296:. Instead, the false spar that carrying the aileron was used to brace the outer-most wing elements, such as the wing tips. This false spar was at a pronounced angle to that of the main spar, thus triangulating the structure; the former ran inwards from the wing tips, where they are attached to the main spars, to the final compression members of the monospar system via flanged duralumin plates. Additional stiffening of the wing forwards of the aileron was achieved via a pair of hinge ribs. Prise-type ailerons were fitted, which had a fabric covering and a built-up spar on which were threaded diaphragms of duralumin spaced by a flattened tube of duralumin along their
773:
248:
was typically found amongst its contemporaries in its size and weight class. For conventional aircraft of the era, the structural weight made up a high proportion of the overall weight of the aircraft; by reducing the structural weight, the ratio of useful payload to all-up weight could be positively increased, meaning that the aircraft could carry a greater useful load without negatively impacting performance. This increase was viewed as being commercially significant, particularly against other competing modes of transport. It was also judged to be valuable in boosting the
573:
465:
551:
648:
304:
booms of this beam were of built-up D-section and were joined by an outer cover of stamped duralumin sheeting that formed lattices, akin to the main wing spar web. This cover braced the fuselage beam while the free edges overlapped the top and bottom booms. The four booms were kept apart, and resistant to collapse, via a series of tubular distance pieces, both vertically and horizontally placed, that ran between the corner booms. This approach was relatively un-standardised and thus not particularly cheap to manufacture.
42:
694:
376:
142:, he formed his own ideas about wing design, and evolved an improved method of building and stressing wings, for which he was later granted a British Patent in December 1927. The principle behind this Patent No. 306,220 was that the wing needed only one spar with torsion loads resisted by an efficient system of strong compression struts, with triangulated bracing in the form of thin wires. The design was revolutionary and very light for its strength.
529:
621:
671:
599:
236:
position of the pilot's seat and the absence of a nose-mounted engine meant that forward visibility was exceptionally good. The cabin was furnished with sizable windows that also provided good external visibility, although the occupant of the rear seat has a less generous view, largely due to the low-mounted position of the wing obstructing visibility from that position. The engines were completely enclosed in
423:
332:
the ailerons. The elevators were operated via a torque tube to which each control column was linked through a universally jointed push-pull tube. Wires ran back to a lever on a lay-shaft in the tail unit from where the elevators actuated via a push-pull tube. Actuation of the rudder was via a series of cables that ran directly to the rudder from the rudder-bar.
315:-related concerns. The four booms were kept apart, and resistant to collapse, via a series of tubular distance pieces, both vertically and horizontally placed, that ran between the corner booms. The underside of the fuselage was rigidly-braced to the aircraft's tail unit, which was fairly conventional. It had a cantilever
235:
The
General Aircraft Monospar was a family of unorthodox touring and utility aircraft. In its original configuration, it was a three-seater aircraft, placing the pilot and one passenger side by side, albeit slightly staggered, while a second passenger could be seated directly behind them. The forward
331:
The flight controls were duplicated and of the conventional stick and rudder-bar type. The control columns were mounted in forks on the ends of compact fore-and-aft torque tubes that were mounted beneath the seats; these torque tubes were linked together as well as to a lever from which wires ran to
303:
A modified form of the wing's monospar construction was used for the fuselage; its primary structure member was a square-section beam of relatively shallow depth, composed of duralumin, that was placed at the bottom of the fuselage and anchored to the wing spar of the center section. The four corner
247:
The principal feature of the
Monospar was its innovative monospar construction method, which was applied not only to the wing but also the fuselage of the aircraft. Accordingly, the structural weight of the aircraft was only 26 percent of the all-up weight, which a considerably lower percentage than
746:
telegraph station. In the meantime, Don Thomas from Alice
Springs drove to Woodgreen to pick up Purvis Sr and two "blackfellows", one of whom managed to track down the plane based on the description of the location given by Renfrey. Maher and Maloney had only six oranges between them for food, but
255:
The wing comprised three pieces, the centre section of which was integral with the fuselage and contained the engine mountings, the struts of which acted as the king-posts in the wing bracing system. The wing structure consisted of a single main spar that was strong in its ability to bend but was
347:
brakes; the aircraft could reportedly be kept straight even with only a single engine running even though each wheel was directly under an engine. At least one aircraft had an arrangement in which the brakes were coupled to the control column so that the brakes would activate whenever the pilot
327:
were balanced. The stabiliser had a single spar along its trailing edge and triangularly-arranged flanged duralumin plates that ran forwards, along with five duralumin ribs, while the leading edge was formed from flattened tubing. Both the elevators and rudders had similar structures.
