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709:, and made it a large enough issue that he obtained his demand in 1760. The court found him guilty, and imposed one of the strangest and strongest verdicts ever rendered against a general officer. The court's verdict not only upheld his discharge but also ruled that he was "unfit to serve His Majesty in any military Capacity whatever", then ordered that their verdict be read to and entered in the orderly book of every regiment in the army. The king had his name struck from the
727:
980:
821:, the secretaries were responsible for a great deal of Colonial administration and for military operations within their area. That made Germain the primary minister responsible for suppressing the rebellion that had broken out in 1775 in the colonies. He promoted or relieved generals, took care of provisions and supplies and became involved with the strategic planning of the war.
1055:. Established in 1762 by settlers ("New England planters") from Rhode Island and southern Massachusetts, the Sackville Township, named for Viscount Sackville, was formally created in 1765; by 1772 it was sufficiently populated to send a representative to the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. It became part of the Province of New Brunswick in 1784. The Town was incorporated in 1903.
377:. His issuance of detailed instructions in military matters, coupled with his failure to understand either the geography of the American colonies, or the determination of their colonists, may justify that conclusion. He had two careers, a military career, in which he rose to the rank of Major-General, and a political career, in which he rose to the rank of
1146:
761:. The victories over the French within the colonial empire provided a chance for events of the war to be forgotten. The difficulty of repaying the debts incurred to fight the war caused a period of unstable ministries and shifting political alliances. In 1765, King George quietly returned him to the rolls of the Privy Council.
913:
two days later had to be re-written in light of
Yorktown. News of the surrender galvanised the opposition, and the government majorities began to shrink over the following months with calls for resignations of senior ministers. Germain drew up a plan to continue the war by using the existing British
684:
on 1 August 1759, British and
Hanoverian infantry of the centre made an advance on the French cavalry and artillery in that sector. They apparently went in without orders and their attacking line formation even repulsed repeated French cavalry charges, holding until the last moment then firing a
995:, and his declining health soon made the issue irrelevant. He retired to his country home at Stoneland Lodge and died there in 1785. He maintained to his dying day that he had not been a coward at Minden. Following his death, a defence of Sackville's reputation,
958:. In spite of Germain's departure, the North government fell shortly afterwards in February 1782 and was followed by a period of political instability. Shortly after the fall of the North government, news arrived of the decisive British naval victory at the
1010:
The
Drayton House estate passed to his son Charles, who later became the 5th (and last) Duke of Dorset. The Stoneland estate (or Buckhurst Park as it came to be known) passed via the wife of the late 3rd Duke of Dorset to her daughter
665:
in
Germany, with the first detachment of British troops sent to the Continent. When Marlborough died, Sackville became Commander of the British contingent of the army, although still under the overall command of the Duke of Brunswick.
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905:. Germain then went to tell other ministers. Together they went to Lord North, who reportedly cried out "Oh God – It's all over". It was agreed that Germain, rather than North, should take the news to the King who was at
954:, of Drayton in the County of Northampton. That was considered essential if the North government was to survive by bringing in factions of the opposition to which Germain was personally objectionable. He was replaced by
1339:
Great
Britain. Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts; Sackville, George Germain, Viscount; Stopford-Sackville, Caroline Harriet Sackville Germain; Hewlett, William Oxenham, ed; Lomas, S. C. (Sophia Crawford).
742:
Sackville had been a Member of
Parliament at intervals since 1733. He had served terms in both the Dublin and the Westminster bodies, sometimes simultaneously, but had not taken sides in political wrangles.
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in the
Caribbean, which would have boosted the government if it had still been in power and British successes late in the war came partly thanks to the strategic dispositions made by North and Germain. The
689:, Ferdinand called for a British cavalry charge to complete the victory, but Sackville withheld permission for their advance. Ferdinand sent his order several times, but Sackville was estranged from
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1976:
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caricatured
Germain (second from left) and his political allies as incompetent tinkers of the National Kettle. Posted on the wall behind Germain is the "Plan of Minden".
646:. While it failed to take the town as instructed, the raid was still considered to have been largely successful as a diversion. Follow-up raids were considered against
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788:, to him. That not only improved his finances but also gave him the chance to take that name formally. After 1770, he was known as Lord George Germain.
