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38:
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61:
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occurs by backwearing of rocks, not by
Davisian-style surface lowering, and his science tended to emphasise surface process over understanding in detail the surface history of a given locality. Penck was German, and during his lifetime his ideas were at times rejected vigorously by the English-speaking geomorphology community. His early death, Davis' dislike for his work, and his at-times-confusing writing style likely all contributed to this rejection.
1479:
482:
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1388:. Rivers are also capable of eroding into rock and forming new sediment, both from their own beds and also by coupling to the surrounding hillslopes. In this way, rivers are thought of as setting the base level for large-scale landscape evolution in nonglacial environments. Rivers are key links in the connectivity of different landscape elements.
890:. The criticism by Stoddart proved "devastating" sparking a decline in the popularity of climatic geomorphology in the late 20th century. Stoddart criticized climatic geomorphology for applying supposedly "trivial" methodologies in establishing landform differences between morphoclimatic zones, being linked to
894:
and by allegedly neglecting the fact that physical laws governing processes are the same across the globe. In addition some conceptions of climatic geomorphology, like that which holds that chemical weathering is more rapid in tropical climates than in cold climates proved to not be straightforwardly
1074:
Today, the field of geomorphology encompasses a very wide range of different approaches and interests. Modern researchers aim to draw out quantitative "laws" that govern Earth surface processes, but equally, recognize the uniqueness of each landscape and environment in which these processes operate.
779:
could then start the cycle over. In the decades following Davis's development of this idea, many of those studying geomorphology sought to fit their findings into this framework, known today as "Davisian". Davis's ideas are of historical importance, but have been largely superseded today, mainly due
1615:
material and forcing rivers through new paths. The cones built by eruptions also build substantial new topography, which can be acted upon by other surface processes. Plutonic rocks intruding then solidifying at depth can cause both uplift or subsidence of the surface, depending on whether the new
995:
of these measurements. These methods began to allow prediction of the past and future behavior of landscapes from present observations, and were later to develop into the modern trend of a highly quantitative approach to geomorphic problems. Many groundbreaking and widely cited early geomorphology
787:
developed an alternative model to Davis's. Penck thought that landform evolution was better described as an alternation between ongoing processes of uplift and denudation, as opposed to Davis's model of a single uplift followed by decay. He also emphasised that in many landscapes slope evolution
1575:
Ongoing hillslope processes can change the topology of the hillslope surface, which in turn can change the rates of those processes. Hillslopes that steepen up to certain critical thresholds are capable of shedding extremely large volumes of material very quickly, making hillslope processes an
1316:
on soil development, to even controlling global erosion rates through modulation of climate through carbon dioxide balance. Terrestrial landscapes in which the role of biology in mediating surface processes can be definitively excluded are extremely rare, but may hold important information for
843:
in the late 19th century
European explorers and scientists traveled across the globe bringing descriptions of landscapes and landforms. As geographical knowledge increased over time these observations were systematized in a search for regional patterns. Climate emerged thus as prime factor for
1461:
landscape evolution and its sedimentary record in many high mountain environments. Environments that have been relatively recently glaciated but are no longer may still show elevated landscape change rates compared to those that have never been glaciated. Nonglacial geomorphic processes which
824:
while a conflicting trend among geographers was to equate physiography with "pure morphology", separated from its geological heritage. In the period following World War II, the emergence of process, climatic, and quantitative studies led to a preference by many earth scientists for the term
1127:
model has remained part of the science of geomorphology. The model or theory has never been proved wrong, but neither has it been proven. The inherent difficulties of the model have instead made geomorphological research to advance along other lines. In contrast to its disputed status in
791:
Both Davis and Penck were trying to place the study of the evolution of the Earth's surface on a more generalized, globally relevant footing than it had been previously. In the early 19th century, authors – especially in Europe – had tended to attribute the form of landscapes to local
370:, respond to environmental and tectonic changes, and interact with humans. Soils geomorphologists investigate soil profiles and chemistry to learn about the history of a particular landscape and understand how climate, biota, and rock interact. Other geomorphologists study how
381:
Geomorphologists use a wide range of techniques in their work. These may include fieldwork and field data collection, the interpretation of remotely sensed data, geochemical analyses, and the numerical modelling of the physics of landscapes. Geomorphologists may rely on
639:
shells running in a horizontal span along the cut section of a cliffside, he theorized that the cliff was once the pre-historic location of a seashore that had shifted hundreds of miles over the centuries. He inferred that the land was reshaped and formed by
1079:
1) that not all landscapes can be considered as either "stable" or "perturbed", where this perturbed state is a temporary displacement away from some ideal target form. Instead, dynamic changes of the landscape are now seen as an essential part of their
1395:. These systems take on four general patterns: dendritic, radial, rectangular, and trellis. Dendritic happens to be the most common, occurring when the underlying stratum is stable (without faulting). Drainage systems have four primary components:
2968:
Merritts, Dorothy J.; Tucker, Gregory E.; Whipple, Kelin X.; Snyder, Noah P. (2000-08-01). "Landscape response to tectonic forcing: Digital elevation model analysis of stream profiles in the
Mendocino triple junction region, northern California".
1645:
can account for significant changes over hundreds to thousands of years, and allows erosion of a mountain belt to promote further erosion as mass is removed from the chain and the belt uplifts. Long-term plate tectonic dynamics give rise to
298:
elsewhere within the landscape or off the coast. On progressively smaller scales, similar ideas apply, where individual landforms evolve in response to the balance of additive processes (uplift and deposition) and subtractive processes
804:
processes. In contrast, both Davis and Penck were seeking to emphasize the importance of evolution of landscapes through time and the generality of the Earth's surface processes across different landscapes under different conditions.
2739:
Burke, Kevin, and Yanni
Gunnell. "The African erosion surface: a continental-scale synthesis of geomorphology, tectonics, and environmental change over the past 180 million years." Geological Society of America Memoirs 201 (2008):
1685:
are also important processes for some aspects of marine geomorphology. Because ocean basins are the ultimate sinks for a large fraction of terrestrial sediments, depositional processes and their related forms (e.g., sediment fans,
1742:. Glaciers can cause extensive erosion and deposition in a short period of time, making them extremely important entities in the high latitudes and meaning that they set the conditions in the headwaters of mountain-born streams;
1042:'s doctoral thesis, "The River Fyris" (1935), contained one of the first quantitative studies of geomorphological processes ever published. His students followed in the same vein, making quantitative studies of mass transport (
698:
predicted that two monumental stelae recording his achievements, one buried at the foot of a mountain and the other erected at the top, would eventually change their relative positions over time as would hills and valleys.
546:
into the sea, eventually those seas would fill while the land lowered. He claimed that this would mean that land and water would eventually swap places, whereupon the process would begin again in an endless cycle. The
561:
during the 10th century also discussed the cyclical changing positions of land and sea with rocks breaking down and being washed into the sea, their sediment eventually rising to form new continents. The medieval
448:
processes are studied. This effort not only helps better understand the geologic and atmospheric history of those planets but also extends geomorphological study of the Earth. Planetary geomorphologists often use
820:, and the concept became embroiled in controversy surrounding the appropriate concerns of that discipline. Some geomorphologists held to a geological basis for physiography and emphasized a concept of
1650:, large mountain chains with typical lifetimes of many tens of millions of years, which form focal points for high rates of fluvial and hillslope processes and thus long-term sediment production.
1300:, can be of many different forms, and is probably of profound importance for the terrestrial geomorphic system as a whole. Biology can influence very many geomorphic processes, ranging from
2524:
Simons, Martin (1962), "The morphological analysis of landforms: A new review of the work of
Walther Penck (1888–1923)", Transactions and Papers (Institute of British Geographers) 31: 1–14.
1889:
Gilbert, Grove Karl, and
Charles Butler Hunt, eds. Geology of the Henry Mountains, Utah, as recorded in the notebooks of GK Gilbert, 1875–76. Vol. 167. Geological Society of America, 1988.