240:, which were arranged so that the airflow (both over and under the wing) would freely cool the engine. Fuel was housed within a single tank within the aircraft's nose, almost directly forwards of the instrumentation panel; it was supplied to the engine directly and was fed by
268:
and built up from several members to form an I-shaped beam. A supportive web, comprising a plain duralumin plate with triangular holes stamped out for lightness, used a series of lattice bars that functioned as braces between top and bottom
311:(both fore and aft) of similar section. Furthermore, spiral wiring was present to increase the fuselage's torsional strength and make it thoroughly rigid. The result was a fuselage that was free from torsional and
292:
and to plate fittings on the spar flanges where the tie rods of a bay crossed each other; it did not extend out to the wing tips, instead finishing on the spar just beyond the inner end of the
660:
184:
appeared, a similar aircraft to the ST-4, with manually retractable landing gear and room for an extra passenger. The
Monospar ST-6 was only the second British aircraft to fly with
742:
around 40 mi (64 km), to seek assistance. Three men (one of several search parties sent out to look for the men) motoring across the desert found him, and took him to
730:. Reports vary slightly, but the plane was said to be carrying the pilot J. Maher, with two passengers, Renfrey and Maloney, and a young crocodile that was being transported to
348:
pulled back on the stick during a three-point landing; the interconnection could be released whenever the brakes were conventionally operated via a centrally-placed lever. The
277:
to the web with reinforcing cover plates added on the outside. Curved angle sections were used instead of plain flat counterparts, which made them considerably stronger in
300:. The spars are U-shaped and closed with a flanged plate with lightening holes. The wing was built entirely of duralumin, excluding some steel fittings and wiring plates.
134:
engineer
Helmuth J. Stieger, who headed the company. Helmuth John Stieger was born in Zurich in 1902, and educated at the Swiss Federal Polytechnic, and then at the
281:
as the curved members that composed it helped to brace one another. Where local reinforcement of the spar was necessary, this can be provided by additional
905:
192:, was flown a few weeks earlier). Another Monospar ST-6 was built, and two ST-4 Mk.IIs were converted. GAL then produced a developed version, the
17:
1803:
1783:
1482:
788:
1788:
363:, were connected to a sturdy point within the engine mounting. A streamline radius rod braced each spring-leg to the wing girder.
1515:
1026:
1798:
999:
1275:
900:
352:
were hinged to the wing girder or main spar on the underside of the fuselage. Each vertical leg, which incorporated a
339:
with a relatively wide track was fitted. It was highly maneouverable while on the ground, in part due to the use of a
176:
radial engines, the first aircraft (G-ABUZ) first flew in May 1932, and was followed by five production aircraft. The
1465:
1448:
1433:
1418:
1246:
1085:
944:, until it ceased operations in 1936 owing to the impossibility of importing more planes from Germany at that time.
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1052:
888:
743:
505:
139:
735:
585:
468:
GAL Monospar ST-11 (VH-USN) with pilots
Collins and Wylie, after flight from UK to Australia, February 1935
285:
on the outer faces of the spar. The flat spar web was stiffened in places by vertical V-section members.
154:
135:
460:
As
Monospar ST-4, with manual retractable landing gear, two built plus two conversions from ST-4 Mk.IIs.