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took the throne in 1760, Sackville began his political rehabilitation. There did not seem to be negative repercussions to the
European stalemate of the
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1005:
Report on the manuscripts of Mrs. Stopford-Sackville, of
Drayton House, Northhamptonshire / with a new introduction and preface by George Athan Billias
608:, Sackville returned to active military service. He had been considered for the post of Commander-in-Chief in North America, which eventually went to
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Alumni Dublinenses : a register of the students, graduates, professors and provosts of Trinity College in the University of Dublin (1593–1860)
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He married Diana Sambrooke, daughter of John Sambrook and Elizabeth Forester, on 3 September 1754. They had two sons and two daughters, including:
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Germain became a target for the opposition and was eventually persuaded to step down in exchange for a peerage, and in February 1782, he was made
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in 1745. He led his regiment so deep into the French lines that when he was wounded and captured he was taken to the tent of
1481:
Weddle, Kevin J. "A Change of Both Men and Measures": British Reassessment of Military Strategy after Saratoga, 1777–1778."
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The controversy over Lord Sackville's handling of the war continued. Some members were opposed to his taking a seat in the
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In June 1758 Sackville was second in command of a British expedition, led by Marlborough, which attempted an amphibious
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601:. There was a break in his military career between wars (1750–1755) when he served as first secretary to his father.
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The news of Yorktown reached London on 25 November 1781, and the messenger went first to Germain's residence at
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991:, an almost unprecedented incident. However, he was admitted to the Lords, where he was staunchly defended by
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The Culture of the Seven Years' War: Empire, Identity, and the Arts in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World
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The Proceedings of a General Court-Martial... upon the trial of Lord George Sackville (London: 1760), p. 224
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and sent home. Granby replaced him as commander of the British contingent for the remainder of the war.
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Sackville refused to accept responsibility for refusing to obey orders. Back in England, he demanded a
453:
1450:
Nelson, Paul David. "British Conduct of the American Revolutionary War: A Review of Interpretations."
1426:
Jones, Robert W. "9 "Unfit to Serve": Honour, Masculinity, and the Fate of Lord George Sackville." in
1361:
Brown, Gerald S. "The Court Martial of Lord George Sackville, Whipping Boy of the Revolutionary War."
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in the post. At that time, North's cabinet had three secretaries of state; one each for Europe (the
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massive volley when the charge came within ten yards. As the disrupted French began to fall back on
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2002:
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The Men who Lost America: British Leadership, the American Revolution, and the Fate of the Empire
1082:
818:
445:
319:
1416:"Lord Howe and Lord George Germain, British Politics and the Winning of American Independence."
971:, which brought an end to the war in 1783 and recognised the independence of the United States.
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in 1745 where Sackville first distinguished himself. He was wounded and captured by the French.
468:
1521:
968:
959:
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999:, was written by Richard Cumberland. A trove of the subject's letters were published by the
926:, and Canada to harass the American coastline and frontiers. He also advocated re-occupying
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1147:"Gay Men in Regency England - an extract from Love and Marriage in the Age of Jane Austen"
8:
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in 1737. Between 1730 and 1737 and again from 1750 to 1755, his father held the post of
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616:. In 1755, he was promoted to major general and returned to active service to oversee
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492:(27 August 1767 – 29 July 1843), later changed his name to Charles Sackville-Germain.
374:
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contributed to the campaign's failure. Following the entry of France, Spain and the
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Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Kilkenny constituencies
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Kyte, George W. "Plans for Reconquest of the Rebellious Colonies in America."
554:
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1388:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 975–976.
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for failed talks designed to reach a separate peace settlement with Spain.
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Clark, Jane. "Responsibility for the Failure of the Burgoyne Campaign."
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1161:"Happy Fourth of July—thanks to two loutish British lords | WORLD"
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into the conflict, British emphasis shifted to focus increasingly on a
658:, but no further landings were attempted, and the force returned home.
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314:
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Report on the Manuscripts of Mrs. Stopford-Sackville, of Drayton house
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He then entered the army. Sackville was elected Grandmaster of the
255:
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1403:
Guttridge, George H. "Lord George Germain in Office, 1775–1782."
750:, during his father's second term as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.
529:
433:
1467:
Robson, Eric. "Lord George Germain and the American Colonies."
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and reinforcements were sent to the valuable sugar-producing
3255:
British Army personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession
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died without natural heirs, and left her estates, including
578:. When he was released and returned home, it was to duty in
776:'s faction, but he increasingly lined up as a supporter of
651:
520:
Sackville started as a captain in the 7th Horse (later the
780:
and, in 1769, he made the alliance formal. Then, in 1769,
528:
of Foot as a lieutenant colonel. The regiment was sent to
381:. His military career had distinction, but ended with his
1488:
Willcox, William B. "British Strategy in America, 1778."
