000 rpm.

5079:"Bus Stop Classics: General Motors (GM) Turbo Cruiser I, II and III Urban Transit Coaches – Maverick (Top Gun), Your Bus is Here..." 5051: 3411: 2969:

Characteristic whine can be hard to suppress. The exhaust (particularly on turbojets) can also produce a distinctive roaring sound.

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The second use of a gas turbine in an armored fighting vehicle was in 1954 when a unit, PU2979, specifically developed for tanks by

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in large commercial aircraft. A primary shaft carries the compressor and its turbine which, together with a combustor, is called a

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More sophisticated turbojets are also built, where their thrust and light weight are sufficient to power large model aircraft. The

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strategic bomber. While military turboprop engines can vary, in the civilian market there are two primary engines to be found: the

5770: 649:. This, however, also translated into poor efficiency and reliability. More advanced gas turbines (such as those found in modern 609:

engine there will be a particular balance between propeller power and jet thrust which gives the most economical operation. In a

5534: 5870: 2822:

achieved a turbine inlet temperature of 1,600 °C (2,900 °F) on a 320 megawatt gas turbine, and 460 MW in gas turbine

2559:

Navy ships and the other naval fleets of the world where sudden and rapid changes of speed are required by warships in action.

5691: 752:. The gamma (γ) FCC nickel is alloyed with aluminum and titanium in order to precipitate a uniform dispersion of the coherent 5754: 5735: 5682: 5208: 4507: 4462: 4266: 4241: 4004: 3962: 3596: 3576: 3549: 3519: 3499: 3442: 1603:

in 1963 and conducted the only consumer trial of gas turbine-powered cars. Each of their turbines employed a unique rotating

62: 5800: 3726: 2091:), while Ukraine has developed the diesel-powered T-80UD and T-84 with nearly the power of the gas-turbine tank. The French 824:. While still in service with many militaries and civilian operators, turbojets have mostly been phased out in favor of the 3822:

Rotordynamic behaviour of a micro-turbine rotor on air bearings: modelling techniques and experimental verification, p. 182

2949:

Very low toxic emissions of CO and HC due to excess air, complete combustion and no "quench" of the flame on cold surfaces.

2687: 357:

1936: The first constant flow industrial gas turbine is commissioned by the Brown Boveri Company and goes into service at

5822: 1900:

turbine car won the Indianapolis 500 pole position even though new rules restricted the air intake dramatically. In 1971

820:

connected to the gas turbines. Jet engines that produce thrust from the direct impulse of exhaust gases are often called

5025: 4830:

Verrelli, L. D.; Andary, C. J. (May 1972). "Exhaust Emission Analysis of the Williams Research Gas Turbine AMC Hornet".

1431:

The turbocharger is basically a compact and simple free shaft radial gas turbine which is driven by the piston engine's

6008: 5003: 3803: 3774: 3266: 3130: 2464: 1417: 429: 5836: 3944: 1416:

can supply power as needed, with the engine cycled on and off to run it only at high efficiency. The emergence of the

5715: 5701: 5666: 5655: 5370: 5258: 5183: 5137: 3365: 3239: 3209: 3184: 2579: 2563: 2427: 1317:. Those systems are usually indicated as EFGT (Externally Fired Gas Turbine) or IFGT (Indirectly Fired Gas Turbine). 5831: 5106: 688:

are used in some small machines such as micro turbines and also have strong potential for use in small gas turbines/

286:

tested in France. This was a relatively large machine which included a 25 stage centrifugal compressor designed by

4183: 3382: 3094: 3064: 1712: 1116:

from the turbine is recovered by a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) to power a conventional steam turbine in a

987:

as the core component. A combustion chamber is fabricated and plumbed between the compressor and turbine sections.

708:

performance while limiting creep, with the most successful ones being high performance coatings and single crystal

4531: 3829: 654:

manufacture. All this often makes the construction of a simple gas turbine more complicated than a piston engine.

1370: 1060: 512:(constant pressure) combustion, an isentropic expansion and isobaric heat rejection. Together, these make up the 313: 5280: 4302: 1937: 1535:

oil, but fuel consumption problems proved insurmountable for a production car. JET1 is on display at the London

1789:

a pair of Bladon Micro Gas Turbines to re-charge the batteries extending the range to 560 miles (900 km).

1440: 1399:

for airplane propulsion – their superior performance at high altitude compared to piston engines, particularly

524:, in that all the processes (compression, ignition combustion, exhaust), occur at the same time, continuously. 3313: 5661:"Gas Turbine Theory" by H.I.H. Saravanamuttoo, G.F.C. Rogers and H. Cohen, Pearson Education, 2001, 5th ed., 5427:"GE – Aviation: GE Goes from Installation to Optimized Reliability for Cruise Ship Gas Turbine Installations" 4976: 4020: 3059: 2506: 2440: 2099:. This special gas turbine/turbocharger can also work independently from the main engine as an ordinary APU. 1966:

is using serial hybrid buses powered by microturbines on routes through the historical sections of the city.

1660: 1182: 905: 748:

Nickel-based superalloys boast improved strength and creep resistance due to their composition and resultant

618:

by the engine. In order for tip speed to remain constant, if the diameter of a rotor is reduced by half, the

5360: 3693: 580:. This expansion of the mixture then leaves the combustor section and has its velocity increased across the 5792: 4162: 2807: 2785:) and the development of advanced materials: Base materials with superior high-temperature strength (e.g., 2778: 2286: 1633:

series of concept trucks with turbine motors as analogs of the Firebird concepts, including Turbo Titan I (

1366: 1347: 787:

the design parameters to limit high temperature creep while not decreasing low temperature yield strength.

346:

tubes are arranged within the gas turbine combustion chamber; the first Velox plant is erected at a French

283: 148:

Gas turbines are used to power aircraft, trains, ships, electrical generators, pumps, gas compressors, and

142: 1625:

In the 1960s, Ford and GM also were developing gas turbine semi-trucks. Ford displayed the Big Red at the

2989: 2873: 2819: 2721:

plus GE LM1600 power for a total of 68,000 kW (91,000 shp). The slightly smaller HSS 900-class

2498: 2062:

was developed in the 1950s and was the first mass-produced main battle tank to use a turbine engine, the

1806: 473: 5430: 3660: 6048: 5972: 5863: 4073:

Caron P., Khan T. "Evolution of Ni-based superalloys for single crystal gas turbine blade applications"

2413: 1862: 1651:(1965, GT-309 engine); in addition, the GM Bison gas turbine truck was shown at the 1964 World's Fair. 1400: 1251:

of thrust, and can be built by most mechanically minded people with basic engineering tools, such as a

1152: 1056: 889: 469:

technology into their production models, allowing higher operating temperatures and greater efficiency.

437: 294:. The gas turbine could sustain its own air compression but was too inefficient to produce useful work. 65: 5459: 5052:"The history of the Howmet TX turbine car of 1968, still the world's only turbine powered race winner" 391:

1939: The First 4 MW utility power generation gas turbine is built by the Brown Boveri Company for an

5741:

Advanced Technologies for Gas Turbines (Report). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2020.

5175: 4197: 3054: 3019: 3009: 2578:

4,900 kW (6,600 shp) HD gas turbine with exhaust-gas regeneration, reduction gearing and a

2447: 2417: 2398: 2051: 1994: 1648: 1140: 957: 362: 5728: 3949:. ASME 1997 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. pp. V001T04A006. 1719:

in 1985. No production vehicles were made. The GT24 engine was exhibited in 1977 without a vehicle.

1043:

electrical, hydraulic and other power-transmission sources to consuming devices remote from the APU.

5930: 3120: 2797: 2518:

marine gas turbine engine, a 890 kW (1,200 bhp) open-cycle gas turbo-alternator built by

2457: 2434: 2374: 2293:(later RR Proteus) Marine Gas Turbines rated at 9,510 kW (12,750 shp) combined, plus two 2164: 1858: 1857:, which ran several American and European events, including two wins, and also participated in the 1842: 1596: 1339: 1157: 1083: 452: 372:

1937: Working proof-of-concept prototype turbojet engine runs in UK (Frank Whittle's) and Germany (

226: 4962: 4303:"Here's Why The Latest Guinness World Record Will Keep France Lit Up Long After Soccer Fans Leave" 4287: 392: 4717: 4106: 3465: 2782: 2718: 2519: 2470: 2453: 2232: 2022: 1736: 1564: 1557: 1536: 1247:, produced one of the world's first Micro-Turbines, the FD3/67. This engine can produce up to 22 953: 949: 909: 681: 5556:

Evolution and Future Trend of Large Frame Gas Turbines: A New 1600 Degree C, J Class Gas Turbine

5552:

Hada, Satoshi; Yuri, Masanori; Masada, Junichiro; Ito, Eisaku; Tsukagoshi, Keizo (9 July 2013).