2493:
Oldroyd, David R. & Grapes, Rodney H. Contributions to the history of geomorphology and
Quaternary geology: an introduction. In: Grapes, R. H., Oldroyd, D. & GrigelisR, A. (eds)
1665:
of the lower lithosphere have also been hypothesised to play important roles in the long term (> million year), large scale (thousands of km) evolution of the Earth's topography (see
386:, using dating methods to measure the rate of changes to the surface. Terrain measurement techniques are vital to quantitatively describe the form of the Earth's surface, and include
1633:
effects on geomorphology can range from scales of millions of years to minutes or less. The effects of tectonics on landscape are heavily dependent on the nature of the underlying
742:
in his The
Scientific Study of Scenery considered his book as, 'an Introductory Treatise on Geomorphology, a subject which has sprung from the union of Geology and Geography'.
326:
In addition to these broad-scale questions, geomorphologists address issues that are more specific or more local. Glacial geomorphologists investigate glacial deposits such as
968:
378:
and geomorphology. Because geomorphology is defined to comprise everything related to the surface of the Earth and its modification, it is a broad field with many facets.
2149:
1603:(intrusive) igneous processes can have important impacts on geomorphology. The action of volcanoes tends to rejuvenize landscapes, covering the old land surface with
315:, which in turn modifies the topography by changing the hydrologic regime in which it evolves. Many geomorphologists are particularly interested in the potential for
1231:(freeze-thaw) processes, salt-mediated action, changes to the seabed caused by marine currents, seepage of fluids through the seafloor or extraterrestrial impact.
2417:
Schottenhammer, Angela. "The 'China Seas' in world history: A general outline of the role of
Chinese and East Asian maritime space from its origins to c. 1800",
771:
forms, for example, uniformitarianism posited a sequence in which a river runs through a flat terrain, gradually carving an increasingly deep valley, until the
1089:
of the processes occurring in them, that is, the probability distributions of event magnitudes and return times. This in turn has indicated the importance of
1269:. Although water and mass flow tend to mobilize more material than wind in most environments, aeolian processes are important in arid environments such as
3512:
808:
During the early 1900s, the study of regional-scale geomorphology was termed "physiography". Physiography later was considered to be a contraction of "
1669:). Both can promote surface uplift through isostasy as hotter, less dense, mantle rocks displace cooler, denser, mantle rocks at depth in the Earth.
2574:
1706:
is the chemical and physical disruption of earth materials in place on exposure to atmospheric or near surface agents, and is typically studied by
976:
1167:
region, Pakistan. This is the deepest river canyon in the world. Nanga Parbat itself, the world's 9th highest mountain, is seen in the background.
501:
Other than some notable exceptions in antiquity, geomorphology is a relatively young science, growing along with interest in other aspects of the
3444:
980:
3213:
3181:
952:
3706:
3616:
Church, Michael; Ryder, June M. (October 1972). "Paraglacial
Sedimentation: A Consideration of Fluvial Processes Conditioned by Glaciation".
2925:
997:
4149:
3921:
3704:
Gabet, Emmanuel J.; Reichman, O.J.; Seabloom, Eric W. (May 2003). "The Effects of Bioturbation on Soil Processes and Sediment Transport".
1457:
The way glacial processes interact with other landscape elements, particularly hillslope and fluvial processes, is an important aspect of
4112:
1791:
227:, and other factors, such as (in the very recent past) human alteration of the landscape. Many of these factors are strongly mediated by
1391:
As rivers flow across the landscape, they generally increase in size, merging with other rivers. The network of rivers thus formed is a
730:
in an 1858 work written in German. Keith Tinkler has suggested that the word came into general use in English, German and French after
3741:
Cserepes, L.; Christensen, U.R.; Ribe, N.M. (15 May 2000). "Geoid height versus topography for a plume model of the Hawaiian swell".
927:
Geomorphology was started to be put on a solid quantitative footing in the middle of the 20th century. Following the early work of
307:). Often, these processes directly affect each other: ice sheets, water, and sediment are all loads that change topography through
56:
studied the landscapes of this area in great detail, forming the observational foundation for many of his studies on geomorphology.
4117:
3874:
1714:, but is an essential component of geomorphology because it is what provides the material that can be moved in the first place.
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that was by the mid-20th century considered both un-innovative and dubious. Early climatic geomorphology developed primarily in
505:
in the mid-19th century. This section provides a very brief outline of some of the major figures and events in its development.
3618:
1285:
549:
477:. The cone itself is a volcanic edifice, representing complex interaction of intrusive igneous rocks with the surrounding salt.
2776:
Morisawa, Marie (1988-07-01). "The Geological Society of America Bulletin and the development of quantitative geomorphology".
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Marine processes are those associated with the action of waves, marine currents and seepage of fluids through the seafloor.
282:
The broad-scale topographies of the Earth illustrate this intersection of surface and subsurface action. Mountain belts are
860:, the leading geomorphologist of his time, recognized the role of climate by complementing his "normal" temperate climate
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3743:
1860:
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There is a considerable overlap between geomorphology and other fields. Deposition of material is extremely important in
4036:
3165:
2551:
2448:
2440:
1845:
821:
3200:"The major landforms of the bedrock of Sweden–with a view on the relationships between physical geography and geology"
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explaining landform distribution at a grand scale. The rise of climatic geomorphology was foreshadowed by the work of
199:'s surface is modified by a combination of surface processes that shape landscapes, and geologic processes that cause
4347:
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3452:
3370:
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2385:
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908:
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1493:, Norway. Talus cones are accumulations of coarse hillslope debris at the foot of the slopes producing the material.
570:
4142:
1830:
1372:. The water, as it flows over the channel bed, is able to mobilize sediment and transport it downstream, either as
661:
1972:
141:
history and dynamics and to predict changes through a combination of field observations, physical experiments and
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1949:
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3639:
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Ethridge, Frank G.; Wohl, Ellen; Gellis, Allen; Germanoski, Dru; Hayes, Ben R.; Ouchi, Shunji (December 2012).
2611:
1001:
853:
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Planetary geomorphology studies landforms on other terrestrial planets such as Mars. Indications of effects of
17:
3663:"Evidence for nonlinear, diffusive sediment transport on hillslopes and implications for landscape morphology"
3563:
4829:
3386:
Dietrich, William E.; Perron, J. Taylor (26 January 2006). "The search for a topographic signature of life".
1454:. Glacial erosion is responsible for U-shaped valleys, as opposed to the V-shaped valleys of fluvial origin.
875:
while in the English-speaking world the tendency was not explicit until L.C. Peltier's 1950 publication on a
2822:
2534:
Richardson, Douglas; Castree, Noel; Goodchild, Michael F.; Liu, Weidong; Marston, Richard A., eds. (2017).
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251:
from other parts of the landscape. The Earth's surface and its topography therefore are an intersection of
243:
changes in land surface elevation (sometimes in response to surface processes), and the formation of deep
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is since the 1990s no longer accepted by mainstream scholarship as a basis for geomorphological studies.
919:
being incised into by the steep slopes of the escarpment, was cited by Davis as a classic example of his
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760:
445:
2582:
825:"geomorphology" in order to suggest an analytical approach to landscapes rather than a descriptive one.
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International Encyclopedia of Geography, 15 Volume Set: People, the Earth, Environment & Technology
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2065:
1399:, alluvial valley, delta plain, and receiving basin. Some geomorphic examples of fluvial landforms are
1137:
533:
450:
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2337:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth
2293:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth
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1719:
1430:, while geographically restricted, are effective agents of landscape change. The gradual movement of
1261:. Winds may erode, transport, and deposit materials, and are effective agents in regions with sparse
1020:
142:
3873:
3780:"Geophysical evidence for lithospheric delamination beneath the Alboran Sea and Rif–Betic mountains"
3542:
3307:
3303:
3195:
2000:
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1102:
3667:
3087:
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1384:. The rate of sediment transport depends on the availability of sediment itself and on the river's
312:
189:
173:. This broad base of interests contributes to many research styles and interests within the field.
170:
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991:
by taking systematic, direct, quantitative measurements of aspects of them and investigating the
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with arid and glacial ones. Nevertheless, interest in climatic geomorphology was also a reaction
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eventually erode, flattening the terrain again, though at a lower elevation. It was thought that
539:
513:
The study of landforms and the evolution of the Earth's surface can be dated back to scholars of
363:
316:
31:
3133:
Dietrich, W. E.; Bellugi, D.G.; Sklar, L.S.; Stock, J.D.; Heimsath, A.M.; Roering, J.J. (2003).
