German language - Knowledge

8267: 2358: 4203: 7458: 2774: 5427: 2551:, and promoted the development of non-local forms of language and exposed all speakers to forms of German from outside their own area. With Luther's rendering of the Bible in the vernacular, German asserted itself against the dominance of Latin as a legitimate language for courtly, literary, and now ecclesiastical subject-matter. His Bible was ubiquitous in the German states: nearly every household possessed a copy. Nevertheless, even with the influence of Luther's Bible as an unofficial written standard, a widely accepted standard for written German did not appear until the middle of the eighteenth century. 969: 1494: 3986: 7247:. In a scholarly context, the borrowings from Latin have continued until today, in the last few decades often indirectly through borrowings from English. During the 15th to 17th centuries, the influence of Italian was great, leading to many Italian loanwords in the fields of architecture, finance and music. The influence of the French language in the 17th to 19th centuries resulted in an even greater import of French words. The English influence was already present in the 19th century, but it did not become dominant until the second half of the 20th century. 6209:, which together cover all 16 permutations. In nouns, inflection for case is required in the singular for strong masculine and neuter nouns only in the genitive and in the dative (only in fixed or archaic expressions), and even this is losing ground to substitutes in informal speech. Weak masculine nouns share a common case ending for genitive, dative, and accusative in the singular. Feminine nouns are not declined in the singular. The plural has an inflection for the dative. In total, seven inflectional endings (not counting plural markers) exist in German: 15171: 906: 8295: 3048: 2959: 1048: 15716: 7635: 8274: 1502: 4689: 5640: 7469: 4061: 1368: 3351: 3090: 3791: 2596: 4677: 2811:, three years earlier; however, this was an artificial standard that did not correspond to any traditional spoken dialect. Rather, it was based on the pronunciation of German in Northern Germany, although it was subsequently regarded often as a general prescriptive norm, despite differing pronunciation traditions especially in the Upper-German-speaking regions that still characterise the dialect of the area today – especially the pronunciation of the ending 5211: 8340: 8368: 15668: 3010: 1906: 8312: 15311: 8382: 8354: 12805: 14958: 8288: 9386: 8326: 1011: 8720: 3069: 7391: 2459: 7759: 2560: 883: 8281: 1714:), neither of which underwent the High German consonant shift. As has been noted, the former of these dialect types is Istvaeonic and the latter Ingvaeonic, whereas the High German dialects are all Irminonic; the differences between these languages and standard German are therefore considerable. Also related to German are the Frisian languages— 3823:. In terms of student numbers across all levels of education, German ranks third in the EU (after English and French) and in the United States (after Spanish and French). In British schools, where learning a foreign language is not mandatory, a dramatic decline in entries for German A-Level has been observed. In 2020, approximately 15.4 3460:. Nevertheless since the 21st century, German has become a popular foreign language among pupils and students, with 300,000 people learning or speaking German in Cameroon in 2010 and over 230,000 in 2020. Today Cameroon is one of the African countries outside Namibia with the highest number of people learning German. 7607:. German readers understand these transcriptions (although they appear unusual), but they are avoided if the regular umlauts are available, because they are a makeshift and not proper spelling. (In Westphalia and Schleswig-Holstein, city and family names exist where the extra e has a vowel lengthening effect, e.g. 2155:(MHG) period, it is generally seen as lasting from 1050 to 1350. This was a period of significant expansion of the geographical territory occupied by Germanic tribes, and consequently of the number of German speakers. Whereas during the Old High German period the Germanic tribes extended only as far east as the 4045:. In comparison to other European languages (e.g. Portuguese, English), the multi-standard character of German is still not widely acknowledged. However, 90% of Austrian secondary school teachers of German consider German as having "more than one" standard variety. In this context, some scholars speak of a 3397:

and colonialism, and decided English would be the sole official language upon independence, stating that it was a "neutral" language as there were virtually no English native speakers in Namibia at that time. German, Afrikaans, and several indigenous languages thus became "national languages" by law,

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Today the Führer, talking with Herr Reichsleiter Amann and Herr Book Publisher Adolf Müller, has decided that in the future the Antiqua script is to be described as normal script. All printed materials are to be gradually converted to this normal script. As soon as is feasible in terms of textbooks,

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typefaces also include the long s. A specific set of rules applies for the use of long s in German text, but nowadays it is rarely used in Antiqua typesetting. Any lower case "s" at the beginning of a syllable would be a long s, as opposed to a terminal s or short s (the more common variation of the

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as local translations of Latin originals; as a result, the surviving texts are written in highly disparate regional dialects and exhibit significant Latin influence, particularly in vocabulary. At this point monasteries, where most written works were produced, were dominated by Latin, and German saw

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is rendered by combined use of the subjunctive or preterite marking so the plain indicative voice uses neither of those two markers; the subjunctive by itself often conveys reported speech; subjunctive plus preterite marks the conditional state; and the preterite alone shows either plain indicative

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and became the language of science and literature. Around the same time, the Hanseatic League, a confederation of northern ports, lost its importance as new trade routes to Asia and the Americas were established, and the most powerful German states of that period were located in Middle and Southern

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One who would talk German does not ask the Latin how he shall do it; he must ask the mother in the home, the children on the streets, the common man in the market-place and note carefully how they talk, then translate accordingly. They will then understand what is said to them because it is German.

6251:, which, literally translated, is "beef labelling supervision duties assignment law" . However, examples like this are perceived by native speakers as excessively bureaucratic, stylistically awkward, or even satirical. On the other hand, even this compound could be expanded by any native speaker. 7677:

There is no general agreement on where letters with umlauts occur in the sorting sequence. Telephone directories treat them by replacing them with the base vowel followed by an e. Some dictionaries sort each umlauted vowel as a separate letter after the base vowel, but more commonly words with

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as instead of . In Northern Germany, High German was a foreign language to most inhabitants, whose native dialects were subsets of Low German. It was usually encountered only in writing or formal speech; in fact, most of High German was a written language, not identical to any spoken dialect,

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It is wrong to regard or to describe the so-called Gothic script as a German script. In reality, the so-called Gothic script consists of Schwabach Jew letters. Just as they later took control of the newspapers, upon the introduction of printing the Jews residing in Germany took control of the

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features, such as the capitalization of all nouns, and the frequent occurrence of long compounds. Because legibility and convenience set certain boundaries, compounds consisting of more than three or four nouns are almost exclusively found in humorous contexts. (English also can string nouns

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The variation among the German dialects is considerable, with often only neighbouring dialects being mutually intelligible. Some dialects are not intelligible to people who know only Standard German. However, all German dialects belong to the dialect continuum of High German and Low Saxon.

7040:). Thus, in sentences with several subordinate or relative clauses, the infinitives are clustered at the end. Compare the similar clustering of prepositions in the following (highly contrived) English sentence: "What did you bring that book that I do not like to be read to out of up for?" 1017: 4184:. However, historically, High German dialects and Low Saxon/Low German dialects do not belong to the same language. Nevertheless, in today's Germany, Low Saxon/Low German is often perceived as a dialectal variation of Standard German on a functional level even by many native speakers. 7431:) and the most comprehensive guide to the vocabulary of the German language, already contained over 330,000 headwords in its first edition. The modern German scientific vocabulary is estimated at nine million words and word groups (based on the analysis of 35 million sentences of a 3891:

A visible sign of the geographical extension of the German language is the German-language media outside the German-speaking countries. German is the second most commonly used scientific language as well as the third most widely used language on websites after English and Russian.

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An estimated 12,000 people speak German or a German variety as a first language in South Africa, mostly originating from different waves of immigration during the 19th and 20th centuries. One of the largest communities consists of the speakers of "Nataler Deutsch", a variety of

4116:, mixtures of dialect and standard are very seldom used, and the use of Standard German is largely restricted to the written language. About 11% of the Swiss residents speak Standard German at home, but this is mainly due to German immigrants. This situation has been called a 2910:

However, an exact, global number of native German speakers is complicated by the existence of several varieties whose status as separate "languages" or "dialects" is disputed for political and linguistic reasons, including quantitatively strong varieties like certain forms of

1020: 6233:("dog hut"; specifically: "dog kennel"). Unlike English, whose newer compounds or combinations of longer nouns are often written "open" with separating spaces, German (like some other Germanic languages) nearly always uses the "closed" form without spaces, for example: 1019: 1018: 2455:) aimed at making printed material readable and understandable across as many diverse dialects of German as possible. The greater ease of production and increased availability of written texts brought about increased standardisation in the written form of German. 1014: 2336:). The abundance and especially the secular character of the literature of the MHG period demonstrate the beginnings of a standardized written form of German, as well as the desire of poets and authors to be understood by individuals on supra-dialectal terms. 6629:

He "came" on Friday evening, after a hard day at work and the usual annoyances that had time and again been troubling him for years now at his workplace, with questionable joy, to a meal which, as he hoped, his wife had already put on the table, finally home

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but also in major cities in other parts of the country. It is important to note, however, that the colloquial Standard German differs from the formal written language, especially in grammar and syntax, in which it has been influenced by dialectal speech.