5412: 5224: 2923:

Greater reliability, particularly in applications where sustained high power output is required.

2800:

that protect the structural material from ever-higher temperatures. These advances allow higher

1993:

Several locomotive classes have been powered by gas turbines, the most recent incarnation being

1547: 3150: 3125: 2793: 2695: 2325: 2265: 2243: 2228: 2200: 1988: 1956: 1913: 1893: 1755: 1684: 1188:

drive the compressor, and the compressed air is released to operate the turbine when required.

1125: 995: 961: 851:

to permit the use of lightweight, low-pressure tanks, reducing the empty weight of the rocket.

552: 440:, Switzerland the first commercial reheated/recuperated unit generating 27 MW was commissioned. 250: 215: 106: 5729:

Gas Turbine Performance, 2nd Edition" by Philip Walsh and Paul Fletcher, Wiley-Blackwell, 2004

4692:"We Found Ford's Incredible Turbine-Powered Semi-Truck 'Big Red' That's Been Lost for Decades" 4661: 4609: 4571:

Turunen, W.A.; Collman, J.S. (1966). "The General Motors Research GT-309 Gas Turbine Engine".

4427: 3282: 3256: 2804:

and turbine inlet temperatures, more efficient combustion and better cooling of engine parts.

1328:

is used and only clean air with no combustion products travels through the power turbine. The

6038: 5856: 5781: 4930: 4907: 4549: 4493: 4037:

A. W. James et al. "Gas turbines: operating conditions, components and material requirements"

3919: 2908: 2407: 2138: 1975: 1831: 1774: 1588: 1446: 1091: 1063: 865: 731:-based ceramics and oxidation/corrosion resistant coatings (bond coats) typically consist of 298: 243: 195: 5650:"Aircraft Gas Turbine Technology" by Irwin E. Treager, McGraw-Hill, Glencoe Division, 1979, 5646:

Stationary Combustion Gas Turbines including Oil & Over-Speed Control System description

5305: 3995: 2218: 2106:

Like most modern diesel engines used in tanks, gas turbines are usually multi-fuel engines.

1101:—and the secondary-energy equipment that is used to recover residual energy (largely heat). 5925: 5169: 2994: 2711: 2639: 2401: 2253: 2192: 2160: 2067: 1941: 1626: 1600: 1592: 1350:

also hold promise for use with future high temperature solar and nuclear power generation.

1274: 1206: 1106: 1011: 805: 689: 630: 444: 422: 351: 331: 305: 291: 2917:

Smooth rotation of the main shaft produces far less vibration than a reciprocating engine.

462:

becomes the first manufacturer of large electricity producing gas turbines to incorporate

411: 8: 6019: 5945: 5920: 5055: 4201: 2523: 2370:

serves as a floating machine shop and training ship for Satakunta Polytechnical College.

2343: 1929: 1877: 1708: 1695: 1148: 833: 704: 258: 3877: 3635: 3540:

Eckardt, Dietrich (2022). "Early Turbojet Developments in the USA and Other Countries".

5890: 5501: 5346: 5154: 4747:"Ford's Giant Turbine Semi-Truck 'Big Red' Is Lost Somewhere in the American Southeast" 4588: 3900: 3014: 2827: 2682: 2644: 2531: 2494: 2424: 2204: 1810: 1763: 1751: 1676: 1672: 1450: 1329: 1136: 1098: 1052: 994:

design constructs the entire engine from raw materials, including the fabrication of a

921: 885: 844: 778: 716: 219: 170: 2174:

was converted to Rolls-Royce gas turbines in 1952 and operated as such from 1953. The

1301:, 20 to 30% with one and they can reach 85% combined thermal-electrical efficiency in 21: 5750: 5731: 5711: 5697: 5678: 5662: 5651: 5599: 5538: 5366: 5204: 5179: 5133: 4835: 4802:. Division of Policy Research and Analysis, National Science Foundation. p. 49. 4503: 4262: 4237: 4000: 3958: 3799: 3770: 3592: 3572: 3545: 3515: 3495: 3438: 3361: 3262: 3235: 3205: 3180: 3084: 2880: 2801: 2741: 2726: 2690:

propulsion. Another example of commercial use of gas turbines in a passenger ship is

2668: 2416:, was the first class of larger cutters to utilize gas turbines, the first of which ( 2388: 2115: 2014: 1873: 1542:

A French turbine-powered car, the SOCEMA-Grégoire, was displayed at the October 1952

1477:

The common turbocharger for gasoline or diesel engines is also a turbine derivative.

1294: 1232: 1027: 965: 877: 869: 728: 560: 447:

G1 (Gatric) becomes the first marine gas turbine when it completes sea trials on the

208: 5505: 3904: 2188:

built in 1953 were the first ships created specifically for gas turbine propulsion.

2017:

multi-fuel turbine back into an M1 Abrams tank at Camp Coyote, Kuwait, February 2003

269: 6043: 5742: 5561: 5493: 5342: 4803: 4580: 4306: 4140: 4046:

Tamarin, Y. Protective Coatings for Turbine Blades. 2002. ASM International. pp 3–5

3990: 3989:. Superalloys. US: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society. pp. 753–760. 3950: 3892: 3828:. ISMA. International Conference on Noise and Vibration Engineering. Archived from 3039: 3034: 2999: 2715: 2575: 2311: 2178: 1952: 1945: 1889: 1244: 1121: 991: 976:

Increasing numbers of gas turbines are being used or even constructed by amateurs.

913: 745:

and limits the efficiency losses caused by a buildup on the outside of the blades.

673: 638: 619: 573: 548: 509: 421:

engine enters full production, powering the first German military jets such as the

418: 335: 254: 183: 4719:" Big Red " Experimental Gas Turbine Semi Truck 1964 New York World's Fair XD10344 1687:). Long-term tests were conducted to evaluate comparable cost efficiency. Several 432:

formed from Power Jets and the RAE turbine division to bring together Whittle and

312:. Working testbed designs of axial turbines suitable for driving a propeller were 124:: atmospheric air flows through the compressor that brings it to higher pressure; 5967: 5895: 5843: 5837:

An online handbook on stationary gas turbine technologies compiled by the US DOE.

5826: 5804: 5797: 5497: 4497: 3135: 3089: 3049: 2839: 2587: 2502: 2314: 2299: 2290: 2191:

The first large-scale, partially gas-turbine powered ships were the Royal Navy's

2028: 1881: 1680: 1599:-powered cars from the early 1950s through the early 1980s. Chrysler built fifty 1543: 1321: 897: 881: 610: 536: 403: 134: 5620: 3636:

The Marine Gas Turbine-The UK Provides a Case Study in Technological Development

2383: 1579: 1324:

or finely ground biomass (such as sawdust) as a fuel. In the indirect system, a

327:. The first successful test run of his engine occurred in England in April 1937. 5905: 4884: 4398: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4221: 3230:

Eckardt, Dietrich (2014). "3.2 Early Attempts with the Gas Turbine Principle".

3074: 3024: 3004: 2979: 2966:

Less responsive to changes in power demand compared with reciprocating engines.

2927: 2823: 2786: 2635: 2294: 2168: 2059: 2055: 1885: 1850: 1747: 1743: 1699: 1668: 1413: 1325: 1314: 1222: 1117: 1079: 749: 700: 669: 528: 501: 477: 463: 433: 396: 373: 324: 287: 73: 5819: 5362:

Future Ship Powering Options: Exploring alternative methods of ship propulsion

5293: 4723: 4133: 3896: 2009: 1572:

auto shows. The GM Research gas turbine engine also was fitted to a series of

410:

engine, made its first bench run. The Cs-1 was designed by Hungarian engineer

160: 6032: 5977: 5955: 5940: 4798:

Linden, Lawrence H.; Kumar, Subramanyam; Samuelson, Paul R. (December 1977).