4814:
3875:
Committee on Challenges and Opportunities in Earth Surface Processes, National Research Council
3537:
3520:
3470:"Equilibrium theory of erosional slopes approached by frequency distribution analysis; Part II"
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1995:
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continues to exist as field of study producing relevant research. More recently concerns over
1035:, landscape change, and the interactions between climate, tectonics, erosion, and deposition.
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in: Hargitai H, Kereszturi Á, eds, Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms. Cham: Springer 2015
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3083:"Stochastic forcing of sediment supply to channel networks from landsliding and debris flow"
2679:
Flemal, Ronald C. (1971). "The Attack on the Davisian System Of Geomorphology: A Synopsis".
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3096:
3043:
2980:
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2934:
2920:
2823:"Delayed recognition of geomorphology papers in the Geological Society of America Bulletin"
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1987:
1937:
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573:(973–1048), after observing rock formations at the mouths of rivers, hypothesized that the
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8:
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Willett, Sean D.; Brandon, Mark T. (January 2002). "On steady states in mountain belts".
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action with geologic processes, or alternatively stated, the intersection of the Earth's
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1991:
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Seber, Dogan; Barazangi, Muawia; Ibenbrahim, Aomar; Demnati, Ahmed (29 February 1996).
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2013:
1953:
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1097:. The same processes in the same landscapes do not always lead to the same end results.
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1348:. Dunes are mobile landforms formed by the transport of large volumes of sand by wind.
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features generated by physical, chemical or biological processes operating at or near
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fabric that more or less controls what kind of local morphology tectonics can shape.
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around the turn of the 20th century, a group of mainly American natural scientists,
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2005:
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engineers are concerned with erosion and sediment transport, especially related to
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3144:. Geophysical Monograph Series. Vol. 135. Washington, DC. pp. 103–132.
3123:
Knighton, David. Fluvial forms and processes: a new perspective. Routledge, 2014.
3034:(2008). "Time scales of tectonic landscapes and their sediment routing systems".
3031:
2575:"Geomorphology From Space: A Global Overview of Regional Landforms, Introduction"
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geomorphology, the cycle of erosion model is a common approach used to establish
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at the foot of the North Caineville Plateau, Utah, within the pass carved by the
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215:, and life on the surface of the Earth, along with chemical reactions that form
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1450:. The debris transported by the glacier, when the glacier recedes, is termed a
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processes, which are directly driven by formation or melting of ice or frost.
1191:. Primary surface processes responsible for most topographic features include
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can, in terms of minutes, submerge large areas of land forming new wetlands.
1447:
1359:
1292:, constitute a specific form of zoogeomorphology, a type of biogeomorphology.
1212:
784:
715:
632:
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367:
72:
1973:"Feedbacks among climate, erosion, and tectonics in a critical wedge orogen"
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Geomorphically relevant processes generally fall into (1) the production of
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were found to be preserved underground in the dry, northern climate zone of
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Roering, Joshua J.; Kirchner, James W.; Dietrich, William E. (March 1999).
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1971:
Roe, Gerard H.; Whipple, Kelin X.; Fletcher, Jennifer K. (September 2008).
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may play important roles in setting the rates of some hillslope processes.
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Particularly important realizations in contemporary geomorphology include:
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occurs on both terrestrial and submarine slopes, and has been observed on
1004:) when a marked increase in quantitative geomorphology research occurred.
60:
4711:
4577:
4533:
4518:
4187:
4173:
3689:
3662:
1970:
1816:
1467:
1463:
1257:
and more specifically, to the winds' ability to shape the surface of the
1228:
1208:
1160:
1043:
1028:
992:
912:
801:
772:
735:
653:
486:
268:
264:
166:
162:
3409:
1576:
extremely important element of landscapes in tectonically active areas.
1419:
4691:
4666:
4645:
4622:
4549:
4454:
4242:
4222:
4217:
2009:
1761:
1756:
1743:
1703:
1638:
1584:
1482:
1404:
1313:
1262:
1244:
1200:
1176:
1094:
1024:
932:
797:
599:
525:
300:
287:
272:
220:
204:
122:
118:
4763:
4395:
3135:"Geomorphic Transport Laws for Predicting Landscape form and Dynamics"
3109:
3082:
2374:
Historical Perspectives on East Asian Science, Technology and Medicine
1903:. Routledge Fundamentals of Physical Geography Series (3rd ed.).
1478:
1000:, and received only few citations prior to 2000 (they are examples of
481:
181:
4737:
4592:
4459:
4251:
4247:
4127:
4005:
3922:
Ialenti, Vincent. "Envisioning Landscapes of Our Very Distant Future"
3817:
3808:
1904:
1826:
1682:
1580:
1545:
1506:
1333:
1309:
1224:
1220:
1144:
have praised it for its elegance and pedagogical value respectively.
1019:, laboratory studies, field measurements, theoretical work, and full
676:
665:
536:
521:
474:
441:
406:
347:
339:
276:
256:
130:
126:
3879:
Landscapes on the Edge: New Horizons for Research on Earth's Surface
3157:
3055:
1085:
2) that many geomorphic systems are best understood in terms of the
374:
form and change. Still others investigate the relationships between
4213:
4122:
2372:
Chan, Alan Kam-leung and Gregory K. Clancey, Hui-Chieh Loy (2002).
1738:, coastal environmental management, transport of contaminants, and
1600:
1596:
1529:
1490:
1373:
1369:
1266:
1172:
636:
613:
490:
291:
240:
219:
and alter material properties, the stability and rate of change of
212:
134:
41:
3359:
Sedimentology and Sedimentary Basins, From Turbulence to Tectonics
1690:) are particularly important as elements of marine geomorphology.
117:, 'study') is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of
4569:
4356:
4227:
2871:
Church, Michael (2010-06-01). "The trajectory of geomorphology".
1840:
1711:
1647:
1634:
1537:
1497:
1462:
nevertheless have been conditioned by past glaciation are termed
1451:
1427:
1353:
1337:
1216:
1180:
1093:
to landscapes, and that landscape properties are best considered
916:
793:
727:
703:
680:
657:
628:
429:
425:
375:
351:
343:
327:
304:
260:
252:
248:
247:
where the surface of the Earth drops and is filled with material
236:
228:
224:
154:
150:
138:
3021:
Gregory, KJ, 1985: "The Nature of Physical Geography", E. Arnold
1136:. While acknowledging its shortcomings, modern geomorphologists
738:
used it during the International Geological Conference of 1891.
4101:
3777:
2850:
2323:. Brookfield, Vermont: VARIORUM, Ashgate Publishing. III, p. 23
1687:
1608:
1368:
Rivers and streams are not only conduits of water, but also of
1270:
768:
668:
624:
566:
497:" carved by flowing ice that once occupied this glacial valley.
311:. Topography can modify the local climate, for example through
3839:
Guilcher, A., 1958. Coastal and submarine morphology. Methuen.
3271:
Contemporary Meanings in Physical Geography: From What to Why?
2497:. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 301, 1–17.
398:, to quantify, study, and to generate illustrations and maps.
2533:
1723:
1616:
material is denser or less dense than the rock it displaces.
1561:
1553:
1258:
1239:
1156:
984:
691:
621:
558:
355:
350:
and understand their motions and effects upon the landscape.
331:
211:. Surface processes comprise the action of water, wind, ice,
196:
111:
104:
97:
90:
83:
76:
45:
2749:
2399:
Geological Sciences; Geology: Landforms, Minerals, and Rocks
2354:
Geological Sciences; Geology: Landforms, Minerals, and Rocks
2236:
Geological Sciences; Geology: Landforms, Minerals, and Rocks
2211:
Geological Sciences; Geology: Landforms, Minerals, and Rocks
4081:
Classification and Characterization of Planetary Landforms.
2993:
10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1250:LRTTFD>2.0.CO;2
2967:
2800:
10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100<1016:TGSOAB>2.3.CO;2
2609:; Lageat, Y. (1994). "Climatic geomorphology: a critique".
