Landscape - Knowledge

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design has become essential for cities to differentiate and symbolize their unique character and atmosphere. However, this transformation has created challenges. First, the traditional color landscapes in some cities have been heavily influenced by natural geography, climate, local materials, ethnic culture, religion, and socioeconomic factors. Second, the growing problem of "color pollution" - through bright, solid-colored buildings, billboards, and lighting clusters - adversely affects people physically and psychologically. Third, homogenization of colors between cities is causing a loss of cultural identity, as many modern buildings share similar palettes, diluting local characteristics. Researchers have proposed more unified cityscape approaches to address these color landscape issues and help cities preserve their distinctive identities and create vibrant, emotionally engaging urban environments.

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is the primary element in the physicogeo-graphical differentiation of the earth. Landscape science deals with the origin, structure, and dynamics of landscapes, the laws of the development and arrangement of landscapes, and the transformation of landscapes by the economic activity of man.", and asserts that it was founded in Russia in the early 20th century by L. S. Berg and others, and outside Russia by the German S. Passarge. The conception of landscape as the relationship between various components of natural environments and geochemisty was devoted by soviet scientist Viktor Sochava, based on the ideas of american geographer

128: 1685: 412: 560: 2712: 2429: 32: 2681: 2228: 2808: 2666: 184: 1166: 2294: 207: 2367:, in East Asia the classic Chinese mountain-water ink painting was traditionally the most prestigious form of visual art. However, in the West, history painting came to require an extensive landscape background where appropriate, so the theory did not entirely work against the development of landscape painting – for several centuries landscapes were regularly promoted to the status of history painting by the addition of small figures to make a narrative scene, typically religious or mythological. 2769: 935: 1148:, on the other hand, are environments that have been altered in some manner by people (including temporary structures and places, such as campsites, that are created by human beings). Among archaeologists, the term landscape can refer to the meanings and alterations people mark onto their surroundings. As such, landscape archaeology is often employed to study the human use of land over extensive periods of time. Landscape archaeology can be summed up by Nicole Branton's statement: 552: 155: 57: 104: 86: 1223:, who was probably the most influential in promoting and developing the idea of cultural landscapes. Sauer was determined to stress the agency of culture as a force in shaping the visible features of the Earth's surface in delimited areas. Within his definition, the physical environment retains a central significance, as the medium with and through which human cultures act. His classic definition of a 'cultural landscape' reads as follows: 1272: 1287: 969: 1586: 1049:

landscape science" states that "The whole of the disciplines involved in landscape research will be referred to as landscape science, although this term was used first in 1885 by the geographers Oppel and Troll". A 2013 guest editorial defines landscape science as "research that seeks to understand the relationship between people and their environment, with a focus on

1036:, Isaak S. Zonneveld, Zev Naveh, Richard T. T. Forman/Michel Godron and others that landscapes are arenas in which humans interact with their environments on a kilometre-wide scale; instead, he defines 'landscape'—regardless of scale—as "the template on which spatial patterns influence ecological processes". Some define 'landscape' as an area containing two or more 3962:(The Betrothed). Scott himself recognized Manzoni's greatness. When in Milan Manzoni told him that he was his pupil, Scott replied that in that case Manzoni's was his best work. It is, however, very characteristic that while Scott was able to write a profusion of novels about English and Scottish society, Manzoni confined himself to this single masterpiece." 1810:, describing the view from a distance or a temporal view into the future, with the sense of opportunity or expectation. When understood broadly as landscape poetry and when assessed from its establishment to the present, topographical poetry can take on many formal situations and types of places. Kenneth Baker, in his "Introduction to 1152:"the landscapes in landscape archaeology may be as small as a single household or garden or as large as an empire", and "although resource exploitation, class, and power are frequent topics of landscape archaeology, landscape approaches are concerned with spatial, not necessarily ecological or economic, relationships. While similar to 1339:, also called English landscape park or simply the 'English garden', is a style of parkland garden intended to look as though it might be a natural landscape, although it may be very extensively re-arranged. It emerged in England in the early 18th century, and spread across Europe, replacing the more formal, symmetrical 1745:. Though the earliest examples come mostly from continental Europe, the topographical poetry in the tradition originating with Denham concerns itself with the classics, and many of the various types of topographical verse, such as river, ruin, or hilltop poems were established by the early 17th century. 1028:, a landscape is a heterogeneous land area composed of a cluster of interacting ecosystems that is repeated in similar form throughout, whereby they list woods, meadows, marshes and villages as examples of a landscape's ecosystems, and state that a landscape is an area at least a few kilometres wide. 1327:

is a landscape garden style which has evolved over three thousand years. It includes both the vast gardens of the Chinese emperors and members of the Imperial Family, built for pleasure and to impress, and the more intimate gardens created by scholars, poets, former government officials, soldiers and

1941:(early A.D., Greece), which was translated into English from the French in 1739. From the 18th century, a taste for the sublime in the natural landscape emerged alongside the idea of the sublime in language; that is elevated rhetoric or speech. A topographical poem that influenced the Romantics, was 1074:

is a way of managing a landscape that brings together multiple stakeholders, who collaborate to integrate policy and practice for their different land use objectives, with the purpose of achieving sustainable landscapes. It recognises that, for example, one river basin can supply water for towns and

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of 1979 defines landscape science as "the branch of physical geography that deals with natural territorial complexes (or geographic complexes, geosystems) as structural parts of the earth's geographic mantle" and states that "The basis of landscape science is the theory that the geographic landscape

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The World Heritage Committee identifies three categories of cultural landscape, ranging from (i) those landscapes most deliberately 'shaped' by people, through (ii) full range of 'combined' works, to (iii) those least evidently 'shaped' by people (yet highly valued). The three categories extracted

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features created by physical or chemical processes operating at or near Earth's surface. Geomorphologists seek to understand why landscapes look the way they do, to understand landform history and dynamics and to predict changes through a combination of field observations, physical experiments and

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Color landscapes blend artificial elements like buildings, roads, and pavements with natural features such as mountains, forests, plants, sky, and rivers. These compositions of distant and near views can significantly impact people's emotions. As urbanization rapidly advances, urban color landscape

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Both the Roman and Chinese traditions typically show grand panoramas of imaginary landscapes, generally backed with a range of spectacular mountains – in China often with waterfalls and in Rome often including sea, lakes or rivers. These were frequently used to bridge the gap between a foreground

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from Ancient Egypt, can give a strong sense of place, but the emphasis is on individual plant forms and human and animal figures rather than the overall landscape setting. For a coherent depiction of a whole landscape, some rough system of perspective, or scaling for distance, is needed, and this

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Wiens, J.A. and B.T. Milne, B.T. 1989: Scaling of 'landscapes' in landscape ecology, or, landscape ecology from the beetle's perspective. Landscape Ecology 3(2):87–96; Wiens, J.A.: The science and practice of landscape ecology. In: Klopatek, J.M. and R.H. Gardner (eds) 1999: Landscape ecological