4415: 3514:

John Golley. 1996. "Jet: Frank Whittle and the invention of the jet engine".

3145: 2567: 2347: 2149: 2141:

and their ships' resulting acceleration and ability to get underway quickly.

2079: 1905: 1515: 1511: 1490: 1408: 1248: 1139:

for cooling the inlet air and increase the power output, technology known as

901: 873: 816:

are gas turbines optimized to produce thrust from the exhaust gases, or from

800: 677: 564: 544: 517: 513: 494: 466: 448: 377: 320: 230: 121: 117: 4218: 2125: 1135:

configuration: the exhaust is used for space or water heating, or drives an

5990: 5950: 4800:

Issues in Federally Supported Research on Advanced Automotive Power Systems

4639: 3819:

Waumans, T.; Vleugels, P.; Peirs, J.; Al-Bender, F.; Reynaerts, D. (2006).

3568:

Making Jet Engines in World War II: Britain, Germany, and the United States

3155: 2931: 2834: 2755: 2737:

was withdrawn from service in 2007, another victim of too high fuel costs.

2598: 2510: 2321: 2307: 2134: 2092: 2040: 1960:

order for several hundred being delivered to Baltimore, and New York City.

1781: 1619: 1425: 1302: 1290: 1282: 1270: 1264: 1132: 984: 893: 685: 381: 366: 339: 262: 42: 4144: 3876:

Nalepa, Krzysztof; Pietkiewicz2, Paweł; Żywica, Grzegorz (November 2009).

1758:

40 kW turbine drove an alternator which powered the battery–electric

1236:

Scale jet engines are scaled down versions of this early full scale engine

1074: 932: 5995: 5915: 5879: 5565: 2747: 2675: 2628: 2359: 2278: 2239: 2214: 1846: 1834: 1777: 1615: 1604: 1573: 1532: 1518:

unveiled the first car powered with a gas turbine engine. The two-seater

1470: 1432: 1358: 1298: 1252: 1067: 937: 837: 783: 659: 568: 343: 261:. While there, he applied some of his concepts in the development of the 253:

submitted a thesis on gas turbines. In 1903, Moss became an engineer for

110: 4807: 4592: 4190: 2647:

gas turbines of the FT 4 series. The four ships in the class were named

2342:, in 1968. They were equipped with one 16,410 kW (22,000 shp) 2310:

produced 6 Spica-class torpedo boats between 1966 and 1967 powered by 3

1014:(APUs) to supply auxiliary power to larger, mobile, machines such as an 983:

The simplest form of self-constructed gas turbine employs an automotive

5935: 5910: 5103:"Serial Hybrid Busses for a Public Transport scheme in Brescia (Italy)" 4535: 4502:(revised ed.). Dorchester, UK: Veloce Publishing. pp. 84–87. 2900:

The following are advantages and disadvantages of gas-turbine engines:

2789: 2765: 2691: 2624: 2482: 2145: 2063: 1901: 1762:. The turbine design included a recuperator. In 2006, GM went into the 1759: 1716: 1688: 1519: 1462: 1385: 1381: 1278: 1202: 1197: 1113: 1040:

mechanical (shaft) power to a gearbox to drive shafted accessories, and

1034: 1019: 817: 813: 766: 709: 642: 634: 594: 521: 505: 347: 203: 102: 34: 5815:

California Distributed Energy Resource guide – Microturbine generators

4839: 3954: 2937:

Lower peak combustion pressures than reciprocating engines in general.

2570:, and heavy-duty gas turbines were one of those selected. In 1956 the 765:

phase that makes it harder for dislocations to shear past it. Further

555:

design, or a combination of the two. This air is then ducted into the

5960: 4333:"HA technology now available at industry-first 64 percent efficiency" 4310: 3044: 2621: 2544: 2539: 2271: 2249: 2096: 2075: 2044: 1917: 1854: 1838: 1822: 1732: 1461:

A number of experiments have been conducted with gas turbine powered

1436: 1396: 860: 848: 774: 732: 724: 720: 606: 598: 556: 532: 407: 175: 129:

that can be repurposed for external work, such as directly producing

105:), marine propeller or electrical generator (power turbine). Greater 94: 79: 30: 1817: 1439:

or by dynamically modifying the turbine housing's geometry (as in a

5746: 4584: 4360:

Ratliff, Phil; Garbett, Paul; Fischer, Willibald (September 2007).

3140: 2733:

GT35 turbines rated at 34,000 kW (46,000 shp) gross. The

2617: 2607: 2583: 2331: 1998: 1909: 1897: 1785: 1767: 1707:

demonstrated several gas turbine powered concept cars, such as the

1664: 1569: 1528: 1466: 1456: 1362: 1286: 1015: 829: 825: 821: 650: 590: 586: 425:. This marks the beginning of the reign of gas turbines in the sky. 338:

and turbine turbosets as part of the turbocharged steam generating

235: 98: 93:

thrust for flight. An extra turbine is added to drive a propeller (

38: 26: 5820:

Introduction to how a gas turbine works from "how stuff works.com"

5560:(Technical report). The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 4980: 4362:"The New Siemens Gas Turbine SGT5-8000H for More Customer Benefit" 4135:

Power generation using high efficiency aeroderivative gas turbines

2526:. Following successful sea trials off the Northumbrian coast, the 2505:, UK, in accordance with plans and specifications drawn up by the 5588:"ANALYSIS: GE opens five-year development effort for 777X engine" 4347:"GE's HA Gas Turbine Delivers Second World Record for Efficiency" 3763:

8083 Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook–Powerplant Volume 1

2984: 2914:

Smaller than most reciprocating engines of the same power rating.

2535: 2224: 2196: 2032: 1963: 770: 727:

resistance. Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are often stabilized

646: 581: 577: 459: 85: 5675:

The History of North American Small Gas Turbine Aircraft Engines

4774:"The story of Turbo Titan - Chevy's long-lost gas turbine truck" 4448: 2260: 489: 5848: 5774: 3687:"Test Results of the World's First 1,600C J-series Gas Turbine" 3029: 2613: 2551:

and Southampton covering a total of 13,211 nautical miles. The

2036: 1704: 1524: 1343: 1163: 1047: 358: 130: 125: 4949:"This Oldsmobile was powered by a coal-burning turbine engine" 2764:

In marine racing applications the 2010 C5000 Mystic catamaran

2423:) was commissioned in 1967. Since then, they have powered the 2373:

The next series of major naval vessels were the four Canadian

1797: 5710:, Second Edition by Jack L. Kerrebrock, The MIT Press, 1992, 3818: 3069: 2751: 2363: 1932:

to several prototype buses in the 1950s and 1960s, including

1728: 1485: 1066:

in California, uses two GE 7F.04 combustion turbines to burn

5585: 1553: 998:

wheel from plywood, epoxy and wrapped carbon fibre strands.

451:. The Gatric was an aeroderivative gas turbine based on the 5389:(1978) Naval Education and Training Support Command, pp. 3. 3107: 2846: 2730: 2548: 2088: 2084: 2071: 1611: 1392:, and to a lesser extent, on cars, buses, and motorcycles. 1389: 1377: 1320:

External combustion has been used for the purpose of using

194:) was used by the Chinese at lantern fairs as early as the 149: 5537:. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. 26 May 2011. Archived from 5402:(1979) Maritime Transportation Research Board, pp. 127–131 5365:. Royal Academy of Engineering Prince Philip House. 2013. 5333:"Operation of a Marine Gas Turbine Under Sea Conditions". 5054:. Pete Stowe Motorsport History. June 2006. Archived from 3383:"Farnborough and the Beginnings of Gas Turbine Propulsion" 1640:, shares GT-304 engine with Firebird II), Turbo Titan II ( 1607:, referred to as a regenerator that increased efficiency. 319:

1930: Having found no interest from the RAF for his idea,

5130:

German jet engine and gas turbine development 1930 – 1945

4428:"Chrysler Corp., Exner Concept Cars 1940 to 1961" undated 3984: 2845:

In 2013, General Electric started the development of the

399:, the world's first jet aircraft, makes its first flight. 384:

secures UK government funding for further development of

5385:

Naval Education and Training Program Development Center

3875: 2960:

Less efficient than reciprocating engines at idle speed.