2578:
2421:, (Volume 1, Issue 2, 2012): 63-86. ISSN 2212-6821, p. 72.
1950:
10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0175:OSSIMB>2.0.CO;2
1604:
1557:
1525:
1345:
1254:
1196:
1192:
645:
371:
335:
216:
4325:
3977:
Earth's changing surface: an introduction to geomorphology
3640:
10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[3059:PSACOF]2.0.CO;2
1317:
understanding the geomorphology of other planets, such as
915:, southern Africa. This landscape, with its high altitude
780:
to their lack of predictive power and qualitative nature.
4079:
Hargitai H., Page D., Canon-Tapia E. and Rodrigue C.M..;
3132:
1431:
983:
began to research the form of landscape elements such as
898:
4025:
Geomorphology: The Mechanics and Chemistry of Landscapes
3513:"Rates of erosion and their implications for exhumation"
2921:"Bedrock rivers and the geomorphology of active orogens"
2721:
Thomas, Michael F. (2004). "Tropical geomorphology". In
2356:. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing, pp. 6–8.
2213:. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing, pp. 8–9.
1899:
Huggett, Richard John (2011). "What Is Geomorphology?".
726:
The term geomorphology seems to have been first used by
3740:
3660:
2511:
Ritter, Dale F., R. Craig Kochel, and Jerry R. Miller.
1927:
1296:
The interaction of living organisms with landforms, or
1227:. Other more exotic geomorphic processes might include
4113:
The Geographical Cycle, or the Cycle of Erosion (1899)
3284:
Jones, David K.C. (2004). "Denudation chronology". In
755:
model of broad-scale landscape evolution developed by
3703:
2401:. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing, p. 6.
2257:
Ideals and Realities — Selected Essays of Abdus Salam
2238:. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing, p. 9.
2230:
2228:
2226:
1132:, and is thus an important concept in the science of
605:
Another early theory of geomorphology was devised by
2601:
2599:
2346:
2321:
Science in Ancient China: Researches and Reflections
2203:
759:
between 1884 and 1899. It was an elaboration of the
453:
to aid in their study of surfaces of other planets.
3927:
3250:Slaymaker, Olav (2004). "Geomorphic evolution". In
145:. Geomorphologists work within disciplines such as
3974:
2391:
2223:
2107:
648:, after observing strange natural erosions of the
64:Surface of Earth, showing higher elevations in red
3855:; Stanley Alfred Schumm; David E. Sugden (1985).
2596:
2108:Hargitai, Henrik; Kereszturi, Ákos, eds. (2015).
706:(284–364) created a fictional dialogue where the
660:. Furthermore, he promoted the theory of gradual
4806:
4022:
3194:
3036:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
1308:, to the influence of mechanical processes like
882:Climatic geomorphology was criticized in a 1969
532:, and estimated its age. In the 4th century BC,
401:Practical applications of geomorphology include
2495:History of Geomorphology and Quaternary Geology
796:, and in particular to the specific effects of
687:also presented ideas about changing landforms.
3586:
3385:
3214:Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography
1120:have led to a renewed interest in the field.
342:features, to build chronologies of both small
4341:
4143:
3707:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
2926:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
2716:
2714:
2712:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2605:
2474:
1069:
998:Bulletin of the Geological Society of America
721:
3881:. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
3302:
3245:
3243:
3241:
1693:
598:(1494–1555) wrote about erosion and natural
192:lead to structural failure in exposed rocks.
3950:
3615:
3024:
2752:"Memorial to Stanley A. Schumm (1927–2011)"
2196:Bierman, Paul R., and David R. Montgomery.
2150:"International Conference of Geomorphology"
2030:
1792:Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography
1579:On the Earth, biological processes such as
1265:and a large supply of fine, unconsolidated
524:argued from observations of soils that the
231:. Geologic processes include the uplift of
4348:
4334:
4150:
4136:
4064:Ritter, D.F.; Kochel, R.C.; Miller, J.R..
3928:Kondolf, G. Mathias; Hervé Piégay (2003).
3180:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3076:
2914:
2912:
2709:
2639:
2423:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imic.2012.11.002
2255:Salam, Abdus (1987). "Islam and Science".
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
1446:. Abrasion produces fine sediment, termed
1023:. These approaches are used to understand
745:An early popular geomorphic model was the
129:. Geomorphologists seek to understand why
3816:
3688:
3589:Glacial Geology: Ice Sheets and Landforms
3541:
3495:
3249:
3238:
3229:
3188:
3108:
2820:
2507:
2505:
2503:
1999:
1746:therefore is important in geomorphology.
1112:Albeit having its importance diminished,
828:
631:of a mountain hundreds of miles from the
3999:
3467:
3438:
2775:
2166:
1496:
1477:
1418:
1328:
1280:
1238:
1151:
902:
508:
480:
460:
290:of these high uplifted regions produces
180:
59:
36:
4023:Anderson, R.S.; Anderson, S.P. (2011).
3895:
3510:
2918:
2909:
2434:
2287:
2179:
2088:
1898:
1466:processes. This concept contrasts with
1276:
1187:of that material, and (3) its eventual
1007:Quantitative geomorphology can involve
763:theory that had first been proposed by
14:
4807:
4157:
3728:10.1146/annurev.earth.31.100901.141314
3619:Geological Society of America Bulletin
3356:
3334:
3328:
2947:10.1146/annurev.earth.32.101802.120356
2870:
2720:
2678:
2672:
2656:
2518:
2500:
1473:
899:Quantitative and process geomorphology
644:of the mountains and by deposition of
550:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
4329:
4131:
4002:Fundamentals of fluvial geomorphology
3969:
3587:Bennett, M.R.; Glasser, N.F. (1996).
3296:
3283:
3277:
3030:
2660:(2004). "Climatic geomorphology". In
2572:
2419:Journal of Marine and Island Cultures
2331:
2329:
2254:
2152:. Europa Organization. Archived from
2059:
1619:
4308:
3262:
2463:
1590:
1414:
1324:
1234:
1123:Despite considerable criticism, the
710:explained that the territory of the
664:over centuries of time once ancient
323:, mediated by geomorphic processes.
133:look the way they do, to understand
4787:
3744:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
3468:Strahler, A. N. (1 November 1950).
2441:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
2200:. Macmillan Higher Education, 2014.
2112:. New York, NY: Springer New York.
2110:Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms
2091:"What is Digital Terrain Analysis?"
1861:Soils retrogression and degradation
1672:
24:
3845:
2326:
2167:Patowary, Kaushik (16 July 2014).
2097:Department of Geography, New York.
1846:Physiographic regions of the world
1548:, flows, topples, and falls. Such
1536:move downslope under the force of
25:
4866:
4123:British Society for Geomorphology
4094:
4068:. London: Waveland Pr Inc, 2011.
3924:NPR Cosmos & Culture. 9/2014.
3316:(in Swedish). Cydonia Development
2763:The Geological Society of America
1777:British Society for Geomorphology
816:", and therefore synonymous with
4786:
4775:
4774:
4762:
4394:
4307:
4295:
4284:
4283:
4270:
4100:
4045:Bierman, P.R.; Montgomery, D.R.
3511:Burbank, D. W. (February 2002).
2919:Whipple, Kelin X. (2004-04-21).
2821:Goldstein, Evan B (2017-04-17).
2437:A short history of geomorphology
1831:behavioral modeling in hydrology
465:"Cono de Arita" at the dry lake
30:For the scientific journal, see
4118:Geomorphology from Space (NASA)
3951:Scheidegger, Adrian E. (2004).