620:. In 1758, he was given a fourth regiment and joined the
483:
Diana Sackville (8 July 1756 – 29 August 1814), married
3330:
People expelled from the Privy Council of Great Britain
456:. While in Dublin he befriended the celebrated writer
3250:
British Army personnel of the Jacobite rising of 1745
1445:
Coward of Minden: The Affair of Lord George Sackville
3310:
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Dover
2063:
566:He saw his first battle, leading the charge of the
464:who would later assist his career in the military.
401:. His political career ended with the fall of the
3390:LGBTQ members of the Parliament of Great Britain
3260:British Army personnel who were court-martialled
3216:
886:In 1781, the confusion involving orders sent to
495:George Sackville (7 December 1770 – 31 May 1836)
824:
661:Later in 1758 they joined the allied forces of
803:Secretary of State for the American Department
356:Secretary of State for the American Department
3325:People educated at Westminster School, London
3315:Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain
2796:
2049:
1175:"Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England"
624:as a lieutenant general. He was sworn of the
3340:Peers of Great Britain created by George III
3285:British officials in the American Revolution
1985:2nd (The Queen's) Regiment of Dragoon Guards
1904:Lord George Sackville's Regiment of Dragoons
997:The character of the late Viscount Sackville
369:His ministry received much of the blame for
813:), America, and the rest of the world (the
801:On 10 November 1775, Germain was appointed
612:, who led his force to disaster during the
408:
338:(26 January 1716 – 26 August 1785), styled
142:10 November 1775 – 6 November 1779
3240:2nd Dragoon Guards (Queen's Bays) officers
2803:
2789:
2056:
2042:
840:to plan, support and issue orders for the
52:
27:British soldier and politician (1716–1785)
3370:British people of the American Revolution
3335:Viscounts in the Peerage of Great Britain
3290:Carabiniers (6th Dragoon Guards) officers
1503:. Vol. I. Cosimo, Inc. p. 400.
1125:. Vol. I. Cosimo, Inc. p. 400.
844:. However, his unclear orders to General
716:
78:10 November 1775 – February 1782
1876:Lord George Sackville's Regiment of Foot
1372:
1310:
1254:
1015:on the Dowager Duchess's death in 1825.
978:
941:
763:
725:
553:
509:
397:of 1756–1763, including at the decisive
18:George Sackville, 1st Viscount Sackville
3320:Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
1379:"Sackville, George, 1st Viscount"
1234:
1205:
864:. In 1779 one of Germain's associates,
721:
281: 1754; died 1778)
14:
3217:
589:In 1747 and 1748, he again joined the
332:George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville
3360:Secretaries of State for the Colonies
2784:
2037:
1498:
1120:
791:
543:
536:. In 1743. Sackville was advanced to
354:soldier and politician who served as
3105:Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
1692:Charles Sackville, Earl of Middlesex
1684:Charles Sackville, Earl of Middlesex
516:Great Britain in the Seven Years War
415:Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset
304:Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset
1932:3rd Regiment of Horse (Carabiniers)
856:British troops were withdrawn from
746:Between 1750 and 1755 he served as
669:
379:Secretary of State for the Colonies
66:Secretary of State for the Colonies
24:
1957:Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance
1355:
1003:beginning in 1904 under the title
631:
524:). In 1740, he transferred to the
485:John Crosbie, 2nd Earl of Glandore
471:in 1751 and served for two years.
25:
3406:
3395:18th-century English LGBTQ people
1501:A New Encyclopedia of Freemasonry
1123:A New Encyclopedia of Freemasonry
421:, daughter of Lieutenant-General
3375:Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
3365:Presidents of the Board of Trade
3245:British Army lieutenant generals
2849:
2769:
2065:Presidents of the Board of Trade
836:In 1776, he worked with General
700:
1460:O'Shaughnessy, Andrew Jackson.
1333:
1324:
1304:
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1286:
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1268:
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950:, in the County of Sussex, and
894:contributed to the loss at the
772:Initially he was a follower of
413:Sackville was the third son of
340:The Honourable George Sackville
278:
3155:Master-General of the Ordnance
1264:. 17 December 1765. p. 1.
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534:War of the Austrian Succession
391:War of the Austrian Succession
13:
1:
3355:Chief Secretaries for Ireland
3300:Lancashire Fusiliers officers
2888:Lord President of the Council
1499:Waite, Arthur Edward (2007).