2530:

set sail from Hebburn-on-Tyne in October 1951 bound for

2285:-class torpedo boats (the export version of the British 2070:

in some tanks and as main powerplants in Soviet/Russian

2047:

was fitted with one of the aforementioned gas turbines.

137:, or rotating a second, independent turbine (known as a 5832:

Aircraft gas turbine simulator for interactive learning

3857:(The Mill, Gloucestershire: History Press, 2013), p.74. 3494:(4 ed.). Solar Turbines Incorporated. p. 15. 3283:"Massachusetts Institute of Technology Gas Turbine Lab" 2674:

The first passenger ferry to use a gas turbine was the

2078:

tanks, among others. They are lighter and smaller than

4416:"History of Chrysler Corporation Gas Turbine Vehicles" 4172: 2768:

uses two Lycoming T-55 turbines for its power system.

1825:, the only turbine-powered race car to have won a race 1563:

The first turbine-powered car built in the US was the

892:, and large aircraft (typically military) such as the 480:

gas turbine (the M501J) at its Takasago, Hyōgo, works.

323:

patented the design for a centrifugal gas turbine for

5483: 4359: 4182:. Internal Fire Museum of Power. 1999. Archived from 3459:"University of Bochum "In Touch Magazine 2005", p. 5" 3258:

A History of Chinese Science and Technology: Volume 3

1502:, there was no further work, beyond the paper stage. 4887:(November 1971). "Williams Turbine Takes the Road". 4797: 2066:. Since then, gas turbine engines have been used as 1243:

With this in mind the pioneer of modern Micro-Jets,

1240:

Also known as miniature gas turbines or micro-jets.

699:

A major challenge facing turbine design, especially

637:

for materials, the Jumo 004 proved cheaper than the

164:

Sketch of John Barber's gas turbine, from his patent

5523:(7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 510. 5335:

Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers

4604: 4602: 3987:

Superalloys 2008 (Eleventh International Symposium)

3255:Zhang, B. (14 December 2014). Lu, Yongxiang (ed.). 2582:. It operated for 9,700 hours using residual fuel ( 2144:The first gas-turbine-powered naval vessel was the 1930:

GT-30x series of gas turbines (branded "Whirlfire")