3833:
3771:
3734:
3697:
3654:
3609:
3580:
3504:
3461:
3432:
3379:
3350:
3338:(2004). "Cycle of erosion". In
3268:
3126:
3117:
3070:
3015:
2961:
2864:
2814:
2769:
2743:
2733:
2682:Journal of Geological Education
2566:
2527:
2467:The Scientific Study of Scenery
2457:
2428:
2411:
2366:
2313:
2281:
2248:
2160:
1797:Drainage system (geomorphology)
1423:Features of a glacial landscape
1253:pertain to the activity of the
616:(1031–1095). This was based on
3930:Tools in fluvial geomorphology
2874:Progress in Physical Geography
2827:Progress in Physical Geography
2612:Progress in Physical Geography
2536:"Landforms & Physiography"
2142:
2101:
2082:
2053:
2024:
1964:
1921:
1892:
1883:
528:was actively growing into the
485:Lake "Veľké Hincovo pleso" in
13:
1:
4047:Key Concepts in Geomorphology
3765:10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00065-0
3441:Fluvial Forms & Processes
3344:Encyclopedia of Geomorphology
3290:Encyclopedia of Geomorphology
3256:Encyclopedia of Geomorphology
3231:10.1080/04353676.2019.1702809
2727:Encyclopedia of Geomorphology
2666:Encyclopedia of Geomorphology
2198:Key Concepts in Geomorphology
1901:Fundamentals Of Geomorphology
1877:
27:Scientific study of landforms
2515:. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1995.
2169:"Cono de Arita in Argentina"
2089:Messina, Paul (2 May 1997).
1515:California State Highway 140
1147:
1058:). This developed into "the
1021:landscape evolution modeling
767:(1726–1797). With regard to
714:was once a land filled with
364:migrate across the landscape
112:
98:
84:
52:and known as the Blue Gate.
7:
4419:Geological history of Earth
4355:
3475:American Journal of Science
3142:Prediction in Geomorphology
1980:American Journal of Science
1749:
1517:, a primary access road to
1298:biogeomorphologic processes
886:by process geomorphologist
417:, and coastal protection.
286:due to geologic processes.
176:
10:
4871:
4392:
4029:Cambridge University Press
2625:10.1177/030913339401800302
2435:Tinkler, Keith J. (1985).
2397:Rafferty, John P. (2012).
2378:Singapore University Press
2352:Rafferty, John P. (2012).
2341:Cambridge University Press
2297:Cambridge University Press
2265:10.1142/9789814503204_0018
2234:Rafferty, John P. (2012).
2209:Rafferty, John P. (2012).
2066:Cambridge University Press
2031:Summerfield, M.A. (1991).
1623:
1357:
1351:
1070:Contemporary geomorphology
1054:), and coastal processes (
832:
722:Early modern geomorphology
675:, which is now modern day
456:
354:geomorphologists focus on
105:
91:
77:
29:
4756:
4730:
4659:
4621:
4568:
4542:
4506:
4473:
4433:Composition and structure
4432:
4404:
4386:Index of geology articles
4363:
4279:
4268:
4165:
3310:[Erosion cycle].
2703:10.5408/0022-1368-XIX.1.3
2573:Baker, Victor R. (1986).
2335:Needham, Joseph. (1959).
2118:10.1007/978-1-4614-3134-3
1694:Overlap with other fields
1344:region on the surface of
517:. In the 5th century BC,
3668:Water Resources Research
3552:10.1180/0026461026610014
3088:Water Resources Research
2887:10.1177/0309133310363992
2839:10.1177/0309133317703093
1782:Coastal biogeomorphology
1243:Wind-eroded alcove near
996:studies appeared in the
612:scientist and statesman
493:. The lake occupies an "
313:orographic precipitation
294:that is transported and
171:geotechnical engineering
3757:2000E&PSL.178...29C
3304:Lidmar-Bergström, Karna
3196:Lidmar-Bergström, Karna
1130:denudation chronologies
32:Geomorphology (journal)
3521:Mineralogical Magazine
3497:10.2475/ajs.248.11.800
2546:. pp. 3979–3980.
2319:Sivin, Nathan (1995).
1522:
1519:Yosemite National Park
1494:
1485:on the north shore of
1424:
1349:
1304:processes controlling
1293:
1247:
1168:
1142:Karna Lidmar-Bergström
1114:climatic geomorphology
1103:Karna Lidmar-Bergström
1046:), fluvial transport (
1029:the formation of soils
924:
892:Davisian geomorphology
869:Davisian geomorphology
835:Climatic geomorphology
829:Climatic geomorphology
498:
478:
392:digital terrain models
193:
65:
57:
4682:Environmental geology
4066:Process Geomorphology
4000:Charlton, Ro (2008).
3593:John Wiley & Sons
3439:Knighton, D. (1998).
2729:. pp. 1063–1069.
2513:Process geomorphology
2470:. Methuen. p. v.
1626:Erosion and tectonics
1500:
1481:
1434:down a valley causes
1422:
1332:
1284:
1242:
1155:
1050:), delta deposition (
906:
833:Further information:
822:physiographic regions
509:Ancient geomorphology
484:
464:
413:), river control and
184:
63:
40:
4830:Geological processes
4641:Planetary geophysics
4109:at Wikimedia Commons
3955:. Berlin: Springer.
3690:10.1029/1998WR900090
3313:Nationalencyklopedin
2259:. pp. 179–213.
2062:Cosmogenic Nucleides
2060:Dunai, T.J. (2010).
2033:Global Geomorphology
1277:Biological processes
1201:chemical dissolution
949:Hans Albert Einstein
941:William Walden Rubey
858:William Morris Davis
757:William Morris Davis
577:once covered all of
571:Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
405:assessment (such as
319:between climate and
4743:Petroleum geologist
4707:Forensic geophysics
4677:Engineering geology
4424:Timeline of geology
4376:Glossary of geology
4170:Atmospheric science
3971:Selby, Michael John
3859:. London: Methuen.
3853:Chorley, Richard J.
3801:1996Natur.379..785S
3720:2003AREPS..31..249G
3681:1999WRR....35..853R
3632:1972GSAB...83.3059C
3534:2002MinM...66...25B
3488:1950AmJS..248..800S
3410:10.1038/nature04452
3402:2006Natur.439..411D
3357:Leeder, M. (1999).
3346:. pp. 223–224.
3292:. pp. 244–248.
3258:. pp. 420–422.
3222:2020GeAnA.102....1L
3205:Geografiska Annaler
3150:2003GMS...135..103D
3101:1997WRR....33.2849B
3048:2008GSLSP.296....7A
2985:2000GSAB..112.1250S
2939:2004AREPS..32..151W
2792:1988GSAB..100.1016M
2695:1971JGeoE..19....3F
2668:. pp. 162–164.
2464:Marr, J.E. (1900).
1992:2008AmJS..308..815R
1942:2002Geo....30..175W
1827:Hydrologic modeling
1653:Features of deeper
1511:Merced River canyon
1474:Hillslope processes
1306:chemical weathering
1091:chaotic determinism
1002:"sleeping beauties"
945:Ralph Alger Bagnold
937:hydraulic engineers
696:Western Jin dynasty
683:province. Previous
584:De Natura Fossilium
223:under the force of
159:engineering geology
4840:Physical geography
4769:Geology portal
4697:Geologic modelling
4636:Geophysical survey
4588:Geodetic astronomy
4514:Structural geology
4475:Historical geology
4406:History of geology
4381:History of geology
4371:Outline of geology
4262:Quaternary science
4159:Physical geography
3595:Ltd. p. 364.
2010:10.2475/07.2008.01
1851:Sediment transport
1807:Geologic modelling
1802:Erosion prediction
1740:stream restoration
1710:and environmental
1667:dynamic topography
1620:Tectonic processes
1523:
1495:
1442:of the underlying
1425:
1364:Sediment transport
1350:
1294:
1248:
1169:
1134:historical geology
1107:regional geography
1064:Physical Geography
1033:sediment transport
929:Grove Karl Gilbert
925:
879:cycle of erosion.
873:continental Europe
839:During the age of
818:physical geography
747:geographical cycle
732:John Wesley Powell
629:geological stratum
544:sediment transport
499:
479:
473:, in northwestern
415:stream restoration
390:, remotely sensed
360:transport sediment
245:sedimentary basins
194:
147:physical geography
143:numerical modeling
66:
58:
4845:Planetary science
4802:
4801:
4687:Planetary geology
4603:Planetary geodesy
4323:
4322:
4257:Landscape ecology
4201:Coastal geography
4105:Media related to
4089:978-1-4614-3133-6
4015:978-0-415-33454-9
3992:978-0-19-823252-0
3962:978-3-540-20017-8
3943:978-0-471-49142-2
3914:978-0-7148-4451-0
3897:Edmaier, Bernhard
3888:978-0-309-14024-9
3866:978-0-416-32590-4
3795:(6568): 785–790.