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The discipline of landscape science has been described as "bring landscape ecology and urban ecology together with other disciplines and cross-disciplinary fields to identify patterns and understand social-ecological processes influencing landscape change". A 2000 paper entitled "Geography and

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confirmed, landscape painting was the "chief artistic creation of the nineteenth century", and "the dominant art", with the result that in the following period people were "apt to assume that the appreciation of natural beauty and the painting of landscape is a normal and enduring part of our

2501:, the school's generally acknowledged founder, has much in common with the philosophical ideals of European landscape paintings — a kind of secular faith in the spiritual benefits to be gained from the contemplation of natural beauty. Some of the later Hudson River School artists, such as 2356:("mountain-water"), or "pure" landscape, in which the only sign of human life is usually a sage, or a glimpse of his hut, uses sophisticated landscape backgrounds to figure subjects, and landscape art of this period retains a classic and much-imitated status within the Chinese tradition. 1332:, trees and flowers, and an assortment of halls and pavilions within the garden, connected by winding paths and zig-zag galleries. By moving from structure to structure, visitors can view a series of carefully composed scenes, unrolling like a scroll of landscape paintings. 1075:

agriculture, timber and food crops for smallholders and industry, and habitat for biodiversity; the way in which each one of these sectors pursues its goals can have impacts on the others. The intention is to minimise conflict between these different land use objectives and

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that is reflected in dictionaries conveys both a particular and a general meaning, the particular referring to an area of the Earth's surface and the general being that which can be seen by an observer. An example of this second usage can be found as early as 1662 in the

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merchants, made for reflection and escape from the outside world. They create an idealized miniature landscape, which is meant to express the harmony that should exist between man and nature. A typical Chinese garden is enclosed by walls and includes one or more ponds,

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The English garden usually included a lake, sweeps of gently rolling lawns set against groves of trees, and recreations of classical temples, Gothic ruins, bridges, and other picturesque architecture, designed to recreate an idyllic pastoral landscape. The work of

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is the science of studying and improving relationships between ecological processes in the environment and particular ecosystems. This is done within a variety of landscape scales, development spatial patterns, and organizational levels of research and policy.

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has often been closely tied to Chinese landscape painting, which developed much earlier than in the West. Many poems evoke specific paintings, and some are written in more empty areas of the scroll itself. Many painters also wrote poetry, especially in the

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defines landscapes as sections within the uninterrupted earth-wide interconnection of geofactors which are defined as such on the basis of their uniformity in terms of a specific land use, and are thus defined in an anthropocentric and relativistic way.

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From Georg Lukàcs, "The Historical Novel" (1969): "In Italy Scott found a successor who, though in a single, isolated work, nevertheless broadened his tendencies with superb originality, in some respect surpassing him. We refer, of course, to Manzoni's

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was also closely associated with the Group of Seven, though was never an official member. Although certainly less dominant in the period after World War I, many significant artists still painted landscapes in the wide variety of styles exemplified by

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devoid of human influence, instead featuring subjects such as strongly defined landforms, weather, and ambient light. As with most forms of art, the definition of a landscape photograph is broad, and may include urban settings, industrial areas, and

2497:, prominent in the middle to late 19th century, is probably the best-known native development in landscape art. These painters created works of mammoth scale that attempted to capture the epic scope of the landscapes that inspired them. The work of 2389:

In England, landscapes had initially been mostly backgrounds to portraits, typically suggesting the parks or estates of a landowner, though mostly painted in London by an artist who had never visited the site. the English tradition was founded by

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The character of a landscape helps define the self-image of the people who inhabit it and a sense of place that differentiates one region from other regions. It is the dynamic backdrop to people's lives. Landscape can be as varied as farmland, a

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Hood, Edward J. (1996) "Social Relations and the Cultural Landscape". In Landscape Archaeology:Reading and Interpreting the American Historical Landscape. Yamin, Rebecca and Karen Bescherer Metheny, eds. Knoxville:The University of Tennessee

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Gleason, Kathryn L. (1994). "To Bound and to Cultivate: An Introduction to the Archaeology of Gardens and Fields. In The Archaeology of Garden and Field. Miller, Naomi F. and Kathryn L. Gleason, eds. Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania

1637:. They effectively layer the whole of the Australian continent's topography with cultural nuance and deeper meaning, and empower selected audiences with the accumulated wisdom and knowledge of Australian Aboriginal ancestors back to 2505:, created less comforting works that placed a greater emphasis (with a great deal of Romantic exaggeration) on the raw, even terrifying power of nature. The best examples of Canadian landscape art can be found in the works of the 2373:

of the 17th century saw the dramatic growth of landscape painting, in which many artists specialized, and the development of extremely subtle realist techniques for depicting light and weather. The popularity of landscapes in the

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There are several definitions of what constitutes a landscape, depending on context. In common usage however, a landscape refers either to all the visible features of an area of land (usually rural), often considered in terms of

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poetry represent the earliest form of landscape literature, though this literary genre presents an idealized landscape peopled by shepherds and shepherdesses, and creates "an image of a peaceful uncorrupted existence; a kind of

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is the study of the way in which humanity has changed the physical appearance of the environment - both present and past. Landscape generally refers to both natural environments and environments constructed by human beings.

1459:. The activities of a landscape architect can range from the creation of public parks and parkways to site planning for campuses and corporate office parks, from the design of residential estates to the design of civil 3089:

Troll, C. 2007: The geographic landscape and its investigation. In: Wiens, J.A., Moss, M.R., Turner, M.G. & Mladenoff, D.J. (eds): Foundation papers in landscape ecology. New York, Columbia University Press:71–101

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Wiens, J.A. 1999: The science and practice of landscape ecology. In: Klopatek, J.M. and R.H. Gardner (eds): Landscape ecological analyses: issues and applications. Springer, New York:371–383; cf. Wiens, J.A. 2005:

1550:, US. Here the combination of traditional landscape gardening and the emerging field of city planning gave landscape architecture its unique focus. This use of the term landscape architect became established after 1929: 1844:

in some way. The description of the landscape therefore becomes a poetic vehicle for a political message. For example, in John Denham's "Cooper's Hill", the speaker discusses the merits of the recently executed

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in Britain. The poor condition of workers, the new class conflicts, and the pollution of the environment all led to a reaction against urbanism and industrialisation and a new emphasis on the beauty and value of

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is applied in British art history, to a loosely affiliated school of landscape painting that emerged around 1930 and continued until the early 1950s. These painters looked back to 19th-century artists such as

3559:. ENTRIKEN, J. Nicholas & BRUNN, Stanley D (Eds) Reflections on Richard Hartshorne's The nature of geography. Occasional publications of the Association of the American Geographers, Washington DC. Page 27 2461:

The Romantic movement intensified the existing interest in landscape art, and remote and wild landscapes, which had been one recurring element in earlier landscape art, now became more prominent. The German

1189:. From the 16th century onwards, many European artists painted landscapes in favor of people, diminishing the people in their paintings to figures subsumed within broader, regionally specific landscapes. 2197:) was a contrasting poetic movement which lasted for centuries, with a focused on the nature found in gardens, in backyards, and in the cultivated countryside. Fields and Gardens poetry is one of many 1156:

and ecological archaeology, landscape approaches model places and spaces as dynamic participants in past behavior, not merely setting (affecting human action), or artifact (affected by human action)".