5673:Leyes II, Richard A.; Fleming, William A. (1999). 5553: 4132: 3719:"Gas Turbines breaking the 60% efficiency barrier" 3641:(Report). US Office of Naval Research. p. 5. 1940:(1964, GT-309); Turbo-Cruiser III (1968, GT-309); 5551: 5275:Willemoes class torpedo/guided missile boat, 1974 5203:(2nd ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 25. 5004:"The Electric Cat: Jaguar C-X75 Concept Supercar" 3924:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 2665:Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries 2627:, in April 1974. Those ships were powered by two 1841:, a gas turbine powered coupe, which entered the 1583:Engine compartment of a Chrysler 1963 Turbine car 393:emergency power station in Neuchâtel, Switzerland 342:. Following the gas turbine principle, the steam 314:developed by the Royal Aeronautical Establishment 16:Type of internal and continuous combustion engine 6030: 4599: 3261:. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 308–310. 3199: 2397:The first U.S. gas-turbine powered ship was the 1457:Passenger road vehicles (cars, bikes, and buses) 1176: 1112:Gas turbines can be particularly efficient when 576:, which then expands producing power across the 246:patented the first gas turbine engine in the US. 5722:"Forensic Investigation of a Gas Turbine Event" 5672: 4979:. Greencar.com. 31 October 2007. Archived from 3437:(Second ed.). US: CRC Press. p. 222. 2852: 1647:, shares GT-305 engine with Firebird III), and 1510:In 1950, designer F.R. Bell and Chief Engineer 1420:may also alleviate the responsiveness problem. 239:, easily the fastest vessel afloat at the time. 109:for flight is achieved with the addition of an 37:(shown as electric generator), (4) high-bypass 5458:. HCL Technologies. April 2011. Archived from 4931:"Coal in Your Stocking? Fuel up the Cadillac!" 4829: 4579:. Society of Automotive Engineering: 357–377. 4570: 3769:. USA: Federal Aviation Administration. 2018. 3200:Sonntag, Richard E.; Borgnakke, Claus (2006). 2761:uses a combined diesel and gas configuration. 927: 229:patented the idea of propelling a ship with a 5864: 5519:Çengel, Yunus A.; Boles., Michael A. (2011). 5198: 4906:Norbye, Jan P.; Dunne, Jim (September 1973). 4855:"Tiny 80-HP gas turbine to power compact car" 4610:"Turbo Plymouth Threatens Future of Standard" 4390: 3946:Foil Air/Gas Bearing Technology – An Overview 3544:. Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer. p. 399. 2826:power generation applications in which gross 1880:fielded by racing and entrepreneurial legend 1869:land speed records for turbine-powered cars. 1576:, starting with the Turbo-Cruiser I of 1953. 1078:GE H series power generation gas turbine: in 804:typical axial-flow gas turbine turbojet, the 5521:9-8. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach 5518: 3878:"Development of the foil bearing technology" 3591:Eckardt, D. "Gas Turbine Powerhouse". 2014. 2289:) in service from 1965 to 1990, which had 3 1164:Industrial gas turbines for mechanical drive 1048:Industrial gas turbines for power generation 500:In an ideal gas turbine, gases undergo four 116:The basic operation of the gas turbine is a 25:Examples of gas turbine configurations: (1) 5677:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. 5604:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5586:Trimble2013-03-22T16:05:00+00:00, Stephen. 5306:"US Coast Guard Historian's website, USCGC 5167: 4905: 4335:(Press release). GE Power. 4 December 2017. 4231: 3723:Cogeneration & On-Site Power Production 3314:"History – Biographies, Landmarks, Patents" 2883:into consolidated sections based on topics. 1746:developed a gas turbine powered EV1 series 5871: 5857: 5392: 4722:. Ford Motor Company. 1966. Archived from 4494:"III – Gas-Turbines and the Jet Era" 4405:. National Institute of Building Sciences. 4371:. Siemens Power Generation. Archived from 4083:Dick, Erik (2015). "Thrust Gas Turbines". 3928:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3435:The CRC Handbook of Mechanical Engineering 3340: 3202:Introduction to engineering thermodynamics 3106:associated systems. In the United States, 2963:Longer startup than reciprocating engines. 676:are a critical part of a design. They are 543:Air is taken in by a compressor, called a 155: 5429:. Geae.com. 16 March 2004. Archived from 5199:Walsh, Philip P.; Fletcher, Paul (2004). 4883: 4744: 4689: 4418:published by the Engineering Section 1979 4349:(Press release). GE Power. 27 March 2018. 4151: 3994: 3380: 2943:Low lubricating oil cost and consumption. 2771: 2054:, was installed and trialed in a British 1546:. It was designed by the French engineer 1033:compressed air start-up power for larger 847:, where gas turbines are used to power a 5779: 5231:. Scienceandsociety.co.uk. 23 April 2008 5192: 5152: 4771: 4397:Capehart, Barney L. (22 December 2016). 4396: 4281: 3658: 3489: 2597: 2566:were looking for options to update WWII 2489:In 1951, the diesel–electric oil tanker 2382: 2259: 2124: 2008: 1816: 1796: 1578: 1552: 1484: 1357: 1231: 1073: 1051: 1005: 931: 799: 597:, and gear reduction and propeller of a 488: 233:, and built a demonstration vessel, the 159: 20: 5413:"Jetfoil/hydrofoil Historical Snapshot" 4963:"GM made a coal-powered car in the 80s" 4738: 4683: 4529: 4523: 4491: 4353: 4300: 4100: 4098: 3942: 3564: 3539: 3508: 3355: 3333: 3331: 3229: 3179:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 141. 2595:was scrapped in 1972 at Portsmouth PA. 2538:in the southern Caribbean returning to 2137:, where they are valued for their high 2013:Marines from 1st Tank Battalion load a 1865:gas turbines, which eventually set six 1784:concept car. This electrically powered 1030:style air conditioning and ventilation, 971: 884:, and small cargo aircraft such as the 310:An Aerodynamic Theory of Turbine Design 308:resulting in the publishing in 1926 of 275:1904: A gas turbine engine designed by 6031: 5095: 5076: 4852: 4832:National Technical Information Service 4433: 4055:A. Nowotnik "Nickel-Based Superalloys" 3756: 3432: 3404:"Welcome to the Frank Whittle Website" 3225: 3223: 3221: 2973: 2616:launched its first passenger-carrying 2109: 1655:Emissions and fuel economy (1970s/80s) 1353: 1308: 1216: 484: 5852: 5793:Technology Speed of Civil Jet Engines 5618: 4256: 4250: 4130: 4111:Turbomachinery International Magazine 3996:10.7449/2008/Superalloys_2008_753_760 3790: 3788: 3786: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3565:Giffard, Hermione (10 October 2016). 3254: 3174: 2242:commissioned in 1962 the first of 25 2167:jet engine with a power turbine. The 1191: 956:, and aeroderivative versions of the 641:piston engine, which was 35,000 5780:Armagnac, Alden P. (December 1939). 5696:"Model Jet Engines" by Thomas Kamps 5379: 5174:. Jane's Information Group. p. 5001: 4908:"Gas turbine car: it's now or never" 4104: 4095: 4082: 3659:Langston, Lee S. (6 February 2017). 3633: 3483: 3374: 3328: 2856: 2476: 2039:, was meant for installation in the 1227: 854: 5724:by John Molloy, M&M Engineering 5400:Innovation in the Maritime Industry 5387:Introduction to Marine Gas Turbines 5127: 5105:. Draft.fgm-amor.at. Archived from 5026:"Turbine Drives Retired Racing Car" 4928: 4745:Holderith, Peter (19 August 2020). 4662:"Italy's Turbo Car Hits 175 m.p.h." 4640:"Chrysler turbine engines and cars" 4530:Depreux, Stephane (February 2005). 3648:from the original on 19 April 2021. 3634:Nunn, Robert H (25 February 1977). 3218: 2946:Can run on a wide variety of fuels. 2681:, built in 1977 and powered by two 2574:was lengthened and equipped with a 980:compete for the land speed record. 920:engine (formerly designated as the 843:Gas turbines are also used in many 476:tests the first >60% efficiency 13: 6009:Timeline of heat engine technology 5639: 5347:10.1111/j.1559-3584.1954.tb03976.x 5227:The first marine gas turbine, 1947 4772:Dnistran, Iulian (20 April 2021). 4690:Holderith, Peter (24 March 2021). 4076: 3783: 3733: 3492:Introduction to Gas Turbine Theory 3490:Brun, Klaus; Kurz, Rainer (2019). 3131:Gas turbine modular helium reactor 2911:compared to reciprocating engines. 2849:with a compression ratio of 61:1. 2698:fastcraft ferries. HSS 1500-class 2231:gas turbines in the world's first 1837:team joined forces to produce the 1418:continuously variable transmission 629:be considerably less complex than 430:National Gas Turbine Establishment 14: 6060: 5782:"New Era In Power To Turn Wheels" 5764: 5708:Aircraft Engines and Gas Turbines 5486:Combustion Science and Technology 5398:National Research Council (U.S.) 3609:"Post War Advances in Propulsion" 2564:United States Maritime Commission 2043:. Towards the end of the war, a 1587:Starting in 1954 with a modified 182:1000: The "Trotting Horse Lamp" ( 5878: 5619:Brain, Marshall (1 April 2000). 5612: 5579: 5545: 5527: 5512: 5477: 5168:Ogorkiewicz, Richard M. (1991). 3943:Agrawal, Giri L. (2 June 1997). 3798:(3rd ed.). Jeppeson. 2011. 3725:. 5 January 2010. Archived from 3684: 2861: 2688:combined diesel–electric and gas 2520:British Thompson-Houston Company 1735:which was a gas turbine powered 1694:In 1982, General Motors used an 1591:, the American car manufacturer 1293:. Microturbines have around 15% 1258: 145:that do not reuse the same air. 57:, or also known by its old name 5445: 5419: 5405: 5353: 5326: 5298: 5287: 5265: 5253:Søløven class torpedoboat, 1965 5243: 5217: 5161: 5146: 5121: 5070: 5044: 5018: 4995: 4969: 4955: 4941: 4922: 4899: 4877: 4846: 4823: 4814: 4791: 4765: 4710: 4654: 4632: 4564: 4542: 4485: 4455: 4421: 4409: 4339: 4325: 4301:Kellner, Tomas (17 June 2016). 