1793:
1508:
933:
1742:
1648:
1623:
1618:
992:
The
Monospar: From tailless gliders to vast transport: The story of General Aircraft Ltd. of Hanworth
1441:
The
Monospar, from tailless gliders to vast transport: the story of General Aircraft Ltd of Hanworth
145:
Based on this design, the
Monospar Company designed a twin-engined low-wing aircraft designated the
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1613:
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1524:
848:
499:
493:
213:
185:
150:
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739:
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563:
180:, an improved variant with minor differences, followed with a production run of 30. In 1933, the
1707:
1603:
718:
On 6 September 1935, a Monospar ST-12 operated by Australian Transcontinental Airways suffered
706:
411:
320:
204:
was developed from the ST-10, with retractable landing gear, and two were built for export to
1653:
1501:
1355:
772:
307:
The shape of the fuselage was obtained via a series of hoops of trough-section duralumin and
278:
261:
435:
158:
115:
68:
464:
8:
1628:
257:
1455:
Coming in to Land: A Short History of Hounslow, Hanworth and Heston Aerodromes 1911ā1946
264:
wires, that ran around the wing in opposing directions. The single spar was composed of
1762:
1668:
1658:
1479:"The Mono-Spar light airplane (British) : a twin-engined low-wing cabin monoplane"
727:
344:
312:
273:. These spar flanges were built up of strips and consisted of angle sections that were
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757:
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633:
611:
220:
1300:
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189:
126:
In 1929, the Monospar Company Ltd was formed to pursue new techniques of designing
78:
454:
Improved variant of Monospar ST-4, 22 built, two later converted to ST-6 standard.
1493:
541:
288:
The spiral bracing used tie rods that were anchored at their ends to the tubular
224:
49:
GAL Monospar ST-10 G-ACTS Hatfield 14 July 1934, winning the King's Cup Air Race
41:
127:
719:
699:
511:
477:
360:
197:
111:
98:
1478:
1350:
1331:. Vol. 41, no. 2361. Western Australia. 17 September 1935. p. 2
1777:
1327:
1322:
954:
297:
161:
was formed to produce aircraft that used the patented Monospar wing designs.
747:
they survived until they were rescued by shooting and eating the crocodile.
168:, a twin-engined low-wing monoplane with a fixed tailwheel landing gear and
556:
336:
169:
434:
Experimental cantilever monoplane, powered by two 45 hp (34 kW)
414:
with an average speed of 134.16 mph. Only one other ST-10 was built.
1359:. No. 2951. New South Wales, Australia. 11 September 1935. p. 4
131:
1263:. London, UK: Sampson Low, Marston & company, ltd. pp. 35cā36c.
486:
Development of Monospar ST-10, with retractable landing gear, two built.
375:
223:
factory closed down in 1934, and a larger factory was opened in 1935 at
932:, and four other directors. Its three aeroplanes did the mail run from
357:
282:
110:
was a family of touring and utility aircraft designed and built by the
925:
653:
444:
Cantilever touring monoplane, powered by two 85 hp (63 kW)
265:
205:
1458:
937:
929:
731:
534:
445:
308:
200:
engines, an improved fuel system, and aerodynamic refinements. The
173:
851:
four-cylinder inverted inline piston engine , 130 hp (97 kW) each
761:
353:
293:
241:
237:
941:
676:
626:
340:
324:
270:
157:. After successful testing of the Monospar ST-3, a new company
756:
One Monospar ST-12 (registration VH-UTH) is on display at the
776:
Monospar ST-10 3 view from l'Aerophile magazine, January 1933
604:
274:
1406:(Part Work 1982ā1985). Orbis Publishing, 1985, p. 2158.
683:
589:
349:
422:
316:
289:
906:
List of aircraft of the Spanish Republican Air Force
1523:
767:
476:Improved variant with two 90 hp (67 kW)
1775:
1509:
1032:, November 1932, photos showing wings folded
924:ATA was a short-lived airline registered in
1483:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
1426:British Racing and Record-Breaking Aircraft
1411:British Civil Aircraft since 1919, Volume 2
789:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
138:in London. While working as a designer for
1516:
1502:
1443:. Catrine, Ayrshire: Stenlake Publishing.
1367:– via National Library of Australia.
1339:– via National Library of Australia.
1278:. Ballarat & District in the Great War
1177:
1175:
985:
983:
981:
979:
953:One later report says the destination was
212:aircraft was based on the ST-11, but with
149:, that was built and flown in 1931 by the
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1209:
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1159:
1157:
1155:
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1143:
1013:
1011:
866:158 mph (254 km/h, 137 kn)
196:, externally the same but powered by two
1459:Heritage Publications (Hounslow Library)
1404:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft
1383:
1378:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft
1252:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1053:"General Aircraft Monospar in Australia"
989:
784:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft
771:
463:
421:
1343:
1303:. Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives
1273:
1172:
1131:
976:
872:410 mi (660 km, 360 nmi)
14:
1776:
1295:
1293:
1206:
1184:
1152:
1140:
1008:
734:. Renfrey walked for two days towards
366:
1497:
1486:, 1 July 1931. NACA-AC-148, 93R19739.