3118:'s population, spoke German as their mother tongue, making it the second most widely spoken language on the continent after Russian and the second biggest language in terms of overall speakers (after English), as well as the most spoken native language. 6614:

am Freitagabend nach einem harten Arbeitstag und dem üblichen Ärger, der ihn schon seit Jahren immer wieder an seinem Arbeitsplatz plagt, mit fraglicher Freude auf ein Mahl, das seine Frau ihm, wie er hoffte, bereits aufgetischt hatte, endlich zu Hause

7654: 9527:"Sefer Netivot ha-shalom : ṿe-hu ḥibur kolel ḥamishat ḥumshe ha-torah ʻim tiḳun sofrim ṿe-targum ashkenazi u-veʾur. - 1783. Translated from the Hebrew into German by Moses Mendelssohn. Berlin : Gedruckt bey George Friedrich Starcke" 7925:

sounds, which the English language still has, disappeared on the continent in German with the consonant shifts between the 8th and 10th centuries. It is sometimes possible to find parallels between English and German by replacing the English

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as a standardized supra-dialectal written language. While these efforts were still regionally bound, German began to be used in place of Latin for certain official purposes, leading to a greater need for regularity in written conventions.

7838:, but they abolished them in 1941, claiming that these letters were Jewish. It is believed that this script was banned during the Nazi régime, as they realized that Fraktur would inhibit communication in the territories occupied during 6205:, or Russian. The three genders have collapsed in the plural. With four cases and three genders plus plural, there are 16 permutations of case and gender/number of the article (not the nouns), but there are only six forms of the 7488:

In German orthography, nouns are capitalized, which makes it easier for readers to determine the function of a word within a sentence. This convention is almost unique to German today (shared perhaps only by the closely related

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is and has, at every stage of development, been a productive category of the older language and in nearly all documented dialects, but strangely enough it is now rigorously excluded from written usage in its present normalised

4417:. Consequently, the vast majority of the Low Franconian dialects are spoken outside of the German language area. Low Franconian dialects are spoken in the Netherlands, Belgium, South Africa, Suriname and Namibia, and along the 2177:). With the increasing wealth and geographic spread of the Germanic groups came greater use of German in the courts of nobles as the standard language of official proceedings and literature. A clear example of this is the 1709:

After these High German dialects, standard German is less closely related to languages based on Low Franconian dialects (e.g., Dutch and Afrikaans), Low German or Low Saxon dialects (spoken in northern Germany and southern

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is the only language in this branch which survives in written texts. The West Germanic languages, however, have undergone extensive dialectal subdivision and are now represented in modern languages such as English, German,

2619:. Until the mid-nineteenth century, it was essentially the language of townspeople throughout most of the Empire. Its use indicated that the speaker was a merchant or someone from an urban area, regardless of nationality. 1633:, respectively. This classification indicates their historical descent from dialects spoken by the Irminones (also known as the Elbe group), Ingvaeones (or North Sea Germanic group), and Istvaeones (or Weser–Rhine group). 3810:

Like English, French, and Spanish, German has become a standard foreign language throughout the world, especially in the Western World. German ranks second on par with French among the best known foreign languages in the

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was for a while a Spanish-German bilingual city with "German signboards and placards alongside the Spanish". Currently, German and its dialects are spoken in many cities, towns and rural areas of southern Chile, such as

3751:, due to the prevailing anti-German sentiment in the population and related government action. It continued to be used as a first language into the 20th century, but its use is now limited to a few older speakers. 4001:, part of the regional High German group. However, there are places where the traditional regional dialects have been replaced by new vernaculars based on Standard German; that is the case in large stretches of 7497:), but it was historically common in Northern Europe in the early modern era, including in languages such as Danish which abolished the capitalization of nouns in 1948, and English for a while, into the 1700s. 7262:, who introduced close to 300 words, which are still used in modern German. Even today, there are movements that promote the substitution of foreign words that are deemed unnecessary with German alternatives. 2829:

was made the official standard by governments of all German-speaking countries. Media and written works are now almost all produced in Standard German which is understood in all areas where German is spoken.

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in schools. Gradually, Low German came to be politically viewed as a mere dialect spoken by the uneducated. The proportion of the population who can understand and speak it has decreased continuously since

2505:, spending much time among the population of Saxony researching the dialect so as to make the work as natural and accessible to German speakers as possible. Copies of Luther's Bible featured a long list of 11586:

On behalf of the Führer, Herr Reichsleiter Amann will in future convert those newspapers and periodicals that already have foreign distribution, or whose foreign distribution is desired, to normal script.

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spoke German, mostly descendants of a small wave of 19th century German immigrants, making it the third most spoken European language after English and French and overall the ninth most spoken language.

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in Europe. German is used in a wide variety of spheres throughout the country, especially in business, tourism, and public signage, as well as in education, churches (most notably the German-speaking

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German. They differ mainly in lexicon and phonology, but also smaller grammatical differences. In certain regions, they have replaced the traditional German dialects, especially in Northern Germany.

3970:(a non-profit German cultural association operational worldwide with 159 institutes, promoting the study of the German language abroad and encouraging international cultural exchange and relations.) 1013: 12946: 10443: 10773: 10718: 1049: 12848: 11584:

The use of the Schwabach Jew letters by officials will in future cease; appointment certifications for functionaries, street signs, and so forth will in future be produced only in normal script.

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language in its written form, and the Duden Handbook was declared its standard definition. Punctuation and compound spelling (joined or isolated compounds) were not standardized in the process.

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Umlaut vowels (ä, ö, ü) are commonly transcribed with ae, oe, and ue if the umlauts are not available on the keyboard or other medium used. In the same manner, ß can be transcribed as ss. Some

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translated the Aristotelian treatises into pure (Old High) German in the decades after the year 1000. The tradition of loan translation revitalized in the 17th and 18th century with poets like

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The Low Franconian dialects have three different standard varieties: In the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname, it is Dutch, which is itself a Low Franconian language. In South Africa, it is

12883: 10349: 1205:(where it is the third most taught foreign language after English and French), and in the United States. Overall, German is the fourth most commonly learned second language, and the third 3906:, is Germany's public international broadcaster. The service is available in 30 languages. DW's satellite television service consists of channels in German, English, Spanish, and Arabic. 7826:

typefaces used today, and the handwritten forms in particular are difficult for the untrained to read. The printed forms, however, were claimed by some to be more readable when used for

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Most German vocabulary is derived from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family. However, there is a significant amount of loanwords from other languages, in particular

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The Fraktur script however remains present in everyday life in pub signs, beer brands and other forms of advertisement, where it is used to convey a certain rusticality and antiquity.

12014: 7651: 1348:, with many varieties existing in Europe and other parts of the world. Some of these non-standard varieties have become recognized and protected by regional or national governments. 12931: 9437:

Thomas Marten, Fritz Joachim Sauer (Hrsg.): Länderkunde Deutschland, Österreich und Schweiz (mit Liechtenstein) im Querschnitt. Inform-Verlag, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-9805843-1-3, S. 7.

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In most regions, the speakers use a continuum, e.g. "Umgangssprache" (colloquial standards) from more dialectal varieties to more standard varieties depending on the circumstances.

3939: 1672: 1218: 358: 311: 12956: 10989:"Deutsch als Fremdsprache weltweit. Datenerhebung 2015 – Worldwide survey of people learning German; conducted by the German Ministry for Foreign Affairs and the Goethe Institute" 9627: 2197:

While the major changes of the MHG period were socio-cultural, High German was still undergoing significant linguistic changes in syntax, phonetics, and morphology as well (e.g.

12049: 10240: 6142:) are masculine. Others are more variable, sometimes depending on the region in which the language is spoken. And some endings are not restricted to one gender, for example: 18195: 3909:

German-speaking people living abroad (and people wanting to learn German) can visit the websites of German-language newspapers and TV- and radio stations. The free software

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Jan Goossens: Niederdeutsche Sprache – Versuch einer Definition. In: Jan Goossens (Hrsg.): Niederdeutsch – Sprache und Literatur. Karl Wachholtz, Neumünster, 1973, p. 9–27.