4294: 4275: 4234:Gas Turbines for Model Aircraft 4124: 4067: 4058: 4049: 4040: 4031: 4013: 3978: 3936: 3869: 3860: 3847: 3812: 3711: 3678: 3652: 3627: 3601: 3585: 3571:. University of Chicago Press. 3558: 3533: 3524: 3451: 3426: 3396: 3390:Journal of Aeronautical History 3349: 3204:(Second ed.). John Wiley. 2354:s were decommissioned in 2002. 1514:from British car manufacturers 1480: 1376:Gas turbines are often used on 1010:Small gas turbines are used as 520:. It is distinguished from the 257:'s Steam Turbine Department in 5621:"How Gas Turbine Engines Work" 5002:Nagy, Chris (1 October 2010). 4575:. SAE Technical Paper Series. 4534:. Classics.com. Archived from 4282:Langston, Lee S. (July 2012). 4105:Robb, Drew (1 December 2017). 3855:The Race for Hitler's X-Planes 3306: 3297: 3275: 3248: 3193: 3168: 2133:Gas turbines are used in many 1969: 1809:Hall of Fame Museum, with the 1792: 1618:with a turbine engine, called 1441:variable geometry turbocharger 906:Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6 795: 449:Royal Navy's M.G.B 2009 vessel 334:of Switzerland starts selling 1: 4853:Norbye, Jan P. (March 1971). 4107:"Aeroderivative gas turbines" 4085:Fundamentals of Turbomachines 4025:www.phase-trans.msm.cam.ac.uk 4021:"Coatings for Turbine Blades" 3899:(inactive 1 September 2024). 3661:"Each Blade a Single Crystal" 3392:. Royal Aeronautical Society. 3285:. Web.mit.edu. 27 August 1939 3234:. Oldenbourg Verlag Munchen. 3161: 2507:Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company 2129:The Gas turbine from MGB 2009 2027:'s development division, the 1713:Sports 800 Gas Turbine Hybrid 1641: 1634: 1498:After an article appeared in 1183:Compressed air energy storage 1177:Compressed air energy storage 658:composition, and the related 5498:10.1080/00102202.2012.714020 2853:Advantages and disadvantages 2808:Computational fluid dynamics 2779:computational fluid dynamics 2287:Brave class fast patrol boat 1914:Pratt & Whitney STN 6/76 1395:A key advantage of jets and 1367:transporter erector launcher 1348:supercritical carbon dioxide 715:Protective coatings provide 297:1910: The first operational 284:Armengaud-Lemale gas turbine 214:1791: A patent was given to 7: 5623:. Science.howstuffworks.com 5077:Brophy, Jim (2 June 2018). 4929:Roy, Rex (2 January 2009). 4430:, retrieved on 11 May 2008. 4403:Whole Building Design Guide 4284:"Efficiency by the Numbers" 3796:A&P Powerplant Textbook 3685:Hada, Satoshi; et al. 3433:Kreith, Frank, ed. (1998). 3114: 2990:Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 2820:Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 2602:Boeing Jetfoil 929-100-007 2264:Project 61 large ASW ship, 1894:Pratt & Whitney ST6B-62 1807:Indianapolis Motor Speedway 1700:middle east oil at the time 1449:(actually employed on some 1371:turbine–electric powertrain 1269:Evolved from piston engine 1082:configuration, its highest 936:An LM6000 in an electrical 928:Aeroderivative gas turbines 625:Mechanically, gas turbines 474:Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 59:internal combustion turbine 10: 6065: 5798:MIT Gas Turbine Laboratory 4492:Bobbitt, Malcolm (2007) . 4232:Schreckling, Kurt (1994). 4180:"Bristol Siddeley Proteus" 3615:. 15 June 1953. p. 20 3356:Eckardt, Dietrich (2022). 3100: 2346:TM1 gas turbine and three 2210:was commissioned in 1961. 2113: 1986: 1928:General Motors fitted the 1709:Century gas turbine hybrid 1506:Early concepts (1950s/60s) 1262: 1220: 1195: 1180: 1153:load following power plant 1120:configuration. The 605 MW 1089: 1057:Gateway Generating Station 958:Pratt & Whitney PW4000 890:De Havilland Canada Dash 8 593:, rotor or accessory of a 559:section which can be of a 66:internal combustion engine 6017: 6004: 5986: 5886: 5810:MIT Microturbine research 3897:10.2478/v10022-009-0019-2 3055:Kawasaki Heavy Industries 2663:. Following the dramatic 2509:and launched on the UK's 2387:An LM2500 gas turbine on 2052:C. A. Parsons and Company 1982: 1803:STP Oil Treatment Special 1340:Closed-cycle gas turbines 1141:turbine inlet air cooling 678:hydrodynamic oil bearings 518:"constant pressure cycle" 187: 5153:Fletcher, David (2017). 4463:"Gas Turbines For Autos" 4261:. Traplet Publications. 4236:. Traplet Publications. 3360:. Springer. p. 27. 3177:A Dictionary of Aviation 3175:Wragg, David W. (1973). 3121:List of aircraft engines 2798:thermal barrier coatings 2580:variable-pitch propeller 2203:powerplants. The first, 2120: 2004: 1923: 1859:1968 24 Hours of Le Mans 1843:1963 24 Hours of Le Mans 1659:As a result of the U.S. 1158:thermodynamic efficiency 1084:thermodynamic efficiency 790: 694: 682:rolling-element bearings 531:). Heat is added in the 169:50: Earliest records of 5201:Gas Turbine Performance 5155:"Gas Turbine Jagdtiger" 5128:Kay, Antony L. (2002). 3381:Armstrong, F.W (2020). 2953:Disadvantages include: 2783:finite element analysis 2634:Between 1971 and 1981, 2471:amphibious assault ship 2454:guided missile cruisers 2252:with 4 gas turbines in 2233:combined diesel and gas 2229:Brown, Boveri & Cie 1876:, 1967's revolutionary 1750:—as a prototype of the 1737:hybrid electric vehicle 1675:(in collaboration with 1289:turbines the size of a 1064:gas-fired power station 962:Pratt & Whitney FT4 954:General Electric LM6000 950:General Electric LM2500 910:free-turbine turboshaft 719:of the blade and offer 589:, driving the fan of a 453:Metropolitan Vickers F2 395:. The turbojet powered 156:Timeline of development 5453:"CFD for Aero Engines" 4977:"Article in Green Car" 4257:Kamps, Thomas (2005). 3408:www.frankwhittle.co.uk 3232:Gas Turbine Powerhouse 3151:Turbine engine failure 3126:Centrifugal compressor 2794:yield strength anomaly 2772:Advances in technology 2610: 2414:High Endurance Cutters 2394: 2274: 2201:combined steam and gas 2130: 2018: 1989:Gas turbine locomotive 1957:DesignLine Corporation 1826: 1814: 1756:Williams International 1584: 1560: 1494: 1447:Turbo-compound engines 1373: 1237: 1126:additive manufacturing 1087: 1071: 996:centrifugal compressor 941: 809: 497: 251:Sanford Alexander Moss 165: 107:thrust-to-weight ratio 46: 5951:Steam (reciprocating) 4131:Smith, R. P. (1996). 3729:on 30 September 2013. 3316:. ASME. 10 March 1905 2909:power-to-weight ratio 2638:operated a scheduled 2601: 2386: 2315:Proteus 1282 turbines 2263: 2159:) converted in 1947. 2139:power-to-weight ratio 2128: 2068:auxiliary power units 2012: 1976:MTT Turbine Superbike 1912:F1 car, powered by a 1820: 1800: 1775:2010 Paris Motor Show 1683:(in conjunction with 1601:Chrysler Turbine Cars 1597:prototype gas turbine 1595:demonstrated several 1582: 1556: 1488: 1361: 1235: 1092:Gas-fired power plant 1077: 1055: 1022:design. They supply: 1012:auxiliary power units 1006:Auxiliary power units 935: 866:power-to-weight ratio 864:turbine engines high 803: 690:auxiliary power units 631:Reciprocating engines 492: 299:Holzwarth gas turbine 244:Charles Gordon Curtis 196:Northern Song dynasty 163: 84:a compressor-driving 24: 5825:16 June 2008 at the 5803:21 July 2010 at the 5704:Traplet Publications 5566:10.1115/GT2012-68574 5541:on 13 November 2013. 5341:(2): 457–466. 2009. 5261:on 15 November 2011. 4734:– via YouTube. 4560:(3): 90. March 1954. 4538:on 16 December 2018. 4445:Bladon Micro Turbine 4206:. Season 6. UK. 2003 4159:"Vulcan APU startup" 2903:Advantages include: 2712:combined gas and gas 2254:combined gas and gas 2161:Metropolitan-Vickers 1944:(1968, GT-309); and 1727:In the early 1990s, 1548:Jean-Albert Grégoire 1207:auxiliary power unit 1149:peaking power plants 972:Amateur gas turbines 900:and the 60-year-old 516:, also known as the 445:Metropolitan Vickers 423:Messerschmitt Me 262 352:Mondeville, Calvados 332:Brown Boveri Company 292:Brown Boveri Company 6020:Thermodynamic cycle 5931:Pistonless (Rotary) 5921:Photo-Carnot engine 5842:1 July 2017 at the 5171:Technology of Tanks 4671:(1): 120. July 1954 4620:(1): 102. July 1954 4290:on 7 February 2013. 4203:Scrapheap Challenge 4186:on 18 January 2009. 4145:10.1049/cp:19960128 3853:Christopher, John. 3835:on 25 February 2013 3414:on 13 February 2012 3015:Pratt & Whitney 2974:Major manufacturers 2683:Pratt & Whitney 2645:Pratt & Whitney 2586:) for 7,000 hours. 2534:in the US and then 2429:Oliver Hazard Perry 2344:Rolls-Royce Olympus 2235:propulsion system. 2217:launched the first 2110:Marine applications 1951:The arrival of the 1878:STP-Paxton Turbocar 1811:Pratt & Whitney 1696:Oldsmobile Delta 88 1529:paraffin (kerosene) 1451:semi-trailer trucks 1401:naturally aspirated 1354:In surface vehicles 1309:External combustion 1217:Radial gas turbines 1026:compressed air for 845:liquid-fuel rockets 834:low-bypass turbofan 485:Theory of operation 268:1903: A Norwegian, 259:Lynn, Massachusetts 5283:on 20 August 2011. 4951:. 16 January 2017. 4935:The New York Times 4726:on 30 October 2021 4550:"Gas Turbine Auto" 4532:"Rétromobile 2005" 4473:(8): 121. May 1946 3885:Technical Sciences 3866:Christopher, p.75. 3699:on 16 October 2015 3665:American Scientist 2828:thermal efficiency 2802:compression ratios 2740:In July 2000, the 2631:-KF gas turbines. 2611: 2511:Princess Elizabeth 2495:deadweight tonnage 2399:U.S. Coast Guard's 2395: 2275: 2131: 2019: 1827: 1815: 1805:on display at the 1764:EcoJet concept car 1752:General Motors EV1 1585: 1561: 1495: 1374: 1330:thermal efficiency 1238: 1192:Turboshaft engines 1137:absorption chiller 1099:electric generator 1088: 1072: 942: 922:Garrett AiResearch 886:Cessna 208 Caravan 810: 717:thermal insulation 703:, is reducing the 533:combustion chamber 498: 220:horseless carriage 166: 55:gas turbine engine 47: 6049:Marine propulsion 6026: 6025: 5756:978-0-309-66422-6 5736:978-0-632-06434-2 5684:978-1-56347-332-6 5294:Fast missile boat 5210:978-0-632-06434-2 5157:. tankmuseum.org. 4983:on 13 August 2012 4665:Popular Mechanics 4554:Popular Mechanics 4509:978-1-903706-57-2 4451:on 13 March 2012. 