3626:(10): 3059–3072.
3396:(7075): 411–418.
3363:Blackwell Science
3110:10.1029/97WR02388
3095:(12): 2849–2863.
3081:(December 1997).
2274:978-9971-5-0315-4
2173:amusingplanet.com
2127:978-1-4614-3133-6
2075:978-0-521-87380-2
1914:978-0-203-86008-3
1836:List of landforms
1657:dynamics such as
1643:Isostatic rebound
1591:Igneous processes
1415:Glacial processes
1325:Fluvial processes
1288:, as this one in
1251:Aeolian processes
1235:Aeolian processes
761:uniformitarianism
694:(222–285) of the
650:Taihang Mountains
596:Georgius Agricola
534:Greek philosopher
530:Mediterranean Sea
340:glacial erosional
334:, and proglacial
309:flexural isostasy
209:coastal geography
16:(Redirected from
4862:
4790:
4789:
4778:
4777:
4767:
4766:
4702:Forensic geology
4672:Economic geology
4598:Gravity of Earth
4493:Paleoclimatology
4398:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4327:
4326:
4311:
4310:
4299:
4287:
4286:
4274:
4192:Paleoclimatology
4152:
4145:
4138:
4129:
4128:
4104:
4042:
4019:
3996:
3980:
3966:
3947:
3918:
3892:
3870:
3840:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3820:
3809:10.1038/379785a0
3784:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3568:
3562:. Archived from
3545:
3517:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3247:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3179:
3171:
3139:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3032:Allen, Philip A.
3028:
3022:
3019:
3013:
3012:
2979:(8): 1250–1263.
2965:
2959:
2958:
2916:
2907:
2906:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2849:. Archived from
2818:
2812:
2811:
2786:(7): 1016–1022.
2773:
2767:
2766:
2756:
2747:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2718:
2707:
2706:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2654:
2637:
2636:
2603:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2581:. Archived from
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2516:
2509:
2498:
2491:
2472:
2471:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2432:
2426:
2415:
2409:
2395:
2389:
2370:
2364:
2350:
2344:
2333:
2324:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2252:
2246:
2232:
2221:
2207:
2201:
2194:
2177:
2176:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2003:
1977:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1871:Thermochronology
1767:Biogeomorphology
1673:Marine processes
1459:Plio-Pleistocene
1409:fluvial terraces
1290:Tierra del Fuego
1125:cycle of erosion
921:cycle of erosion
909:Great Escarpment
862:cycle of erosion
854:Andreas Schimper
850:Vasily Dokuchaev
752:cycle of erosion
740:John Edward Marr
701:Daoist alchemist
689:Scholar-official
654:Yandang Mountain
587:of 1546, German
515:Classical Greece
467:Salar de Arizaro
388:differential GPS
368:cut into bedrock
235:, the growth of
207:, and shape the
115:
108:
107:
101:
94:
93:
87:
80:
79:
21:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4761:
4752:
4726:
4722:Mineral physics
4655:
4617:
4564:
4538:
4524:Plate tectonics
4502:
4498:Palaeogeography
4469:
4445:Crystallography
4428:
4400:
4399:
4390:
4359:
4354:
4324:
4319:
4275:
4266:
4196:Palaeogeography
4161:
4156:
4097:
4039:
4016:
3993:
3983:Clarendon Press
3963:
3953:Morphotectonics
3944:
3915:
3889:
3867:
3848:
3846:Further reading
3843:
3838:
3834:
3782:
3776:
3772:
3739:
3735:
3702:
3698:
3659:
3655:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3585:
3581:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3543:10.1.1.518.6023
3515:
3509:
3505:
3482:(11): 800–814.
3466:
3462:
3455:
3447:. p. 383.
3437:
3433:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3365:. p. 592.
3355:
3351:
3333:
3329:
3319:
3317:
3308:"erosionscykel"
3301:
3297:
3282:
3278:
3267:
3263:
3248:
3239:
3193:
3189:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3158:10.1029/135GM09
3137:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3075:
3071:
3056:10.1144/SP296.2
3029:
3025:
3020:
3016:
2966:
2962:
2917:
2910:
2869:
2865:
2856:
2854:
2819:
2815:
2774:
2770:
2754:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2734:
2719:
2710:
2677:
2673:
2655:
2640:
2604:
2597:
2588:
2586:
2571:
2567:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2544:Wiley-Blackwell
2532:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2510:
2501:
2492:
2475:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2433:
2429:
2416:
2412:
2396:
2392:
2371:
2367:
2351:
2347:
2334:
2327:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2299:. p. 604.
2289:Needham, Joseph
2286:
2282:
2275:
2253:
2249:
2233:
2224:
2208:
2204:
2195:
2180:
2165:
2161:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2128:
2106:
2102:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2068:. p. 187.
2058:
2054:
2047:
2039:. p. 537.
2029:
2025:
2001:10.1.1.598.4768
1975:
1969:
1965:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1856:Soil morphology
1787:Coastal erosion
1752:
1732:natural hazards
1728:slope stability
1708:soil scientists
1696:
1675:
1628:
1622:
1599:(eruptive) and
1593:
1476:
1417:
1393:drainage system
1366:
1356:
1327:
1279:
1237:
1150:
1072:
1056:John O. Norrman
1052:Valter Axelsson
1040:Filip Hjulström
1013:solid mechanics
973:Arthur Strahler
901:
846:Wladimir Köppen
841:New Imperialism
837:
831:
777:tectonic uplift
724:
685:Chinese authors
618:his observation
519:Greek historian
511:
471:Atacama Plateau
459:
451:Earth analogues
409:prediction and
233:mountain ranges
201:tectonic uplift
190:water chemistry
179:
127:Earth's surface
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4868:
4858:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4820:Earth sciences
4817:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4784:
4772:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4717:Mining geology
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4651:Tectonophysics
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4627:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4613:Geopositioning
4610:
4608:Remote sensing
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4574:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4560:Marine geology
4557:
4552:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4479:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4440:Cosmochemistry
4436:
4434:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4410:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4360:
4353:
4352:
4345:
4338:
4330:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4305:
4293:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4207:
4198:
4185:
4183:Phytogeography
4176:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4155:
4154:
4147:
4140:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4096:
4095:External links
4093:
4092:
4091:
4077:
4062:
4043:
4038:978-0521519786
4037:
4020:
4014:
3997:
3991:
3967:
3961:
3948:
3942:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3893:
3887:
3871:
3865:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3832:
3770:
3751:(1–2): 29–38.
3733:
3714:(1): 249–273.
3696:
3675:(3): 853–870.
3653:
3608:
3601:
3579:
3503:
3460:
3453:
3431:
3378:
3371:
3349:
3327:
3295:
3276:
3261:
3237:
3187:
3167:978-1118668559
3166:
3125:
3116:
3069:
3023:
3014:
2960:
2933:(1): 151–185.
2908:
2881:(3): 265–286.
2863:
2833:(3): 363–368.
2813:
2768:
2742:
2732:
2708:
2671:
2638:
2619:(3): 319–334.
2595:
2565:
2553:978-0470659632
2552:
2526:
2517:
2499:
2473:
2456:
2450:978-0389205449
2449:
2427:
2410:
2390:
2365:
2345:
2343:. pp. 603–618.
2325:
2312:
2305:
2280:
2273:
2247:
2222:
2202:
2178:
2159:
2156:on 2013-03-17.
2141:
2126:
2100:
2095:Hunter College
2081:
2074:
2052:
2045:
2023:
1986:(7): 815–842.
1963:
1936:(2): 175–178.