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and kingdoms was stronger than ever. As a spoken language German remained highly fractured throughout this period, with a vast number of often mutually incomprehensible

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as finite verbs place the infinitive at the end. For example, the English sentence "Should he go home?" would be rearranged in German to say "Should he (to) home go?" (

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dialects fall within a linguistic category used to classify a number of historical and contemporary West Germanic varieties most closely related to, and including, the

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in all circumstances as in modern Dutch) with these word pairs originally (up until around the mid to late 16th century) sounding far more similar than they do today.

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According to the council's 2017 spelling manual: When writing the uppercase , write SS. It's also possible to use the uppercase ẞ. Example: Straße – STRASSE – STRAẞE.

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The meaning of basic verbs can be expanded and sometimes radically changed through the use of a number of prefixes. Some prefixes have a specific meaning; the prefix

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dialects. As members of the West Germanic language family, High German, Low German, and Low Franconian have been proposed to be further distinguished historically as

3378:", which became a second language for parts of the indigenous population. Although it is nearly extinct today, some older Namibians still have some knowledge of it. 3126:

The area in central Europe where the majority of the population speaks German as a first language and has German as a (co-)official language is called the "German

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German subordinate clauses have all verbs clustered at the end, with the finite verb normally in the final position of the cluster. Given that auxiliaries encode

3782:. It is at a high risk of extinction, with only about 100 speakers remaining, and a topic of interest among linguists seeking to revive interest in the language. 2101:

telling the tale of an estranged father and son unknowingly meeting each other in battle. Linguistically, this text is highly interesting due to the mixed use of

4029:. Even though the national varieties of Standard German are only somewhat influenced by the local dialects, they are very distinct. German is thus considered a 3655:

and Chiloten-Deutsch. Immigrants even founded prosperous cities and towns. The impact of nineteenth century German immigration to southern Chile was such that

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clauses may occur between the prefix of a finite verb and its complement (ankommen = to arrive, er kam an = he arrived, er ist angekommen = he has arrived):

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co-official status from 1984 until its independence from South Africa in 1990. However, the Namibian government perceived Afrikaans and German as symbols of

1295:. The majority of its vocabulary derives from the ancient Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, while a smaller share is partly derived from 19584: 11631:

Variantenwörterbuch des Deutschen: Die Standardsprache in Österreich, der Schweiz und Deutschland sowie in Liechtenstein, Luxemburg, Ostbelgien und Südtirol

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from Latin and Latinized Greek. These words often have different connotations from their Germanic counterparts and are usually perceived as more scholarly.

2667:, now Bratislava), were originally settled during the Habsburg period and were primarily German at that time. Prague, Budapest, Bratislava, and cities like 16683: 13536: 6325:: active and passive. The passive voice uses auxiliary verbs and is divisible into static and dynamic. Static forms show a constant state and use the verb 3229:

greatly diminished them, minority communities of mostly bilingual German native speakers exist in areas both adjacent to and detached from the Sprachraum.

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for each region, translating words which were unknown in the region into the regional dialect. Luther said the following concerning his translation method:

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German variant dictionary: The standard language in Austria, Switzerland and Germany as well as in Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, East Belgium and South Tyrol

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taking its place as the region's official language. As a result, these dialects are now considered German dialects from a socio-linguistic point of view.

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identifying them as elements of the cultural heritage of the nation and ensuring that the state acknowledged and supported their presence in the country.

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in K-12 education. The language has been influential in the fields of philosophy, theology, science, and technology. It is the second most commonly used

11397: 9564: 9534: 19513: 15407: 15159: 15137: 10524: 10479: 9660: 9333: 12813: 12763:(1982). "Die Einteilung der deutschen Dialekte" [The classification of the German dialects]. In Besch, Werner; Wiegand, Herbert Ernst (eds.). 11301: 10609: 6281:(as in English). Additionally, there is a third class, known as mixed verbs, whose conjugation combines features of both the strong and weak patterns. 1221:

are ranked fifth in terms of annual publication of new books, with one-tenth of all books (including e-books) in the world being published in German.

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allows the downloading of videos from the websites of some public German, Austrian, and Swiss TV stations and of the public Franco-German TV network

2376:. This period saw the further displacement of Latin by German as the primary language of courtly proceedings and, increasingly, of literature in the 15574: 10659: 15589: 11146: 9067: 7560:

in capitals. An exception was the use of ß in legal documents and forms when capitalizing names. To avoid confusion with similar names, lower case

6372:(in the past), or functions as a (literal) alternative for either reported speech or the conditional state of the verb, when necessary for clarity. 11024: 18362: 18205: 12890: 11052: 9757: 4471:(north of which "i" is pronounced as "ik" and south of which as "ich") into northern and southern Low Franconian. The northern variants comprise 3218: 2997: German (or a German dialect) is a legally recognized minority language (squares: geographic distribution too dispersed/small for map scale) 10873: 9594: 6674:

of the sentence. The element in focus appears at the end of the sentence. For a sentence without an auxiliary, these are several possibilities:

2384:, and far from any form of unification, the desire for a cohesive written language that would be understandable across the many German-speaking 15907: 15704: 15594: 15579: 15299: 14946: 12502: 11470: 10379: 2947: 2822:

was established on the basis of public speaking in theatres and the media during the 20th century and documented in pronouncing dictionaries.

19114: 18567: 11302:"Die am häufigsten üblicherweise zu Hause gesprochenen Sprachen der ständigen Wohnbevölkerung ab 15 Jahren – 2012–2014, 2013–2015, 2014–2016" 10630: 10357: 9496: 3456:

from 1884 to 1916. However, German was replaced by French and English, the languages of the two successor colonial powers, after its loss in

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dialects. The High Franconian dialects are transitional dialects between Central and Upper German. The High German varieties spoken by the

4460:. Following a 19th-century change in Prussian language policy, use of Dutch as an official and public language was forbidden; resulting in 2904: 2247:

A great wealth of texts survives from the MHG period. Significantly, these texts include a number of impressive secular works, such as the

1609:(south of Benrath) from those that were not (north of Uerdingen). The various regional dialects spoken south of these lines are grouped as 2447:

Alongside these courtly written standards, the invention of the printing press led to the development of a number of printers' languages (

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Note that some material is region-restricted for legal reasons and cannot be accessed from everywhere in the world. Some websites have a

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million in 2000. Within the EU, not counting countries where it is an official language, German as a foreign language is most popular in

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forms, it is split off and moved to the end of the clause and is hence considered by some to be a "resultative particle". For example,

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million people were enrolled in learning German across all levels of education worldwide. This number has decreased from a peak of 20.1

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Nerius, Dieter (January 2000). "Die Rolle der II. Orthographischen Konferenz (1901) in der Geschichte der Deutschen Rechtschreibung".

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A history of the German language: with special reference to the cultural and social forces that shaped the standard literary language

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and underwent all the characteristic phonetic changes in German. Their origin is thus no longer recognizable for most speakers (e.g.

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estimated a number of 289 million German foreign language speakers without clarifying the criteria by which he classified a speaker.

18853: 18093: 12120: 12031: 10232: 10812: 10411: 9850: 2919:. With the inclusion or exclusion of certain varieties, it is estimated that approximately 90–95 million people speak German as a 2528:. But tell me is this talking German? What German understands such stuff? No, the mother in the home and the plain man would say, 19034: 12462:

The Wilds of Patagonia: A Narrative of the Swedish Expedition to Patagonia Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Island in 1907– 1909

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The Wilds of Patagonia: A Narrative of the Swedish Expedition to Patagonia Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Island in 1907– 1909

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Georg Cornelissen: Das Niederländische im preußischen Gelderland und seine Ablösung durch das Deutsche, Rohrscheid, 1986, p. 93.