4378:on 13 August 2011 4305:(Press release). 4268:978-1-900371-91-9 4259:Model Jet Engines 4243:978-0-9510589-1-6 4168:on 13 April 2013. 4006:978-0-87339-728-5 3964:978-0-7918-7868-2 3955:10.1115/97-GT-347 3597:978-3-11-035962-6 3578:978-0-226-38859-5 3551:978-3-658-38531-6 3520:978-1-907472-00-8 3501:978-0-578-48386-3 3444:978-0-8493-9418-8 3337:Leyes, p.231-232. 3085:Shanghai Electric 2898: 2897: 2746:became the first 2477:Civilian maritime 2324:commissioned two 2179:Fast Patrol Boats 2116:Marine propulsion 2015:Honeywell AGT1500 1874:open wheel racing 1813:gas turbine shown 1780:demonstrated its 1723:Later development 1685:Williams Research 1627:1964 World's Fair 1465:, the largest by 1228:Scale jet engines 1028:air cycle machine 966:Rolls-Royce RB211 878:commuter aircraft 870:business aircraft 855:Turboprop engines 769:elements such as 729:zirconium dioxide 547:, with either an 412:György Jendrassik 290:and built by the 209:Leonardo da Vinci 97:) or ducted fan ( 41:, (5) low-bypass 6056: 5873: 5866: 5859: 5850: 5849: 5789: 5760: 5688: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5603: 5595: 5583: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5559: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5531: 5525: 5524: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5464: 5457: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5433:on 16 April 2011 5423: 5417: 5416: 5409: 5403: 5396: 5390: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5314: 5302: 5296: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5279:. Archived from 5269: 5263: 5262: 5257:. Archived from 5247: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5221: 5215: 5214: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5125: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5109:on 16 March 2012 5099: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5082:Curbside Classic 5074: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5006:. Automoblog.net 4999: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4965:. 20 March 2018. 4959: 4953: 4952: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4827: 4821: 4820:Linden, page 53. 4818: 4812: 4811: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4687: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4606: 4597: 4596: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4447:. Archived from 4437: 4431: 4425: 4419: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4377: 4366: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4309:. Archived from 4307:General Electric 4298: 4292: 4291: 4286:. Archived from 4279: 4273: 4272: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4229: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4161:. Archived from 4155: 4149: 4148: 4138: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4102: 4093: 4092: 4080: 4074: 4071: 4065: 4062: 4056: 4053: 4047: 4044: 4038: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4017: 4011: 4010: 3998: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3923: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3882: 3873: 3867: 3864: 3858: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3834: 3827: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3792: 3781: 3780: 3768: 3758: 3731: 3730: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3698: 3692:. Archived from 3691: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3640: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3605: 3599: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3537: 3531: 3528: 3522: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3471:on 13 March 2012 3470: 3464:. Archived from 3463: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3410:. Archived from 3400: 3394: 3393: 3387: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3353: 3347: 3344: 3338: 3335: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3310: 3304: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3227: 3216: 3215: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3172: 3040:MTU Aero Engines 3035:Zorya-Mashproekt 3000:General Electric 2893: 2890: 2884: 2874:pro and con list 2865: 2864: 2857: 2576:General Electric 2446:destroyers, and 2312:Bristol Siddeley 2021:The Third Reich 1953:Capstone Turbine 1938:Turbo-Cruiser II 1936:(1953, GT-300); 1890:Indianapolis 500 1861:. The cars used 1715:in 1979 and the 1646: 1643: 1639: 1636: 1245:Kurt Schreckling 1122:General Electric 1109:configurations. 914:Honeywell TPE331 912:engine, and the 759: 674:journal bearings 620:rotational speed 574:air-fuel mixture 508:compression, an 419:Junkers Jumo 004 336:axial compressor 255:General Electric 189: 120:with air as the 6064: 6063: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6054: 6053: 6029: 6028: 6027: 6022: 6013: 6000: 5982: 5882: 5877: 5844:Wayback Machine 5827:Wayback Machine 5805:Wayback Machine 5786:Popular Science 5767: 5757: 5740: 5685: 5642: 5640:Further reading 5637: 5636: 5626: 5624: 5617: 5613: 5597: 5596: 5584: 5580: 5570: 5568: 5550: 5546: 5533: 5532: 5528: 5517: 5513: 5482: 5478: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5455: 5451: 5450: 5446: 5436: 5434: 5425: 5424: 5420: 5411: 5410: 5406: 5397: 5393: 5384: 5380: 5373: 5359: 5358: 5354: 5332: 5331: 5327: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5292: 5288: 5271: 5270: 5266: 5249: 5248: 5244: 5234: 5232: 5223: 5222: 5218: 5211: 5197: 5193: 5186: 5166: 5162: 5151: 5147: 5140: 5126: 5122: 5112: 5110: 5101: 5100: 5096: 5086: 5084: 5075: 5071: 5061: 5059: 5058:on 2 March 2008 5050: 5049: 5045: 5035: 5033: 5032:: 89. June 1955 5030:Popular Science 5024: 5023: 5019: 5009: 5007: 5000: 4996: 4986: 4984: 4975: 4974: 4970: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4947: 4946: 4942: 4927: 4923: 4912:Popular Science 4904: 4900: 4885:Ludvigsen, Karl 4882: 4878: 4868: 4866: 4859:Popular Science 4851: 4847: 4828: 4824: 4819: 4815: 4796: 4792: 4782: 4780: 4770: 4766: 4756: 4754: 4743: 4739: 4729: 4727: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4701: 4699: 4688: 4684: 4674: 4672: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4645: 4643: 4638: 4637: 4633: 4623: 4621: 4614:Popular Science 4608: 4607: 4600: 4569: 4565: 4548: 4547: 4543: 4528: 4524: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4499:Rover P4 Series 4490: 4486: 4476: 4474: 4467:Popular Science 4461: 4460: 4456: 4439: 4438: 4434: 4426: 4422: 4414: 4410: 4399:"Microturbines" 4395: 4391: 4381: 4379: 4375: 4364: 4358: 4354: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4316: 4314: 4313:on 16 June 2017 4299: 4295: 4280: 4276: 4269: 4255: 4251: 4244: 4230: 4219: 4209: 4207: 4196: 4195: 4191: 4178: 4177: 4173: 4165: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4129: 4125: 4115: 4113: 4103: 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2714:setups of twin 2708:Stena Discovery 2588:Fuel efficiency 2503:Hebburn-on-Tyne 2499:Hawthorn Leslie 2479: 2431:-class frigates 2291:Bristol Proteus 2227:in 1961 with 2 2195:(Tribal class) 2186:Bold Pathfinder 2123: 2118: 2112: 2029:Heereswaffenamt 2007: 1991: 1985: 1972: 1934:Turbo-Cruiser I 1926: 1908:introduced the 1888:nearly won the 1882:Andy Granatelli 1795: 1731:introduced the 1681:American Motors 1649:Turbo Titan III 1644: 1637: 1544:Paris Auto Show 1500:Popular Science 1483: 1459: 1414:ultracapacitors 1356: 1322:pulverized coal 1311: 1267: 1261: 1230: 1225: 1219: 1200: 1194: 1185: 1179: 1166: 1094: 1050: 1008: 974: 930: 898:Lockheed AC-130 882:Beechcraft 1900 857: 798: 793: 764: 757: 753: 743: 739: 697: 670:Thrust bearings 611:turbojet engine 537:specific volume 487: 404:Jendrassik Cs-1 227:Charles Parsons 158: 135:turbojet engine 63:continuous flow 61:, is a type of 17: 12: 11: 5: 6062: 6052: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6024: 6023: 6018: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6011: 6005: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5998: 5993: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5973:Thermoacoustic 5970: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5876: 5875: 5868: 5861: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5834: 5829: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5795: 5790: 5777: 5766: 5765:External links 5763: 5762: 5761: 5755: 5747:10.17226/25630 5738: 5725: 5719: 5705: 5694: 5689: 5683: 5670: 5659: 5648: 5641: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5611: 5578: 5544: 5526: 5511: 5476: 5465:on 9 July 2017 5444: 5418: 5404: 5391: 5378: 5371: 5352: 5325: 5308:Point Thatcher 5297: 5286: 5264: 5242: 5216: 5209: 5191: 5184: 5160: 5145: 5138: 5120: 5094: 5069: 5043: 5017: 4994: 4968: 4954: 4940: 4921: 4898: 4876: 4845: 4822: 4813: 4790: 4764: 4737: 4709: 4682: 4653: 4631: 4598: 4585:10.4271/650714 4563: 4541: 4522: 4508: 4484: 4454: 4432: 4420: 4408: 4389: 4352: 4338: 4324: 4293: 4274: 4267: 4249: 4242: 4217: 4189: 4171: 4150: 4123: 4094: 4075: 4066: 4057: 4048: 4039: 4030: 4012: 4005: 3977: 3963: 3935: 3868: 3859: 3846: 3811: 3805:978-0884873389 3804: 3782: 3776:978-0983865810 3775: 3732: 3710: 3677: 3651: 3626: 3600: 3584: 3577: 3557: 3550: 3532: 3523: 3507: 3500: 3482: 3450: 3443: 3425: 3395: 3373: 3366: 