1320:. 5 February 1782. p. 1.
1215:. 24 January 1758. p. 1.
1121:Waite, Arthur Edward (2007).
1059:
1001:Historical Records Commission
974:
1346:The Internet Archive website
1036:Upper Sackville, Nova Scotia
1032:Lower Sackville, Nova Scotia
1026:Fort Sackville (Nova Scotia)
831:American War of Independence
825:American War of Independence
364:American War of Independence
7:
3235:12th Royal Lancers officers
3197:The Earl of Buckinghamshire
3130:First Lord of the Admiralty
2832:Chancellor of the Exchequer
1764:Chief Secretary for Ireland
1575:Parliament of Great Britain
1483:Journal of Military History
1452:Journal of American History
1348:Retrieved 30 December 2021.
1244:. 22 April 1760. p. 1.
875:
748:Chief Secretary for Ireland
663:Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick
593:. He became colonel of the
10:
3411:
3177:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
2847:
1490:Journal of Modern History
1471:(Feb 1953) 3#2 pp 115–121.
1418:William and Mary Quarterly
1405:American Historical Review
1394:American Historical Review
1363:William and Mary Quarterly
1047:Sackville, New South Wales
879:
828:
673:
635:
547:
513:
454:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
385:. Sackville served in the
375:thirteen American colonies
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1042:Saint John, New Brunswick
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786:Drayton, Northamptonshire
474:
350:from 1770 to 1782, was a
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3082:The Earl of Hillsborough
3014:The Earl of Hillsborough
2003:Peerage of Great Britain
1696:Sir Thomas Hales, 3rd Bt
1093:, Alex Thom and Co, 1935
1053:Sackville, New Brunswick
526:Gloucestershire Regiment
506:He was known to be gay.
409:Background and education
393:of 1740–1748 and in the
3094:The Lord George Germain
1385:Encyclopædia Britannica
1083:George Dames Burtchaell
983:Stoneland Lodge, Sussex
819:international relations
320:Trinity College, Dublin
3185:The Viscount Townshend
3166:The Viscount Townshend
2867:Commission (1770–1771)
1843:Grand Lodge of Ireland
1478:(1962), full biography
1454:65.3 (1978): 623–653.
984:
934:to give a foothold in
782:Lady Elizabeth Germain
769:
739:
717:Early political career
582:as the Colonel of the
563:
532:to participate in the
469:Grand Lodge of Ireland
460:. He also encountered
362:'s cabinet during the
346:from 1720 to 1770 and
41:The Viscount Sackville
3345:Younger sons of dukes
3280:British MPs 1780–1784
3275:British MPs 1774–1780
3270:British MPs 1768–1774
3265:British MPs 1761–1768
3119:The Earl of Clarendon
3088:The Earl of Dartmouth
3063:The Viscount Stormont
3057:The Viscount Weymouth
3008:The Viscount Weymouth
2996:The Viscount Weymouth
2939:The Earl of Dartmouth
1853:The Viscount Mountjoy
1784:The Earl of Dartmouth
1522:Parliament of Ireland
1440:10.2 (1948): 101–117.
982:
960:Battle of the Saintes
942:Departure from office
767:
729:
654:and other targets in
557:
514:Further information:
510:Early military career
436:. He was educated at
423:Walter Philip Colyear
344:Lord George Sackville
175:The Earl of Dartmouth
111:The Earl of Dartmouth
3203:The Earl of Carlisle
3144:The Earl of Sandwich
3039:The Earl of Sandwich
3033:The Earl of Rochford
3002:The Earl of Rochford
2977:The Earl of Hertford
1801:The Earl of Carlisle
1774:Henry Seymour Conway
1738:Henry Arthur Herbert
1717:Member of Parliament
1668:Member of Parliament
1661:Sir Whistler Webster
1595:Member of Parliament
1555:William Henry Dawson
1542:Member of Parliament
1476:Lord George Germain
1407:33.1 (1927): 23–43.