1274:Bentley, Amanda (10 September 2019).
1113:
1099:
1090:
750:
1804:Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
1784:1930s British civil utility aircraft
1261:Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1931
1258:
1027:"New British Plane Has Hinged Wings"
492:Fixed landing gear variant with two
370:
164:The first production design was the
1290:
1276:"Major Harold John Thomas Berryman"
1050:
817:40 ft 2 in (12.24 m)
722:, and made an emergency landing on
661:Australian Transcontinental Airways
172:for ground storage. Powered by two
24:
901:List of Interwar military aircraft
829:217 sq ft (20.16 m)
823:7 ft 10 in (2.30 m)
811:26 ft 4 in (8.03 m)
639:
25:
1815:
1789:General Aircraft Limited aircraft
1439:Ord-Hume, Arthur W. J. G. (2013)
1475:, Aeroplane Monthly, April 1988.
692:
669:
646:
619:
597:
571:
549:
527:
374:
216:engines and fixed landing gear.
40:
1396:
1371:
1315:
1267:
1241:. 1975, Angus & Robertson.
1231:
1222:
947:
928:in 1935 by Harold Berryman, of
918:
768:Specifications (Monospar ST-12)
18:General Aircraft Monospar ST-12
1525:General Aircraft Limited (GAL)
1070:
1044:
1035:
1020:
889:General Aircraft ST-18 Croydon
500:General Aircraft ST-18 Croydon
406:The Monospar ST-10 prototype (
121:
27:1930s British utility aircraft
13:
1:
964:
878:21,000 ft (6,400 m)
841:2,875 lb (1,304 kg)
516:Development of Monospar ST-10
506:Pratt and Whitney Wasp Junior
140:William Beardmore and Company
1799:Aircraft first flown in 1932
969:
911:
713:
586:Spanish Republican Air Force
520:
504:Ten-seat transport with two
448:radial engines, seven built.
208:. A production batch of ten
130:wings, based on the work of
7:
1749:Flying wing research glider
1323:"Mishap to Monospar 'plane"
1080:1975 Angus & Robertson
882:
835:1,840 lb (835 kg)
417:
155:Brockworth, Gloucestershire
136:Imperial College of Science
10:
1820:
1017:Jackson 1973, pp. 208ā214.
1677:
1532:manufacturer designations
1531:
738:, a watering hole on the
230:
225:London Air Park, Hanworth
108:General Aircraft Monospar
48:
39:
34:
1259:Grey, C.G., ed. (1931).
849:de Havilland Gipsy Major
494:de Havilland Gipsy Major
214:de Havilland Gipsy Major
186:retractable landing gear
151:Gloster Aircraft Company
994:. Stenlake Publishing.
796:General characteristics
740:Overland Telegraph Line
564:South African Air Force
777:
707:Inner Circle Air Lines
469:
427:
260:by two sets of spiral
252:for such an aircraft.
1453:Sherwood, Tim. 1999.
1356:The Macleay Chronicle
775:
512:Monospar ST-25 series
467:
425:
1424:Lewis, Peter. 1971.
1409:Jackson, A.J. 1973.
1389:NACA 1930, pp. 7-10.
436:British Salmson AD.9
159:General Aircraft Ltd
116:General Aircraft Ltd
69:General Aircraft Ltd
1763:Universal Freighter
1684:Passenger transport
1301:"Woodgreen Station"
1228:Lewis 1971, p. 262.
1181:NACA 1931, pp. 4-5.
1137:NACA 1931, pp. 1-2.
508:engines, one built.
496:engines, ten built.
480:engines, two built.
451:Monospar ST-4 Mk.II
438:engines; one built.
412:King's Cup Air Race
367:Operational history
178:Monospar ST-4 Mk.II
1096:Stroud May 1988, .
1057:www.goodall.com.au
778:
751:Surviving aircraft
728:Northern Territory
470:
428:
386:. You can help by
1794:Low-wing aircraft
1771:
1770:
1734:Transport gliders
1351:"A Monospar down"
1001:978-1-84033-636-8
990:Ord-Hume (2013).