3348: 3339: 3327: 3305: 3296: 3274: 3268:978-3662441626 3267: 3247: 3240: 3217: 3210: 3192: 3185: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3159: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3116: 3113: 3102: 3099: 3098: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3025:Solar Turbines 3022: 3020:P&W Canada 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2980:Siemens Energy 2975: 2972: 2971: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2951: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2928:combined cycle 2924: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2896: 2895: 2869: 2867: 2860: 2854: 2851: 2824:combined-cycle 2787:single-crystal 2773: 2770: 2700:Stena Explorer 2636:Seatrain Lines 2478: 2475: 2403:Point Thatcher 2295:General Motors 2169:Steam Gun Boat 2122: 2119: 2114:Main article: 2111: 2108: 2087:(based on the 2080:diesel engines 2060:Stridsvagn 103 2056:Conqueror tank 2024:Wehrmacht Heer 2006: 2003: 1987:Main article: 1984: 1981: 1971: 1968: 1925: 1922: 1886:Parnelli Jones 1884:and driven by 1851:Richie Ginther 1794: 1791: 1744:General Motors 1725: 1724: 1669:General Motors 1657: 1656: 1537:Science Museum 1508: 1507: 1482: 1479: 1458: 1455: 1355: 1352: 1326:heat exchanger 1315:hot air engine 1310: 1307: 1285:are 25 to 500 1263:Main article: 1260: 1257: 1229: 1226: 1223:Radial turbine 1221:Main article: 1218: 1215: 1196:Main article: 1193: 1190: 1181:Main article: 1178: 1175: 1165: 1162: 1118:combined cycle 1080:combined cycle 1061:combined-cycle 1049: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1031: 1007: 1004: 973: 970: 929: 926: 856: 853: 797: 794: 792: 789: 762: 755: 750:microstructure 741: 737: 701:turbine blades 696: 693: 680:or oil-cooled 504:processes: an 486: 483: 482: 481: 478:combined cycle 470: 464:single crystal 456: 441: 434:Hayne Constant 426: 415: 400: 397:Heinkel He 178 389: 374:Hans von Ohain 370: 355: 328: 325:jet propulsion 317: 306:A. A. Griffith 302: 295: 288:Auguste Rateau 280: 273: 270:Ægidius Elling 266: 247: 240: 223: 212: 199: 180: 157: 154: 90: 89: 82: 76: 74:gas compressor 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6061: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6021: 6016: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6003: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5985: 5979: 5978:Manson engine 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5957: 5956:Steam turbine 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5891:Carnot engine 5889: 5888: 5885: 5881: 5874: 5869: 5867: 5862: 5860: 5855: 5854: 5851: 5845: 5841: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5824: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5788:. p. 81. 5787: 5783: 5778: 5776: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5758: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5739: 5737: 5733: 5730: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5716:0-262-11162-4 5713: 5709: 5706: 5703: 5702:0-9510589-9-1 5699: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5686: 5680: 5676: 5671: 5668: 5667:0-13-015847-X 5664: 5660: 5657: 5656:0-07-065158-2 5653: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5622: 5615: 5607: 5601: 5593: 5592:Flight Global 5589: 5582: 5567: 5563: 5558: 5557: 5548: 5540: 5536: 5530: 5522: 5515: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5480: 5461: 5454: 5448: 5432: 5428: 5422: 5414: 5408: 5401: 5395: 5388: 5382: 5374: 5372:9781909327016 5368: 5364: 5363: 5356: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5329: 5311: 5309: 5301: 5295: 5290: 5282: 5278: 5276: 5268: 5260: 5256: 5254: 5246: 5230: 5228: 5220: 5212: 5206: 5202: 5195: 5187: 5185:9780710605955 5181: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5164: 5156: 5149: 5141: 5139:9781840372946 5135: 5131: 5124: 5108: 5104: 5098: 5083: 5080: 5073: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5031: 5027: 5021: 5005: 4998: 4982: 4978: 4972: 4964: 4958: 4950: 4944: 4936: 4932: 4925: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4902: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4849: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4817: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4794: 4779: 4775: 4768: 4752: 4748: 4741: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4713: 4697: 4693: 4686: 4670: 4666: 4663: 4657: 4641: 4635: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4603: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4567: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4545: 4537: 4533: 4526: 4511: 4505: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4488: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4458: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4436: 4429: 4424: 4417: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4393: 4374: 4370: 4369:VGB PowerTech 4363: 4356: 4348: 4342: 4334: 4328: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4297: 4289: 4285: 4278: 4270: 4264: 4260: 4253: 4245: 4239: 4235: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4205: 4204: 4199: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4175: 4164: 4160: 4154: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4136: 4127: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4099: 4090: 4086: 4079: 4070: 4061: 4052: 4043: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4016: 4008: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3988: 3981: 3966: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3947: 3939: 3931: 3927: 3921: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3879: 3872: 3863: 3856: 3850: 3831: 3824: 3823: 3815: 3807: 3801: 3797: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3778: 3772: 3765: 3764: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3695: 3688: 3681: 3666: 3662: 3655: 3644: 3637: 3630: 3614: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3594: 3588: 3580: 3574: 3570: 3569: 3561: 3553: 3547: 3543: 3536: 3527: 3521: 3517: 3511: 3503: 3497: 3493: 3486: 3467: 3460: 3454: 3446: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3399: 3391: 3384: 3377: 3369: 3367:9783658385309 3363: 3359: 3352: 3343: 3334: 3332: 3315: 3309: 3300: 3284: 3278: 3270: 3264: 3260: 3259: 3251: 3243: 3241:9783486735710 3237: 3233: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3213: 3211:9780471737599 3207: 3203: 3196: 3188: 3186:9780850451634 3182: 3178: 3171: 3167: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3146:Steam turbine 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3112: 3109: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2954: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2906: 2905: 2904: 2901: 2892: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2870:This section 2868: 2859: 2858: 2850: 2848: 2843: 2841: 2836: 2835:foil bearings 2831: 2830:exceeds 60%. 2829: 2825: 2821: 2815: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2792:that exhibit 2791: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2769: 2767: 2762: 2760: 2759: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2744: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2723:Stena Carisma 2720: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2704:Stena Voyager 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2680: 2679: 2672: 2670: 2669:marine diesel 2666: 2662: 2661:Asiafreighter 2658: 2654: 2653:Eurofreighter 2650: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2594: 2593:John Sergeant 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2572:John Sergeant 2569: 2568:Liberty ships 2565: 2560: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2484: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2463:, a modified 2462: 2461: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2445: 2443: 2442:Arleigh Burke 2438: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2421: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2393: 2392: 2385: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2262: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2209: 2208: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2173: 2170: 2166: 2163:fitted their 2162: 2158: 2154: 2151: 2150:motor gunboat 2147: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2135:naval vessels 2127: 2117: 2107: 2104: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2025: 2016: 2011: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1990: 1980: 1977: 1967: 1965: 1964:Brescia Italy 1961: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1906:Colin Chapman 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1824: 1819: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1771: 1769: 1766:project with 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1722: 1721: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1711:in 1975, the 1710: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1661:Clean Air Act 1654: 1653: 1652: 1650: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1581: 1577: 1575: 1574:transit buses 1571: 1566: 1565:GM Firebird I 1559: 1558:GM Firebird I 1555: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1512:Maurice Wilks 1505: 1504: 1503: 1501: 1492: 1487: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1427: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1409:series hybrid 1404: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1316: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1283:microturbines 1280: 1276: 1272: 1271:turbochargers 1266: 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