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Forman, R.T.T. and M. Godron, M. 1981: Patches and structural components for a landscape ecology. BioScience 31(10):733–740; Forman, R.T.T. and M. Godron 1986: Landscape ecology. Wiley, New York.

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Spencer-Wood, Suzanne M. and Sherene Baugher. (2010) "Introduction to the Historical Archaeology of Powered Cultural Landscapes." International Journal of Historical Archaeology 14, pp. 463-474.

2787: 2730: 2398:, artists working in England. By the beginning of the 19th century the English artists with the highest modern reputations were mostly dedicated landscapists, showing the wide range of 2680: 2570:. This movement was motivated in part as a response to the threat of invasion during World War II. Artists particularly associated with the initiation of this movement included 3099:

Neef, E. 1967: Die theoretischen Grundlagen der Landschaftslehre. Haack, Gotha; cf. Haase, G. and H. Richter 1983: Current trends in landscape research. GeoJournal 7(2):107–119.

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was particularly influential. By the end of the 18th century the English garden was being imitated by the French landscape garden, and as far away as St. Petersburg, Russia, in

1911: – evident in painting and literature as well as in politics and philosophy – was a change in the way people perceived and valued the landscape. In particular, after 3432:

Branton, Nicole (2009) Landscape Approaches in Historical Archaeology: The Archaeology of Places. In International Handbook of Historic Archaeology, Majewski, Teresita and

1822:—correspondent to each type, from "Walks and Surveys", to "Mountains, Hills, and the View from Above", to "Violation of Nature and the Landscape", to "Spirits and Ghosts." 3080:

Kirchhoff, T., Trepl, L. and V. Vicenzotti, V. 2012: What is landscape ecology? An analysis and evaluation of six different conceptions. Landscape Research online first.

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A major contrast between landscape painting in the West and East Asia has been that while in the West until the 19th century it occupied a low position in the accepted

2308:, although ground-lines and sometimes indications of mountains, trees or other natural features are included. The earliest "pure landscapes" with no human figures are 3700:

Morris, C. (1995) "An Approach to Ensure Continuity and Transmission of the Rainforest Peoples' Oral Tradition", in Fourmile, H; Schnierer, S.; & Smith, A. (Eds)

3942: 2205:(365–427), among other names or versions of names). Tao Yuanming has been regarded as the first great poet associated with the Fields and Gardens poetry genre. 1923:

began to influence artists and viewers. Gilpin advocated approaching the landscape "by the rules of picturesque beauty," which emphasized contrast and variety.

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Christopher Casey, (October 30, 2008). ""Grecian Grandeurs and the Rude Wasting of Old Time": Britain, the Elgin Marbles, and Post-Revolutionary Hellenism".

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PANNELL, S (2006) Reconciling Nature and Culture in a Global Context: Lessons form the World Heritage List. James Cook University. Cairns, Australia. Page 62

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Zeng, et al. Chromaticity Analysis on Ethnic Minority Color Landscape Culture in Tibetan Area: A Semantic Differential Approach. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 4672.

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landscapes survive, from the 1st century BCE onwards, especially frescos of landscapes decorating rooms that have been preserved at archaeological sites of

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is credited with having first formally used "cultural landscape" as an academic term in the early 20th century. In 1908, Schlüter argued that by defining

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Proponents of integrated landscape management argue that it is well-suited to address complex global challenges, such as those that are the focus of the

474:(a word from Germanic origin) may be taken in its sense of something to which people belong (as in England being the land of the English). The suffix 3530:

GIBSON, W.S (1989) Mirror of the Earth: The World Landscape in Sixteenth-Century Flemish Painting. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey

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are also etymologically linked. The modern form of the word, with its connotations of scenery, appeared in the late sixteenth century when the term

2414:. However all these had difficulty establishing themselves in the contemporary art market, which still preferred history paintings and portraits. 2145:

painting and poetry shows imaginary landscapes, though with features typical of some parts of South China; they remain popular to the present day.

1212:(transl. 'cultural landscape') a landscape created by human culture. The major task of geography was to trace the changes in these two landscapes. 1025: 577:

Scenery: The natural features of a landscape considered in terms of their appearance, esp. when picturesque: spectacular views of mountain scenery.

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Encyclopædia Britannica. "Romanticism". Retrieved 30 January 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Britannica.com. Retrieved 24 August 2010.

431:. When people deliberately improve the aesthetic appearance of a piece of land—by changing contours and vegetation, etc.—it is said to have been 3397: 2807: 1204:(landscape science) this would give geography a logical subject matter shared by no other discipline. He defined two forms of landscape: the 1079:. This approach draws on landscape ecology, as well as many related fields that also seek to integrate different land uses and users, such as 303:

overlay of human presence, often created over millennia, landscapes reflect a living synthesis of people and place that is vital to local and

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an "associative cultural landscape" which may be valued because of the "religious, artistic or cultural associations of the natural element".

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Records of the 21st conference of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, describing Classical Chinese garden design and the gardens of Suzhou.

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For the period before 1800, the history of landscape gardening (later called landscape architecture) is largely that of master planning and

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UNESCO (2005) Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Paris. Page 84.

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of the East, which had recently been described by European travellers and were realized in the Anglo-Chinese garden, and the philosophy of

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An Identification of Problems and Potential for Future Rainforest Aboriginal Cultural Survival and Self-Determination in the Wet Tropics.

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Though describing a landscape or scenery, topographical poetry often, at least implicitly, addresses a political issue or the meaning of

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JAMES, P.E & MARTIN, G (1981) All Possible Worlds: A History of Geographical Ideas. John Wiley & Sons. New York. Page 321-324.

3289:"What are 'Integrated Landscape Approaches' and how effectively have they been implemented in the tropics: a systematic map protocol" 2470:. To this he added a quasi-mystical Romanticism. French painters were slower to develop landscape painting, but from about the 1830s 3481: 3141:

Sanderson, J. and L. D. Harris (eds.). 2000. Landscape Ecology: A Top-Down Approach. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.

3132:. In: Wiens, J.A. and M.R. Moss (eds): Issues and perspectives in landscape ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge:365–373. 2141:

developed in China during the third and fourth centuries AD and left most of the varied landscapes of China largely unrepresented.

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lit. "mountain-water") style featuring wild mountains, rivers and lakes, rather than landscape as a setting for a human presence.

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Many landscape photographs show little or no human activity and are created in the pursuit of a pure, unsullied depiction of

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A view: "A sight or prospect of some landscape or extended scene; an extent or area covered by the eye from one point" (OED).

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for the first time making landscape painting the main source of general stylistic innovation across all types of painting.

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or human-made features, often considered in terms of their aesthetic appeal. A landscape includes the physical elements of

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emerged around the turn of the sixteenth century to denote a painting whose primary subject matter was natural scenery.