758:Newark Air Museum
724:Woodgreen Station
634:Turkish Air Force
612:Spanish Air Force
426:GAL Monospar ST-4
404:
403:
114:aviation company
104:
103:
16:(Redirected from
1811:
1724:Army observation
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1239:Virtue in Flying
1235:
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1220:
1219:NACA 1931, p. 6.
1217:
1204:
1203:NACA 1931, p. 5.
1201:
1182:
1179:
1170:
1169:NACA 1931, p. 3.
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1149:NACA 1931, p. 4.
1147:
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1129:
1128:NACA 1931, p. 2.
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1111:
1110:NACA 1931, p. 1.
1108:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1078:Virtue in Flying
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1051:Goodall, Geoff.
1048:
1042:
1039:
1033:
1024:
1018:
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1006:
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987:
958:
951:
945:
940:, Melbourne and
922:
876:Service ceiling:
859:
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675:
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672:
663:(ATA), 1935ā1936
652:
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579:Spanish Republic
577:
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399:
396:
378:
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250:factor of safety
190:Airspeed Courier
188:(the first, the
87:
59:Type of aircraft
44:
35:Monospar series
32:
31:
21:
1819:
1818:
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1714:Maritime patrol
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1041:Sherwood (1999)
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640:Civil operators
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542:Portuguese Navy
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420:
410:) won the 1934
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384:needs expansion
369:
335:A divided-type
319:while both the
256:braced against
233:
124:
85:
60:
57:Cabin monoplane
28:
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22:
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11:
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1473:Wings of Peace
1471:Stroud, John.
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1380:1985, p. 1938.
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1237:Priest, Joan.
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1076:Priest, Joan.
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864:Maximum speed:
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806:
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720:engine failure
715:
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700:United Kingdom
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615:
614:
608:
607:
593:
592:
582:
581:
567:
566:
560:
559:
545:
544:
538:
537:
522:
519:
518:
517:
514:
509:
502:
497:
490:
489:Monospar ST-12
487:
484:
483:Monospar ST-11
481:
478:Pobjoy Niagara
474:
473:Monospar ST-10
462:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
442:
439:
432:
419:
416:
402:
401:
381:
379:
368:
365:
361:shock absorber
343:tail skid and
298:trailing edges
232:
229:
210:Monospar ST-12
202:Monospar ST-11
198:Pobjoy Niagara
194:Monospar ST-10
123:
120:
102:
101:
99:Monospar ST-25
96:
92:
91:
88:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
58:
55:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1816:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
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1693:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1667:
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1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1466:1-899144-30-7
1463:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1449:9781840336368
1446:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1434:0-370-00067-6
1431:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1419:0-370-10010-7
1416:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1386:
1379:
1374:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1330:
1329:
1328:Western Argus
1324:
1318:
1302:
1296:
1294:
1277:
1270:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1247:0-207-13230-5
1244:
1240:
1234:
1225:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1178:
1176:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1134:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1093:
1087:
1086:0-207-13230-5
1083:
1079:
1073:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1038:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1014:
1012:
1003:
997:
993:
986:
984:
982:
980:
975:
956:
955:Melbourne Zoo
950:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
921:
917:
907:
904:
902:
899:
898:
897:
896:
895:Related lists
890:
887:
886:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
861:
860:
858:
850:
846:
843:
840:
839:Gross weight:
837:
834:
833:Empty weight:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
800:
799:
797:
792:
791:
790:
785:
782:
774:
763:
759:
755:
754:
748:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
708:
705:
704:
701:
690:
689:
685:
682:
681:
678:
667:
666:
662:
659:
658:
655:
644:
643:
635:
632:
631:
628:
617:
616:
613:
610:
609:
606:
595:
594:
591:
587:
584:
583:
580:
569:
568:
565:
562:
561:
558:
547:
546:
543:
540:
539:
536:
525:
524:
515:
513:
510:
507:
503:
501:
498:
495:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
475:
472:
471:
466:
459:
457:Monospar ST-6
456:
453:
450:
447:
443:
441:Monospar ST-4
440:
437:
433:
431:Monospar ST-3
430:
429:
424:
415:
413:
409:
398:
389:
385:
382:This section
380:
377:
373:
372:
364:
362:
359:
355:
351:
346:
342:
338:
337:undercarriage
333:
329:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
301:
299:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
263:
259:
253:
251:
245:
243:
239:
228:
226:
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
182:Monospar ST-6
179:
175:
171:
170:folding wings
167:
166:Monospar ST-4
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
147:Monospar ST-3
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
119:
117:
113:
109:
100:
97:
94:
93:
89:
84:
83:
80:
77:
75:First flight
74:
73:
70:
67:
65:Manufacturer
64:
63:
56:
53:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1490:
1481:
1472:
1454:
1440:
1425:
1410:
1403:
1397:Bibliography
1385:
1377:
1373:
1361:. Retrieved
1354:
1345:
1333:. Retrieved
1326:
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1280:. Retrieved
1269:
1260:
1254:
1238:
1233:
1224:
1133:
1092:
1077:
1072:
1060:. Retrieved
1056:
1046:
1037:
1029:
1022:
991:
949:
920:
894:
893:
875:
869:
863:
856:
854:
844:
838:
832:
826:
820:
814:
808:
802:
795:
793:
787:
783:
780:
779:
717:
588:, 1936 from
557:South Africa
407:
405:
392:
388:adding to it
383:
334:
330:
306:
302:
287:
254:
246:
234:
218:
209:
201:
193:
181:
177:
165:
163:
146:
144:
125:
107:
105:
86:Number built
29:
857:Performance
845:Powerplant:
736:Ryan's Well
709:, 1935-1935
686:, 1933ā1938
279:compression
122:Development
1778:Categories
1363:31 October
1335:31 October
1307:31 October
1282:31 October
965:References
827:Wing area:
356:-supplied
283:lamination
128:cantilever
1759:Transport
1428:. Putnam
1413:. Putnam
970:Citations
926:Melbourne
912:Footnotes
815:Wingspan:
803:Capacity:
781:Data from
714:Incidents
654:Australia
521:Operators
341:castoring
321:elevators
309:stringers
266:duralumin
206:Australia
95:Variants
1743:Hamilcar
1694:Trainers
938:Adelaide
930:Ballarat
883:See also
732:Adelaide
535:Portugal
446:Pobjoy R
418:Variants
395:May 2024
238:cowlings
174:Pobjoy R
1738:Hotspur
1678:By role
1062:13 June
821:Height:
809:Length:
762:England
744:Aileron
726:in the
354:Vickers
313:flutter
294:aileron
275:riveted
271:flanges
262:bracing
258:torsion
242:gravity
221:Croydon
118:(GAL).
112:British
1753:GAL.56
1728:GAL.47
1703:Cygnet
1698:Cagnet
1669:GAL.65
1664:GAL.61
1659:GAL.60
1654:GAL.59
1649:GAL.58
1644:GAL.57
1639:GAL.56
1634:GAL.55
1629:GAL.52
1624:GAL.50
1619:GAL.49
1614:GAL.48
1609:GAL.47
1604:GAL.45
1599:GAL.42
1594:GAL.41
1589:GAL.38
1584:GAL.33
1579:GAL.26
1464:
1447:
1432:
1417:
1245:
1084:
998:
942:Sydney
934:Darwin
870:Range:
697:
677:Brazil
674:
651:
627:Turkey
624:
602:
576:
554:
532:
408:G-ACTS
345:Bendix
325:rudder
231:Design
1708:Owlet
1688:ST-25
1574:ST-25
1569:ST-18
1564:ST-12
1559:ST-11
1554:ST-10
605:Spain
350:axles
132:Swiss
54:Role
1549:ST-6
1544:ST-4
1539:ST-3
1462:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1430:ISBN
1415:ISBN
1365:2022
1337:2022
1309:2022
1284:2022
1243:ISBN
1082:ISBN
1064:2022
996:ISBN
847:2 Ć
805:four
684:VASP
590:LAPE
358:oleo
323:and
290:ribs
219:The
106:The
79:1932
936:to
390:.
317:fin
153:at
90:45
1780::
1457:.
1353:.
1325:.
1292:^
1208:^
1186:^
1174:^
1154:^
1142:^
1115:^
1101:^
1055:.
1010:^
978:^
786:,
760:,
244:.
227:.
1517:e
1510:t
1503:v
1468:.
1436:.
1421:.
1311:.
1286:.
1249:.
1066:.
1004:.
957:.
397:)
393:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