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Dialecten op de grens van twee talen : Een dialectologisch en sociolinguïstisch onderzoek in het Kleverlands dialectgebied

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dialects did not take part in the High German consonant shift, and the Anglic languages also adopted much vocabulary from both

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In the United States, German is the fifth most spoken language in terms of native and second language speakers after English,

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is present, it appears in second position, and the main verb appears at the end. This occurs notably in the creation of the

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Dialects on the border of two languages: A dialectological and sociolinguistic investigation in the Kleverland dialect area

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Markedness and salience in language contact and second-language acquisition: evidence from a non-canonical contact language

7779: 3491: 3469: 2357: 1103: 15530: 10776:[IPOL will carry out training of enumerators for the linguistic census of the municipality of Antônio Carlos-SC]. 7064:, very long chains of verbs at the end of the sentence can occur. In these constructions, the past participle formed with 3619: 782: 19564: 19172: 18481: 18464: 18297: 11307:(official site) (in German, French, and Italian). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Federal Statistical Office FSO. 28 March 2018. 9057: 951: 17585: 15167: 14438: 11418:

Uwe Pörksen, German Academy for Language and Literature's Jahrbuch 2007 (Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2008, pp. 121–130)

18372: 18337: 18282: 15900: 15697: 15292: 14939: 6727:

The position of a noun in a German sentence has no bearing on its being a subject, an object or another argument. In a

6376: 5377:) in France. In Baden-Württemberg, they are considered dialects of German, and in Alsace a South Franconian variant of 5142: 4165:

based on mutual intelligibility is used, many German dialects are considered to be separate languages (for instance by

3205: 463: 12658:]. de Gruyter Studienbuch (in German). Vol. Band III: 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Berlin; New York: de Gruyter. 11246:

Pluricentric languages and language education: Pedagogical Implications and Innovative Approaches to Language Teaching

19579: 19107: 18821: 18725: 18562: 15145: 12486: 12394: 12178: 11943: 11905: 8743: 7787: 7506: 3958: 3410: 2826: 3636: 19569: 16129: 12982: 11085: 9409: 9293: 8101:, whose author remains unknown, is also an important work of the epoch. The fairy tales collected and published by 6092:: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Word endings sometimes reveal grammatical gender: for instance, nouns ending in 3439: 2425: 10579: 9729: 9619:

Levi von Bonn alias Löb Kraus und die Juden im Alten Reich. Auf den Spuren eines Verrats mit weitreichenden Folgen

19589: 19508: 19379: 19192: 18687: 18287: 12318: 11029:[Knowledge of foreign languages in Russia] (in Russian). Levada Centre. 16 September 2008. Archived from 10988: 10289: 7140:

The order at the end of such strings is subject to variation, but the second one in the last example is unusual.

6819:

Yesterday entered the manager at 10 o'clock with an umbrella in the hand his office. (but today without umbrella)

6383:

Disambiguation of completed vs. uncompleted forms is widely observed and regularly generated by common prefixes (

3366:

of the German Empire, from 1884 to 1915. About 30,000 people still speak German as a native tongue today, mostly

1655:

dialect group. German is therefore closely related to the other languages based on High German dialects, such as

1123: 941: 17: 11440: 9561:. 6644-5571 [1783-1811] [Newspaper in German printed in Hebrew characters]. Königsberg, Prussia" 9127: 3181:

Switzerland, co-official at the federal level with French, Italian, and Romansh, and at the local level in four

19594: 19544: 19467: 19217: 18670: 18486: 18170: 12876: 9303: 9298: 9107: 9032: 8914: 8445: 4426: 3182: 1352: 1214: 7762:

A Russian dictionary from 1931, showing the "German alphabet" – the 3rd and 4th columns of each half are

4202: 2037:, the first coherent works written in Old High German appear in the ninth century, chief among them being the 19574: 19559: 19554: 19549: 19389: 18964: 18740: 18602: 18506: 18405: 17952: 15893: 15690: 15671: 15621: 15285: 14932: 14805: 11555: 11389: 9556: 9526: 9077: 9009: 5763: 4283: 3935: 3763: 3240: 502: 15712: 15307: 14954: 12294:

Die deutsche Buchstabenschrift: Ihre Entstehung und Entwicklung, ihre Zweckmäßigkeit und völkische Bedeutung

10531: 10495: 9707: 9652: 8112:, who translated the Bible into High German (a regional group or German varieties at southern and therefore 3564: 2548: 533: 520: 19482: 19434: 19304: 19299: 19100: 18984: 18712: 18582: 18086: 17982: 17152: 17114: 17099: 15838: 14835: 14005: 13967: 13952: 12830: 10601: 9288: 9072: 9062: 9042: 6053: 4335: 3944: 3416: 3274: 1421: 443: 16426: 13279: 10194:"Enrollments in Languages Other Than English in United States Institutions of Higher Education, Fall 2013" 8064: 8060: 8056: 7624:, but this use of the letter e after a/o/u does not occur in the present-day spelling of words other than 6731:

in English, if the subject does not occur before the predicate, the sentence could well be misunderstood.

2128:

diversity with very little written uniformity. The early written tradition of OHG survived mostly through

19539: 18779: 18692: 18144: 17962: 17822: 17172: 17131: 17121: 16122: 15848: 15825: 15076: 14815: 14675: 14025: 13984: 13974: 12975: 10680: 9402: 9185: 7908: 7783: 7599:

use key sequences to extend the set of possible characters to include, amongst other things, umlauts; in

7457: 7243:, mediated by the church and monasteries. Another important influx of Latin words can be observed during 4967: 4909: 4905: 4897: 3534: 3473: 3146: 1780: 1660: 1606: 865: 702: 11938:]. Vol. 1 (2., rev. and by a bibliogr. supplement expd. ed.). Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz. 5807: 19439: 19264: 18702: 18614: 18592: 18511: 18496: 18312: 18292: 18134: 16338: 15256: 15021: 13191: 12840: 11030: 9365: 9328: 8395: 8218: 8125: 8086: 7644: 3345: 2853:

Approximate distribution of native German speakers (assuming a rounded total of 95 million) worldwide:

2410: 2406:

in 1534, however, had an immense effect on standardizing German as a supra-dialectal written language.

2105:

and Old High German dialects in its composition. The written works of this period stem mainly from the

1723: 1415: 100: 12853: 11059: 9764: 7485:

together, though it usually separates the nouns with spaces: as, for example, "toilet bowl cleaner".)

6814:

Gestern betrat der Direktor um 10 Uhr mit einem Schirm in der Hand sein Büro. (aber heute ohne Schirm)

4475:, which is most similar to Standard Dutch. The other ones are transitional between Low Franconian and 2773: 19444: 19406: 18954: 18139: 17679: 14532: 12916: 12465: 10903: 10865: 10774:"IPOL realizará formação de recenseadores para o censo linguístico do município de Antônio Carlos-SC" 9586: 8153: 7580:(ẞ) was ultimately adopted into German orthography in 2017, ending a long orthographic debate (thus " 6601: 5747:

variant that dominates in Vogtland. There is also one single Austro-Bavarian village in Switzerland:

4046: 3270: 3169: 3102: 2819: 11478: 10651: 10386: 3602: 19534: 19364: 18931: 18893: 18730: 18501: 17957: 17911: 17906: 17830: 17440: 17424: 17303: 17162: 17053: 17048: 15505: 15175: 14810: 14764: 14759: 14683: 14293: 14277: 14156: 14015: 13906: 13901: 9283: 8764: 8566: 8405: 8121: 7867: 7823: 7612: 5465: 5122: 4917: 4795: 4693: 4410: 4101: 3519: 3370:. The period of German colonialism in Namibia also led to the evolution of a Standard German-based 3363: 3003: German (or a variety of German) is spoken by a sizeable minority but has no legal recognition 2991: German is a co-official language but not the first language of the majority of the population 2441: 1719: 1618: 1526: 1245: 1042: 825: 692: 672: 232: 3606: 3409:), other cultural spheres such as music, and media (such as German language radio programs by the 19334: 19294: 19274: 19254: 19157: 19067: 18941: 18921: 18898: 18878: 18838: 18801: 18750: 18624: 18587: 18357: 18079: 17896: 17840: 17835: 17755: 17428: 17378: 16678: 16496: 16252: 16180: 16168: 15549: 14749: 14693: 14688: 14608: 14281: 14231: 13531: 13349: 13105: 13033: 13021: 12218:

Sum of Standard German, Swiss German, and all German dialects not listed under "Standard German".

11927: 11887: 9471: 9360: 9163: 9149: 8772: 8420: 8161: 6270: 6182: 5426: 5310: 5235: 3583: 3435: 3250: 1954: 1739: 1534: 1530: 1514: 1436: 1392: 1265: 1059: 1055: 284: 151: 141: 18018: 17738: 17136: 14871: 14591: 13989: 12936: 11206: 10059:

Lobenstein-Reichmann, Anja (2017). "Martin Luther, Bible Translation, and the German Language".

7871:

letter s), which marks the end of a syllable; for example, in differentiating between the words

7410: 7396: 6625:

A selectively literal translation of this example to illustrate the point might look like this:

3421:

is one of the three biggest newspapers in Namibia and the only German-language daily in Africa.

