916:
876:
2395:, and other forms of development. Responding to a letter signed by 1,500 scientists calling on political leaders to protect at least half of the boreal forest, two Canadian provincial governments, Ontario and Quebec, offered election promises to discuss measures in 2008 that might eventually classify at least half of their northern boreal forest as "protected". Although both provinces admitted it would take decades to plan, working with Aboriginal and local communities and ultimately mapping out precise boundaries of the areas off-limits to development, the measures were touted to create some of the largest protected areas networks in the world once completed. Since then, however, very little action has been taken.
751:
2073:
eastern Russia. In
Siberia, the taiga is converting from predominantly needle-shedding larch trees to evergreen conifers in response to a warming climate. This is likely to further accelerate warming, as the evergreen trees will absorb more of the sun's rays. Given the vast size of the area, such a change has the potential to affect areas well outside of the region. In much of the boreal forest in Alaska, the growth of white spruce trees are stunted by unusually warm summers, while trees on some of the coldest fringes of the forest are experiencing faster growth than previously. Lack of moisture in the warmer summers are also stressing the birch trees of central Alaska.
896:
2153:
846:
1363:
2412:
vegetative reproduction as well as invasion by propagules. Seeds that have fallen and become buried provide little help in re-establishment of a species. The reappearance of lichens is reasoned to occur because of varying conditions and light/nutrient availability in each different microstate. Several different studies have been done that have led to the formation of the theory that post-fire development can be propagated by any of four pathways: self replacement, species-dominance relay, species replacement, or gap-phase self replacement.
2032:. Here, the frequency of fire is much less than on adjacent uplands dominated by pine, black spruce and aspen. In contrast, in the Cordilleran region, fire is most frequent in the valley bottoms, decreasing upward, as shown by a mosaic of young pioneer pine and broadleaf stands below, and older spruce–fir on the slopes above. Without fire, the boreal forest would become more and more homogeneous, with the long-lived white spruce gradually replacing pine, aspen, balsam poplar, and birch, and perhaps even black spruce, except on the
2077:
986:
49:
2924:
1542:
502:
1906:
354:
1351:
1385:
2416:
Self-Replacement is the least common and so far has only been documented in
Western Canada. It is a self replacement of the surviving species into the canopy gaps after a fire kills another species. The particular pathway taken after fire disturbance depends on how the landscape is able to support trees as well as fire frequency. Fire frequency has a large role in shaping the original inception of the lower forest line of the lichen woodland taiga.
475:
1977:
1160:
2910:
2085:
important than temperature and further warming of up to 4 °C would result in substantial declines unless matched by increases in precipitation. A 2019 study suggested that the forest plots commonly used to evaluate boreal forest response to climate change tend to have less evolutionary competition between trees than the typical forest, and that with strong competition, there was little net growth in response to warming.
71:
2345:
637:
1989:
forest stands in the boreal forest, typically with abrupt, irregular boundaries circumscribing homogenous stands, is indirect but compelling testimony to the role of fire in shaping the forest. The fact is that most boreal forest stands are less than 100 years old, and only in the rather few areas that have escaped burning are there stands of white spruce older than 250 years.
2025:– can be classed as pioneers in their adaptations for rapid invasion of open areas. White spruce shows some pioneering abilities, too, but is less able than black spruce and the pines to disperse seed at all seasons. Only balsam fir and alpine fir seem to be poorly adapted to reproduce after fire, as their cones disintegrate at maturity, leaving no seed in the crowns.
1121:, a closed-canopy, boreal forest with some scattered temperate, deciduous trees among the conifers. Commonly seen are species such as maple, elm and oak. This southern boreal forest experiences the longest and warmest growing season of the biome. In some regions, including Scandinavia and western Russia, this subzone is commonly used for agricultural purposes.
1933:, which has 3 elements: (1) fire type and intensity (e.g., crown fires, severe surface fires, and light surface fires), (2) size of typical fires of significance, and (3) frequency or return intervals for specific land units. The average time within a fire regime to burn an area equivalent to the total area of an ecosystem is its
2057:
pronounced in the western coniferous forests. However, in 2016, a study found no overall
Canadian boreal forest trend between 1950 and 2012: while it also found improved growth in some southern boreal forests and dampened growth in the north (contrary to what the hypothesis would suggest), those patterns were statistically weak.
875:
2408:
is considered to be the predominant force behind community and ecosystem properties in the lichen woodland. The significance of fire is clearly evident when one considers that understory vegetation influences tree seedling germination in the short term and decomposition of biomass and nutrient availability in the long term.
1945:
Alaska average 50–100 years, shorter than in the moister climates of eastern Canada, where they may average 200 years or more. Fire cycles also tend to be long near the tree line in the subarctic spruce-lichen woodlands. The longest cycles, possibly 300 years, probably occur in the western boreal in floodplain white spruce.
2424:. The spruce budworm is a deadly insect to the spruce populations in the southern regions of the taiga. J.P. Jasinski confirmed this theory five years later stating, "Their persistence, along with their previous moss forest histories and current occurrence adjacent to closed moss forests, indicate that they are an
2072:
While the majority of studies on boreal forest transitions have been done in Canada, similar trends have been detected in the other countries. Summer warming has been shown to increase water stress and reduce tree growth in dry areas of the southern boreal forest in central Alaska and portions of far
1988:
Two lines of evidence support the thesis that fire has always been an integral factor in the boreal forest: (1) direct, eye-witness accounts and forest-fire statistics, and (2) indirect, circumstantial evidence based on the effects of fire, as well as on persisting indicators. The patchwork mosaic of
2411:
The recurrent cycle of large, damaging fire occurs approximately every 70 to 100 years. Understanding the dynamics of this ecosystem is entangled with discovering the successional paths that the vegetation exhibits after a fire. Trees, shrubs, and lichens all recover from fire-induced damage through
2407:
One of the biggest areas of research and a topic still full of unsolved questions is the recurring disturbance of fire and the role it plays in propagating the lichen woodland. The phenomenon of wildfire by lightning strike is the primary determinant of understory vegetation, and because of this, it
2088:
Climatic change only stimulated growth for trees under weak competition in central boreal forests. A 2021 paper had confirmed that the boreal forests are much more strongly affected by climate change than the other forest types in Canada and projected that most of the eastern
Canadian boreal forests
1944:
The dominant fire regime in the boreal forest is high-intensity crown fires or severe surface fires of very large size, often more than 10,000 ha (100 km), and sometimes more than 400,000 ha (4000 km). Such fires kill entire stands. Fire rotations in the drier regions of western Canada and
698:
is received than further south. But the high latitude also ensures very long summer days, as the sun stays above the horizon nearly 20 hours each day, or up to 24 hours, with only around 6 hours of daylight, or none, occurring in the dark winters, depending on latitude. The areas of the taiga inside
2398:
For instance, in
February 2010 the Canadian government established limited protection for 13,000 square kilometres of boreal forest by creating a new 10,700-square-kilometre park reserve in the Mealy Mountains area of eastern Canada and a 3,000-square-kilometre waterway provincial park that follows
1948:
Amiro et al. (2001) calculated the mean fire cycle for the period 1980 to 1999 in the
Canadian boreal forest (including taiga) at 126 years. Increased fire activity has been predicted for western Canada, but parts of eastern Canada may experience less fire in future because of greater precipitation
938:
present in temperate deciduous forests. The colder climate hinders development of soil, and the ease with which plants can use its nutrients. The relative lack of deciduous trees, which drop huge volumes of leaves annually, and grazing animals, which contribute significant manure, are also factors.
4387:
Seidl, Rupert; Thom, Dominik; Kautz, Markus; Martin-Benito, Dario; Peltoniemi, Mikko; Vacchiano, Giorgio; Wild, Jan; Ascoli, Davide; Petr, Michal; Honkaniemi, Juha; Lexer, Manfred J.; Trotsiuk, Volodymyr; Mairota, Paola; Svoboda, Miroslav; Fabrika, Marek; Nagel, Thomas A.; Reyer, Christopher P. O.
2326:
4.6, 3.6, and 2.6) applied weekly for 7 weeks incurred no statistically significant (P 0.05) reduction in growth during the experiment compared with the background control (pH 5.6) (Abouguendia and
Baschak 1987). However, symptoms of injury were observed in all treatments, the number of plants and
2120:
areas converts them to taiga. While both of these processes can already be observed today, the assessment believes that they would likely not become unstoppable (and thus meet the definition of a tipping point) until global warming of around 4 °C. However, the certainty level is still limited
2052:
It has been hypothesized that the boreal environments have only a few states which are stable in the long term - a treeless tundra/steppe, a forest with >75% tree cover and an open woodland with ~20% and ~45% tree cover. Thus, continued climate change would be able to force at least some of the
2084:
In addition to these observations, there has also been work on projecting future forest trends. A 2018 study of the seven tree species dominant in the
Eastern Canadian forests found that while 2 °C warming alone increases their growth by around 13% on average, water availability is much more
1968:
forming the forests on peats, and with jack pine usually present on dry sites except in the extreme east, where it is absent. The effects of fires are inextricably woven into the patterns of vegetation on the landscape, which in the east favour black spruce, paper birch, and jack pine over balsam
2134:
than the forests. According to a later study, disappearing of boreal forests can also increase warming despite the effect on albedo, while the conclusion about cooling from deforestation in these areas made by previous studies results from the failure of models to properly capture the effects of
2056:
In keeping with this hypothesis, several studies published in the early 2010s found that there was already a substantial drought-induced tree loss in the western
Canadian boreal forests since the 1960s: although this trend was weak or even non-existent in the eastern forests, it was particularly
2044:
During the last quarter of the twentieth century, the zone of latitude occupied by the boreal forest experienced some of the greatest temperature increases on Earth. Winter temperatures have increased more than summer temperatures. In summer, the daily low temperature has increased more than the
895:
2415:
Self-replacement is simply the re-establishment of the pre-fire dominant species. Species-dominance relay is a sequential attempt of tree species to establish dominance in the canopy. Species replacement is when fires occur in sufficient frequency to interrupt species dominance relay. Gap-Phase
2129:
of around 0.18 °C globally and between 0.5 °C to 2 °C regionally. Likewise, boreal forest expansion into tundra has a net global warming effect of around 0.14 °C globally and 0.5 °C to 1 °C regionally, even though new forest growth captures around 6 billion tons of
2068:
attributed to climate change in the earlier studies had instead constituted a delayed response to anthropogenic disturbance. Subsequent research found that even in the forests where biomass trends did not change, there was a substantial shift towards the deciduous broad-leaved trees with higher
1321:
Coniferous trees are the dominant plants of the taiga biome. Very few species, in four main genera, are found: the evergreen spruce, fir and pine, and the deciduous larch. In North
America, one or two species of fir, and one or two species of spruce, are dominant. Across Scandinavia and western
2069:
drought tolerance over the past 65 years, and another Landsat analysis of 100,000 undisturbed sites found that the areas with low tree cover became greener in response to warming, but tree mortality (browning) became the dominant response as the proportion of existing tree cover increased.
659:
In Canada and Scandinavia, the growing season is often estimated by using the period of the year when the 24-hour average temperature is +5 °C (41 °F) or more. For the Taiga Plains in Canada, growing season varies from 80 to 150 days, and in the Taiga Shield from 100 to 140 days.
2376:. In fact, current estimates place boreal forests as storing twice as much carbon per unit area as tropical forests. Wildfires could use up a significant part of the global carbon budget, so fire management at about 12 dollars per tonne of carbon not released is very cheap compared to the
2100:
In 2022, the results of a 5-year warming experiment in North America had shown that the juveniles of tree species which currently dominate the southern margins of the boreal forests fare the worst in response to even 1.5 °C or +3.1 °C of warming and the associated reductions in
656:, when the vegetation in the taiga comes alive, is usually slightly longer than the climatic definition of summer as the plants of the boreal biome have a lower temperature threshold to trigger growth than other plants. Some sources claim 130 days growing season as typical for the taiga.
1254:. Pine, spruce and fir do not lose their leaves seasonally and are able to photosynthesize with their older leaves in late winter and spring when light is good but temperatures are still too low for new growth to commence. The adaptation of evergreen needles limits the water lost due to
915:
540:
with the lowest annual average temperatures, with mean annual temperature generally varying from −5 to 5 °C (23 to 41 °F). Extreme winter minimums in the northern taiga are typically lower than those of the tundra. There are taiga areas of eastern Siberia and interior
1258:
and their dark green color increases their absorption of sunlight. Although precipitation is not a limiting factor, the ground freezes during the winter months and plant roots are unable to absorb water, so desiccation can be a severe problem in late winter for evergreens.
2214:, but with the collapse of the Union, the restrictions regarding trade with Western nations have vanished. Trees are easy to harvest and sell well, so loggers have begun harvesting Russian taiga evergreen trees for sale to nations previously forbidden by Soviet law.
678:
The longest growing season is found in the smaller areas with oceanic influences; in coastal areas of Scandinavia and Finland, the growing season of the closed boreal forest can be 145–180 days. The shortest growing season is found at the northern taiga–tundra
2124:
Once the "right" level of warming is met, either process would take at least 40–50 years to finish, and is more likely to unfold over a century or more. While the southern die-off would involve the loss of around 52 billion tons of carbon, the net result is
1338:. Rich in spruce and Scots pine (in the western Siberian plain), the taiga is dominated by larch in Eastern Siberia, before returning to its original floristic richness on the Pacific shores. Two deciduous trees mingle throughout southern Siberia: birch and
742:
is consequently low for most of the year, annual precipitation exceeds evaporation, and is sufficient to sustain the dense vegetation growth including large trees. This explains the striking difference in biomass per square metre between the Taiga and the
2045:
daily high temperature. The number of days with extremely cold temperatures (e.g., −20 to −40 °C; −4 to −40 °F) has decreased irregularly but systematically in nearly all the boreal region, allowing better survival for tree-damaging insects. In
560:
with very large temperature range between seasons. −20 °C (−4 °F) would be a typical winter day temperature and 18 °C (64 °F) an average summer day, but the long, cold winter is the dominant feature. This climate is classified as
1941:(Van Wagner 1978). However, as Heinselman (1981) noted, each physiographic site tends to have its own return interval, so that some areas are skipped for long periods, while others might burn two-times or more often during a nominal fire rotation.
2138:
Primary boreal forests hold 1,042 billion tonnes of carbon, more than currently found in the atmosphere, 2 times more than all human caused GHG emissions since the year 1870. In a warmer climate their ability to store carbon will be reduced.
683:, where the northern taiga forest no longer can grow and the tundra dominates the landscape when the growing season is down to 50–70 days, and the 24-hr average of the warmest month of the year usually is 10 °C (50 °F) or less.
1924:
has been one of the most important factors shaping the composition and development of boreal forest stands; it is the dominant stand-renewing disturbance through much of the Canadian boreal forest. The fire history that characterizes an
2286:
significantly reduced NAR in all species and produced visible symptoms of injury in 2–20 days. The decrease in NAR of deciduous species (trembling aspen , willow , green alder , and white birch ) was significantly more rapid than of
1298:(with return times of between 20 and 200 years) clear out the tree canopies, allowing sunlight to invigorate new growth on the forest floor. For some species, wildfires are a necessary part of the life cycle in the taiga; some, e.g.
2419:
It has been hypothesized by Serge Payette that the spruce-moss forest ecosystem was changed into the lichen woodland biome due to the initiation of two compounded strong disturbances: large fire and the appearance and attack of the
1992:
The prevalence of fire-adaptive morphologic and reproductive characteristics of many boreal plant species is further evidence pointing to a long and intimate association with fire. Seven of the ten most common trees in the boreal
2121:
and it is possible that 1.5 °C would be sufficient for either tipping point; on the other hand, the southern die-off may not be inevitable until 5 °C, while the replacement of tundra with taiga may require 7.2 °C.
1969:
fir, and in the west give the advantage to aspen, jack pine, black spruce, and birch over white spruce. Many investigators have reported the ubiquity of charcoal under the forest floor and in the upper soil profile. Charcoal in
4671:
Girardin, Martin P.; Bouriaud, Olivier; Hogg, Edward H.; Kurz, Werner; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; Metsaranta, Juha M.; de Jong, Rogier; Frank, David C.; Esper, Jan; Büntgen, Ulf; Guo, Xiao Jing; Bhatti, Jagtar (12 December 2016).
2053:
presently existing taiga forests into one of the two woodland states or even into a treeless steppe - but it could also shift tundra areas into woodland or forest states as they warm and become more suitable for tree growth.
585:
scheme, meaning that the short summers (24 h average 10 °C (50 °F) or more), although generally warm and humid, only last 1–3 months, while winters, with average temperatures below freezing, last 5–7 months.
774:
south of the 15 °C (59 °F) July isotherm where rainfall is very low, but more typically extends south to the 18 °C (64 °F) July isotherm, and locally where rainfall is higher, such as in eastern
2317:
Acidification of precipitation by anthropogenic, acid-forming emissions has been associated with damage to vegetation and reduced forest productivity, but 2-year-old white spruce that were subjected to simulated
2335:
at pH 4.3 and 2.8, but Abouguendia and Baschak (1987) found a significant reduction in white spruce at pH 2.6, while the foliar sulphur content significantly greater at pH 2.6 than any of the other treatments.
589:
In Siberian taiga the average temperature of the coldest month is between −6 °C (21 °F) and −50 °C (−58 °F). There are also some much smaller areas grading towards the oceanic
4954:
3175:
5266:
Armstrong McKay, David; Abrams, Jesse; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; Loriani, Sina; Fetzer, Ingo; Cornell, Sarah; Rockström, Johan; Staal, Arie; Lenton, Timothy (9 September 2022).
889:, at 67°N, experiences the coldest winter temperatures in the northern hemisphere, but the extreme continentality of the climate gives an average daily high of 22 °C (72 °F) in July
5770:
1404:
The boreal forest/taiga supports a relatively small variety of highly specialized and adapted animals, due to the harshness of the climate. Canada's boreal forest includes 85 species of
738:
The fog, especially predominant in low-lying areas during and after the thawing of frozen Arctic seas, stops sunshine from getting through to plants even during the long summer days. As
1703:
Predatory mammals of the taiga must be adapted to travel long distances in search of scattered prey, or be able to supplement their diet with vegetation or other forms of food (such as
6044:
Payette, Serge (2000). "Origin of the lichen woodland at its southern range limit in eastern Canada: the catastrophic impact of insect defoliators and fire on the spruce-moss forest".
1973:
provided Bryson et al. (1965) with clues about the forest history of an area 280 km north of the then-current tree line at Ennadai Lake, District Keewatin, Northwest Territories.
2097:
scenario, boreal forests would experience a 15% worldwide increase in biomass by the end of the century, but this would be more than offset by the 41% biomass decline in the tropics.
2101:
precipitation. While the temperate species which would benefit from such conditions are also present in the southern boreal forests, they are both rare and have slower growth rates.
977:
and some mosses growing on it. In clearings in the forest and in areas with more boreal deciduous trees, there are more herbs and berries growing, and soils are consequently deeper.
2064:
reanalysis confirmed that there was a drying trend and a loss of forest in western Canadian forests and some greening in the wetter east, but it had also concluded that most of the
1239:
species in the taiga (spruce, fir, and pine) have a number of adaptations specifically for survival in harsh taiga winters, although larch, which is extremely cold-tolerant, is
1102:
groundcover; the latter is common in the northernmost taiga. In the northernmost taiga, the forest cover is not only more sparse, but often stunted in growth form; moreover,
6422:
5739:
5418:. Woodwell Climate Research Center, INTACT, Griffits University, GEOS institute, Frankfurt Zoological Society, Australian Rainforest Conservation Society. 17 December 2020
3977:
Amiro, B. D.; Stocks, B. J.; Alexander, M. E.; Flannigan, M. D.; Wotton, B. M. (2001). "Fire, climate change, carbon and fuel management in the Canadian boreal forest".
1247:
to make them more resistant to freezing, called "hardening". The narrow conical shape of northern conifers, and their downward-drooping limbs, also help them shed snow.
380:
The principal tree species, depending on the length of the growing season and summer temperatures, vary across the world. The taiga of North America is mostly spruce;
2310:
with a significantly more rapid decrease in NAR compared with those growing in the Brunisol, perhaps because of predisposing toxic material in the tailings. However,
2466:
770:, occasionally as far north as the 9 °C (48 °F) July isotherm, with the southern limit more variable. Depending on rainfall, and taiga may be replaced by
3417:
2658:
2270:
on woody boreal forest species was investigated by Addison et al. (1984), who exposed plants growing on native soils and tailings to 15.2 μmol/m (0.34 ppm) of SO
762:, Norway. This oceanic part of the forest can see more than 1,000 mm (39 in) precipitation annually and has warmer winters than the vast inland taiga.
663:
Other sources define growing season by frost-free days. Data for locations in southwest Yukon gives 80–120 frost-free days. The closed canopy boreal forest in
4518:
Peng, Changhui; Ma, Zhihai; Lei, Xiangdong; Zhu, Qiuan; Chen, Huai; Wang, Weifeng; Liu, Shirong; Li, Weizhong; Fang, Xiuqin; Zhou, Xiaolu (20 November 2011).
2108:
designated two inter-related tipping points associated with climate change - the die-off of taiga at its southern edge and the area's consequent reversion to
169:
3027:
5104:"Boreal forests will be more severely affected by projected anthropogenic climate forcing than mixedwood and northern hardwood forests in eastern Canada"
4733:"Canadian boreal forest greening and browning trends: an analysis of biogeographic patterns and the relative roles of disturbance versus climate drivers"
4876:
1984:
began in a taiga area that had not had a major fire in over 130 years, and so was allowed to burn unchecked until it began to threaten populated areas.
1302:
have cones which only open to release their seed after a fire, dispersing their seeds onto the newly cleared ground; certain species of fungi (such as
6254:
3321:
4958:
1474:
Fish of the taiga must be able to withstand cold water conditions and be able to adapt to life under ice-covered water. Species in the taiga include
608:
According to some sources, the boreal forest grades into a temperate mixed forest when mean annual temperature reaches about 3 °C (37 °F).
3743:
6412:
6210:
6225:
5778:
2327:
the number of needles affected increased with increasing rain acidity and with time. Scherbatskoy and Klein (1983) found no significant effect of
6204:
4455:
2973:
2503:
1362:
453:. Hoffman (1958) discusses the origin of this differential use in North America and how this differentiation distorts established Russian usage.
5208:
Reich, Peter B.; Bermudez, Raimundo; Montgomery, Rebecca A.; Rich, Roy L.; Rice, Karen E.; Hobbie, Sarah E.; Stefanski, Artur (10 August 2022).
2298:
These metabolic and visible injury responses seemed to be related to the differences in S uptake owing in part to higher gas exchange rates for
2093:
8.5 scenario which represents the largest potential increase in anthropogenic emissions. Another 2021 study projected that under the "moderate"
6417:
6384:
3123:
2491:
5576:
Addison, P.A.; Malhotra, S.S.; Khan, A.A. 1984. "Effect of sulfur dioxide on woody boreal forest species grown on native soils and tailings".
3768:
1841:
found around the numerous bogs and lakes. Of the 300 species of birds that summer in the taiga, only 30 stay for the winter. These are either
1051:
tolerates the coldest winters of the Northern Hemisphere, in eastern Siberia. The very southernmost parts of the taiga may have trees such as
4877:"Boreal Forests and Climate Change - Changes in Climate Parameters and Some Responses, Effects of Warming on Tree Growth on Productive Sites"
3629:
2459:
1431:, which depend on environmental conditions to regulate their body temperatures. There are only a few species in the boreal forest, including
4557:
Ma, Zhihai; Peng, Changhui; Zhu, Qiuan; Chen, Huai; Yu, Guirui; Li, Weizhong; Zhou, Xiaolu; Wang, Weifeng; Zhang, Wenhua (30 January 2012).
4195:
La Roi, G. H. (1967). "Ecological studies in the boreal spruce–fir forests of the North American taiga. I. Analysis of the vascular flora".
3875:
1318:
thrive on the damp ground and on the sides of tree trunks. In comparison with other biomes, however, the taiga has low botanical diversity.
1082:, consisting of many closely-spaced trees and mossy groundcover. In clearings in the forest, shrubs and wildflowers are common, such as the
5605:
Scherbatskoy, T.; Klein, R.M. 1983. "Response of spruce Picea glauca and birch Betula alleghaniensis foliage to leaching by acidic mists".
3002:
6438:
6407:
5500:
2651:
2049:, the length of the frost-free season has increased from 60 to 90 days in the early twentieth century to about 120 days a century later.
4336:
1420:, and as a part of the food web. Many nesting birds, rodents, and small carnivorous mammals rely on them for food in the summer months.
6248:
2864:
4618:"Net aboveground biomass declines of four major forest types with forest ageing and climate change in western Canada's boreal forests"
4238:
Bryson, R. A.; Irving, W. H.; Larson, J. A. (1965). "Radiocarbon and soil evidence of former forest in the southern Canadian tundra".
905:, Finland, is situated in the closed canopy taiga (mid-boreal to south-boreal) with mean annual temperature of 4 °C (39 °F).
403:
Taiga in its current form is a relatively recent phenomenon, having only existed for the last 12,000 years since the beginning of the
2953:
2356:
and peatland are widespread in the taiga. They are home to a unique flora, and store vast amounts of carbon. In western Eurasia, the
441:
The term "taiga" is not used consistently by all cultures. In the English language, "boreal forest" is used in the United States and
4980:
3578:
2028:
The oldest forests in the northwest boreal region, some older than 300 years, are of white spruce occurring as pure stands on moist
723:
throughout the year (generally 200–750 mm (7.9–29.5 in) annually, 1,000 mm (39 in) in some areas), primarily as
6198:
2452:
3900:
2743:
1016:, more animals than plants, were able to colonize both land masses, and are globally-distributed throughout the taiga biome (see
512:
Taiga covers 17 million square kilometres (6.6 million square miles) or 11.5% of the Earth's land area, second only to
5747:
6065:
Nilsson, M. C. (2005). "Understory vegetation as a forest ecosystem driver, evidence from the northern Swedish boreal forest".
2937:
2843:
2644:
5335:
5004:
D'Orangeville, Loïc; Houle, Daniel; Duchesne, Louis; Phillips, Richard P.; Bergeron, Yves; Kneeshaw, Daniel (10 August 2018).
4011:
Heinselman, M. L. (1981). "Fire intensity and frequency as factors in the distribution and structure of northern ecosystems".
1350:
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of eastern Canada. In the interior of the continents, with the driest climates, the boreal forests might grade into temperate
6374:
6151:
6130:
6106:
3389:
1167:, Alaska. Trees in this environment tend to grow closer to the trunk and not "bush out" in the normal manner of spruce trees.
799:
3789:
5978:
Johnson, E. A. (1981). "Vegetation Organization and Dynamics of Lichen Woodland Communities in the Northwest Territories".
2942:
2105:
2090:
6015:
Kurkowski, Thomas (2008). "Relative Importance of Different Secondary Successional Pathways in an Alaskan Boreal Forest".
445:
in referring to more southerly regions, while "taiga" is used to describe the more northern, barren areas approaching the
2080:
The response of six tree species common in Quebec's forests to 2°C and 4°C warming under different precipitation levels.
1243:. Taiga trees tend to have shallow roots to take advantage of the thin soils, while many of them seasonally alter their
747:
biomes, (in warmer climates), where evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation, restricting vegetation to mostly grasses.
3467:
3442:
2771:
5592:
Abouguendia, Z.M.; Baschak, L.A. 1987. "Response of two western Canadian conifers to simulated acidic precipitation".
3421:
6843:
6813:
6348:
5885:
5525:
3238:
231:
1067:
scattered among the conifers, and there is usually a gradual transition into a temperate, mixed forest, such as the
6828:
6297:
5708:
2759:
1068:
1024:
having several distinct species, each occupying different regions of the taiga. Taigas also have some small-leaved
366:
6823:
582:
6730:
6464:
2683:
6078:
3825:
3031:
6777:
5949:
Jasinski, J. P. (2005). "The Creation of Alternative Stable States in Southern Boreal Forest: Quebec, Canada".
3850:
2968:
2807:
2671:
2603:
2563:
1692:. These species have adapted to survive the harsh winters in their native ranges. Some larger mammals, such as
1545:
1250:
Because the sun is low in the horizon for most of the year, it is difficult for plants to generate energy from
1164:
4674:"No growth stimulation of Canada's boreal forest under half-century of combined warming and CO2 fertilization"
902:
735:. Snow may remain on the ground for as long as nine months in the northernmost extensions of the taiga biome.
5411:
3698:
2795:
2783:
2731:
2094:
1444:
1210:
750:
4880:
3151:
6443:
6216:
5362:"Re-appraisal of the global climatic role of natural forests for improved climate projections and policies"
3325:
2587:
2539:
1827:
1106:, asymmetric black spruce (in North America) are often seen, with diminished foliage on the windward side.
513:
6306:
6260:
3176:"How should the world's nations account for the carbon absorbed by their forests? We better figure it out"
6838:
6684:
6369:
6238:
6188:
5437:
3737:
2831:
2819:
720:
6141:
6096:
1700:
during the winter. Other animals have adapted layers of fur or feathers to insulate them from the cold.
6689:
6379:
6222:
5458:
5061:
Luo, Yong; McIntire, Eliot J. B.; Boisvenue, Céline; Nikiema, Paul P.; Chen, Han Y. H. (17 June 2019).
3699:"Study reveals for first time true diversity of life in soils across the globe, new species discovered"
2888:
2515:
2222:
Recent years have seen outbreaks of insect pests in forest-destroying plagues: the spruce-bark beetle (
1736:
4013:
Proceedings of the Conference: Fire Regimes in Ecosystem Properties, Dec. 1978, Honolulu, Hawaii. USDA
3665:
3275:
786:
In these warmer areas the taiga has higher species diversity, with more warmth-loving species such as
593:
climate with milder winters, whilst the extreme south and (in Eurasia) west of the taiga reaches into
6787:
6699:
4026:
Heinselman, M. L. (1973). "Fire in the virgin forests of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, Minnesota".
2876:
2856:
1760:
1370:
594:
2314:
uptake and visible symptom development did not differ between conifers growing on the 2 substrates.
1956:
dominant on well-drained sites in eastern Canada changing centrally and westward to a prominence of
6709:
6116:
5360:
M. Makarieva, Anastassia; V. Nefiodov, Andrei; Rammig, Anja; Donato Nobre, Antonio (20 July 2023).
5063:"Climatic change only stimulated growth for trees under weak competition in central boreal forests"
3492:
2719:
2527:
2425:
2254:
1669:
1192:
1144:). Some berries can grow in both the taiga and the lower arctic (southern regions) tundra, such as
923:
664:
609:
3959:
Rowe, J. S. (1955). "Factors influencing white spruce reproduction in Manitoba and Saskatchewan".
3760:
3640:
3006:
1579:
in North America). Some areas of the more southern closed boreal forest have populations of other
1109:
In Canada, Scandinavia and Finland, the boreal forest is usually divided into three subzones: The
6694:
4902:
3879:
2958:
2392:
2224:
1631:
have been introduced into the Russian far-east, as part of the taiga regeneration project called
1592:
1440:
954:
for a long time in the cool, moist climate, which limits their organic contribution to the soil.
767:
442:
5550:
5336:"Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points – paper explainer"
435:
6269:
6193:
5103:
4291:
Rowe, J. S. (1970). "Spruce and fire in northwest Canada and Alaska". In Komarek, E. V. (ed.).
3230:
1858:
1823:
641:
412:
397:
20:
6245:
A network of NGOs, indigenous peoples or individuals that works to protect the boreal forests.
5504:
6679:
6169:
The Conservation Value of the North American Boreal Forest from an Ethnobotanical perspective
4366:
2551:
2377:
1638:
1456:
1200:
621:
6205:
Campaign against lumber giant Weyerhaeuser's logging practices in the Canadian boreal forest
3222:
3221:
Sporrong, Ulf (2003). "The Scandinavian landscape and its resources". In Helle, Knut (ed.).
6792:
6772:
6714:
6674:
6669:
6290:
5958:
5921:
5383:
5221:
5162:
5115:
5017:
4914:
4744:
4685:
4629:
4570:
4531:
4464:
4401:
4348:
4249:
4204:
4161:
4109:
4035:
3088:
2978:
2707:
2233:
2211:
2152:
1854:
1196:
823:
807:
416:
358:
4559:"Regional drought-induced reduction in the biomass carbon sink of Canada's boreal forests"
1885:. The only other viable adaptation is seed-eating birds, which include several species of
8:
6745:
6586:
6402:
2615:
2479:
2156:
2006:
1784:
1448:
1432:
1393:
1017:
940:
550:
5962:
5925:
5387:
5225:
5166:
5119:
5021:
4918:
4901:
Shuman, Jacquelyn Kremper; Shugart, Herman Henry; O'Halloran, Thomas Liam (2011-03-25).
4781:
4748:
4689:
4633:
4617:
4574:
4535:
4468:
4405:
4352:
4253:
4208:
4165:
4113:
4039:
3582:
3092:
2116:
dieback) and the opposite process to the north, where the rapid warming of the adjacent
6833:
6613:
6603:
6032:
6003:
5995:
5937:
5645:
5620:
5373:
5313:
5245:
5185:
5151:"Impact of rising temperatures on the biomass of humid old-growth forests of the world"
5150:
5131:
5084:
5038:
5005:
4955:"Fairbanks Daily News-Miner – New study states boreal forests shifting as Alaska warms"
4930:
4853:
4828:
4809:
4762:
4708:
4673:
4653:
4593:
4558:
4520:"A drought-induced pervasive increase in tree mortality across Canada's boreal forests"
4495:
4450:
4422:
4389:
4273:
4220:
4177:
4127:
4051:
3104:
2929:
1788:
1460:
1009:
822:
The area currently classified as taiga in Europe and North America (except Alaska) was
672:
327:
5267:
845:
6782:
6704:
6633:
6623:
6546:
6147:
6126:
6102:
5881:
5771:"Boreal landscapes added to Canada's parks Boreal landscapes added to Canada's parks"
5650:
5317:
5305:
5297:
5249:
5237:
5209:
5190:
5135:
5088:
5043:
4926:
4858:
4813:
4801:
4766:
4713:
4645:
4598:
4500:
4482:
4427:
4265:
4240:
4181:
4173:
4047:
3908:
3234:
3223:
2176:
2113:
2046:
2014:
1981:
1957:
1834:
1792:
1620:
1149:
1128:. Some species are confined to the southern and middle closed-boreal forest (such as
557:
468:
6036:
6007:
4934:
4829:"Satellite observations document trends consistent with a boreal forest biome shift"
4657:
4277:
4055:
2130:
carbon. In both cases, this is due to the snow-covered ground having a much greater
545:
where the mean annual temperature reaches down to −10 °C (14 °F), and the
6818:
6643:
6074:
6053:
6024:
5987:
5966:
5929:
5640:
5632:
5391:
5287:
5279:
5229:
5180:
5170:
5149:
Larjavaara, Markku; Lu, Xiancheng; Chen, Xia; Vastaranta, Mikko (12 October 2021).
5123:
5074:
5033:
5025:
4922:
4848:
4840:
4793:
4752:
4703:
4693:
4637:
4588:
4578:
4539:
4490:
4472:
4417:
4409:
4356:
4315:
4257:
4212:
4169:
4117:
4078:
4043:
3986:
3513:
3096:
2695:
2440:
2237:
1910:
1874:
1633:
1584:
1475:
1327:
1291:
1133:
827:
521:
420:
362:
240:
208:
84:
53:
5904:
4308:"Photointerpretation of the terrain along the southern part of the Alaska highway"
3364:
3296:
3254:
2076:
6618:
6608:
6511:
6283:
6275:
6242:
6229:
6120:
5682:
4446:
3747:
2278:
assimilation rate (NAR). The Canadian maximum acceptable limit for atmospheric SO
1819:
1756:
1732:
1720:
1507:
1503:
1487:
1340:
1263:
865:
811:
780:
464:
6182:
5668:
4261:
939:
The diversity of soil organisms in the boreal forest is high, comparable to the
934:
tends to be young and poor in nutrients, lacking the deep, organically enriched
852:, Canada. Several of the world's longest rivers go through the taiga, including
396:; Russian taiga has spruces, pines and larches depending on the region; and the
6659:
6638:
6628:
6168:
5233:
5175:
5127:
5029:
5006:"Beneficial effects of climate warming on boreal tree growth may be transitory"
4757:
4732:
4519:
2915:
2421:
2368:, more than the world's temperate and tropical forests combined, much of it in
2267:
2249:
2018:
1998:
1965:
1953:
1862:
1830:
1800:
1764:
1740:
1511:
1499:
1251:
1229:
1205:
1191:. The woodland mix varies according to geography and climate; for example, the
1048:
1044:. These grow mostly in areas further south of the most extreme winter weather.
795:
653:
625:
456:
408:
5396:
5361:
5268:"Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points"
3557:
48:
6807:
6556:
6506:
6469:
6353:
5301:
4782:"Rapid functional shifts across high latitude forests over the last 65 years"
4486:
3963:. For. Branch, For. Res. Div., Ottawa ON, Project MS-135, Silv. Tech. Note 3.
3536:
2947:
2923:
2869:
2752:
2712:
2700:
2676:
2022:
1961:
1744:
1712:
1689:
1685:
1612:
1479:
1468:
1464:
1255:
1223:
1001:
857:
803:
771:
700:
612:
is found in areas with mean annual temperature below freezing, whilst in the
490:
427:
389:
311:
5283:
5210:"Even modest climate change may lead to major transitions in boreal forests"
5079:
5062:
4731:
Sulla-Menashe, Damien; Woodcock, Curtis E; Friedl, Mark A (4 January 2018).
4698:
4583:
4477:
3446:
985:
501:
6664:
6541:
6536:
6531:
5654:
5636:
5309:
5241:
5194:
5047:
4862:
4805:
4780:
Hisano, Masumi; Ryo, Masahiro; Chen, Xinli; Chen, Han Y. H. (16 May 2021).
4717:
4649:
4602:
4504:
4431:
4269:
3471:
3200:
3055:
2963:
2332:
2323:
2245:
2207:
1914:
1890:
1850:
1846:
1804:
1780:
1752:
1724:
1696:, eat heartily during the summer in order to gain weight, and then go into
1628:
1527:
1495:
1491:
1436:
1244:
951:
935:
704:
695:
482:
478:
6265:
5896:
5683:"1,500 Scientists Worldwide Call for Protection of Canada's Boreal Forest"
5265:
3929:
1905:
1423:
The cold winters and short summers make the taiga a challenging biome for
353:
6521:
5716:
5529:
5359:
4543:
4413:
4361:
4069:
Van Wagner, C. E. (1978). "Age-class distribution and the forest cycle".
3901:"Government of Canada to Send Wood Bison to Russian Conservation Project"
2383:
Some nations are discussing protecting areas of the taiga by prohibiting
2328:
2210:. Previously, the forest was protected by the restrictions of the Soviet
2180:
2168:
2065:
1708:
1697:
1541:
1523:
1519:
1153:
1103:
990:
962:
882:
849:
791:
787:
766:
In general, taiga grows to the south of the 10 °C (50 °F) July
739:
708:
460:
381:
5479:
5292:
347:
6750:
6526:
5999:
5941:
4224:
4131:
4098:"Future wildfire in circumboreal forests in relation to global warming"
3108:
2357:
2292:
2029:
1870:
1796:
1776:
1624:
1608:
1413:
1389:
1384:
1323:
1283:
1141:
861:
335:
5003:
4844:
4797:
4641:
4293:
Proc. 10th Annual Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference, Tallahassee FL
3056:"Taiga | Plants, Animals, Climate, Location, & Facts | Britannica"
1627:
of northern Canada/Alaska; additionally, some numbers of the American
6740:
6735:
6551:
5903:. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report GTR-INT-319. pp.
4096:
Flannigan, M. D.; Bergeron, Y.; Engelmark, O.; Wotton, B. M. (1998).
2638:
2446:
2319:
2303:
2299:
2288:
2109:
1994:
1926:
1894:
1866:
1748:
1677:
1616:
1553:
1535:
1515:
1452:
1428:
1417:
1303:
1299:
1240:
1236:
1172:
1137:
1072:
1025:
959:
645:
474:
446:
431:
369:
260:
6057:
6028:
5991:
5970:
5933:
4216:
4122:
4097:
4082:
3990:
3829:
3100:
2184:
87:, from about 50°N to 70°N, but with considerable regional variation.
6572:
6516:
6479:
5378:
3854:
2632:
2592:
2373:
2164:
1976:
1921:
1657:
1653:
1600:
1596:
1580:
1572:
1397:
1331:
1295:
1218:
1159:
1145:
1129:
1083:
966:
853:
687:
668:
546:
404:
339:
76:
4903:"Russian boreal forests undergoing vegetation change, study shows"
4320:
4307:
4015:. For. Serv., Washington DC, Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-26. pp. 7–57.
2188:
70:
6474:
4152:
Rowe, J. S.; Scotter, G. W. (1973). "Fire in the boreal forest".
2568:
2496:
2384:
2369:
2349:
2199:
2172:
2061:
1842:
1772:
1704:
1665:
1576:
1483:
1424:
1405:
1125:
1087:
1041:
1013:
1005:
974:
919:
776:
680:
505:
385:
331:
323:
315:
307:
299:
291:
5526:"Spruce budworm and sustainable management of the boreal forest"
4095:
2344:
1603:
reside in the taiga of Russia's Far East and North America. The
636:
6448:
6338:
5912:
Hoffmann, Robert S. (1958). "The Meaning of the Word 'Taiga'".
3079:
Hoffmann, Robert S. (1958). "The Meaning of the Word "Taiga"".
2893:
2881:
2852:
2848:
2836:
2824:
2812:
2800:
2788:
2776:
2764:
2748:
2736:
2724:
2688:
2620:
2608:
2596:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2556:
2544:
2532:
2520:
2508:
2484:
2388:
2365:
2311:
2203:
2131:
2117:
1886:
1838:
1768:
1661:
1649:
1645:
1556:
1409:
1315:
1275:
1214:
1180:
1099:
1037:
994:
970:
886:
839:
810:
where oak and hornbeam appear and join the conifers, birch and
759:
744:
533:
517:
486:
450:
393:
319:
303:
295:
287:
283:
271:
263:
80:
61:
57:
2291:(white spruce, black spruce , and jack pine ) or an evergreen
1396:. Brown bears are among the largest and most widespread taiga
830:
in the topography that have since filled with water, creating
624:
occurs and restricts growth to very shallow-rooted trees like
6314:
6235:
6177:
5775:
NatGeo News Watch: News Editor David Braun's Eye on the World
5619:
Ruckstuhl, K. E.; Johnson, E. A.; Miyanishi, K. (July 2008).
4444:
3976:
2241:
2229:
2002:
1882:
1728:
1716:
1564:
1531:
1335:
1307:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1176:
1078:
There are two major types of taiga. The southern part is the
1064:
1056:
1033:
1029:
1021:
755:
542:
537:
373:
343:
279:
275:
256:
98:
33:
26:
4449:; Van Nes, Egbert H.; Chapin, F. Stuart (26 December 2012).
4337:"Coincidence and Contradiction in the Warming Boreal Forest"
3666:"Tampere/Pirkkala, Finland Weather History and Climate Data"
3514:"University of Helsinki: Carabid diversity in Finnish taiga"
3124:"'Zombie fires' may become more common as the climate warms"
1262:
Although the taiga is dominated by coniferous forests, some
6501:
6079:
10.1890/1540-9295(2005)003[0421:UVAAFE]2.0.CO;2
5207:
5060:
4900:
4730:
4386:
3741:, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg, November, 2008
2192:
2033:
1970:
1878:
1837:
to take advantage of the long summer days and abundance of
1815:
1811:
1693:
1681:
1673:
1604:
1311:
1287:
1188:
955:
947:
931:
831:
728:
724:
267:
223:
217:
5148:
5102:
Boulanger, Yan; Puigdevall, Jesus Pascual (3 April 2021).
1607:-Kamchatka region of far eastern Russia also supports the
1408:, 130 species of fish, and an estimated 32,000 species of
901:
Lakes and other water bodies are common in the taiga. The
6172:
5618:
3028:"List of Plants & Animals in the Canadian Wilderness"
2353:
1599:. While normally a polar species, some southern herds of
1588:
1184:
1060:
1052:
835:
732:
691:
516:. The largest areas are located in Russia and Canada. In
290:, and parts of the northern contiguous United States. In
278:. The taiga or boreal forest is the world's largest land
220:
4670:
2306:. Conifers growing in oil sands tailings responded to SO
1913:
in Alaska burned 193,597 acres (78,346 ha), mostly
1522:(including sea-run brook trout in the Hudson Bay area),
3351:édition 1976 Vol. 2 ASIE – Géographie physique, p. 568
2950: – effect of global warming on the taiga
1356:
Conifer cones and morels after fire in a boreal forest.
1326:
is a common component of the taiga, while taiga of the
5897:"Larix lyallii: Colonist of tree line and talus sites"
4827:
Berner, Logan T.; Goetz, Scott J. (24 February 2022).
783:, south to the 20 °C (68 °F) July isotherm.
5901:
Ecology and Management of Larix Forests: A Look Ahead
5895:
Arno, S. F.; Worral, J. & Carlson, C. E. (1995).
2163:
Some of the larger cities situated in this biome are
232:
2905:
1952:
The mature boreal forest pattern in the south shows
1294:
grow closer to the ground. Periodic stand-replacing
434:, it is not exclusively an alpine biome, and unlike
214:
5501:"A New Method to Reconstruct Bark Beetle Outbreaks"
5101:
1136:); others grow in most areas of the taiga (such as
806:coasts of North America and Asia), into coniferous
553:were recorded in the taiga of northeastern Russia.
211:
6305:
6094:
5899:. In Schmidt, W. C. & McDonald, K. J. (eds.).
4981:"Forest Changes in Alaska Reveal Changing Climate"
4237:
3606:, (New York: Twenty-First Century Books, 1994) 16.
2399:alongside the Eagle River from headwaters to sea.
2089:would reach a tipping point around 2080 under the
5894:
5798:
5796:
4779:
3961:Can. Dep. Northern Affairs and National Resources
3811:
3809:
3684:
3682:
2295:(Labrador tea) growing on a fertilized Brunisol.
1020:). Others differ regionally, typically with each
6805:
5878:Timberline. Mountain and Arctic Forest Frontiers
5261:
5259:
75:The taiga is found throughout the high northern
5333:
4456:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3344:
3342:
3152:"Carbon Emissions from Boreal Forest Wildfires"
2974:Success of fire suppression in northern forests
644:, along the northern shore of Lake Superior in
5831:
5829:
5810:
5808:
5793:
5412:"Primary Forests: Boreal, Temperate, Tropical"
3806:
3679:
3630:"Finland vegetation zone and freshwater biome"
2492:Iceland boreal birch forests and alpine tundra
1552:The taiga is mainly home to a number of large
694:does not rise far above the horizon, and less
675:, Russia, on average has 108 frost-free days.
426:Although at high elevations taiga grades into
6291:
5777:. National Geographic Society. Archived from
5528:. Cfs.nrcan.gc.ca. 2007-12-05. Archived from
5256:
4556:
2652:
2460:
973:, and the acidic forest floor often has only
282:. In North America, it covers most of inland
5875:
5329:
5327:
4517:
3758:
3339:
1849:that can take live mammal prey, such as the
1707:). Mammalian predators of the taiga include
1310:grow wherever they can find a patch of sun;
6439:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
6125:. Greystone Books/David Suzuki Foundation.
5847:
5826:
5805:
5334:Armstrong McKay, David (9 September 2022).
4826:
4151:
2504:Kamchatka–Kurile meadows and sparse forests
1195:ecoregion (of the higher elevations of the
1124:The boreal forest is home to many types of
6298:
6284:
6189:International Boreal Conservation campaign
5876:Arno, S. F. & Hammerly, R. P. (1984).
4616:Chen, Han Y. H.; Luo, Yong (2 July 2015).
4390:"Forest disturbances under climate change"
4068:
4025:
4010:
3072:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2659:
2645:
2467:
2453:
6014:
5706:
5671:. Boreal Songbird Initiative. 2014-05-12.
5644:
5395:
5377:
5324:
5291:
5184:
5174:
5078:
5037:
4852:
4756:
4707:
4697:
4592:
4582:
4494:
4476:
4451:"Thresholds for boreal biome transitions"
4421:
4360:
4319:
4305:
4121:
2954:Fire and carbon cycling in boreal forests
1644:Small mammals of the taiga biome include
1623:. The largest animal in the taiga is the
1098:, with trees that are farther-spaced and
372:, constituting part of the world's taiga
16:Biome characterized by coniferous forests
6249:Index of Boreal Forests/Taiga ecoregions
6122:Vanishing Halo: Saving the Boreal Forest
6115:
6067:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
5948:
5911:
5625:Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci
4334:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4006:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3972:
3970:
3420:. Geography.ridley.on.ca. Archived from
3365:"The eastern forest – boreal transition"
3220:
3149:
3145:
3143:
3078:
3030:. Trails.com. 2010-07-27. Archived from
2364:The taiga stores enormous quantities of
2343:
2151:
2075:
1975:
1904:
1861:(in coastal northeastern Russia-Japan),
1540:
1471:. Most hibernate underground in winter.
1383:
1158:
984:
914:
844:
749:
635:
500:
496:
473:
352:
6268:—founded by William (Bill) Pruitt Jr.,
6261:Slater museum of natural history: Taiga
6257:The Nature Conservancy and its partners
6064:
6043:
5977:
5737:
5588:
5586:
4615:
3229:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
2990:
1857:(also known as the rough-legged hawk),
1611:, the Russian relative of the American
1203:) in Canada is dominated by balsam fir
6806:
6219:Canadian Taiga Conservation Foundation
5366:Frontiers in Forests and Global Change
4231:
4194:
3853:. Hinterland Who's Who. Archived from
3828:. Hinterland Who's Who. Archived from
3255:"Marietta the Taiga and Boreal forest"
3121:
2938:Birds of North American boreal forests
2865:Southern Appalachian spruce–fir forest
2402:
1799:(only small areas of northern taiga),
727:during the summer months, but also as
6279:
6139:
6095:Day, Trevor; Richard Garratt (2006).
5768:
5669:"Report: The Carbon the World Forgot"
5599:
4284:
4138:
4089:
4019:
3997:
3967:
3952:
3297:"Interior Alaska-Yukon lowland taiga"
3140:
1171:The forests of the taiga are largely
719:The taiga experiences relatively low
547:lowest reliably recorded temperatures
6423:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
6385:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
6223:Coniferous Forest, Earth Observatory
5583:
4299:
4290:
3958:
3225:The Cambridge History of Scandinavia
3050:
3048:
2943:Boreal Forest Conservation Framework
2106:tipping points in the climate system
826:. As the glaciers receded they left
6046:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
6017:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
5740:"Charest promises to protect north"
5570:
4978:
4062:
3005:. Ucmp.berkeley.edu. Archived from
2744:Interior Alaska–Yukon lowland taiga
2431:
2147:
881:The taiga in the river valley near
640:Boreal forest near Shovel Point in
407:epoch, covering land that had been
13:
6087:
4445:Scheffer, Marten; Hirota, Marina;
4306:Raup, H. M.; Denny, C. S. (1950).
4188:
3878:. Borealforest.org. Archived from
3445:. Blueplanetbiomes. Archived from
2844:South Avalon–Burin oceanic barrens
2772:Midwestern Canadian Shield forests
1412:. Insects play a critical role as
1113:(northern boreal/taiga zone), the
842:soil) found throughout the taiga.
459:is a threat to taiga, and how the
365:form the southernmost part of the
14:
6855:
6349:Montane grasslands and shrublands
6162:
5769:Braun, David (February 7, 2010).
5621:"Boreal forest and global change"
5551:"ALASKA'S CHANGING BOREAL FOREST"
3470:. Yukon.taiga.net. Archived from
3468:"Southwest Yukon:Frost-free days"
3045:
2202:'s taiga have been harvested for
2039:
1008:were originally connected by the
965:further leach the soil, creating
631:
532:After the permanent ice caps and
158:Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon (France)
5416:Woodwell Climate Research Center
4927:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02417.x
3581:. saskschools.ca. Archived from
3390:"Canada: Taiga Shield reference"
3150:Phillips, Carly (Apr 27, 2022).
2922:
2908:
2760:Mid-Continental Canadian forests
2142:
1361:
1349:
1069:eastern forest-boreal transition
894:
874:
714:
367:Eastern forest-boreal transition
330:, some lowland/coastal areas of
207:
69:
47:
6465:Flooded grasslands and savannas
5856:
5838:
5817:
5762:
5738:Marsden, William (2008-11-16).
5731:
5709:"Ontario to protect vast tract"
5707:Gillespie, Kerry (2008-07-15).
5700:
5675:
5661:
5612:
5543:
5518:
5493:
5472:
5451:
5430:
5404:
5353:
5201:
5142:
5095:
5054:
4997:
4972:
4957:. Newsminer.com. Archived from
4947:
4894:
4869:
4820:
4773:
4724:
4664:
4609:
4550:
4511:
4438:
4380:
4328:
3943:
3922:
3893:
3868:
3843:
3818:
3782:
3771:from the original on 2015-10-16
3752:
3730:
3721:
3712:
3691:
3658:
3622:
3615:Arno & Hammerly 1984, Arno
3609:
3596:
3571:
3550:
3529:
3506:
3485:
3460:
3435:
3410:
3382:
3357:
3314:
3289:
3268:
3247:
3201:"Taiga biological station: FAQ"
2684:Central Canadian Shield forests
2360:is common in the boreal forest.
2282:is 0.34 ppm. Fumigation with SO
1676:, as well as a small number of
1012:, a number of animal and plant
922:sandy area in the taiga of the
6778:Ecological land classification
6307:Biogeographic regionalisations
6146:. Twenty-First Century Books.
5503:. Colorado.edu. Archived from
5461:. Worldclimate.com. 2007-02-04
5440:. Worldclimate.com. 2007-02-04
4737:Environmental Research Letters
3907:. Jan 23, 2012. Archived from
3668:. Worldclimate.com. 2007-02-04
3418:"Climate of Canadian ecozones"
3278:. Worldclimate.com. 2007-02-04
3214:
3193:
3168:
3115:
3020:
2969:Scandinavian and Russian taiga
2808:Northern Canadian Shield taiga
2672:Alaska Peninsula montane taiga
2604:Urals montane tundra and taiga
2564:Scandinavian and Russian taiga
1546:Seney National Wildlife Refuge
1165:Kenai National Wildlife Refuge
527:
1:
5880:. Seattle: The Mountaineers.
5594:Water, Air and Soil Pollution
5155:Carbon Balance and Management
3324:. Radford.edu. Archived from
3156:Union of Concerned Scientists
2984:
2796:Newfoundland Highland forests
2732:Eastern Canadian Shield taiga
2428:to the spruce–moss forests".
2339:
1445:northern two-lined salamander
1374:) cover on the floor of taiga
1306:) are also known to do this.
1211:Eastern Canadian Shield taiga
817:
583:Köppen climate classification
520:taiga is associated with the
438:, much of taiga is lowlands.
6444:Deserts and xeric shrublands
6140:Sayre, April Pulley (1994).
4341:Geophysical Research Letters
4174:10.1016/0033-5894(73)90008-2
4048:10.1016/0033-5894(73)90003-3
3932:. Boreal Songbird Initiative
3122:Graham, Karen (2021-05-19).
3003:"Berkeley: The forest biome"
2588:Trans-Baikal conifer forests
2261:
1828:black-throated green warbler
798:, and merges gradually into
514:deserts and xeric shrublands
419:in North America during the
7:
6685:Temperate Northern Atlantic
6375:Broadleaf and mixed forests
6251:at bioimages.Vanderbilt.edu
4335:Wilmking, M. (2009-10-09).
4262:10.1126/science.147.3653.46
3739:Black Spruce: Picea mariana
2901:
2832:Northwest Territories taiga
2820:Northern Cordillera forests
1567:), and a few subspecies of
1209:, while further north, the
1163:Taiga spruce forest in the
903:Helvetinjärvi National Park
536:, taiga is the terrestrial
388:taiga consists of a mix of
10:
6860:
6788:Vegetation classifications
6690:Temperate Northern Pacific
6255:The Canadian Boreal Forest
6236:Taiga Rescue Network (TRN)
6178:Boreal Canadian Initiative
6173:Boreal Songbird Initiative
5687:Boreal Songbird Initiative
5234:10.1038/s41586-022-05076-3
5176:10.1186/s13021-021-00194-3
5128:10.1007/s10980-021-01241-7
5030:10.1038/s41467-018-05705-4
3493:"Kenozersky National Park"
2979:Taiga Rescue Network (TRN)
2889:Yukon Interior dry forests
2217:
2206:since the collapse of the
1737:North American river otter
595:humid continental climates
31:
25:
18:
6765:
6723:
6700:Temperate Southern Africa
6652:
6596:
6585:
6565:
6492:
6457:
6431:
6393:
6362:
6331:
6322:
6313:
6207:Rainforest Action Network
6199:Threats to Boreal Forests
5397:10.3389/ffgc.2023.1150191
5340:climatetippingpoints.info
3765:The Canadian Encyclopedia
2877:Southern Hudson Bay taiga
2857:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
2784:Muskwa–Slave Lake forests
2630:
2438:
1810:More than 300 species of
1371:Ptilium crista-castrensis
1221:) is mostly black spruce
1117:(closed forest), and the
802:or, more locally (on the
415:in Eurasia and under the
244:
165:
155:Scotland (United Kingdom)
121:
116:
97:
92:
68:
46:
41:
6844:Turkic words and phrases
6814:Taiga and boreal forests
6710:Tropical Eastern Pacific
6660:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
6266:Taiga Biological Station
4758:10.1088/1748-9326/aa9b88
3826:"Canada's Boreal Forest"
3349:Encyclopedia Universalis
2720:Eastern Canadian forests
2540:Okhotsk–Manchurian taiga
2528:Northeast Siberian taiga
2426:alternative stable state
2258:); the spruce coneworm.
2255:Choristoneura fumiferana
2159:is situated in the taiga
1670:North American porcupine
1379:
1193:Eastern Canadian forests
1090:. The other type is the
980:
924:Central Yakutian Lowland
910:
665:Kenozersky National Park
610:Discontinuous permafrost
400:is a vast larch forest.
334:, and areas of northern
32:Not to be confused with
6829:Physiographic provinces
6731:Biogeographic provinces
6695:Temperate South America
6413:Moist broadleaf forests
5284:10.1126/science.abn7950
5080:10.1111/1365-2745.13228
4699:10.1073/pnas.1610156113
4584:10.1073/pnas.1111576109
4478:10.1073/pnas.1219844110
3794:forest.jrc.ec.europa.eu
3322:"radford:Taiga climate"
2959:Intact forest landscape
2225:Dendroctonus rufipennis
1900:
1593:Sitka black-tailed deer
1441:blue-spotted salamander
605:) with longer summers.
461:carbon dioxide absorbed
29:is also a Russian town.
6270:University of Manitoba
5637:10.1098/rstb.2007.2196
3369:Terrestrial Ecoregions
3301:Terrestrial Ecoregions
2516:Kamchatka–Kurile taiga
2393:oil and gas production
2361:
2160:
2081:
1985:
1918:
1824:white-throated sparrow
1818:grounds in the taiga.
1549:
1433:red-sided garter snake
1401:
1266:also occur, including
1168:
997:
927:
869:
800:mixed temperate forest
763:
754:Late September in the
649:
642:Tettegouche State Park
509:
493:
413:Scandinavian Ice Sheet
398:Eastern Siberian taiga
377:
21:Taiga (disambiguation)
6793:Zoogeographic regions
6751:Global 200 ecoregions
6680:Temperate Australasia
6418:Dry broadleaf forests
5951:Ecological Monographs
5480:"Taiga Deforestation"
5010:Nature Communications
4907:Global Change Biology
4833:Global Change Biology
4786:Global Change Biology
4622:Global Change Biology
4524:Nature Climate Change
3979:Int. J. Wildland Fire
3371:. World Wildlife Fund
3303:. World Wildlife Fund
2552:Sakhalin Island taiga
2378:social cost of carbon
2347:
2155:
2104:A 2022 assessment of
2079:
1979:
1949:in a warmer climate.
1937:(Heinselman 1973) or
1908:
1680:species, such as the
1583:species, such as the
1544:
1494:, various species of
1457:northern leopard frog
1437:common European adder
1387:
1201:Appalachian Mountains
1162:
988:
918:
848:
808:temperate rainforests
753:
639:
622:continuous permafrost
504:
497:Climate and geography
477:
467:should be treated by
356:
266:consisting mostly of
106:Terrestrial subarctic
6824:Köppen climate types
6773:Altitudinal zonation
6715:Western Indo-Pacific
6675:Eastern Indo-Pacific
6670:Central Indo-Pacific
6185:Project Regeneration
5781:on February 15, 2010
4544:10.1038/nclimate1293
4414:10.1038/nclimate3303
4362:10.1029/2005GL023331
3851:"North American Elk"
3646:on 11 September 2011
3558:"NatureWorks:Tundra"
2708:Copper Plateau taiga
2636:boreal forests/taiga
2444:boreal forests/taiga
2234:mountain pine beetle
2212:Ministry of Forestry
2135:evapotranspiration.
1855:rough-legged buzzard
1648:species such as the
1197:Laurentian Mountains
1080:closed canopy forest
673:Arkhangelsk Province
417:Laurentide Ice Sheet
359:Adirondack Mountains
294:, it covers most of
19:For other uses, see
6746:Lists of ecoregions
6403:Tropical rainforest
6213:Canadian Geographic
5963:2005EcoM...75..561J
5926:1958Ecol...39..540H
5459:"Anchorage climate"
5388:2023FrFGC...650191M
5226:2022Natur.608..540R
5167:2021CarBM..16...31L
5120:2021LaEco..36.1725B
5022:2018NatCo...9.3213D
4985:Scientific American
4919:2011GCBio..17.2370S
4749:2018ERL....13a4007S
4690:2016PNAS..113E8406G
4684:(52): E8406–E8414.
4678:Biological Sciences
4634:2015GCBio..21.3675C
4575:2012PNAS..109.2423M
4563:Biological Sciences
4536:2011NatCC...1..467P
4469:2012PNAS..10921384S
4463:(52): 21384–21389.
4406:2017NatCC...7..395S
4353:2005GeoRL..3215715W
4312:US Geol. Surv. Bull
4254:1965Sci...147...46B
4209:1967EcoM...37..229L
4166:1973QuRes...3..444R
4114:1998JVegS...9..469F
4040:1973QuRes...3..329H
3093:1958Ecol...39..540H
2616:West Siberian taiga
2480:East Siberian taiga
2403:Natural disturbance
2157:Plesetsk Cosmodrome
2011:Populus balsamifera
1859:Steller's sea eagle
1785:American black bear
1449:Siberian salamander
1394:Kamchatka peninsula
1227:and tamarack larch
1018:Circumboreal Region
989:Boreal forest near
941:tropical rainforest
551:Northern Hemisphere
314:(including much of
310:in the west to the
6839:Terrestrial biomes
6783:Floristic kingdoms
6547:Hydrothermal vents
6408:Coniferous forests
6370:Coniferous forests
6241:2013-04-06 at the
6228:2008-07-04 at the
5869:General references
5438:"Murmansk climate"
5278:(6611): eabn7950.
5067:Journal of Ecology
4295:. pp. 245–54.
3876:"Western roe deer"
3759:George H. La Roi.
3746:2011-10-05 at the
3736:C. Michael Hogan,
3539:. Blueplanetbiomes
3060:www.britannica.com
2930:Environment portal
2362:
2161:
2082:
1986:
1919:
1845:-feeding or large
1789:Asiatic black bear
1639:Przewalski's horse
1550:
1461:boreal chorus frog
1402:
1169:
1010:Bering land bridge
998:
950:can remain on the
946:Fallen leaves and
928:
870:
824:recently glaciated
764:
707:in mid-summer and
650:
510:
494:
471:is controversial.
378:
346:(on the island of
328:Scottish Highlands
6801:
6800:
6761:
6760:
6705:Tropical Atlantic
6581:
6580:
6488:
6487:
6380:Deciduous forests
6153:978-0-8050-2830-0
6132:978-0-89886-681-0
6108:978-0-8160-5329-2
6101:. Facts On File.
5631:(1501): 2245–49.
5607:J. Environ. Qual.
5578:J. Environ. Qual.
5220:(7923): 540–545.
5108:Landscape Ecology
4979:Morello, Lauren.
4845:10.1111/gcb.16121
4839:(10): 3846–3858.
4798:10.1111/gcb.15710
4792:(16): 3846–3858.
4642:10.1111/gcb.12994
4628:(10): 3675–3684.
4314:. 963-D: 95–135.
3495:. Wild-russia.org
3276:"Yakutsk climate"
2899:
2898:
2626:
2625:
2331:concentration in
2302:species than for
2244:-leaf miner; the
2114:Amazon rainforest
2047:Fairbanks, Alaska
1982:Shanta Creek Fire
1793:Ussuri brown bear
1637:, in addition to
1621:long-tailed goral
1569:Rangifer tarandus
1290:and occasionally
1199:and the northern
558:subarctic climate
469:carbon accounting
259:characterized by
247:), also known as
196:
195:
6851:
6594:
6593:
6329:
6328:
6320:
6319:
6300:
6293:
6286:
6277:
6276:
6211:Arctic and Taiga
6194:Tundra and Taiga
6171:a report by the
6157:
6136:
6117:Gawthrop, Daniel
6112:
6082:
6061:
6040:
6023:(7): 1911–1923.
6011:
5974:
5945:
5908:
5891:
5863:
5860:
5854:
5851:
5845:
5844:Kurkowski, 1912.
5842:
5836:
5833:
5824:
5821:
5815:
5812:
5803:
5802:Kurkowski, 1911.
5800:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5766:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5746:. Archived from
5744:Montreal Gazette
5735:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5715:. Archived from
5704:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5679:
5673:
5672:
5665:
5659:
5658:
5648:
5616:
5610:
5603:
5597:
5590:
5581:
5574:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5555:
5547:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5537:
5522:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5497:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5466:
5455:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5434:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5408:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5381:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5331:
5322:
5321:
5295:
5263:
5254:
5253:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5188:
5178:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5114:(6): 1725–1740.
5099:
5093:
5092:
5082:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5041:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4976:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4879:. Archived from
4873:
4867:
4866:
4856:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4760:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4711:
4701:
4668:
4662:
4661:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4596:
4586:
4569:(7): 2423–2427.
4554:
4548:
4547:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4498:
4480:
4447:Holmgren, Milena
4442:
4436:
4435:
4425:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4365:. Archived from
4364:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4149:
4136:
4135:
4125:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4071:Can. J. For. Res
4066:
4060:
4059:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4008:
3995:
3994:
3974:
3965:
3964:
3956:
3950:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3822:
3816:
3813:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3756:
3750:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3645:
3639:. Archived from
3634:
3626:
3620:
3613:
3607:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3394:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3346:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3228:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3147:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3052:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
2999:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2918:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2696:Cook Inlet taiga
2661:
2654:
2647:
2628:
2627:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2436:
2435:
2432:Taiga ecoregions
2238:British Columbia
2232:and Alaska; the
2148:Human activities
2112:(similar to the
1911:Funny River Fire
1875:great horned owl
1634:Pleistocene Park
1476:Alaska blackfish
1365:
1353:
1334:is dominated by
1328:Russian Far East
1286:plants, such as
969:, also known as
898:
878:
522:Norrland terrain
436:subalpine forest
421:Late Pleistocene
363:Upstate New York
246:
235:
230:
229:
226:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
85:temperate forest
73:
54:Jack London Lake
51:
39:
38:
6859:
6858:
6854:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6849:
6848:
6804:
6803:
6802:
6797:
6757:
6719:
6648:
6588:
6577:
6573:Endolithic zone
6561:
6494:
6484:
6453:
6427:
6395:
6389:
6358:
6324:
6309:
6304:
6243:Wayback Machine
6230:Wayback Machine
6165:
6160:
6154:
6133:
6109:
6090:
6088:Further reading
6085:
6058:10.1139/x99-207
6029:10.1139/X08-039
5992:10.2307/1936682
5971:10.1890/04-1621
5934:10.2307/1931768
5888:
5866:
5861:
5857:
5852:
5848:
5843:
5839:
5834:
5827:
5822:
5818:
5813:
5806:
5801:
5794:
5784:
5782:
5767:
5763:
5753:
5751:
5750:on 5 April 2011
5736:
5732:
5722:
5720:
5705:
5701:
5691:
5689:
5681:
5680:
5676:
5667:
5666:
5662:
5617:
5613:
5604:
5600:
5591:
5584:
5575:
5571:
5562:
5560:
5553:
5549:
5548:
5544:
5535:
5533:
5524:
5523:
5519:
5510:
5508:
5499:
5498:
5494:
5485:
5483:
5478:
5477:
5473:
5464:
5462:
5457:
5456:
5452:
5443:
5441:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5421:
5419:
5410:
5409:
5405:
5358:
5354:
5344:
5342:
5332:
5325:
5264:
5257:
5206:
5202:
5147:
5143:
5100:
5096:
5059:
5055:
5002:
4998:
4989:
4987:
4977:
4973:
4964:
4962:
4953:
4952:
4948:
4939:
4937:
4899:
4895:
4886:
4884:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4825:
4821:
4778:
4774:
4729:
4725:
4669:
4665:
4614:
4610:
4555:
4551:
4516:
4512:
4443:
4439:
4385:
4381:
4372:
4370:
4333:
4329:
4304:
4300:
4289:
4285:
4248:(3653): 46–48.
4236:
4232:
4217:10.2307/1948439
4193:
4189:
4150:
4139:
4123:10.2307/3237261
4094:
4090:
4083:10.1139/x78-034
4067:
4063:
4024:
4020:
4009:
3998:
3991:10.1071/WF01038
3975:
3968:
3957:
3953:
3948:
3944:
3935:
3933:
3930:"Boreal Forest"
3928:
3927:
3923:
3914:
3912:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3885:
3883:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3860:
3858:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3835:
3833:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3814:
3807:
3798:
3796:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3774:
3772:
3761:"Boreal forest"
3757:
3753:
3748:Wayback Machine
3735:
3731:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3713:
3704:
3702:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3687:
3680:
3671:
3669:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3614:
3610:
3601:
3597:
3588:
3586:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3563:
3561:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3542:
3540:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3498:
3496:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3477:
3475:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3452:
3450:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3427:
3425:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3401:
3399:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3374:
3372:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3347:
3340:
3331:
3329:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3306:
3304:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3281:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3260:
3258:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3219:
3215:
3206:
3204:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3185:
3183:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3160:
3158:
3148:
3141:
3132:
3130:
3128:Digital Journal
3120:
3116:
3101:10.2307/1931768
3077:
3073:
3064:
3062:
3054:
3053:
3046:
3037:
3035:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3012:
3010:
3001:
3000:
2991:
2987:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2666:
2665:
2474:
2473:
2434:
2405:
2342:
2309:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2268:sulphur dioxide
2264:
2220:
2198:Large areas of
2150:
2145:
2042:
1903:
1820:Siberian thrush
1733:American marten
1721:Siberian weasel
1528:Siberian taimen
1508:pygmy whitefish
1504:round whitefish
1488:longnose sucker
1382:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1354:
1341:Populus tremula
1282:. Many smaller
1264:broadleaf trees
1175:, dominated by
1130:wild strawberry
1119:southern boreal
1092:lichen woodland
983:
913:
906:
899:
890:
879:
820:
812:Populus tremula
781:Outer Manchuria
717:
711:in mid-winter.
634:
530:
499:
342:, and northern
233:
210:
206:
191:
161:
112:
88:
64:
37:
30:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6857:
6847:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6769:
6767:
6763:
6762:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6755:
6754:
6753:
6748:
6738:
6733:
6727:
6725:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6656:
6654:
6650:
6649:
6647:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6600:
6598:
6591:
6587:Biogeographic
6583:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6575:
6569:
6567:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6498:
6496:
6490:
6489:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6461:
6459:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6435:
6433:
6429:
6428:
6426:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6399:
6397:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6366:
6364:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6335:
6333:
6326:
6317:
6311:
6310:
6303:
6302:
6295:
6288:
6280:
6274:
6273:
6263:
6258:
6252:
6246:
6233:
6220:
6214:
6208:
6202:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6183:Boreal Forests
6180:
6175:
6164:
6163:External links
6161:
6159:
6158:
6152:
6137:
6131:
6113:
6107:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6083:
6073:(8): 421–428.
6062:
6052:(2): 288–305.
6041:
6012:
5986:(1): 200–215.
5975:
5957:(4): 561–583.
5946:
5920:(3): 540–541.
5909:
5892:
5886:
5872:
5871:
5870:
5865:
5864:
5862:Jasinski, 561.
5855:
5846:
5837:
5825:
5816:
5804:
5792:
5761:
5730:
5699:
5674:
5660:
5611:
5598:
5582:
5569:
5542:
5517:
5492:
5482:. American.edu
5471:
5450:
5429:
5403:
5352:
5323:
5255:
5200:
5141:
5094:
5053:
4996:
4971:
4946:
4913:(7): 2370–84.
4893:
4868:
4819:
4772:
4723:
4663:
4608:
4549:
4530:(9): 467–471.
4510:
4437:
4400:(6): 395–402.
4388:(2017-05-31).
4379:
4347:(15): L15715.
4327:
4298:
4283:
4230:
4187:
4154:Quaternary Res
4137:
4088:
4061:
4018:
3996:
3966:
3951:
3942:
3921:
3892:
3867:
3842:
3817:
3805:
3781:
3751:
3729:
3720:
3711:
3690:
3678:
3657:
3621:
3608:
3595:
3570:
3549:
3528:
3505:
3484:
3459:
3434:
3409:
3381:
3356:
3338:
3313:
3288:
3267:
3257:. Marietta.edu
3246:
3239:
3213:
3192:
3167:
3139:
3114:
3087:(3): 540–541.
3071:
3044:
3019:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2945:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2919:
2916:Ecology portal
2903:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2641:
2631:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2449:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2422:spruce budworm
2404:
2401:
2341:
2338:
2307:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2266:The effect of
2263:
2260:
2250:spruce budworm
2219:
2216:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2041:
2040:Climate change
2038:
1999:lodgepole pine
1902:
1899:
1863:great gray owl
1801:Siberian tiger
1765:Mongolian wolf
1741:European otter
1512:Arctic lamprey
1500:lake whitefish
1381:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1367:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1348:
1252:photosynthesis
1230:Larix laricina
1206:Abies balsamea
1134:partridgeberry
1049:Dahurian larch
982:
979:
912:
909:
908:
907:
900:
893:
891:
880:
873:
819:
816:
796:Manchurian fir
716:
713:
690:mean that the
654:growing season
633:
632:Growing season
630:
626:Siberian larch
620:climate zones
529:
526:
498:
495:
457:Climate change
409:mammoth steppe
326:, some of the
194:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
170:
167:
163:
162:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
138:
135:
132:
129:
125:
123:
119:
118:
114:
113:
111:
110:
107:
103:
101:
95:
94:
90:
89:
79:, between the
74:
66:
65:
52:
44:
43:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6856:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6811:
6809:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6770:
6768:
6764:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6743:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6722:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6657:
6655:
6651:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6601:
6599:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6584:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6564:
6558:
6557:Demersal zone
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6491:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6456:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6430:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6392:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6361:
6355:
6354:Alpine tundra
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6332:Polar/montane
6330:
6327:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6301:
6296:
6294:
6289:
6287:
6282:
6281:
6278:
6271:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6256:
6253:
6250:
6247:
6244:
6240:
6237:
6234:
6231:
6227:
6224:
6221:
6218:
6215:
6212:
6209:
6206:
6203:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6155:
6149:
6145:
6144:
6138:
6134:
6128:
6124:
6123:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6104:
6100:
6099:
6093:
6092:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5893:
5889:
5887:0-89886-085-7
5883:
5879:
5874:
5873:
5868:
5867:
5859:
5853:Payette, 289.
5850:
5841:
5832:
5830:
5823:Johnson, 212.
5820:
5814:Nilsson, 421.
5811:
5809:
5799:
5797:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5765:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5734:
5719:on 2012-02-29
5718:
5714:
5710:
5703:
5688:
5684:
5678:
5670:
5664:
5656:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5615:
5608:
5602:
5595:
5589:
5587:
5580:13(3):333–36.
5579:
5573:
5559:
5552:
5546:
5532:on 2008-12-02
5531:
5527:
5521:
5507:on 2011-06-06
5506:
5502:
5496:
5481:
5475:
5460:
5454:
5439:
5433:
5417:
5413:
5407:
5398:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5356:
5341:
5337:
5330:
5328:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5262:
5260:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5204:
5196:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5145:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5098:
5090:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5057:
5049:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5000:
4986:
4982:
4975:
4961:on 2012-01-19
4960:
4956:
4950:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4897:
4883:on 2011-07-27
4882:
4878:
4872:
4864:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4823:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4776:
4768:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4743:(1): 014007.
4742:
4738:
4734:
4727:
4719:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4667:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4612:
4604:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4553:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4514:
4506:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4448:
4441:
4433:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4383:
4369:on 2011-10-03
4368:
4363:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4331:
4322:
4321:10.3133/b963D
4317:
4313:
4309:
4302:
4294:
4287:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4234:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4203:(3): 229–53.
4202:
4198:
4191:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4160:(3): 444–64.
4159:
4155:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4133:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4108:(4): 469–76.
4107:
4103:
4099:
4092:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4065:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4034:(3): 329–82.
4033:
4029:
4022:
4014:
4007:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3992:
3988:
3985:(4): 405–13.
3984:
3980:
3973:
3971:
3962:
3955:
3946:
3931:
3925:
3911:on 2013-02-09
3910:
3906:
3902:
3896:
3882:on 2011-05-26
3881:
3877:
3871:
3857:on 2011-01-03
3856:
3852:
3846:
3832:on 2011-01-03
3831:
3827:
3821:
3812:
3810:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3755:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3733:
3727:Sayre, 12–13.
3724:
3718:Sayre, 19–20.
3715:
3701:. Physorg.com
3700:
3694:
3685:
3683:
3667:
3661:
3642:
3638:
3631:
3625:
3618:
3612:
3605:
3599:
3585:on 2011-04-10
3584:
3580:
3574:
3559:
3553:
3538:
3532:
3515:
3509:
3494:
3488:
3474:on 2011-07-24
3473:
3469:
3463:
3449:on 2011-04-10
3448:
3444:
3438:
3424:on 2011-05-05
3423:
3419:
3413:
3398:
3397:Enr.gov.nt.ca
3391:
3385:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3350:
3345:
3343:
3328:on 2011-06-09
3327:
3323:
3317:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3277:
3271:
3256:
3250:
3242:
3240:9780521472999
3236:
3232:
3227:
3226:
3217:
3202:
3196:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3157:
3153:
3146:
3144:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3034:on 2018-09-14
3033:
3029:
3023:
3009:on 2019-06-20
3008:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2989:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2948:Drunken trees
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2920:
2917:
2906:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2870:United States
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2753:United States
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2713:United States
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2701:United States
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2677:United States
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2662:
2657:
2655:
2650:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2629:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2400:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2143:Other threats
2140:
2136:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2007:balsam poplar
2004:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1935:fire rotation
1932:
1928:
1923:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1745:American mink
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1713:Eurasian lynx
1710:
1706:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1690:mountain hare
1687:
1686:snowshoe hare
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1613:bighorn sheep
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1480:northern pike
1477:
1472:
1470:
1469:Canadian toad
1466:
1465:American toad
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1373:
1372:
1364:
1359:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1256:transpiration
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1224:Picea mariana
1220:
1216:
1213:(of northern
1212:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1115:middle boreal
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1002:North America
996:
992:
987:
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
961:
957:
953:
949:
944:
942:
937:
933:
925:
921:
917:
904:
897:
892:
888:
884:
877:
872:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
815:
813:
809:
805:
804:Pacific Ocean
801:
797:
793:
789:
784:
782:
779:and adjacent
778:
773:
772:forest steppe
769:
761:
757:
752:
748:
746:
741:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:precipitation
715:Precipitation
712:
710:
706:
702:
701:Arctic Circle
697:
693:
689:
684:
682:
676:
674:
670:
666:
661:
657:
655:
647:
643:
638:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
587:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
539:
535:
525:
523:
519:
515:
507:
503:
492:
491:United States
488:
484:
481:taiga in the
480:
476:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
452:
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
428:alpine tundra
424:
422:
418:
414:
411:or under the
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
375:
371:
368:
364:
360:
355:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
312:Pacific Ocean
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:boreal forest
242:
238:
237:
228:
204:
200:
192:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
168:
164:
157:
154:
151:
149:United States
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
124:
120:
115:
108:
105:
104:
102:
100:
96:
91:
86:
82:
78:
72:
67:
63:
59:
55:
50:
45:
40:
35:
28:
22:
6724:Subdivisions
6614:Australasian
6604:Afrotropical
6566:Other biomes
6542:Benthic zone
6537:Pelagic zone
6532:Neritic zone
6522:Kelp forests
6394:Tropical and
6343:
6217:Terraformers
6142:
6121:
6097:
6070:
6066:
6049:
6045:
6020:
6016:
5983:
5979:
5954:
5950:
5917:
5913:
5900:
5877:
5858:
5849:
5840:
5835:Johnson, 200
5819:
5783:. Retrieved
5779:the original
5774:
5764:
5752:. Retrieved
5748:the original
5743:
5733:
5721:. Retrieved
5717:the original
5713:Toronto Star
5712:
5702:
5690:. Retrieved
5686:
5677:
5663:
5628:
5624:
5614:
5606:
5601:
5593:
5577:
5572:
5561:. Retrieved
5557:
5545:
5534:. Retrieved
5530:the original
5520:
5509:. Retrieved
5505:the original
5495:
5484:. Retrieved
5474:
5463:. Retrieved
5453:
5442:. Retrieved
5432:
5420:. Retrieved
5415:
5406:
5369:
5365:
5355:
5343:. Retrieved
5339:
5293:10871/131584
5275:
5271:
5217:
5213:
5203:
5158:
5154:
5144:
5111:
5107:
5097:
5070:
5066:
5056:
5013:
5009:
4999:
4988:. Retrieved
4984:
4974:
4963:. Retrieved
4959:the original
4949:
4938:. Retrieved
4910:
4906:
4896:
4885:. Retrieved
4881:the original
4871:
4836:
4832:
4822:
4789:
4785:
4775:
4740:
4736:
4726:
4681:
4677:
4666:
4625:
4621:
4611:
4566:
4562:
4552:
4527:
4523:
4513:
4460:
4454:
4440:
4397:
4393:
4382:
4371:. Retrieved
4367:the original
4344:
4340:
4330:
4311:
4301:
4292:
4286:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4200:
4197:Ecol. Monogr
4196:
4190:
4157:
4153:
4105:
4101:
4091:
4074:
4070:
4064:
4031:
4027:
4021:
4012:
3982:
3978:
3960:
3954:
3945:
3934:. Retrieved
3924:
3913:. Retrieved
3909:the original
3905:Parks Canada
3904:
3895:
3884:. Retrieved
3880:the original
3870:
3859:. Retrieved
3855:the original
3845:
3834:. Retrieved
3830:the original
3820:
3797:. Retrieved
3793:
3784:
3773:. Retrieved
3764:
3754:
3738:
3732:
3723:
3714:
3703:. Retrieved
3693:
3670:. Retrieved
3660:
3648:. Retrieved
3641:the original
3636:
3624:
3616:
3611:
3603:
3602:A.P. Sayre,
3598:
3587:. Retrieved
3583:the original
3579:"The Arctic"
3573:
3562:. Retrieved
3552:
3541:. Retrieved
3531:
3520:. Retrieved
3508:
3497:. Retrieved
3487:
3476:. Retrieved
3472:the original
3462:
3451:. Retrieved
3447:the original
3437:
3426:. Retrieved
3422:the original
3412:
3400:. Retrieved
3396:
3384:
3373:. Retrieved
3368:
3359:
3348:
3330:. Retrieved
3326:the original
3316:
3305:. Retrieved
3300:
3291:
3280:. Retrieved
3270:
3259:. Retrieved
3249:
3224:
3216:
3205:. Retrieved
3203:. Wilds.m.ca
3195:
3184:. Retrieved
3182:. 2021-05-18
3179:
3170:
3159:. Retrieved
3155:
3131:. Retrieved
3127:
3117:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3063:. Retrieved
3059:
3036:. Retrieved
3032:the original
3022:
3011:. Retrieved
3007:the original
2964:Agafia Lykov
2635:
2443:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2397:
2382:
2363:
2348:Peat bog in
2333:white spruce
2316:
2297:
2265:
2253:
2246:larch sawfly
2223:
2221:
2208:Soviet Union
2197:
2162:
2137:
2126:
2123:
2103:
2099:
2087:
2083:
2071:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2043:
2027:
2023:black spruce
2010:
1991:
1987:
1962:black spruce
1958:white spruce
1951:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1915:Black spruce
1891:capercaillie
1851:golden eagle
1809:
1805:Amur leopard
1781:grizzly bear
1753:Asian badger
1725:least weasel
1702:
1643:
1632:
1629:plains bison
1575:in Eurasia;
1568:
1560:
1551:
1492:white sucker
1473:
1422:
1403:
1369:
1339:
1322:Russia, the
1320:
1261:
1249:
1245:biochemistry
1235:
1228:
1222:
1204:
1170:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1096:sparse taiga
1095:
1091:
1079:
1077:
1046:
1028:trees, like
999:
952:forest floor
945:
929:
838:(especially
821:
785:
765:
737:
718:
705:midnight sun
696:solar energy
685:
677:
662:
658:
651:
617:
613:
607:
602:
598:
590:
588:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
556:Taiga has a
555:
531:
511:
483:Alaska Range
479:White spruce
455:
440:
425:
402:
392:, pines and
382:Scandinavian
379:
252:
248:
202:
198:
197:
166:Climate type
6634:Neotropical
6624:Indomalayan
6597:Terrestrial
6527:Coral reefs
6396:subtropical
6323:Terrestrial
5785:17 February
5016:(1): 3213.
4102:J. Veg. Sci
3560:. Nhptv.org
3402:28 February
3353:(in French)
3180:Bellona.org
2329:chlorophyll
2181:Yellowknife
2169:Arkhangelsk
2066:forest loss
2030:floodplains
2015:paper birch
1931:fire regime
1814:have their
1761:timber wolf
1709:Canada lynx
1698:hibernation
1561:Alces alces
1554:herbivorous
1524:chum salmon
1520:brook trout
1418:decomposers
1414:pollinators
1154:lingonberry
1111:high boreal
991:Lake Baikal
883:Verkhoyansk
850:Yukon River
828:depressions
792:Jezo spruce
788:Korean pine
740:evaporation
709:polar night
528:Temperature
338:, northern
318:), much of
253:snow forest
6808:Categories
6741:Ecoregions
6736:Bioregions
6644:Palearctic
6552:Cold seeps
6512:Intertidal
6201:Greenpeace
5609:12:189–95.
5563:2022-02-28
5536:2011-02-21
5511:2011-02-21
5486:2011-02-21
5465:2011-02-21
5444:2011-02-21
5379:2301.09998
4990:2012-01-14
4965:2012-01-14
4940:2012-01-14
4887:2011-03-25
4373:2012-01-14
4077:: 220–27.
3949:Sayre, 28.
3936:2011-02-21
3915:2012-12-11
3886:2011-02-21
3861:2011-02-21
3836:2011-02-21
3815:Sayre, 23.
3799:2018-02-04
3775:2013-11-27
3705:2012-01-14
3688:Sayre, 19.
3672:2011-02-21
3589:2011-02-21
3564:2011-02-21
3543:2011-02-21
3522:2011-02-21
3499:2011-02-21
3478:2011-02-21
3453:2011-02-21
3428:2011-02-21
3375:2011-02-21
3332:2011-02-21
3307:2011-02-21
3282:2011-02-21
3261:2011-02-21
3207:2011-02-21
3186:2021-06-04
3161:2022-05-31
3133:2021-06-04
3065:2023-05-04
3038:2016-12-26
3013:2019-05-12
2985:References
2639:ecoregions
2447:ecoregions
2441:Palearctic
2358:Scots pine
2352:, Sweden.
2340:Protection
2293:angiosperm
1954:balsam fir
1939:fire cycle
1895:crossbills
1871:barred owl
1797:polar bear
1777:Arctic fox
1625:wood bison
1609:snow sheep
1559:, such as
1514:, various
1429:amphibians
1390:Brown bear
1324:Scots pine
1284:herbaceous
1173:coniferous
1150:bunchberry
1142:cloudberry
1104:ice-pruned
818:Glaciation
336:Kazakhstan
302:, much of
261:coniferous
6834:Subarctic
6619:Holarctic
6609:Antarctic
6517:Mangroves
6363:Temperate
5596:33:15–22.
5558:Fs.fed.us
5422:22 August
5345:2 October
5318:252161375
5302:0036-8075
5250:251494296
5161:(1): 31.
5136:226959320
5089:196649104
5073:: 36–46.
4814:234744857
4767:158470300
4487:0027-8424
4182:129118655
4028:Quat. Res
2320:acid rain
2300:deciduous
2262:Pollution
2177:Anchorage
2110:grassland
2034:peatlands
1995:jack pine
1927:ecosystem
1867:snowy owl
1749:wolverine
1678:lagomorph
1617:wild boar
1536:lake chub
1518:species,
1453:wood frog
1398:omnivores
1300:jack pine
1296:wildfires
1241:deciduous
1237:Evergreen
1138:cranberry
1073:grassland
1026:deciduous
960:evergreen
866:Mackenzie
688:latitudes
646:Minnesota
447:tree line
432:Krummholz
370:ecoregion
122:Countries
117:Geography
77:latitudes
6766:See also
6639:Oceanian
6629:Nearctic
6507:Littoral
6480:Mangrove
6470:Riparian
6239:Archived
6226:Archived
6119:(1999).
6037:17586608
6008:86749540
5655:18006417
5310:36074831
5242:35948640
5195:34642849
5048:30097584
4935:86357569
4863:35199413
4806:33993581
4718:27956624
4658:25403205
4650:26136379
4603:22308340
4505:23236159
4432:28861124
4278:46218641
4270:17799777
4056:18430692
3790:"Forest"
3769:Archived
3744:Archived
3650:19 April
3537:"Tundra"
2902:See also
2633:Nearctic
2593:Mongolia
2374:peatland
2370:wetlands
2304:conifers
2289:conifers
2165:Murmansk
2095:SSP2-4.5
2019:tamarack
1966:tamarack
1833:to this
1705:raccoons
1658:chipmunk
1654:squirrel
1601:muskoxen
1597:roe deer
1581:Cervidae
1573:reindeer
1516:grayling
1425:reptiles
1332:Mongolia
1219:Labrador
1146:bilberry
1084:fireweed
967:spodosol
768:isotherm
669:Plesetsk
506:Siberian
449:and the
430:through
405:Holocene
348:Hokkaidō
340:Mongolia
131:Mongolia
83:and the
6819:Forests
6493:Aquatic
6475:Wetland
6000:1936682
5980:Ecology
5959:Bibcode
5942:1931768
5922:Bibcode
5914:Ecology
5754:25 June
5723:25 June
5692:25 June
5646:2387060
5384:Bibcode
5272:Science
5222:Bibcode
5186:8513374
5163:Bibcode
5116:Bibcode
5039:6086880
5018:Bibcode
4915:Bibcode
4854:9303657
4745:Bibcode
4709:5206510
4686:Bibcode
4630:Bibcode
4594:3289349
4571:Bibcode
4532:Bibcode
4496:3535627
4465:Bibcode
4423:5572641
4402:Bibcode
4349:Bibcode
4250:Bibcode
4241:Science
4225:1948439
4205:Bibcode
4162:Bibcode
4132:3237261
4110:Bibcode
4036:Bibcode
3637:113.139
3443:"Taiga"
3109:1931768
3089:Bibcode
3081:Ecology
2569:Finland
2497:Iceland
2385:logging
2350:Dalarna
2312:sulphur
2218:Insects
2200:Siberia
2173:Yakutsk
2127:cooling
2062:Landsat
2060:A 2018
1993:forest—
1960:, with
1929:is its
1847:raptors
1843:carrion
1839:insects
1835:habitat
1831:migrate
1816:nesting
1773:red fox
1666:lemming
1577:caribou
1557:mammals
1484:walleye
1410:insects
1406:mammals
1316:lichens
1308:Grasses
1126:berries
1014:species
1006:Eurasia
975:lichens
963:needles
936:profile
920:Tukulan
858:Yenisei
777:Siberia
681:ecotone
581:in the
549:in the
541:Alaska-
465:emitted
386:Finnish
332:Iceland
324:Estonia
316:Siberia
308:Karelia
300:Finland
292:Eurasia
276:larches
272:spruces
264:forests
255:, is a
241:Russian
146:Finland
143:Iceland
93:Ecology
6665:Arctic
6653:Marine
6589:realms
6495:biomes
6449:Steppe
6339:Tundra
6325:biomes
6315:Biomes
6150:
6129:
6105:
6035:
6006:
5998:
5940:
5884:
5653:
5643:
5316:
5308:
5300:
5248:
5240:
5214:Nature
5193:
5183:
5134:
5087:
5046:
5036:
4933:
4861:
4851:
4812:
4804:
4765:
4716:
4706:
4656:
4648:
4601:
4591:
4503:
4493:
4485:
4430:
4420:
4394:Nature
4276:
4268:
4223:
4180:
4130:
4054:
3617:et al.
3237:
3107:
2894:Canada
2882:Canada
2853:France
2849:Canada
2837:Canada
2825:Canada
2813:Canada
2801:Canada
2789:Canada
2777:Canada
2765:Canada
2749:Canada
2737:Canada
2725:Canada
2689:Canada
2621:Russia
2609:Russia
2597:Russia
2581:Sweden
2577:Russia
2573:Norway
2557:Russia
2545:Russia
2533:Russia
2521:Russia
2509:Russia
2485:Russia
2389:mining
2366:carbon
2248:; the
2240:; the
2204:lumber
2191:, and
2185:Tromsø
2132:albedo
2118:tundra
1887:grouse
1826:, and
1803:, and
1769:coyote
1757:fisher
1662:marmot
1650:beaver
1646:rodent
1619:, and
1595:, and
1467:, and
1368:Moss (
1312:mosses
1304:morels
1278:, and
1276:willow
1215:Quebec
1181:spruce
1100:lichen
1088:lupine
1042:poplar
1040:, and
1038:willow
1000:Since
995:Russia
971:podzol
930:Taiga
887:Russia
864:, and
840:muskeg
794:, and
760:Narvik
756:fjords
745:Steppe
534:tundra
518:Sweden
487:Alaska
451:tundra
443:Canada
390:spruce
320:Norway
304:Russia
296:Sweden
288:Alaska
284:Canada
274:, and
245:тайга́
152:Canada
140:Sweden
137:Norway
128:Russia
81:tundra
62:Russia
58:Kolyma
6344:Taiga
6143:Taiga
6098:Taiga
6033:S2CID
6004:S2CID
5996:JSTOR
5938:JSTOR
5905:72–78
5554:(PDF)
5374:arXiv
5314:S2CID
5246:S2CID
5132:S2CID
5085:S2CID
4931:S2CID
4810:S2CID
4763:S2CID
4654:S2CID
4274:S2CID
4221:JSTOR
4178:S2CID
4128:JSTOR
4052:S2CID
3644:(PDF)
3633:(PDF)
3604:Taiga
3517:(PDF)
3393:(PDF)
3105:JSTOR
2274:on CO
2242:aspen
2230:Yukon
2228:) in
2189:Luleå
2003:aspen
1971:soils
1917:taiga
1883:raven
1812:birds
1729:sable
1717:stoat
1694:bears
1585:maral
1565:moose
1532:lenok
1496:cisco
1380:Fauna
1336:larch
1292:ramps
1288:ferns
1280:rowan
1272:aspen
1268:birch
1177:larch
1057:maple
1034:alder
1030:birch
1022:genus
981:Flora
958:from
956:Acids
911:Soils
832:lakes
758:near
703:have
686:High
667:near
543:Yukon
538:biome
508:taiga
394:birch
374:biome
344:Japan
306:from
280:biome
268:pines
257:biome
203:tayga
199:Taiga
134:Japan
109:humid
99:Biome
42:Taiga
34:Tiger
27:Tayga
6502:Pond
6232:NASA
6148:ISBN
6127:ISBN
6103:ISBN
5882:ISBN
5787:2010
5756:2012
5725:2012
5694:2012
5651:PMID
5424:2023
5347:2022
5306:PMID
5298:ISSN
5238:PMID
5191:PMID
5044:PMID
4859:PMID
4802:PMID
4714:PMID
4646:PMID
4599:PMID
4501:PMID
4483:ISSN
4428:PMID
4266:PMID
3652:2018
3619:1995
3404:2022
3235:ISBN
2372:and
2354:Bogs
2322:(at
2193:Oulu
1980:The
1964:and
1922:Fire
1909:The
1901:Fire
1893:and
1881:and
1879:crow
1688:and
1682:pika
1674:vole
1672:and
1605:Amur
1534:and
1427:and
1330:and
1314:and
1217:and
1189:pine
1187:and
1152:and
1140:and
1132:and
1086:and
1065:lime
1063:and
1047:The
1004:and
948:moss
932:soil
862:Lena
836:bogs
834:and
729:snow
725:rain
699:the
652:The
616:and
577:and
384:and
357:The
322:and
6458:Wet
6432:Dry
6075:doi
6054:doi
6025:doi
5988:doi
5967:doi
5930:doi
5641:PMC
5633:doi
5629:363
5392:doi
5288:hdl
5280:doi
5276:377
5230:doi
5218:608
5181:PMC
5171:doi
5124:doi
5075:doi
5034:PMC
5026:doi
4923:doi
4849:PMC
4841:doi
4794:doi
4753:doi
4704:PMC
4694:doi
4682:113
4638:doi
4589:PMC
4579:doi
4567:109
4540:doi
4491:PMC
4473:doi
4461:109
4418:PMC
4410:doi
4357:doi
4316:doi
4258:doi
4246:147
4213:doi
4170:doi
4118:doi
4079:doi
4044:doi
3987:doi
3097:doi
2236:in
2091:RCP
2013:),
1589:elk
1185:fir
1094:or
1061:elm
1053:oak
993:in
733:fog
731:or
692:sun
618:Dwd
614:Dfd
603:Dwb
599:Dfb
591:Cfc
579:Dwd
575:Dfd
571:Dsc
567:Dwc
563:Dfc
463:or
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350:).
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