3495: 2417: 1837:, which include images of rivers, ruins, moonlight, birdsong, and clouds, peasants, mountains, caves, and waterscapes. 4152: 3041: 941: 1729:'s 1642 poem "Cooper's Hill" established the genre, which peaked in popularity in 18th-century England. Examples of 1004:

Landscape is a central concept in landscape ecology. It is, however, defined in quite different ways. For example:

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from other parts of the landscape. The Earth surface and its topography therefore are an intersection of climatic,

613:: The word literally means "in the manner of a picture; fit to be made into a picture", and used as early as 1703 ( 2478:

established a French landscape tradition that would become the most influential in Europe for a century, with the

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of the 17th century as the principal style for large parks and gardens in Europe. The English garden (and later

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by a cultural group. Culture is the agent, the natural area is the medium, the cultural landscape is the result.

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was introduced by Dutch painters who used it to refer to paintings of inland natural or rural scenery. The word

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to give landscapes a much greater and more prestigious place in 19th-century art than they had assumed before.

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society, and the decline of religious painting in the 18th and 19th centuries all over Europe combined with

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is modified by a combination of surface processes that sculpt landscapes, and geologic processes that cause

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Human and Regional Geography in the German-speaking lands in the first forty years of the Twentieth Century

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Wu, J. 2006. Cross-disciplinarity, landscape ecology, and sustainability science. Landscape Ecology 21:1-4.

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states that "UNEP champions the landscape approach de facto as it embodies the main elements of integrated

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Centre for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Participation Research and Development. Cairns, Australia

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and royal properties, religious complexes, and centers of government. An example is the extensive work by

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changes in land surface elevation (sometimes in response to surface processes), and the formation of deep

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Wu, J. and R. Hobbs (Eds). 2007. Key Topics in Landscape Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

2201:. One of the main practitioners of the Fields and Gardens poetry genre was Tao Yuanming (also known as 1633:

across Australia. All such myths variously tell significant truths within each Aboriginal group's local

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of around 1500 BCE. Hunting scenes, especially those set in the enclosed vista of the reed beds of the

1947: 1598: 1378: 1341: 968: 17: 4176: 3891:(originally subtitled "Landscape in literature", 1979). New York: Thames & Hudson, 2000, p. 152. 3378: 2850: 2370: 2148: 1551: 1055: 729: 427:

appeal, or to a pictorial representation of an area of countryside, specifically within the genre of

404: 3358:"Integrated Landscape Management: The Means of Implementation for the Sustainable Development Goals" 3071:

Wu, J. 2008. Landscape ecology. In: S. E. Jorgensen (ed), Encyclopedia of Ecology. Elsevier, Oxford.

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suggests that Thomas Hardy "is perhaps the greatest writer of rural life and landscape" in English.

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and landscape. However, it was also a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the

2506: 2218: 1448: 1336: 1091: 756:. This broad base of interests contributes to many research styles and interests within the field. 753: 400: 3152:"Landscape and Urban Planning: An International Journal of Landscape Science, Planning and Design" 1983:

was a major contributor to the literature of landscape, as was his contemporary poet and novelist

1208:(transl. original landscape) or landscape that existed before major human induced changes and the 522:, first recorded in 1598, was borrowed from a Dutch painters' term. The popular conception of the 127: 3840: 3151: 1912: 1684: 1488: 1475:. Landscape architects work on all types of structures and external space – large or small, 1346: 1008:

conceives of landscape not as a mental construct but as an objectively given 'organic entity', a

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as "a term expressive of that peculiar kind of beauty, which is agreeable in a picture" (p. xii).

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France, Alan W. (1990). "Gothic North and the Mezzogiorno in Auden's 'In Praise of Limestone'".

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brought attention to Longinus' argument for the emotive power of figurative language in poetry.

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Landscape, Liberty, and Authority: Poetry, Criticism, and Politics from Thomson to Wordsworth.

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scene with figures and a distant panoramic vista, a persistent problem for landscape artists.

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are considered to be environments that have not been altered by humans in any shape or form.

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UNESCO (2012) Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention

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Makhzoumi J. and Pungetti G., Ecological Landscape Design and Planning, Spon Routledge,(1999)

2349: 2214: 1952: 1934: 1601:, looking upwards to the skies, within north-east Australia's wet tropical forested landscape 1539: 1531: 1409: 1362: 1349:) presented an idealized view of nature. It drew inspiration from paintings of landscapes by 1107: 528: 371:

regions. The activity of modifying the visible features of an area of land is referred to as

228: 165: 3778: 3300: 2591: 2437: 2297: 2288: 1969: 1846: 1830: 1814:, identifies 37 varieties and compiles poems from the 16th through the 20th centuries—from 1718: 1527: 1515: 1095: 1080: 592: 356: 8: 4196: 3655: 3272:

Scientific path of Viktor Borisovich Sochava and his contributions for landscape analysis

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used the term 'landscape architecture' as a profession for the first time when designing

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The earliest forms of art around the world depict little that could really be called

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In headlands, tongues, and promontory shapes, Into the sea, the real sea, that seemed

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was in part a reflection of the virtual disappearance of religious painting in a

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Also influenced by Romanticism's approach to landscape was the American novelist

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A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful

1908: 1678: 1645: 1638: 1618: 1590: 1511: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1220: 1165: 1128: 1061: 1050: 764: 190: 4078:, an online exhibition of Canadian historical art at Library and Archives Canada 3791: 3340: 2563: 2293: 1992: 573:

There are several words that are frequently associated with the word landscape:

183: 3433: 2686: 2595: 2467: 2403: 2395: 2322: 2194: 2178: 2084: 1815: 1776: 1746: 1734: 1703: 1670: 1630: 1523: 1460: 1444: 1374: 1324: 1290: 1021: 953: 873: 808: 352: 949: 466:; these terms referred to a system of human-made spaces on the land. The term 206: 4185: 3901: 3322: 2970: 2945: 2755: 2603: 2583: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2535: 2515: 2490: 2479: 2411: 2264: 1807: 1758: 1547: 1495: 1405: 1216: 1186: 1029: 885: 716: 416: 3581:. University of California Publications in Geography. Number 22. Pages 19-53 3220: 3203: 2558:, but were also influenced by French cubist and post-cubist artists such as 4124:, edited by Hugh Brigstocke. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 3500: 3339:

Denier, L; Scherr, S; Shames, S; Chatterton, P; Hovani, L; Stam, N (2015).

3181:. Special issue: 29th International Geographical Congress (1-2–3-4): 9–36. 2599: 2539: 2531: 2523: 2260: 2202: 2072: 2046: 2004: 2000: 1984: 1924: 1825:

Common aesthetic registers of which topographical poetry makes use include

1819: 1754: 1693: 1543: 1499: 1432: 1424: 1401: 1386: 1382: 1124: 596: 563: 463: 360: 324: 256: 46: 3313: 2794: 1806:, written in 17th-century England to compliment a wealthy patron, and the 3187: 3174: 2910:"Methods for landscape characterisation and mapping: A systematic review" 2579: 2498: 2450: 2421: 2399: 2383: 2375: 2338: 2326: 2256: 2235: 2068: 1996: 1920: 1893: 1841: 1834: 1788: 1784: 1742: 1661: 1653: 1597:, transformed into a mountain range, is seen lying on his back above the 1302: 749: 724: 720: 691: 653: 610: 432: 372: 240: 142: 3274:// Revista do Instituto Geológico, São Paulo, 41 (3), 1-7, 2020. P. 1-7. 2617: 551: 154: 4014:

Honour & Fleming, 53. The only very complete example is now in the

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a cityscape (urban landscape) is an artistic representation, such as a

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http://peoplefoodandnature.org/analysis/all-publications/case-studies/

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Olwig K.R., Representation and Alienation in the Political Landscape,

2959: 4147:, 34 volumes, edited by Jane Turner. New York: Grove's Dictionaries. 3691:

Morris, C. (1994) "Oral Literature" in Horton, David (General Editor)

3355: 2870: 2855: 2845: 2519: 2379: 2353: 2268: 2106: 1796: 1750: 1614: 1610: 1452: 1279: 1275: 1261: 1197: 1037: 897: 828: 711: 649: 424: 364: 288: 248: 103: 1987:. Scott's influence was felt throughout Europe, as well as on major 1656:

world". The pastoral has its origins in the works of the Greek poet

85: 3995: 3753:. New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 1936, p. 3. 3649: 2092:

or literati tradition. Landscape images were present in the early

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of poetry that describes, and often praises, a landscape or place.

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and data pertaining to land resources at the landscape scale". The

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and alter material properties, the stability and rate of change of

788: 687: 679: 657: 567: 368: 328: 292: 284: 244: 232: 2104:, but in later poetry the emphasis changed, as in painting to the 642:: An uncultivated, uninhabited, and inhospitable region. See also 2865: 2696: 2652: 2632: 2334: 2094: 2051: 1862: 1762: 1456: 1440: 1389:

and gardens which appeared around the world in the 19th century.

889: 865: 832: 824: 812: 804: 800: 741: 737: 661: 584: 455: 388: 300: 296: 194: 169: 161: 134: 95: 38: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2424:"The Course of Empire The Arcadian or Pastoral State", US, 1836. 1681:, developed in China during the third and fourth centuries A.D. 2908:

Simensen, Trond; Halvorsen, Rune; Erikstad, Lars (2018-06-01).

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interpretations of the English landscape found in the works of

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has a vast range of landscapes including the icy landscapes of

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Clarke, Michael, and Deborah Clarke. 2001. "Neo-Romanticism".

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analyses: issues and applications. Springer, New York:371–383.

652:(also townscape): The urban equivalent of a landscape. In the 2882: 2321:

seems from literary evidence to have first been developed in

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from the Committee's Operational Guidelines, are as follows:

960:. An example of how past volcanic activity shaped a landscape 881: 877: 857: 853: 823:

where the surface of Earth drops and is filled with material

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became used by professional people who designed landscapes.

3902:"Walter Scott was the foremost literary figure of his days" 3204:"Applying Landscape Science to Natural Resource Management" 2636: 1318: 1294: 792: 780: 673: 588: 268: 264: 2027:

Among European writers influenced by Scott were Frenchmen

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conditions. Combining both their physical origins and the

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in 1712. The term landscape architecture was invented by

784: 695: 272: 2674:(1547) by Wen Cheng-Ming(1470-1559) (lower half detail). 1951:(1726–30). The changing landscape, brought about by the 1419:

is a multi-disciplinary field, incorporating aspects of

1247:"A landscape designed and created intentionally by man"; 2329:

period, although no large-scale examples survive. More

1765:

regional poet, also wrote topographical poems, as did

1668:

created a modern, more realistic form of pastoral with

1605:

Possibly the earliest landscape literature is found in

838: 719:

is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of

462:—after the fifth century, following the arrival of the 1530:

in 1828 and was first used as a professional title by

1522:. The first person to write of making a landscape was 2618:

Gallery of landscape paintings from different periods

3544:

All Possible Worlds: A History of Geographical Ideas

3286: 1580: 3417:Landscapes for People Food and nature case studies 3383:

Greater Mekong Subregion - Core Environment Program

1385:. It also had a major influence on the form of the 1250:

an "organically evolved landscape" which may be a "

3856:New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996., p.21' 2973:, Recovering the Substantive Nature of Landscape, 1534:in 1863. During the latter 19th century, the term 1262:Human conceptions and representations of landscape 1066: 712:Geomorphology: The physical evolution of landscape 4104: 4087:It was first labeled in March 1942 by the critic 3395: 1868:.................................and on the shore 4183: 478:is equivalent to the more common English suffix 4109:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 3878:. Volume III, Number 1. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 3826:Gilpin, William, quoted in Baker, Kenneth, ed. 3775: 3593:. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Paris. Page 14. 4049:, volume three, "Of the novelty of landscape". 3496:"Philippine rice terraces no longer in danger" 3365:Landscapes for People Food and Nature Briefing 3356:Landscapes for People Food and Nature (2015). 3201: 3135: 2071:and Balzac and characterized as the "American 1852: 1802:Subgenres of topographical poetry include the 283:, human elements including different forms of 3751:Topographical Poetry in XVIII-Century England 3398:"Intended Nationally Determined Contribution" 2136: 2126: 1772:Lines written a few miles above Tintern Abbey 3650:Boults, Elizabeth and Chip Sullivan (2010). 3349: 1972:, as well a reaction against the scientific 1933:(1757) was also an influential text, as was 1878:Far, far beyond, the vapours shot themselves 4143:Button, Virginia. 1996. "Neo-Romanticism". 4120:Hopkins, Justine. 2001. "Neo-Romanticism". 3940:"Alexandre Dumas": The official French site 3736: 3734: 3732: 3613:Les Jardins - paysagistes, jardiners, poḕts 3538: 3536: 3202:Robinson, Guy M.; Carson, Doris A. (2013). 2466:had a distinctive style, influenced by his 2188: 1561: 1227:The cultural landscape is fashioned from a 1171:Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras 807:. Geologic processes include the uplift of 775:. Surface processes comprise the action of 378: 4107:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms 3817:John Denham, "Cooper's Hill", (ll.111-119) 3487: 3287:Reed, J; Deakin, E; Sunderland, T (2015). 2255:. Notable landscape photographers include 1874:A hundred hills their dusky backs upheaved 1757:' (1762) are two other familiar examples. 1185:can be found in the European tradition of 1032:opposes the traditional view expounded by 3645: 3643: 3633:Yves-Marie Allain and Janine Christiany, 3546:. John Wiley & Sons. New York, p.177. 3466: 3464: 3428: 3426: 3312: 3270:Valerian A. Snytko, Alexey V. Sobisevich 3229: 3219: 3186: 2935: 2925: 2193:'fields and gardens poetry'), in 1884:Usurped upon as far as sight could reach. 1392: 599:takes place, and helps initiate the main 3830:New York: Faber and Faber, 2000, p. xxvi 3729: 3571: 3533: 3524: 3195: 3144: 2985: 2983: 2741:Wheat Fields at Auvers Under Clouded Sky 2427: 2416: 2292: 2241: 2226: 1872:Which meek and silent rested at my feet. 1737:period, and can be found throughout the 1683: 1584: 1556:American Society of Landscape Architects 1471:of degraded landscapes such as mines or 1396: 1285: 1270: 1235:A cultural landscape, as defined by the 1164: 1115: 1101: 558: 550: 410: 382: 4119: 3652:Illustrated History of Landscape Design 3454: 3452: 3334: 3332: 3282: 3280: 3056: 2183: 1919:was published in 1770, the idea of the 1713: 1173:, the first site to be included in the 486:are etymologically akin to Old English 4184: 4142: 4016:National Archaeological Museum, Athens 3769: 3640: 3637:, Citadelles and Mazenod, Paris, 2006. 3461: 3423: 3379:"GMS Workshop on Landscape Approaches" 3342:The Little Sustainable Landscapes Book 3238: 3172: 3166: 1876:All over this still ocean, and beyond, 1775:is an obvious example. More recently, 227:is the visible features of an area of 4178:Plan & Execute landscape projects 4005:. Laurence King Publishing. Page 136. 3839:In the late 17th century in England, 3493: 3389: 2980: 2278: 1870:I found myself of a huge sea of mist, 1160: 706: 537:Could we but climb where Moses stood, 4172:podcasts: "Landscape and literature" 3449: 3439: 3329: 3277: 1266: 1177:cultural landscape category in 1995. 1043: 986: 839:List of different types of landscape 732:. Geomorphology is practiced within 617:), and derived from an Italian term 583:: In works of narrative (especially 4122:The Oxford Companion to Western Art 3828:The Faber Book of Landscape Poetry. 3806:The Faber Book of Landscape Poetry. 2964: 2960:https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114672 1882:To dwindle and give up its majesty, 1677:An early form of landscape poetry, 13: 3542:JAMES, P.E & MARTIN, G (1981) 3345:. Oxford: Global Canopy Programme. 3130:Toward a unified landscape ecology 1812:The Faber Book of Landscape Poetry 1254:" or a "continuing landscape"; and 291:, and transitory elements such as 14: 4208: 4162: 3175:"Geography and landscape science" 1593:language group's mythical being, 1581:The earliest landscape literature 212:Large fields of modern farmland, 3808:New York: Faber and Faber, 2000. 3680:Jardins, potagers et labyrinthes 2927:10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.04.022 2806: 2786: 2767: 2748: 2729: 2710: 2679: 2664: 2644: 2624: 2590:. A younger generation included 2208: 2058: 1907:One important aspect of British 967: 933: 835:action with geologic processes. 621:, "in the manner of a painter". 205: 182: 153: 126: 102: 84: 55: 30: 4136: 4113: 4098: 4081: 4061: 4052: 4038: 4029: 4020: 4008: 4003:Photography: A Cultural History 3986: 3977: 3965: 3951: 3932: 3923: 3914: 3894: 3881: 3868: 3859: 3846: 3833: 3820: 3811: 3798: 3766:. London: Penguin, 1999, p. 922 3756: 3743: 3716: 3707: 3694: 3685: 3672: 3627: 3618: 3605: 3596: 3584: 3562: 3549: 3515: 3474: 3411: 3371: 3264: 3121: 3111: 3102: 3093: 3083: 3074: 3065: 3047: 2836:Boundaries in landscape history 2199:Classical Chinese poetry genres 1749:'s "Windsor Forest" (1713) and 1072:Integrated landscape management 1067:Integrated landscape management 698:, in other words an example of 672:, of the physical aspects of a 23:Visible features of a land area 3026: 3014: 3005: 2996: 2952: 2901: 2896:New Oxford American Dictionary 2631:Landscape with scene from the 2232:The Tetons and the Snake River 2173: 2164: 2156: 2137: 2127: 235:, and how they integrate with 1: 4026:Honour & Fleming, 150-151 3971: 3726:. London: Methuen, 1971, p.4. 3484:, Accessed December 12, 2010. 3250:The Great Soviet Encyclopedia 3020: 2876: 2300:, "View of Deventer" (1657). 1917:Observations on the River Wye 1897:(1805), Book 13, lines 41-51. 1576:American literary regionalism 1169:The Batad rice terraces, The 1088:Sustainable Development Goals 540:And view the landscape over. 415:A typical Dutch landscape in 3764:Dictionary of Literary Terms 3494:Malig, Jojo (26 June 2012). 2762:(Landscape with Two Figures) 1733:verse date, however, to the 1463:and the management of large 1381:, the gardens of the future 1252:relict (or fossil) landscape 1010:harmonic individuum of space 7: 4001:Mary Warner Marien (2006). 3792:10.5840/renascence199042319 3635:L'Art des jardins en Europe 3579:The Morphology of Landscape 3482:"Archaeology and Landscape" 3023:, 2002, p. 1, 65, 115, 171. 2829: 2472:Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot 1853:The Romantic era in Britain 1607:Australian aboriginal myths 1572:British regional literature 1371:Lancelot "Capability" Brown 543:(General Hymns, verse 536). 10: 4213: 3682:, Mondatori Electra, Milan 3036:, Pearson Education Ltd, 2509:, prominent in the 1920s. 2474:and other painters in the 2282: 2212: 1799:landscape as an allegory. 1660:(c. 316 - c. 260 BC). The 1565: 1300: 1175:UNESCO World Heritage List 1105: 990: 842: 351:landscapes including past 18:Landscape (disambiguation) 15: 3032:Summerfield, M.A., 1991, 2851:List of landscape gardens 2371:Dutch Golden Age painting 2149:Fields and Gardens poetry 2115: 2039:. Manzoni's famous novel 2022: 1699:Tess of the d'Urbervilles 1552:Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. 1135:Landscape archaeology or 1056:Great Soviet Encyclopedia 615:Oxford English Dictionary 589:historical moment in time 405:National Museum in Warsaw 4035:Reitlinger, 74-75, 85-87 2760:Paysage aux deux figures 2219:Conservation photography 2078: 1957:agricultural revolutions 1671:Michael, A Pastoral Poem 1562:Landscape and literature 1449:environmental psychology 1337:English landscape garden 1237:World Heritage Committee 1092:UN Environment Programme 754:geotechnical engineering 458:—and therefore into the 379:Definition and etymology 3396:Republic of Indonesia. 3221:10.5751/ES-05639-180132 1692:, the main setting for 1623:traditionally performed 1554:and others founded the 1357:, and from the classic 1347:French landscape garden 1123:Ridge and Furrow above 502:is related to the verb 3749:Aubin, Robert Arnold. 3480:Erika Martin Seibert. 3293:Environmental Evidence 3011:Found via Google Ngram 2695:Guarding the Herds of 2464:Caspar David Friedrich 2446: 2425: 2301: 2238: 1888: 1793:In Praise of Limestone 1710: 1602: 1417:Landscape architecture 1413: 1393:Landscape architecture 1311:Landscape architecture 1298: 1283: 1233: 1178: 1154:settlement archaeology 1132: 894:Polar regions of Earth 570: 556: 419: 408: 331:landscapes, vast arid 43:Badlands National Park 3713:J. A. Cuddon, P. 644. 3314:10.1186/2047-2382-4-2 3173:Antrop, Marc (2000). 2657:Madonna in the Meadow 2431: 2420: 2296: 2242:Landscape photography 2234:(1942) photograph by 2230: 2215:Landscape photography 2067:, who was admired by 2011:in the 20th-century. 1857: 1783:" (1853) praises the 1687: 1613:or Dreaming stories, 1588: 1540:Frederick Law Olmsted 1532:Frederick Law Olmsted 1410:Frederick Law Olmsted 1400: 1363:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1342:jardin à la française 1289: 1274: 1225: 1168: 1119: 1108:Landscape archaeology 1102:Landscape archaeology 562: 555:Kukle, Czech Republic 554: 529:Book of Common Prayer 414: 386: 279:including indigenous 275:, living elements of 166:Lahemaa National Park 3804:Baker, Kenneth, ed. 3722:Peter V. Marinetti, 3188:10.4000/belgeo.13975 3034:Global Geomorphology 2991:cultural geographies 2458:spiritual activity" 2298:Salomon van Ruisdael 2289:Aerial landscape art 1991:in Britain, such as 1970:Age of Enlightenment 1861:The Vision on Mount 1719:Topographical poetry 1714:Topographical poetry 1528:Gilbert Laing Meason 1516:Palace of Versailles 1096:ecosystem management 1081:watershed management 1040:in close proximity. 978:A photograph of the 387:Autumn landscape in 357:tropical rainforests 343:landscapes, densely 66:, Fatu Hiva Island, 16:For other uses, see 3656:John Wiley and Sons 3555:ELKINS, T.H (1989) 3305:2015EnvEv...4....2R 3246:"Landscape Science" 3208:Ecology and Society 2977:(1996),86,4,630-653 2975:Annals of the A.A.G 2861:Landscape mythology 2797:, landscape",1921 ( 2495:Hudson River School 2484:Post-Impressionists 2365:hierarchy of genres 2341:and elsewhere, and 2161:traditional Chinese 2123:traditional Chinese 1989:Victorian novelists 1741:era and during the 1629:within each of the 1536:landscape architect 1520:Louis XIV of France 1183:cultural landscapes 1146:Cultural landscapes 799:under the force of 746:engineering geology 593:geographic location 587:), it includes the 401:Stanisław Masłowski 4074:2016-03-12 at the 3945:2014-05-15 at the 3889:A Writer's Britain 3887:Margaret Drabble, 3405:UNFCCC submissions 2672:Spring in Kiangnan 2447: 2443:Museum of Grenoble 2426: 2394:and other, mostly 2302: 2285:Landscape painting 2279:Landscape painting 2253:nature photography 2239: 2223:Aerial photography 2153:simplified Chinese 2133:simplified Chinese 2037:Alessandro Manzoni 2017:A Writer's Britain 1981:William Wordsworth 1901:William Wordsworth 1804:country house poem 1767:William Wordsworth 1711: 1666:William Wordsworth 1627:Aboriginal peoples 1603: 1599:Barron River Gorge 1414: 1408:, US, designed by 1299: 1284: 1187:landscape painting 1179: 1161:Cultural landscape 1142:Natural landscapes 1133: 1112:Historical ecology 1077:ecosystem services 821:sedimentary basins 734:physical geography 730:numerical modeling 707:Physical landscape 694:which depicts the 571: 557: 429:landscape painting 420: 409: 4145:Dictionary of Art 4130:978-0-19-866203-7 3938:Drabble, p. 166; 3678:Lucia Impelluso, 3665:978-0-470-28933-4 2841:Landscape ecology 2588:Graham Sutherland 2586:, and especially 2568:Pavel Tchelitchew 2455:Sir Kenneth Clark 2438:Lac de l'Eychauda 2191: 2009:John Cowper Powys 1961:Romantic movement 1787:countryside, and 1781:The Scholar Gipsy 1690:Vale of Blackmore 1437:industrial design 1267:Landscape gardens 1229:natural landscape 1137:landscape history 1044:Landscape science 998:Landscape ecology 993:Landscape ecology 987:Landscape ecology 845:List of landforms 773:coastal geography 644:Natural landscape 305:national identity 287:, buildings, and 112:(boreal forest), 68:Marquesas Islands 4204: 4157: 4156: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4102: 4096: 4089:Raymond Mortimer 4085: 4079: 4067:"Landscapes" in 4065: 4059: 4056: 4050: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4027: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4006: 3999: 3993: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3960:I Promessi Sposi 3955: 3949: 3936: 3930: 3927: 3921: 3920:Drabble,, p. 170 3918: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3908: 3898: 3892: 3885: 3879: 3872: 3866: 3863: 3857: 3850: 3844: 3837: 3831: 3824: 3818: 3815: 3809: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3773: 3767: 3760: 3754: 3747: 3741: 3738: 3727: 3720: 3714: 3711: 3705: 3698: 3692: 3689: 3683: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3647: 3638: 3631: 3625: 3622: 3616: 3611:Michel Baridon, 3609: 3603: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3577:SAUER, C (1925) 3575: 3569: 3566: 3560: 3553: 3547: 3540: 3531: 3528: 3522: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3491: 3485: 3478: 3472: 3468: 3459: 3456: 3447: 3443: 3437: 3436:, eds. 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M. W. Turner 2291: 2283:Main articles: 2281: 2244: 2225: 2213:Main articles: 2211: 2184:t'ien-yuan-shih 2120:Shanshui poetry 2081: 2065:Fenimore Cooper 2061: 2033:Alexandre Dumas 2025: 1974:rationalisation 1905: 1898: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1866: 1855: 1716: 1679:Shanshui poetry 1662:Romantic period 1639:time immemorial 1631:language groups 1621:), the stories 1619:oral literature 1609:(also known as 1583: 1578: 1564: 1512:Vaux-le-Vicomte 1395: 1365:(1712 – 1778). 1359:Chinese gardens 1355:Nicolas Poussin 1351:Claude Lorraine 1330:scholar's rocks 1321: 1269: 1264: 1192:The geographer 1181:The concept of 1163: 1129:Gloucestershire 1114: 1106:Main articles: 1104: 1069: 1062:George Van Dyne 1051:land use change 1046: 995: 989: 984: 983: 982: 980:White Mountains 977: 972: 963: 962: 961: 946:Chaîne des Puys 943: 938: 847: 841: 809:mountain ranges 765:tectonic uplift 759:The surface of 714: 709: 629:(1768) defined 627:Essay on Prints 381: 221: 220: 219: 218: 217: 210: 202: 201: 191:Aletsch Glacier 187: 176: 175: 174: 173: 172: 158: 150: 149: 131: 120: 119: 118: 117: 116: 107: 99: 98: 89: 78: 77: 76: 75: 74: 60: 51: 50: 49: 35: 24: 21: 12: 11: 5: 4210: 4200: 4199: 4194: 4180: 4179: 4174: 4164: 4163:External links 4161: 4159: 4158: 4135: 4112: 4097: 4080: 4060: 4051: 4037: 4028: 4019: 4007: 3994: 3985: 3976: 3972:Phillips, 1913 3964: 3950: 3931: 3922: 3913: 3893: 3880: 3867: 3858: 3852:Fulford, Tim. 3845: 3832: 3819: 3810: 3797: 3786:(3): 141–148. 3768: 3762:L. 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2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2007:, as well as 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1949: 1944: 1943:James Thomson 1940: 1936: 1932: 1931: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1904: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1886: 1865: 1864: 1850: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1829:imagery, the 1828: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1808:prospect poem 1805: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1759:George Crabbe 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1731:topographical 1728: 1724: 1720: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1700: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1548:New York City 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1496:garden design 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 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Sauer 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1194:Otto Schlüter 1190: 1188: 1184: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1155: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1109: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1030:John A. Wiens 1027: 1023: 1020:According to 1018: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1002: 999: 994: 981: 976: 970: 959: 955: 951: 947: 942: 936: 929: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 886:Littoral zone 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 846: 836: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 757: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 726: 722: 718: 717:Geomorphology 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 678: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 648: 645: 641: 638: 635: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 609: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 579: 576: 575: 574: 569: 565: 561: 553: 542: 541: 539: 536: 535: 534: 533: 532: 530: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 498:. The suffix 497: 493: 489: 485: 482:The roots of 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 454:) arrived in 453: 449: 445: 440: 436: 434: 430: 426: 418: 417:South Holland 413: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 385: 376: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 325:polar regions 322: 318: 314: 308: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 241:geophysically 238: 234: 230: 226: 215: 208: 200: 196: 192: 185: 171: 167: 163: 156: 148: 144: 140: 136: 129: 115: 111: 105: 97: 93: 87: 73: 69: 65: 58: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 4169: 4144: 4138: 4121: 4115: 4106: 4100: 4092: 4083: 4063: 4054: 4044: 4040: 4031: 4022: 4010: 4002: 3997: 3988: 3983:Yip, 163-169 3979: 3967: 3959: 3953: 3934: 3925: 3916: 3905:. 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Elsevier 2971:Olwig K.R. 2877:References 2814:Emily Carr 2722:Matterhorn 2576:John Piper 2528:Peter Doig 2511:Emily Carr 2453:said, and 2318:Nile Delta 2273:Fred Judge 2179:Wade–Giles 1953:industrial 1833:, and the 1658:Theocritus 1566:See also: 1465:wilderness 1301:See also: 1282:, England 1131:, England. 1038:ecosystems 1034:Carl Troll 1014:Ernst Neef 1006:Carl Troll 906:Rainforest 843:See also: 829:hydrologic 797:topography 769:subsidence 700:marine art 684:photograph 670:photograph 640:Wilderness 619:pittoresco 506:, so that 494:, meaning 433:landscaped 397:watercolor 389:Rybiniszki 317:wilderness 289:structures 281:vegetation 277:land cover 199:Swiss Alps 141:region of 139:rainshadow 64:rainforest 4192:Landscape 3323:2047-2382 3214:(1): 32. 2946:0264-8377 2871:Taskscape 2856:Softscape 2846:Hardscape 2824:, Canada) 2795:Åreskutan 2775:Paul Nash 2572:Paul Nash 2545:The term 2520:Alex Katz 2380:Calvinist 2354:shan shui 2306:landscape 2269:Ben Heine 2143:Shan shui 2107:Shan shui 1979:The poet 1847:Charles I 1797:limestone 1751:John Dyer 1696:'s novel 1635:landscape 1615:songlines 1611:Dreamtime 1518:for King 1473:landfills 1467:areas or 1453:geography 1429:fine arts 1280:Wiltshire 1276:Stourhead 1198:geography 898:Shrubland 817:isostatic 813:volcanoes 650:Cityscape 585:fictional 524:landscape 520:landscape 516:landschap 468:landscape 452:landscaef 448:landscipe 444:landscape 442:The word 425:aesthetic 407:, Poland) 365:temperate 249:mountains 245:landforms 233:landforms 225:landscape 216:, England 62:Tropical 4170:Guardian 4072:Archived 3974:, p. 160 3943:Archived 3740:Yip, 130 3724:Pastoral 3615:. p. 348 3299:(2): 2. 3021:Obstfeld 2830:See also 2820:, 1939 ( 2758:, 1908, 2743:(1890). 2400:Romantic 2203:Tao Qian 2098:and the 1935:Longinus 1827:pastoral 1739:Medieval 1706:towards 1674:(1800). 1649:pastoral 1591:Djabugay 1568:Pastoral 1481:suburban 1443:and the 1379:Pavlovsk 1278:garden, 1121:Medieval 910:Woodland 870:Mountain 833:biologic 688:painting 680:Seascape 658:painting 601:backdrop 568:Pyrenees 504:schaffen 496:to shape 403:, 1902 ( 369:tropical 345:forested 301:cultural 293:lighting 285:land use 271:and the 259:such as 247:such as 243:defined 4091:in the 3507:26 June 3301:Bibcode 2866:Terrain 2781:(1918). 2705:(1645). 2701:Mercury 2697:Admetus 2653:Raphael 2633:Odyssey 2489:In the 2396:Flemish 2343:mosaics 2335:Pompeii 2325:in the 2310:frescos 2112:Chinese 2095:Shijing 2052:Ivanhoe 1863:Snowdon 1831:sublime 1763:Suffolk 1644:In the 1595:Damarri 1504:palaces 1457:ecology 1441:geology 1215:It was 890:Glacier 866:Wetland 805:climate 801:gravity 742:geodesy 738:geology 662:drawing 581:Setting 500:-schaft 492:scyppan 488:sceppan 456:England 341:coastal 337:islands 297:weather 237:natural 197:in the 195:glacier 170:Estonia 162:wetland 135:savanna 96:Siberia 39:prairie 4151: 4128: 3662: 3446:Press. 3321: 3252:. 1979 3179:Belgeo 3040: 2944: 2799:Sweden 2720:, The 2693:Apollo 2610:, and 2566:, and 2493:, the 2248:nature 2221:, and 2195:poetry 2181:: 2171:: 2169:pinyin 2163:: 2155:: 2114:: 2023:Europe 2003:, and 1966:nature 1761:, the 1574:, and 1455:, and 1427:, the 1421:botany 1317:, and 1315:Garden 958:France 926:Valley 922:Steppe 914:Jungle 902:Forest 862:Tundra 850:Desert 831:, and 825:eroded 623:Gilpin 480:-ship. 476:-scape 393:Latvia 349:wooded 339:, and 333:desert 319:. 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