2163:

rivers, the MHG period saw a number of these tribes expanding beyond this eastern boundary into

19472: 19269: 18868: 18843: 18806: 18665: 18597: 18426: 18317: 18307: 17901: 17383: 17349: 16967: 16783: 16643: 16483: 16378: 16087: 16064: 15653: 15488: 15048: 15043: 15016: 14977: 14754: 14236: 14202: 13820: 13636: 13496: 13336: 13231: 10491: 10444:"Charte européenne des langues régionales : Hollande nourrit la guerre contre le français" 9159: 9037: 8853: 8837: 8833: 8090: 7494: 7259: 7169: 6728: 6723:( me gave the old man the book yesterday (entailing: as for someone else, it was another date)) 6224: 5231: 5227: 5219: 4849: 4422: 4146: 4096: 4034: 3876: 3632: 3568: 3533:

A number of German varieties have developed in the country and are still spoken today, such as

3527: 3222: 1715: 1699: 1411: 1323: 224: 12383:

Sachsensprache, Hansesprache, Plattdeutsch: Sprachgeschichtliche Grundzüge des Niederdeutschen

11058:. American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL). February 2011. Archived from 10684: 10674:"Detailed List of Languages Spoken at Home for the Population 5 Years and Over by State: 2000" 10416:[Charter of the Azov District Council of 05.21.2002 N 5-09 Charter of the municipal]. 9763:. American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL). February 2011. Archived from 8488:

The status of Luxembourgish as a German variety or separate language is subject to discussion.

4572: 4145:

The German dialects are the traditional local varieties of the language; many of them are not

3514:, German is the most common language spoken at home after English. As a legacy of significant 19492: 19424: 19394: 19349: 19344: 19319: 19177: 19029: 18848: 18833: 18796: 18059: 18023: 17291: 17284: 17236: 17006: 16977: 16946: 16909: 16834: 16591: 16504: 16365: 16327: 15833: 15537: 15465: 15266: 15194: 14912: 14876: 14144: 14137: 14089: 13859: 13830: 13799: 13762: 13687: 13444: 13357: 13218: 13180: 12863: 12710: 10068: 9823: 9793: 9497:"Moses Mendelssohn's Be'ur: Translating the Torah in the Age of Enlightenment - TheTorah.com" 9246: 9199: 9092: 8998: 8497:

The status of Plautdietsch as a German variety or separate language is subject to discussion.

6659:

always has the first position. In subordinate clauses, all verb forms occur at the very end.

5752: 5449: 5158: 5033: 4977: 4671: 4173: 4124: 4106: 4089: 4077: 4042: 4030: 3623: 3554: 3375: 2845: 2544: 2493:

was published in parts and completed in 1534). Luther based his translation primarily on the

2352: 1731: 1652: 1610: 1407: 1340: 1331: 1319: 1107: 742: 712: 592: 228: 200: 161: 35: 19462: 17524: 16399: 14377: 13252: 8212:, making it the second most awarded linguistic region (together with French) after English. 1594: 19384: 19374: 19324: 19284: 19242: 19237: 19232: 19222: 19207: 19202: 19197: 19182: 19167: 19162: 19152: 19147: 19142: 19137: 18811: 18755: 18639: 18577: 18572: 18542: 18474: 18452: 18400: 18302: 18028: 18008: 17977: 17850: 17710: 17456: 17274: 16866: 16693: 16655: 16650: 16524: 16471: 16229: 15916: 15866: 15856: 15720: 15515: 15315: 15261: 15122: 14962: 14881: 14861: 14830: 14703: 14563: 14309: 14127: 13719: 13546: 13508: 13503: 13377: 13324: 13082: 11147:"More than 80% of primary school pupils in the EU were studying a foreign language in 2013" 10748: 9878: 9587:"YIVO | Dostrzegacz Nadwiślański - / Der Beobakhter an der Vayksel. 1823-1824. Warsaw" 9047: 8978: 8897: 8816: 8479:

The status of Low German as a German variety or separate language is subject to discussion.

7771: 7476:

Written texts in German are easily recognisable as such by distinguishing features such as

7244: 7057: 6652: 6278: 6239:("tree house"). Like English, German allows arbitrarily long compounds in theory (see also 5599: 5469: 4937: 4225:. It was the predominant language in Northern Germany until the 16th century. In 1534, the 3998: 2437: 2373: 1626: 1292: 772: 17684: 14537: 12387:

Saxon language, Hanseatic language, Low German: Linguistic-historical basics of Low German

11579:

printing presses and thus in Germany the Schwabach Jew letters were forcefully introduced.

10446:[European Charter for Regional Languages: Hollande fuels the war against French]. 7883:(tube of polish/wax). One can easily decide which "s" to use by appropriate hyphenation, ( 5509: 5366: 5291: 2825:

Official revisions of some of the rules from 1901 were not issued until the controversial

2547:

to modern Standard German. The publication of Luther's Bible was a decisive moment in the

968: 8: 19487: 19429: 19369: 19359: 19339: 19329: 19314: 19309: 19289: 19259: 19227: 19212: 19187: 19123: 18994: 18888: 18863: 18858: 18735: 18680: 18619: 18525: 18256: 18190: 17967: 17203: 17157: 17091: 16844: 16491: 16404: 16202: 16103: 15800: 15772: 15566: 15525: 15510: 14820: 14056: 14010: 13944: 13697: 13344: 13257: 13055: 12638: 12565: 12510:

Steinicke, Ernst; Walder, Judith; Löffler, Roland; Beismann, Michael (20 December 1999).

11727: 9467: 9278: 9117: 9112: 9027: 9019: 8973: 8901: 8787: 8133: 7679: 7175:

Latin words were already imported into the predecessor of the German language during the

4957: 4933: 4830: 4632: 4445: 4229:

was published. It aimed to be understandable to a broad audience and was based mainly on

3438:. The South African constitution identifies German as a "commonly used" language and the 3385:

official language of Namibia after the end of German colonial rule alongside English and

1703: 1493: 1351:

Since 2004, heads of state of the German-speaking countries have met every year, and the

1210: 18352: 17514: 17359: 16606: 15230: 14367: 14212: 13459: 12443: 12323:

Old English and its closest relatives : a survey of the earliest Germanic languages

12299:

The German letter font: Its origin and development, its advisability and folkish meaning

12249:

Regional Geography – An Overview of Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Liechtenstein

12142:(in German). Vol. 1 (19th revised ed.). Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag. 12104: 11731: 8294: 7678:

umlauts are ordered immediately after the same word without umlauts. As an example in a

3921:", it is possible to record programs of many German and some international TV stations. 682: 19399: 19354: 19279: 19249: 19060: 19053: 18908: 18873: 18760: 18745: 18675: 18653: 18629: 18557: 18491: 18421: 18332: 18251: 18220: 18129: 18106: 18013: 17937: 17865: 17855: 17810: 17572: 17499: 17396: 17241: 17216: 17211: 17104: 16932: 16817: 16638: 16416: 16411: 16390: 16351: 16155: 16145: 15946: 15762: 15754: 15638: 15346: 15081: 15071: 14866: 14790: 14718: 14708: 14663: 14425: 14352: 14249: 14094: 14069: 14064: 13957: 13785: 13670: 13491: 13269: 13264: 13243: 13204: 13008: 12998: 12926: 12748: 12696: 12529: 12496: 10804: 10421: 9347: 9122: 8988: 8963: 8909: 8873: 8738: 8730: 8710: 8345: 8227: 8129: 7982: 7827: 7481: 7448: 7172:

estimated that one fifth of the total German vocabulary was of French or Latin origin.

6368: 6292: 6285: 6274: 6202: 6089: 5867: 5130: 5126: 4989: 4947: 4901: 4791: 4778: 4759: 4749: 4737: 4476: 3732: 3523: 3320: 3304: 3284: 3260: 3190: 3081: 3032: 2506: 2462: 2422: 2152: 2146: 2110: 1644: 1640: 1554: 1546: 1522: 1506: 1356: 1284: 1253: 1202: 1167: 752: 572: 195: 146: 31: 17167: 16059: 14020: 12677:[The "bocha", "polka" and "murra" areas. Language contact in southern Chile]. 11750: 4532: 3727:

experienced a pronounced wave of Prussian immigration in the 1840s (particularly from

1283:

for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative); three

905: 817: 19014: 18989: 18936: 18883: 18697: 18469: 18261: 17987: 17786: 17702: 17695: 17650: 17594: 17354: 17344: 17327: 17322: 17226: 17109: 16988: 16788: 16749: 16729: 16567: 16459: 16441: 16293: 16044: 16021: 15991: 15951: 15792: 15554: 15542: 15435: 15382: 15360: 15103: 15038: 15011: 14840: 14639: 14555: 14548: 14503: 14447: 14207: 14197: 14180: 14175: 14079: 13962: 13841: 13641: 13602: 13582: 13420: 13312: 13294: 13146: 12951: 12868: 12770: 12717: 12700: 12659: 12599: 12550: 12482: 12390: 12358: 12326: 12279: 12252: 12229: 12195: 12174: 12143: 12110: 12089: 12070: 12039: 11966: 11939: 11901: 11861: 11836: 11817: 11813: 11778: 11713: 11693: 11679: 11639: 11628:

Ammon, Ulrich; Bickel, Hans; Ebner, Jakob; Gasser, Markus; Esterhammer, Ruth (2004).