1087:Thomas Ulick Sadleir
965:Shelburne government
722:Member of Parliament
187:The Earl of Carlisle
37:The Right Honourable
3295:Irish MPs 1727–1760
3051:The Earl of Suffolk
3045:The Earl of Halifax
2933:The Duke of Grafton
2921:The Earl of Halifax
2351:Parkinson-Fortescue
1914:Sir John Whitefoord
1841:Grandmaster of the
1791:First Lord of Trade
1706:Sir Charles Farnaby
1013:Countess de la Warr
815:Southern Department
811:Northern Department
622:Duke of Marlborough
570:'s infantry in the
498:Elizabeth, married
444:and graduated from
348:Lord George Germain
130:First Lord of Trade
3162:Vacant (1770–1772)
3074:Colonial Secretary
3025:Northern Secretary
2988:Southern Secretary
2016:Viscount Sackville
1967:Marquess of Granby
1924:James Cholmondeley
1896:James Cholmondeley
1810:Colonial Secretary
1749:Political offices
1629:Hugh Valence Jones
1317:The London Gazette
1292:Whiteley p.195-196
1261:The London Gazette
1241:The London Gazette
1212:The London Gazette
985:
952:Viscount Sackville
888:Charles Cornwallis
866:Richard Cumberland
792:Secretary of State
770:
740:
591:Duke of Cumberland
572:Battle of Fontenoy
568:Duke of Cumberland
564:
560:Battle of Fontenoy
550:Battle of Fontenoy
544:Battle of Fontenoy
522:6th Dragoon Guards
438:Westminster School
3380:British duellists
3212:
3211:
3191:The Earl Harcourt
2902:The Earl Bathurst
2871:The Earl Bathurst
2778:
2777:
2032:
2031:
2023:Succeeded by
1992:Succeeded by
1964:Succeeded by
1950:Sir John Ligonier
1939:Succeeded by
1911:Succeeded by
1883:Succeeded by
1860:Military offices
1850:Succeeded by
1835:The Lord Kingston
1817:Succeeded by
1798:Succeeded by
1771:Succeeded by
1735:Succeeded by
1725:1767–1782
1689:Succeeded by
1640:Succeeded by
1560:Succeeded by
1550:1733–1761
1510:978-1-60206-641-0
1474:Valentine, Alan,
1420:(1965): 225–243.
1187:Weintraub p.30-31
1132:978-1-60206-641-0
896:Siege of Yorktown
882:Yorktown Campaign
842:Saratoga campaign
732:The State Tinkers
628:in January 1758.
614:Braddock Campaign
490:Charles Sackville
329:
328:
308:Elizabeth Colyear
230:Stoneland Lodge,
16:(Redirected from
3402:
3350:Sackville family
3138:Sir Edward Hawke
2969:Lord Chamberlain
2927:The Earl Suffolk
2853:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2782:
2781:
2773:
2246:Vesey-Fitzgerald
2058:
2051:
2044:
2035:
2034:
1974:Preceded by
1947:Preceded by
1921:Preceded by
1893:Preceded by
1865:Preceded by
1832:Preceded by
1827:Masonic offices
1781:Preceded by
1754:Preceded by
1703:Preceded by
1654:Preceded by
1647:Sir Joseph Yorke
1581:Preceded by
1528:Preceded by
1518:
1517:
1514:
1492:(1947): 97–121.
1464:(Yale UP, 2014).
1443:Mackesy, Piers.
1396:(1930): 542–559
1389:
1381:
1365:(1952): 317–337
1349:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1094:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1040:Germain Street,
948:Baron Bolebrooke
774:George Grenville
759:Seven Years' War
682:Battle of Minden
676:Battle of Minden
670:Battle of Minden
606:Seven Years' War
403:North government
399:Battle of Minden
395:Seven Years' War
282:
280:
227:
215:
213:
206:George Sackville
197:Personal details
183:
171:
159:
140:
119:
107:
95:
76:
56:
32:
31:
21:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3171:
3149:
3124:
3099:
3068:
3019:
2982:
2963:
2958:The Earl Talbot
2944:
2913:Lord Privy Seal
2907:
2882:
2860:Lord Chancellor
2854:
2845:
2830:
2822:
2809:
2779:
2774:
2765:
2476:Cunliffe-Lister
2466:Cunliffe-Lister
2067:
2062:
2028:
2026:Charles Germain
2019:
1997:
1995:John Waldegrave
1988:
1983:Colonel of the
1979:
1977:William Herbert
1969:
1960:
1952:
1942:
1935:
1930:Colonel of the
1926:
1916:
1907:
1902:Colonel of the
1898:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1822:
1813:
1803:
1794:
1786:
1776:
1767:
1759:
1744:
1740:
1726:
1724:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1694:
1680:
1675:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1645:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1610:
1602:
1590:
1586:
1569:
1565:
1563:George Hartpole
1551:
1549:
1537:
1535:William Stannus
1533:
1511:
1358:
1356:Further reading
1353:
1352:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1309:
1305:
1301:Weintraub p.308
1300:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1253:
1249:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1021:
977:
944:
884:
878:
835:
833:
827:
799:
794:
724:
719:
703:
678:
672:
644:Raid on St Malo
640:
638:Raid on St Malo
634:
632:Raid on St Malo
610:Edward Braddock
595:7th Irish horse
552:
546:
518:
512:
477:
446:Trinity College
417:, and his wife
411:
405:in March 1782.
306:
284:
276:
272:
269:
268:Diana Sambrooke
248:Political party
229:
225:
216:26 January 1716
211:
209:
208:
207:
181:
169:
157:
141:
136:
117:
105:
93:
77:
72:
47:
42:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3408:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3181:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3163:
3159:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3141:
3134:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3116:
3109:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3078:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3029:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2992:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2973:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2954:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2917:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2899:
2896:The Earl Gower
2892:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2864:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2836:
2834:
2828:Prime Minister
2824:
2823:
2816:Prime Minister
2808:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2785:
2776:
2775:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2038:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1990:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1909:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1881:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1848:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1815:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1796:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1736:
1733:
1721:East Grinstead
1713:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1690:
1687:
1672:East Grinstead
1664:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1643:Edward Simpson
1641:
1638:
1634:Edward Simpson
1619:William Cayley
1591:
1588:David Papillon
1582:
1578:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1561:
1558:
1538:
1531:William Flower
1529:
1525:
1524:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1496:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1424:
1414:Gruber, Ira D.
1411:
1401:
1390:
1376:, ed. (1911).
1374:Chisholm, Hugh
1370:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1332:
1330:Fleming p. 155
1323:
1303:
1294:
1285:
1283:Whiteley p.195
1276:
1274:Weintraub p.26
1267:
1247:
1227:
1218:
1198:
1196:Weintraub p.32
1189:
1180:
1166:
1152:
1149:. 22 May 2024.
1138:
1131:
1113:
1111:Weintraub p.31
1104:
1102:Weintraub p.31
1095:
1074:
1072:Weintraub p.31
1064:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1017:
989:House of Lords
976:
973:
969:Peace of Paris
967:agreed to the
943:
940:
880:Main article:
877:
874:
868:, was sent to
850:Dutch Republic
829:Main article:
826:
823:
807:Lord Dartmouth
798:
795:
793:
790:
723:
720:
718:
715:
702:
699:
674:Main article:
671:
668:
636:Main article:
633:
630:
597:and served in
548:Main article:
545:
542:
511:
508:
504:
503:
496:
493:
487:
476:
473:
458:Jonathan Swift
410:
407:
327:
326:
323:
322:
317:
311:
310:
301:
297:
296:
290:
286:
285:
274:
270:
267:
266:
264:
260:
259:
249:
245:
244:
239:
235:
234:
228:(aged 69)
224:26 August 1785
222:
218:
217:
205:
203:
199:
198:
194:
193:
190:
189:
184:
178:
177:
172:
166:
165:
160:
158:Prime Minister
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
133:
132:
126:
125:
120:
114:
113:
108:
102:
101:
96:
94:Prime Minister
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
69:
68:
62:
61:
58:
57:
49:
48:
43:
40:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3407:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2801:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2772:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
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2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
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2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2027:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1978:
1972:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1945:
1934:
1933:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1897:
1891:
1887:
1886:Viscount Bury
1878:
1877:
1869:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1845:
1844:
1836:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1820:Welbore Ellis
1812:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1779:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1758:
1757:Edward Weston
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1731:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1685:
1679:
1678:December 1761
1674:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1624:Peter Burrell
1620:
1615:
1614:Thomas Revell
1609:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1585:
1584:Thomas Revell
1579:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1556:
1548:
1547:
1546:Portarlington
1543:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1469:History Today
1466:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1430:(2014): 213+
1429:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1193:
1184:
1176:
1170:
1162:
1156:
1148:
1142:
1134:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1069:
1065:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1014:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
981:
972:
970:
966:
961:
957:
956:Welbore Ellis
953:
949:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
912:
911:King's Speech
908:
904:
899:
897:
893:
892:Henry Clinton
889:
883:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
838:John Burgoyne
832:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
768:Drayton House
766:
762:
760:
756:
751:
749:
744:
737:
736:James Gillray
733:
728:
714:
712:
711:Privy Council
708:
707:court martial
701:Court martial
698:
696:
692:
688:
683:
677:
667:
664:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
639:
629:
627:
626:Privy Council
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
561:
556:
551:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
517:
507:
501:
500:Henry Herbert
497:
494:
491:
488:
486:
482:
481:
480:
472:
470:
465:
463:
462:Lord Ligonier
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
432:attended his
431:
428:
424:
420:
416:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
383:court martial
380:
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
324:
321:
318:
316:
312:
309:
305:
302:
298:
295:
292:5, including
291:
287:
265:
261:
257:
253:
250:
246:
243:
240:
236:
233:
223:
219:
204:
200:
195:
191:
188:
185:
179:
176:
173:
167:
164:
161:
155:
152:
149:
145:
139:
134:
131:
127:
124:
123:Welbore Ellis
121:
115:
112:
109:
103:
100:
97:
91:
88:
85:
81:
75:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
50:
46:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3113:Lord Strange
3093:
2950:Lord Steward
2877:Lord Thurlow
2536:Thorneycroft
2421:Lloyd George
2185:
2176:Hillsborough
2166:Hillsborough
2156:Hillsborough
2014:
2010:New creation
2009:
1982:
1955:
1941:Louis Dejean
1929:
1901:
1873:
1868:Thomas Bligh
1840:
1808:
1789:
1762:
1728:
1715:
1682:
1666:
1657:Joseph Yorke
1612:
1593:
1553:
1540:
1500:
1489:
1485:77.3 (2013).
1482:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1427:
1417:
1404:
1393:
1383:
1362:
1341:
1335:
1326:
1315:
1306:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1270:
1259:
1250:
1239:
1230:
1221:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1183:
1169:
1155:
1141:
1122:
1116:
1107:
1098:
1077:
1068:
1024:Namesake of
1009:
1004:
996:
993:Lord Thurlow
986:
951:
947:
945:
932:Rhode Island
900:
885:
858:Philadelphia
846:William Howe
834:
800:
771:
752:
745:
741:
731:
704:
679:
660:
641:
603:
588:
565:
519:
505:
478:
466:
412:
387:British Army
368:
347:
343:
342:until 1720,
339:
331:
330:
226:(1785-08-26)
182:Succeeded by
137:
118:Succeeded by
73:
29:
3385:LGBTQ peers
3230:1785 deaths
3225:1716 births
3205:(1780–1782)
3199:(1777–1780)
3193:(1772–1777)
3187:(1770–1772)
3168:(1772–1782)
3146:(1778–1782)
3140:(1770–1771)
3121:(1771–1782)
3115:(1770–1771)
3096:(1775–1782)
3090:(1772–1775)
3084:(1770–1772)
3065:(1779–1782)
3053:(1771–1779)
3041:(1770–1771)
3016:(1779–1782)
3010:(1775–1779)
3004:(1770–1775)
2979:(1770–1782)
2960:(1770–1782)
2941:(1775–1782)
2935:(1771–1775)
2923:(1770–1771)
2904:(1779–1782)
2898:(1770–1779)
2879:(1778–1782)
2873:(1771–1778)
2842:(1770–1782)
2821:(1770–1782)
2391:Hicks Beach
2366:Chamberlain
2326:Donoughmore
2081:Bridgewater
2076:Shaftesbury
1874:Colonel of
1312:"No. 12268"
1256:"No. 10584"
936:New England
862:West Indies
854:global war.
817:). Besides
797:Appointment
691:Lord Granby
604:During the
373:'s loss of
238:Nationality
170:Preceded by
106:Preceded by
3219:Categories
2840:Lord North
2819:Lord North
2301:Labouchere
2276:Labouchere
2126:FitzWalter
2121:Holderness
2101:Winchilsea
2020:1782–1785
1989:1757–1759
1961:1757–1759
1936:1750–1757
1908:1749–1750
1880:1746–1749
1847:1751–1753
1814:1775–1782
1795:1775–1779
1768:1750–1755
1742:John Irwin
1730:John Irwin
1710:John Irwin
1636:from 1759
1567:John Damer
1236:"No. 9994"
1207:"No. 9760"
1060:References
975:Later life
916:Charleston
805:replacing
778:Lord North
755:George III
586:Regiment.