1920:
1913:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1866:Stream capture
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1812:Geomorphometry
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1695:
1692:
1681:and submarine
1674:
1671:
1648:orogenic belts
1621:
1618:
1592:
1589:
1503:Ferguson Slide
1475:
1472:
1416:
1413:
1397:drainage basin
1382:dissolved load
1378:suspended load
1352:Main article:
1326:
1323:
1302:biogeochemical
1278:
1275:
1236:
1233:
1217:glacial action
1163:into bedrock,
1149:
1146:
1118:global warming
1099:
1098:
1082:
1081:
1071:
1068:
1017:geomorphometry
1009:fluid dynamics
977:Stanley Schumm
969:Thomas Maddock
900:
897:
884:review article
830:
827:
783:In the 1920s,
723:
720:
716:mulberry trees
712:East China Sea
662:climate change
510:
507:
503:earth sciences
458:
455:
396:laser scanning
178:
175:
103:, 'form'; and
26:
18:Geomorphologic
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4867:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4815:Geomorphology
4813:
4812:
4810:
4795:
4794:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4749:
4748:Volcanologist
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4583:Earth's orbit
4581:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4529:Geomorphology
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:Dynamic Earth
4505:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4465:Sedimentology
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4414:Geochronology
4412:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4397:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4351:
4346:
4344:
4339:
4337:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4316:
4315:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4273:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4238:Geostatistics
4236:
4234:
4233:Geomorphology
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4160:
4153:
4148:
4146:
4141:
4139:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4107:Geomorphology
4103:
4099:
4098:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4051:W. H. Freeman
4048:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4030:
4027:. Cambridge:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3984:
3979:
3978:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3906:
3905:Phaidon Press
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3862:
3858:
3857:Geomorphology
3854:
3850:
3849:
3836:
3828:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3781:
3774:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3737:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3708:
3700:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3657:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3602:0-471-96345-3
3598:
3594:
3590:
3583:
3569:on 2013-03-15
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3522:
3514:
3507:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3464:
3456:
3454:0-340-66313-8
3450:
3446:
3445:Hodder Arnold
3442:
3435:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3382:
3374:
3372:0-632-04976-6
3368:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3291:
3287:
3280:
3272:
3265:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3183:
3177:
3169:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3120:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3079:Dunne, Thomas
3073:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3018:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2915:
2913:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2867:
2853:on 2020-08-07
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2772:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2736:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2607:Twidale, C.R.
2602:
2600:
2585:on 2008-03-15
2584:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2555:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2521:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2460:
2452:
2446:
2443:. p. 4.
2442:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2407:9781615305445
2404:
2400:
2394:
2387:
2386:9971-69-259-7
2383:
2379:
2376:. Singapore:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2362:9781615305445
2359:
2355:
2349:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2322:
2316:
2308:
2306:9780521058018
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2245:
2244:9781615305445
2241:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2220:
2219:9781615305445
2216:
2212:
2206:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2077:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2048:
2046:9780582301566
2042:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1916:
1910:
1907:. p. 3.
1906:
1902:
1895:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1772:Biorhexistasy
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1736:water quality
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1720:environmental
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1700:sedimentology
1691:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1617:
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1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1571:
1567:
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1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1505:is an active
1504:
1499:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1448:glacial flour
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1401:alluvial fans
1398:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1340:dunes in the
1339:
1335:
1331:
1322:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1241:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1213:surface water
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1138:Andrew Goudie
1135:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1101:According to
1096:
1095:statistically
1092:
1088:
1087:stochasticity
1084:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
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1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1003:
999:
994:
990:
986:
982:
981:Ronald Shreve
978:
974:
970:
966:
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946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
922:
918:
914:
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905:
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893:
889:
888:D.R. Stoddart
885:
880:
878:
874:
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867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
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836:
826:
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819:
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806:
803:
799:
795:
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786:
785:Walther Penck
781:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
753:
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709:
708:immortal Magu
705:
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686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
667:
663:
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655:
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634:
633:Pacific Ocean
630:
626:
623:
619:
615:
611:
608:
603:
601:
597:
594:
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586:
585:
580:
576:
572:
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565:
560:
556:
553:published in
552:
551:
545:
541:
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535:
531:
527:
523:
520:
516:
506:
504:
496:
495:overdeepening
492:
488:
483:
476:
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463:
454:
452:
447:
443:
439:
438:meteor impact
435:
431:
427:
423:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:geochronology
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
338:, as well as
337:
333:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
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250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
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206:
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191:
187:
183:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
114:
102:
100:
88:
86:
74:
73:Ancient Greek
70:
69:Geomorphology
62:
55:
54:G. K. Gilbert
51:
50:Fremont River
47:
44:incised into
43:
39:
33:
19:
4791:
4779:
4760:
4660:Applications
4631:Geomagnetism
4555:Hydrogeology
4528:
4488:Paleontology
4483:Stratigraphy
4450:Geochemistry
4312:
4300:
4288:
4232:
4210:Soil science
4205:Oceanography
4179:Biogeography
4080:
4065:
4049:. New York:
4046:
4024:
4001:
3976:
3952:
3932:. New York:
3929:
3900:
3878:
3856:
3835:
3792:
3786:
3773:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3711:
3705:
3699:
3672:
3666:
3656:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3588:
3582:
3571:. Retrieved
3564:the original
3528:(1): 25–52.
3525:
3519:
3506:
3479:
3473:
3463:
3440:
3434:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3358:
3352:
3343:
3340:Goudie, A.S.
3336:Goudie, A.S.
3330:
3318:. Retrieved
3311:
3298:
3289:
3286:Goudie, A.S.
3279:
3273:. p. 5.
3270:
3269:Roy, Andre.
3264:
3255:
3252:Goudie, A.S.
3209:
3203:
3190:
3141:
3128:
3119:
3092:
3086:
3077:Benda, Lee;
3072:
3039:
3035:
3026:
3017:
2976:
2972:GSA Bulletin
2970:
2963:
2930:
2924:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2855:. Retrieved
2851:the original
2830:
2826:
2816:
2783:
2779:GSA Bulletin
2777:
2771:
2758:
2745:
2735:
2726:
2723:Goudie, A.S.
2686:
2680:
2674:
2665:
2662:Goudie, A.S.
2658:Goudie, A.S.
2616:
2610:
2587:. Retrieved
2583:the original
2568:
2557:. Retrieved
2539:
2529:
2520:
2512:
2494:
2466:
2459:
2436:
2430:
2418:
2413:
2398:
2393:
2373:
2368:
2353:
2348:
2336:
2320:
2315:
2292:
2283:
2256:
2250:
2235:
2210:
2205:
2197:
2172:
2162:
2154:the original
2144:
2109:
2103:
2084:
2061:
2055:
2032:
2026:
1983:
1979:
1966:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1900:
1894:
1885:
1697:
1679:Mass wasting
1676:
1663:delamination
1652:
1629:
1611:, releasing
1594:
1578:
1574:
1550:mass wasting
1524:
1456:
1426:
1390:
1367:
1342:Hellespontus
1295:
1249:
1205:mass wasting
1170:
1165:Nanga Parbat
1122:
1111:
1100:
1073:
1048:Åke Sundborg
1037:
1006:
961:Luna Leopold
953:Frank Ahnert
926:
907:Part of the
881:
865:
838:
813:
812:cal" and "ge
809:
807:
790:
782:
773:side valleys
765:James Hutton
750:
746:
744:
725:
672:
642:soil erosion
627:shells in a
607:Song dynasty
604:
593:mineralogist
589:metallurgist
582:
575:Indian Ocean
548:
542:that due to
512:
500:
434:mass wasting
419:
400:
380:
325:
281:
195:
110:
96:
82:
68:
67:
4731:Occupations
4712:Meteoritics
4578:Cartography
4534:Volcanology
4519:Geodynamics
4188:Climatology
4174:Meteorology
3042:(1): 7–28.
2689:(1): 3–13.