11241: 10602:"Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 1: Founding Provisions" 10072: 9251: 9212: 9170: 8829: 8797: 8373: 8169: 8076: 7600: 7596: 7255: 7061: 6954: 6938: 6671: 6394: 6349: 6337: 6240: 6206: 5859: 5720: 5302: 5283: 5279: 5061: 5049: 5001: 4453: 4214: 3775: 3615: 3560: 3324: 3194: 3128: 3047: 3022: 2818:

throughout the German-speaking area until well into the 19th century. However, wider

2608: 2587: 2573: 2381: 2322: 2078: 1796: 1776: 1759: 1684: 1605:, respectively) serve to distinguish the Germanic dialects that were affected by the 1403: 1276: 1269: 1237: 1186: 1111: 1075: 632: 612: 602: 12533: 12275: 12245:

Länderkunde – Deutschland, Österreich, Schweiz und Liechtenstein im Querschnitt

10193: 6918:

The manager entered yesterday at 10 o'clock his office with an umbrella in the hand.

6890:

The manager entered with an umbrella in the hand yesterday at 10 o'clock his office.

6868:

Yesterday at 10 o'clock entered the manager his office with an umbrella in the hand.

6839:

Yesterday at 10 o'clock entered the manager with an umbrella in the hand his office.

6791:

His office entered the manager yesterday at 10 o'clock with an umbrella in the hand.

6769:

The manager entered his office yesterday at 10 o'clock with an umbrella in the hand.

6750:

The manager entered yesterday at 10 o'clock with an umbrella in the hand his office.

3985: 3590: 3572: 3232:

Within Europe, German is a recognized minority language in the following countries:

947: 19076: 19024: 19019: 19009: 19004: 18999: 18826: 18791: 18765: 18437: 18241: 18210: 18165: 18160: 17942: 17733: 17667: 17623: 17618: 17578: 17567: 17559: 17364: 17332: 17279: 17268: 17181: 16890: 16829: 16619: 16601: 16436: 16197: 16189: 16006: 15930: 15815: 15633: 15607: 15497: 15456: 15417: 15370: 15224: 15220: 15204: 15093: 14795: 14586: 14520: 14476: 14471: 14431: 14420: 14412: 14217: 14185: 14132: 14121: 14034: 13743: 13682: 13472: 13454: 13289: 13050: 13042: 12740: 12686: 12519: 12271: 11958: 11809: 11770:Österreichisches Deutsch oder Deutsch in Österreich? Identitäten im 21. Jahrhundert 11746: 11576:"For general attention, on behalf of the Führer, I make the following announcement: 10711:"Tagalog in California, Cherokee in Arkansas: What language does your state speak?" 10064: 9270: 9256: 9241: 9233: 9223: 9180: 9102: 8983: 8958: 8792: 8782: 8701: 8455: 8201: 7914: 7240: 7165: 7157: 6998:

The main verb may appear in first position to put stress on the action itself. The

6311: 6299: 6243:). The longest German word verified to be actually in (albeit very limited) use is 6066: 5704: 5680: 5595: 5563: 5532: 5481: 5441: 5407: 5378: 5362: 5287: 5263: 5109: 4961: 4943: 4913: 4836: 4824: 4782: 4339: 4222: 4002: 3795: 3779: 3598: 3594: 3550: 3503: 3481: 3401:

Today, Namibia is considered to be the only German-speaking country outside of the

3367: 3316: 3198: 2958: 2936: 2912: 2900: 2285: 2044: 1784: 1692: 1680: 1550: 1542: 1372: 1288: 1280: 1257: 1233: 1198: 871: 861: 622: 404: 17779: 14632: 12731:

Weiss, Gerhard (1995). "Up-to-Date and with a Past: The "Duden" and its History".

11768: 8410: 8189: 3731:

region). With the prolonged isolation from other German speakers and contact with

3651:

of Germans, Swiss and Austrians. Because of that, two dialects of German emerged,

2808: 1147: 18974: 18969: 18916: 18342: 17972: 17932: 17765: 17672: 17655: 17640: 17635: 17628: 17337: 17246: 17231: 17186: 17038: 17001: 16993: 16972: 16959: 16939: 16925: 16688: 16665: 16596: 16586: 16578: 16358: 16016: 15996: 15986: 15956: 15810: 15805: 15520: 15473: 15375: 15355: 15329: 15033: 15006: 14981: 14825: 14785: 14618: 14525: 14508: 14493: 14488: 14481: 14190: 14099: 14084: 14039: 13891: 13854: 13846: 13825: 13812: 13792: 13778: 13541: 13518: 13449: 13439: 13431: 13211: 12764: 12760: 12691: 12675:"Las áreas de "bocha", "polca" y "murra". Contacto de lenguas en el sur de Chile" 12674: 12647: 12593: 12479:

German pronunciation: Pure and moderate high accent with pronunciation dictionary

12457: 12408: 12404: 12292: 12189: 12137: 11981: 11891: 11851: 11629: 11337:, 2nd ed., 3. Teilband, (series: HSK 2.3), Walter de Gruyter, 2003, here p. 2636. 10895: 10637: 9370: 9355: 8993: 8968: 8921: 8848: 8843: 8415: 8317: 8157: 8137: 8117: 7477: 7161: 6386: 6322: 6307: 6178: 6074: 6070: 5880: 5744: 5652: 5644: 5544: 5513: 5497: 5415: 5326: 5318: 5314: 5271: 5267: 5259: 5247: 5150: 5053: 4865: 4815: 4807: 4769: 4461: 4246: 4140: 4128: 4081: 4038: 3980: 3967: 3836: 3724: 3652: 3515: 2928: 2896: 2767: 2763: 2600: 2466: 2389: 2369: 2051: 2001: 1976: 1770: 1747: 1636: 1562: 1538: 1345: 1335: 1327: 1304: 1261: 1249: 1194: 1163: 973: 857: 831: 792: 652: 582: 562: 272: 260: 220: 190: 133: 123: 39: 8273: 8205: 8197: 7021:.) The bare fact that the book has been given is emphasized, as well as 'today'. 6873:

Both the time specification and the fact he carried an umbrella are accentuated.

6774:

This variant accentuates the time specification and that he carried an umbrella.

5230:

are transitional dialects between Central and Upper German. They consist of the

4888:

in the east. Modern Standard German is mostly based on Central German dialects.

4688: 3695:

Small concentrations of German-speakers and their descendants are also found in

1501: 19081: 18959: 18946: 18609: 18367: 18053: 17947: 17927: 17879: 17771: 17645: 17315: 17082: 17021: 16800: 16757: 16714: 16631: 16626: 16515: 16465: 16316: 16267: 16222: 16215: 16001: 15978: 15739: 15734: 15478: 15430: 15399: 15110: 15098: 15066: 14906: 14800: 14780: 14732: 14624: 14498: 14168: 13935: 13874: 13653: 13610: 13567: 13484: 13479: 13368: 13318: 13169: 13120: 13075: 13068: 12941: 12911: 11502:"Germany has ended a century-long debate over a missing letter in its alphabet" 10290:"The most spoken languages worldwide (speakers and native speaker in millions)" 9855: 9390: 9175: 9141: 8948: 8940: 8425: 8387: 8359: 8331: 8236: 8173: 8165: 8145: 8141: 8102: 8096: 8081:

The German language is used in German literature and can be traced back to the

7741: 7468: 7452: 7420: 7401: 7153: 6999: 6950: 6663: 6644: 6361: 5853: 5759: 5736: 5639: 5477: 5411: 5077: 4877: 4845: 4715: 4705: 4681: 4468: 4414: 4404: 4291: 4230: 4060: 3895: 3840: 3832: 3812: 3740: 3736: 3236: 3186: 3115: 2920: 2616: 2612: 2564: 2393: 2315: 2250: 2198: 2009: 1987: 1927: 1916: 1800: 1648: 1586: 1567: 1465: 1447: 1387: 1308: 1300: 1241: 1229: 1190: 1182: 1127: 1071: 1067: 1063: 841: 722: 409: 266: 245: 118: 12342:

Geographischer Atlas zur Vaterlandskunde an den österreichischen Mittelschulen

6734:

However, German's flexible word order allows one to emphasise specific words:

5548: 5029: 3559:

In Brazil, the largest concentrations of German speakers are in the states of

3350: 2657:

in the years after their incorporation into the Habsburg domain; others, like

2368:

Modern High German begins with the Early New High German (ENHG) period, which

2124:

In general, the surviving texts of Old High German (OHG) show a wide range of

2089:

Germanic tradition. Of particular interest to scholars, however, has been the

1367: 19528: 18322: 18003: 17845: 17601: 17552: 17369: 17308: 17221: 17126: 17064: 17011: 16895: 16822: 16079: 16069: 16049: 16026: 15440: 15387: 15199: 14856: 14698: 14454: 14405: 14222: 14161: 14074: 13979: 13917: 13864: 13748: 13675: 12422: 12283: 11962: 11705: 11333:, in: Werner Besch, Anne Betten, Oskar Reichmann, Stefan Sonderegger (eds.), 9207: 8953: 8926: 8878: 8254: 8193: 8185: 8109: 7985:

English words, pronounced in several different ways in modern English (as an

7819:). These variants of the Latin alphabet are very different from the serif or 7525:

and before consonants, word-, or partial-word endings. In reformed spelling,

7490: 7428: 7053: 6913:

Der Direktor betrat gestern um 10 Uhr sein Büro mit einem Schirm in der Hand.