360:Lord North
315:Alma mater
212:1716-01-26
163:Lord North
151:George III
99:Lord North
87:George III
2751:Trevelyan
2721:Mandelson
2691:Mandelson
2676:Heseltine
2641:Parkinson
2636:Cockfield
2531:Shawcross
2516:Lyttelton
2506:Llewellin
2496:Lyttelton
2426:Churchill
2416:Salisbury
2336:Northcote
2296:Clarendon
2291:Dalhousie
2286:Gladstone
2236:Huskisson
2226:Clancarty
2206:Liverpool
2186:Sackville
2181:Dartmouth
2161:Dartmouth
2151:Shelburne
2146:Townshend
1438:Historian
914:bases in
903:Pall Mall
695:cashiered
584:20th Foot
540:colonel.
427:Godfather
419:Elizabeth
300:Parent(s)
138:In office
74:In office
2761:Reynolds
2756:Badenoch
2566:Crosland
2546:Maulding
2481:Runciman
2441:Runciman
2396:Mundella
2381:Mundella
2376:Stanhope
2371:Richmond
2356:Adderley
2341:Richmond
2311:Cardwell
2256:Auckland
2231:Robinson
2221:Bathurst
2216:Auckland
2211:Montrose
2196:Grantham
2191:Carlisle
2111:Berkeley
2106:Guilford
2096:Stamford
2091:Weymouth
2086:Stamford
1676:March –
1494:in JSTOR
1422:in JSTOR
1051:Town of
1028:, Canada
924:Savannah
920:New York
876:Yorktown
734:(1780),
656:Normandy
648:Le Havre
618:ordnance
580:Scotland
576:Louis XV
430:George I
289:Children
256:Northite
2812:Cabinet
2711:Darling
2706:Johnson
2686:Beckett
2656:Channon
2651:Brittan
2486:Stanley
2461:Baldwin
2446:Stanley
2411:Balfour
2406:Ritchie
2386:Stanley
2316:Stanley
2271:Thomson
2261:Thomson
2251:Herries
2136:Halifax
2116:Suffolk
1631:1756–59
1626:1755–56
1621:1752–55
1616:to 1752
1447:(1979).
928:Newport
713:rolls.
680:In the
599:Holland
530:Germany
434:baptism
389:in the
371:Britain
352:British
294:Charles
283:
275:
271:
242:British
147:Monarch
83:Monarch
3059:(1779)
3047:(1771)
3035:(1770)
2998:(1770)
2929:(1771)
2716:Hutton
2701:Hewitt
2671:Lilley
2666:Ridley
2646:Tebbit
2631:Biffen
2606:Jenkin
2601:Joseph
2596:Varley
2586:Walker
2581:Davies
2551:Erroll
2541:Eccles
2526:Wilson
2521:Cripps
2511:Dalton
2501:Duncan
2491:Duncan
2471:Graham
2451:Geddes
2431:Buxton
2361:Sandon
2346:Bright
2331:Gibson
2321:Henley
2306:Henley
2266:Baring
2201:Sydney
2171:Nugent
2141:Sandys
2131:Monson
1727:With:
1681:With:
1611:With:
1552:With:
1507:
1456:online
1432:online
1409:online
1398:online
1367:online
1129:
1091:Dublin
1089:p727:
1019:Legacy
909:. The
870:Madrid
687:Minden
538:brevet
475:Family
450:Dublin
442:London
425:. His
263:Spouse
232:Sussex
2746:Truss
2736:Clark
2731:Javid
2726:Cable
2696:Byers
2661:Young
2621:Smith
2611:Shore
2576:Noble
2571:Mason
2556:Heath
2456:Horne
2436:Burns
2401:Bryce
2281:Ripon
2241:Grant
1599:Dover
890:from
753:When
277:(
273:
2681:Lang
2626:Nott
2616:Dell
2591:Benn
1719:for
1670:for
1608:1761
1604:1741
1597:for
1544:for
1505:ISBN
1127:ISBN
1034:and
652:Caen
558:The
502:, MP
252:Tory
221:Died
202:Born
2814:of
2741:Fox
2561:Jay
930:in
907:Kew
730:In
448:in
440:in
358:in
3221::
1382:.
1344:.
1314:.
1258:.
1238:.
1209:.
1007:.
938:.
922:,
918:,
898:.
650:,
366:.
336:PC
334:,
279:m.
45:PC
2804:e
2797:t
2790:v
2057:e
2050:t
2043:v
1606:–
1513:.
1400:.
1369:.
1177:.
1163:.
1135:.
1085:/
258:)
254:(
214:)
210:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