1817:Geotechnics
1683:landsliding
1639:Earthquakes
1613:pyroclastic
1483:Talus cones
1468:periglacial
1464:paraglacial
1405:oxbow lakes
1286:Beaver dams
1229:periglacial
1209:groundwater
1161:Indus River
1159:cut by the
1044:Anders Rapp
913:Drakensberg
877:periglacial
802:periglacial
736:W. J. McGee
635:. Noticing
487:High Tatras
358:, how they
269:hydrosphere
265:lithosphere
167:climatology
163:archaeology
123:bathymetric
119:topographic
89:, 'earth';
4855:Topography
4850:Seismology
4809:Categories
4692:Geobiology
4667:Biogeology
4646:Seismology
4623:Geophysics
4550:Glaciology
4455:Mineralogy
4243:Glaciology
4223:Geobiology
4218:Edaphology
4074:1577666690
4059:1429238607
4004:. London:
3981:. Oxford:
3903:. London:
3573:2012-09-29
2857:2019-01-19
2589:2007-12-19
2559:2019-09-06
1878:References
1822:Hack's law
1762:Biogeology
1757:Bioerosion
1744:glaciology
1704:Weathering
1624:See also:
1585:tree throw
1360:Hack's law
1358:See also:
1314:tree throw
1263:vegetation
1245:Moab, Utah
1211:movement,
1189:deposition
1183:, (2) the
1177:weathering
1062:School of
1038:In Sweden
1025:weathering
989:hillslopes
965:A. Shields
939:including
933:geologists
798:glaciation
600:weathering
540:speculated
526:Nile delta
411:mitigation
372:hillslopes
348:ice sheets
346:and large
301:subsidence
288:Denudation
273:atmosphere
257:hydrologic
221:topography
205:subsidence
131:landscapes
4738:Geologist
4593:Geomatics
4460:Petrology
4364:Overviews
4252:Limnology
4248:Hydrology
4006:Routledge
3901:Earthsong
3818:1813/5287
3538:CiteSeerX
3176:cite book
3064:128396744
3001:0016-7606
2955:0084-6597
2903:140160085
2895:0309-1333
2847:132521098
2808:0016-7606
2759:Memorials
2633:129518705
2380:. p. 15.
2136:132406061
1996:CiteSeerX
1905:Routledge
1581:burrowing
1507:landslide
1487:Isfjorden
1386:discharge
1310:burrowing
1267:sediments
1225:volcanism
1221:tectonism
1185:transport
1148:Processes
957:John Hack
666:petrified
581:. In his
537:Aristotle
522:Herodotus
475:Argentina
442:tectonics
407:landslide
321:tectonics
317:feedbacks
296:deposited
277:biosphere
267:with its
241:isostatic
237:volcanoes
4290:Category
4214:Pedology
4053:, 2013.
3973:(1985).
3899:(2004).
3877:(2010).
3648:56240248
3560:14114154
3418:16437104
3320:June 22,
3216:: 1–11.
3198:(2020).
2291:(1959).
2018:13802645
1750:See also
1712:chemists
1631:Tectonic
1601:plutonic
1597:volcanic
1530:regolith
1491:Svalbard
1440:plucking
1436:abrasion
1428:Glaciers
1374:bed load
1370:sediment
1173:regolith
652:and the
614:Shen Kuo
569:scholar
491:Slovakia
446:volcanic
344:glaciers
328:moraines
292:sediment
284:uplifted
261:biologic
253:climatic
213:wildfire
177:Overview
135:landform
42:Badlands
4835:Gravity
4825:Geology
4793:Geology
4781:Geology
4570:Geodesy
4357:Geology
4314:Commons
4228:Geology
3827:4332684
3797:Bibcode
3753:Bibcode
3716:Bibcode
3677:Bibcode
3628:Bibcode
3530:Bibcode
3484:Bibcode
3426:4417041
3398:Bibcode
3342:(ed.).
3288:(ed.).
3254:(ed.).
3218:Bibcode
3146:Bibcode
3097:Bibcode
3044:Bibcode
3009:5844478
2981:Bibcode
2935:Bibcode
2788:Bibcode
2725:(ed.).
2691:Bibcode
2664:(ed.).
2037:Pearson
1988:Bibcode
1958:8571776
1938:Bibcode
1930:Geology
1841:Orogeny
1635:bedrock
1570:Iapetus
1538:gravity
1509:in the
1452:moraine
1354:Fluvial
1338:barchan
1271:deserts
1181:erosion
1080:nature.
1060:Uppsala
993:scaling
917:plateau
911:in the
866:against
814:ography
794:climate
728:Laumann
704:Ge Hong
681:Shaanxi
673:Yanzhou
669:bamboos
658:Wenzhou
637:bivalve
610:Chinese
564:Persian
469:on the
457:History
430:glacial
426:fluvial
376:ecology
352:Fluvial
305:erosion
229:climate
225:gravity
155:geodesy
151:geology
139:terrain
4302:Portal
4087:
4072:
4057:
4035:
4012:
3989:
3959:
3940:
3911:
3885:
3863:
3825:
3788:Nature
3646:
3599:
3558:
3540:
3451:
3424:
3416:
3389:Nature
3369:
3164:
3062:
3007:
2999:
2953:
2901:
2893:
2845:
2806:
2631:
2550:
2447:
2405:
2384:
2360:
2303:
2271:
2242:
2217:
2134:
2124:
2072:
2043:
2016:
1998:
1956:
1911:
1724:canals
1688:deltas
1659:plumes
1655:mantle
1609:tephra
1546:slides
1532:, and
1407:, and
1223:, and
1215:flow,
985:rivers
979:, and
895:true.
769:valley
677:Yan'an
625:fossil
622:marine
567:Muslim
555:Arabic
403:hazard
356:rivers
332:eskers
275:, and
259:, and
249:eroded
169:, and
99:morphḗ
71:(from
4543:Water
3934:Wiley
3823:S2CID
3783:(PDF)
3644:S2CID
3567:(PDF)
3556:S2CID
3516:(PDF)
3422:S2CID
3212:(1).
3138:(PDF)
3060:S2CID
3005:S2CID
2899:S2CID
2843:S2CID
2755:(PDF)
2740:1–66.
2629:S2CID
2132:S2CID
2014:S2CID
1976:(PDF)
1954:S2CID
1730:(and
1716:Civil
1595:Both
1566:Titan
1562:Venus
1554:Earth
1542:creep
1259:Earth
1255:winds
1197:waves
1157:Gorge
810:physi
692:Du Yu
656:near
579:India
559:Basra
336:lakes
217:soils
197:Earth
186:Waves
113:lógos
106:λόγος
92:μορφή
46:shale
4085:ISBN
4070:ISBN
4055:ISBN
4033:ISBN
4010:ISBN
3987:ISBN
3957:ISBN
3938:ISBN
3909:ISBN
3883:ISBN
3861:ISBN
3597:ISBN
3449:ISBN
3414:PMID
3367:ISBN
3322:2016
3182:link
3162:ISBN
2997:ISSN
2951:ISSN
2891:ISSN
2804:ISSN
2579:NASA
2548:ISBN
2445:ISBN
2403:ISBN
2382:ISBN
2358:ISBN
2301:ISBN
2269:ISBN
2240:ISBN
2215:ISBN
2122:ISBN
2070:ISBN
2041:ISBN
1909:ISBN
1718:and
1661:and
1607:and
1605:lava
1568:and
1558:Mars
1540:via
1534:rock
1526:Soil
1501:The
1444:rock
1438:and
1362:and
1346:Mars
1336:and
1334:Seif
1319:Mars
1312:and
1193:wind
1179:and
1140:and
1027:and
1011:and
987:and
935:and
852:and
800:and
734:and
646:silt
591:and
444:and
422:wind
394:and
303:and
203:and
188:and
137:and
121:and
3813:hdl
3805:doi
3793:379
3761:doi
3749:178
3724:doi
3685:doi
3636:doi
3548:doi
3492:doi
3480:248
3406:doi
3394:439
3226:doi
3210:102
3154:doi
3105:doi
3052:doi
3040:296
2989:doi
2977:112
2943:doi
2883:doi
2835:doi
2796:doi
2784:100
2699:doi
2621:doi
2261:doi
2114:doi
2006:doi
1984:308
1946:doi
1734:),
1583:or
1513:on
1432:ice
1380:or
1175:by
1066:".
749:or
620:of
557:at
4811::
4250:/
4216:/
4212:/
4203:/
4194:/
4190:/
4181:/
4172:/
4031:.
4008:.
3985:.
3936:.
3907:.
3821:.
3811:.
3803:.
3791:.
3785:.
3759:.
3747:.
3722:.
3712:31
3710:.
3683:.
3673:35
3671:.
3665:.
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