6885:

Der Direktor betrat mit einem Schirm in der Hand gestern um 10 Uhr sein Büro.

6802:(his office) is thus highlighted; it could be the topic of the next sentence. 6786:

Sein Büro betrat der Direktor gestern um 10 Uhr mit einem Schirm in der Hand.

6764:

Der Direktor betrat sein Büro gestern um 10 Uhr mit einem Schirm in der Hand.

6745:

Der Direktor betrat gestern um 10 Uhr mit einem Schirm in der Hand sein Büro.

6667: 6640: 6341: 6190: 6078: 5820: 5700: 5696: 5688: 5668: 5664: 5567: 5501: 5493: 5453: 5178: 5138: 5134: 5101: 4951: 4927: 4857: 4763: 4472: 4383: 4275: 4218: 4014: 3910: 3880: 3790: 3685: 3681: 3665: 3453: 3155: 2804: 2654: 2490: 2486: 2470: 2082: 2005: 1992: 1656: 1518: 1473: 1244:. It also contains close similarities in vocabulary to some languages in the 1139: 1131: 1091: 762: 662: 333: 291: 156: 85: 7239:). Borrowing from Latin continued after the fall of the Roman Empire during 6862:

Gestern um 10 Uhr betrat der Direktor sein Büro mit einem Schirm in der Hand

6833:

Gestern um 10 Uhr betrat der Direktor mit einem Schirm in der Hand sein Büro

6443:(to cut apart). Other prefixes have only the vaguest meaning in themselves; 5870:; as such, there can be a large number of words derived from the same root. 5081: 4988:

Luxembourgish as well as Transylvanian Saxon and Banat Swabian are based on

4504: 3610: 3089: 2481:

One of the central events in the development of ENHG was the publication of

2085:, and the Merseburg charms are transcriptions of spells and charms from the 1827:, respectively). The primary effects of the shift were the following below. 1590: 18707: 18382: 18377: 18347: 18246: 18200: 17872: 17296: 17260: 17193: 17016: 16839: 16812: 16795: 16739: 16698: 16280: 16259: 16054: 16011: 15874: 15777: 15767: 15628: 15240: 15235: 15189: 15088: 14725: 14149: 14113: 14046: 13869: 13692: 13665: 13648: 13592: 13551: 13133: 13112: 10413:Устав азовского районного совета от 21 May 2002 N 5-09 устав муниципального 10380:"Map on page of Polish Commission on Standardization of Geographical Names" 8802: 8209: 7839: 7518: 7251: 7176: 6934: 6578: 6357: 6260: 6058: 5728: 5526: 5430: 5403: 5215: 5154: 4971: 4853: 4726: 4676: 4540: 4449: 4315: 4251: 4234: 4226: 4181: 3994: 3769: 3673: 3669: 3538: 3511: 3507: 3477: 3056: 2707: 2540: 2482: 2474: 2403: 2385: 2339:

The Middle High German period is generally seen as ending when the 1346–53

2296: 2186: 1792: 1676: 1668: 1582: 1525:. The Germanic languages are traditionally subdivided into three branches: 1482: 851: 847: 732: 256: 17519: 14372: 12766:

Dialektologie. Ein Handbuch zur deutschen und allgemeinen Dialektforschung

11086:"Exam entries: German continues decline in popularity but computing soars" 7816: 7740:

Written German also typically uses an alternative opening inverted comma (

7577: 5558:

The southernmost German-speaking municipality is in the Alemannic region:

5089: 4371: 4359: 4343: 3989:

Self-reported knowledge of German within the nations of the European Union

2727: 2409:

The ENHG period saw the rise of several important cross-regional forms of

797: 787: 777: 767: 757: 747: 737: 727: 717: 707: 697: 687: 677: 667: 657: 647: 637: 627: 617: 607: 597: 587: 577: 567: 557: 18717: 18431: 18266: 18215: 17689: 17662: 17480: 17388: 17070: 17031: 16614: 16309: 16273: 16208: 15170: 14542: 14515: 14333: 14241: 13923: 13884: 13467: 13162: 13126: 13061: 12864:

Dissemination of the German language in Europe around 1913 (map, 300 dpi)

12836: 12346:

Geographical atlas on the homeland lore at the Austrian secondary schools

8883: 8245: 8181: 8177: 8149: 8082: 7804: 7793: 7733:

are treated as separate letters and are listed as separate entries after

7625: 7432: 7424: 6933:

The flexible word order also allows one to use language "tools" (such as

6656: 6582: 6303: 6198: 6082: 5836: 5758:

The northernmost Austro-Bavarian village is Breitenfeld (municipality of

5740: 5708: 5445: 5374: 5330: 5322: 5210: 5085: 4801: 4699: 4457: 4441: 4418: 4363: 4113: 4069: 4022: 3852: 3755: 3748: 3457: 3312: 3150: 3060: 3039: 2720:), German was the predominant language not only in the larger towns—like 2595: 2340: 2281: 2256: 2171: 2133: 2098: 2065: 1964: 1949: 1938: 1456: 1095: 1087: 538: 525: 365: 343: 105: 80: 17534: 14387: 11184: 10631:

Goethe Insitut - "Deutsch als Fremdsprache weltweit. Datenerhebung 2020"

7834:

initially promoted Fraktur and Schwabacher because they were considered

5346: 4860:

have several unique features and are considered as a separate language,

4237:

varieties. The Early New High German language gained more prestige than

4172:

The German dialect continuum is traditionally divided most broadly into

2238: 2212: 1909:

The approximate extent of Germanic languages in the early 10th century:

1224:

German is most closely related to other West Germanic languages, namely

18926: 18547: 17529: 17509: 16874: 16544: 16245: 15885: 15115: 15028: 14382: 14362: 13727: 13397: 13098: 12826: 12752: 12570:. University of California Libraries. Columbus, Ohio: Hann & Adair. 12355:

A history of German : what the past reveals about today's language

11571: 11551: 10571: 9154: 8460: 8116:

regions), is widely credited for attibuted to the basis for the modern

7896: 7820: 7808: 7669: 7128:

Er wusste nicht, dass der Agent einen Nachschlüssel machen lassen hatte

7118:

Er wusste nicht, dass der Agent einen Nachschlüssel hatte machen lassen

7031: 6353: 6315: 6149: 6129: 6016: 5911: 5863: 5830: 5795: 5787: 5732: 5684: 5623: 5619: 5591: 5543:

In Germany, the Alemannic dialects are often referred to as Swabian in

5520: 5492:/France (Low Alemannic, in the southernmost part also High Alemannic), 5485: 5041: 5037: 4648: 4616: 4608: 4584: 4560: 4548: 4375: 4367: 4238: 4207: 4197: 4177: 4010: 3586:) are recognized languages in the following municipalities in Brazil: 3431: 3175: 3077: 2972: 2916: 2059: 1832: 1630: 1614: 1469: 1431: 1099: 642: 419: 338: 90: 19092: 12584: 12010:

Measuring Dialect Pronunciation Differences using Levenshtein Distance

8451:

List of countries and territories where German is an official language

6451:

is found in a number of verbs with a large variety of meanings, as in

4885: 4311: 4049:

that has been maintained as a core assumption of German dialectology.

4009:

Standard German differs regionally among German-speaking countries in

3627: 2842:

List of countries and territories where German is an official language

2012:), the Old High German period is generally seen as beginning with the 18537: 18185: 17715: 17463: 17026: 16807: 16762: 16734: 16560: 16114: 15963: 14568: 14316: 13879: 13660: 13615: 13587: 13413: 12967: 12524: 12511: 9734: 8400: 7604: 7522: 6345: 5840: 5799: 5676: 5615: 5579: 5434: 5390: 5386: 5338: 5329:) in Franconia (including Bavarian Vogtland), and as "Vogtländisch" ( 5275: 5251: 5182: 5045: 5013: 4628: 4620: 4600: 4544: 4528: 4512: 4508: 4500: 4484: 4437: 4387: 4355: 4351: 4323: 4307: 4166: 4154: 4119: 3708: 3696: 3677: 3499: 3394: 3386: 3226: 2682: 2658: 2129: 2114: 2102: 1972: 1968: 1843: 1836: 1788: 1743: 1735: 1727: 1688: 1622: 1602: 1575: 1558: 1451: 1225: 1155: 810: 548: 512: 494: 17539: 14392: 12744: 12481:] (in German) (19., umgearbeitete Auflage ed.). Wiesbaden. 12038:(1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 616. 11775:

Austrian German or German in Austria: Identities in the 21st Century

11448: 7390: 5583: 5457: 5093: 4327: 3009: 2777:

Participants of Meetings of German-speaking countries (2004-present)

2747: 2230: 2203: 2121:

between the second and sixth centuries, during the great migration.

1905: 18071: 17504: 16852: 14357: 13705: 11745:. Language Sciences. Vol. 25. Elsevier Ltd. pp. 561–613. 11582:

only the normal script will be taught in village and state schools.

11335:

Sprachgeschichte: Ein Handbuch zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache

10192:

Goldberg, David; Looney, Dennis; Lusin, Natalia (1 February 2015).

8311: 8287: 7796: 7407:

The size of the vocabulary of German is difficult to estimate. The

7270: 6227:

in which the first noun modifies the category given by the second:

6194: 5981: 5791: 5716: 5627: 5587: 5350: 5298: 5194: 5009: 4588: 4568: 4520: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4347: 4263: 4258:

Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants in the area: most of the

4169:). However, such a point of view is unusual in German linguistics. 4162: 4026: 3864: 3856: 3744: 3704: 3661: 3656: 3640: 3445: 3300: 2703: 2636: 2582: 2301: 2106: 2086: 2039: 2026: 2014: 1312: 1143: 959: 470: 12804: 11983:

Denkmahle des Mittelalters: St. Gallen's altteutsche Sprachschætze

11547: 11282: 8719: 5342: 4025:. This variation must not be confused with the variation of local 1344:, which refers to its regional origin. German is also notable for 18816: 18236: 18180: 18102: 17545: 17141: 17043: 16036: 15782: 15715: 15310: 14957: 14398: 13994: 13896: 11358: 9981: 9979: 9699: 8777: 7863: 7812: 7800: 7767: 7763: 7462: 7266: 5803: 5748: 5692: 5656: 5559: 5255: 5190: 5174: 5170: 5146: 5057: 4997: 4861: 4580: 4564: 4552: 4524: 4516: 4391: 4331: 4303: 4295: 4287: 4150: 4073: 4018: 3940:

List of German-language newspapers published in the United States

3925: 3860: 3848: 3844: 3728: 3712: 3579: 3449: 3355: 3280: 3256: 3246: 3165: 3141: 3136: 3098: 3068: 3018: 2543:

was also decisive for the German language and its evolution from

2307: 2125: 2118: 2117:), which had settled in what is now southern-central Germany and 1711: 1664: 1598: 1571: 1487: 1171: 1159: 1115: 1083: 1079: 955: 802: 475: 450: 426: 414: 348: 328: 323: 318: 95: 75: 70: 12656:

German language history from the late Middle Ages to the present

12452:]. Oxford University. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: J. Benjamins. 11988:

Monuments of the Middle Ages: St. Gallen's Old German vocabulary

11804:

Durrell, M (2006). "Germanic Languages". In Brown, Keith (ed.).

11165: 10260: 10258: 3506:

combined), with over 1 million total speakers. In the states of

2750:)—but also in many smaller localities in the surrounding areas. 2392:

being spoken throughout the German states; the invention of the

2008:

inscriptions from as early as the sixth century AD (such as the

1151: 882: 16848: 13701: 12769:(in German) (1 ed.). Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. 12652:

Deutsche Sprachgeschichte vom Spätmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart

12475:

Deutsche Aussprache. Hochsprache Bühnensprache – Alltagssprache

12418: 11117:"15.4 million people are learning German as a foreign language" 10530:. Beilage der Allgemeinen Zeitung. 18 July 2007. Archived from 8120:

language. Among the best-known poets and authors in German are

7859: 7849: 7831: 7049: 6648: 6247:

Rindfleischetikettierungsüberwachungsaufgabenübertragungsgesetz

5946: 5824: 5775: 5771: 5712: 5672: 5660: 5536: 5489: 5370: 5325:). East Franconian is colloquially referred to as "Fränkisch" ( 5306: 5295: 5186: 5166: 5097: 5069: 5025: 5017: 4881: 4644: 4624: 4612: 4604: 4576: 4556: 4379: 4299: 4271: 4158: 3872: 3868: 3820: 3816: 3799: 3371: 3290: 3266: 3132:". German is the official language of the following countries: 2668: 2622: 2502: 2264: 2260: 2190: 1175: 1135: 1119: 458: 438: 431: 401: 12509: 12191:

Ethnologue: Languages of Africa and Europe, Eighteenth Edition

9976: 9794:"GERMAN AS THE LANGUAGE OF SCIENCE: PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES" 7110:

One suspects that the deserter probably shot become be should.

6597:(Literal: "Go you with?"; Idiomatic: "Are you going along?"). 6581:

have a separable prefix, often with an adverbial function. In

4033:, with currently three national standard varieties of German: 2458: 1738:)—as well as the Anglic languages of English and Scots. These 18196:

Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples

18175: 16766: 13619: 10255: 10233:"Foreign language learning statistics – Statistics Explained" 9923: 9921: 9919: 7835: 7758: 7149: 6186: 5724: 5603: 5571: 5552: 5473: 5105: 5073: 5065: 5021: 4981: 4652: 4640: 4636: 4596: 4592: 4536: 4279: 4267: 4245:

The 18th and 19th centuries were marked by mass education in

3700: 3689: 3161:

German is a co-official language of the following countries:

2737: 2699: 2276: 2225: 2164: 2160: 2030: 1296: 370: 12188:

Lewis, M. Paul; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. (2015).

12171:

Germany : Keys to understanding German Business Culture

7113:("It is suspected that the deserter probably had been shot") 5484:(Swabian, in the southwesternmost part also Low Alemannic), 2137:

only occasional use in official and ecclesiastical writing.

10917:"Keeping SA's Barossa Deutsch alive over kaffee und kuchen" 10170: 7953: 6662:

German requires a verbal element (main verb, modal verb or

6139: 5783: 5779: 5607: 5504:, Austria (Swabian). The Alemannic dialects are considered 5461: 5198: 5005: 4430: 4319: 4259: 3914: 2640: 2577: 2559: 2362: 2156: 2151:

While there is no complete agreement over the dates of the

1849:

Voiced stops became voiceless in certain phonetic settings.

12716:(Rev. ed.). Seattle: University of Washington Press. 12389:] (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 10505: 9916: 9461:"Special Eurobarometer 386: Europeans and their languages" 7660:(Listen to a German speaker recite the alphabet in German) 7136:("He did not know that the agent had had a picklock made") 5480:

and Low Alemannic, in the southwest also High Alemannic),

4467:

The Low Franconian dialects in Germany are divided by the

4448:, the Low Franconian dialects now spoken in Germany, used 4440:, which is also categorized as Low Franconian. During the 3647:

In Chile, during the 19th and 20th centuries, there was a

2607:

German was the language of commerce and government in the

2361:

German language area and major dialectal divisions around

1846:

in word-initial position, or following certain consonants;

1207:

most commonly learned second language in the United States

958:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

12512:"Autochthonous Linguistic Minorities in the Italian Alps" 11570:

The memorandum itself is typed in Antiqua, but the NSDAP

9954: 9952: 9906: 9904: 8685:

in danger of extinction due to the Francization of Alsace

8676:

in danger of extinction due to the Francization of Alsace

8280: 5611: 4149:

with standard German, and they have great differences in

3530:(North Dakota's state capital), plus many other regions. 2939:. This would imply the existence of approximately 175–220 1683:) and the various Germanic dialects spoken in the French 1581:

Within the West Germanic language dialect continuum, the

10270: 10019: 9682: 9680: 9678: 8105:

in the 19th century became famous throughout the world.

5437:: "Chuchichäschtli", in Standard German "Küchenkästlein" 3518:, German geographical names can be found throughout the 1118:. There are also notable German-speaking communities in 11527: 10146: 10054: 10052: 10050: 10048: 10046: 9653:"Lista de línguas cooficiais em municípios brasileiros" 8529:

never mean "humanity, human race", which translates to

8517:, may also mean "human, pertaining to humans", whereas 6715:(Yesterday gave me the old man the book, normal order) 6177:

This degree of inflection is considerably less than in

5770: