Sudeten Germans - Knowledge

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Czech schools were built on a large scale; there is a very general belief that Czech firms were favoured as against German firms in the allocation of State contracts and that the State provided work and relief for Czechs more readily than for Germans. I believe these complaints to be in the main justified. Even as late as the time of my Mission, I could find no readiness on the part of the Czechoslovak Government to remedy them on anything like an adequate scale... the feeling among the Sudeten Germans until about three or four years ago was one of hopelessness. But the rise of Nazi Germany gave them new hope. I regard their turning for help towards their kinsmen and their eventual desire to join the Reich as a natural development in the circumstances.

1681: 1896:(about 3 million altogether), in the belief that their behaviour had been a major cause of the war and subsequent destruction. In the months directly following the end of the war, "wild" expulsions happened from May until August 1945. Several Czechoslovak statesmen encouraged such expulsions with polemical speeches. Generally local authorities ordered the expulsions, which armed volunteers carried out. In some cases the regular army initiated or assisted such expulsions. Several thousand Germans were murdered during the expulsion, and many more died from hunger and illness as a consequence of becoming refugees. 1086: 1277: 208: 254: 718: 57: 1138: 66: 1358:) (SdP) and embarked on an active propaganda campaign. In the May election, the SdP won more than 60% of the Sudeten German vote. The German Agrarians, Christian Socialists and Social Democrats each lost approximately half of their followers. The SdP became the centre of German nationalist forces. The party represented itself as striving for a just settlement of Sudeten German claims within the framework of Czechoslovak democracy. Henlein, however, maintained secret contact with 1424:, over 50 % of Henleinists favoured greater autonomy within Czechoslovakia over joining Germany. P. E. Caquet argues that in case of a fair plebiscite, a majority of the Sudetenland population would have voted to remain in Czechoslovakia. The municipal elections of May 1938 were marred with voter intimidation and street fighting - officially the SdP won about 90 percent of the Sudeten vote, but about a third of Sudeten Germans were prevented from casting a free vote. 551: 799:, both Germans and Czechs fought to make Czech one of the university's official languages. They achieved that right, and the university became bilingual. By 1863, out of 187 lecture courses, 22 were held in Czech, the remainder being in German. In 1864, some Germans suggested the creation of a separate Czech university. Czech professors rejected that because they did not wish to lose the continuity of university traditions. 389: 1134:, adopting a policy of rapprochement with the West, advised the Sudeten Germans to co-operate actively with the Czechoslovak government. In consequence, most Sudeten German parties (including the German Agrarian Party, the German Social Democratic Party and the German Christian Socialist People's Party) changed their policy from negativism to activism, and several Sudeten politicians even accepted cabinet posts. 1223:

Jungaktivists. For Jaksch and his social democratic compatriots, it was a question of survival after a possible Nazi takeover. Of some 80,000 social democrats in Czechoslovakia, only about 5,000 would manage to flee the Nazis. The rest were incarcerated, and many of them were executed. Many of those who survived the Nazi persecution were later expelled, together with other Sudeten Germans, on the basis of

1873: 1966:, refugee Sudeten Germans and their descendants (or for that matter, also Germans with no previous link to the Bohemian lands) could have moved back there without needing the Czech government's permission – but in practice such a move did not materialize in any significant numbers, as they could not reclaim property and many were well established in Germany. 1332:) professed loyalty to Czechoslovakia but championed decentralization. It absorbed most former German Nationals and Sudeten Nazis. The Kameradschaftsbund under Henlein did not promote joining Germany, but campaigned for decentralised Czechoslovakia based on the model of Switzerland; Henlein promoted a separate Sudeten German identity, using the term 806:, one for the Germans and one for the Czechs. The Germans vetoed the proposal and called for a full division of the university. After long negotiations, it was divided into the German Charles-Ferdinand University and the Czech Charles-Ferdinand University. The Cisleithanian Imperial Council prepared an act of parliament, and the emperor granted 1336:(Sudeten German tribe). Before 1937, Henlein was critical of Adolf Hitler and advocated for the ideas of liberalism and individualism. However, Henlein's movement was growing increasingly divided and his own position soon became precarious. Henlein suffered a severe blow to his reputation as well as political influence when his mentor, 1703:

As the political situation worsened, the security in Sudetenland deteriorated. The region became the site of small-scale clashes between young SdP followers, equipped with arms smuggled from Germany, and police and border forces. In some places, the regular army was called in to pacify the situation.

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Sudeten representatives tried to join Austria or Germany or at least to obtain as much autonomy. The constitution of 1920 was drafted without Sudeten German representation, and Sudetens declined to participate in the election of the president. Sudeten political parties pursued an "obstructionist" (or

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Before World War II broke out, Prince Maximilian Eugene of Hohenlohe-Langenburg decided to take refuge in Spain. Similarly, after the war, all of his assets were confiscated through the Beneš Decrees. However, the fortune of his wife's family prevented him from falling out of favor. In Spain, one of

1707:

On 20 May, Czechoslovakia initiated a so-called "partial mobilization" (literally "special military precaution") in response to rumours of German troop movements. The army moved into position on the border. Western powers tried to calm down the situation and forced Czechoslovakia to comply with most

1406:

denounced the SdP leader, arguing that his call for Sudeten Anschluss goes against the wish of his voters and supporters: "His present call to irredentism saddles the Sudeten Germans with all the consequences of treason to the State; for such a challenge the electors gave him neither their votes nor

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was appointed chancellor of Germany. The Czechoslovak government prepared to suppress the Sudeten Nazi Party. In the autumn of 1933, the Sudeten Nazis dissolved their organization, and the German Nationals were pressured to do likewise. The government expelled German Nationals and Sudeten Nazis from

888:

On 14 October, Raphael Pacher succeeded, together with the social democrat, Josef Seliger, in uniting all German parties and members of parliament in Bohemia and Moravia into a coalition. In preparation for the foundation of the Republic of German Bohemia, the coalition, chaired by Pacher, appointed

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was quite common. Nevertheless, during the second half of the 19th century, Czechs and Germans began to create separate cultural, educational, political and economic institutions, which kept both groups semi-isolated from each other, which continued until the end of the Second World War, when almost

1957:

claims to represent the German refugees from the former Czechoslovak Republic, but its conservative positions were and are discussed very controversially among the refugees themselves, with many choosing not to associate with the organization. In the 2001 census, 39,106 people in the Czech Republic

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met with Hitler in Berlin on 28 March 1938 and was told to raise demands that would be unacceptable to the Czechoslovak government. In the Carlsbad Decrees, issued on 24 April at the Carlsbad convention, the SdP demanded complete autonomy for the Sudetenland and freedom to profess Nazi ideology. If

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and mimicked Nazi methods with banners, slogans and uniformed troops. Concessions offered by the Czechoslovak government, including the installation of exclusively Sudeten German officials in Sudeten German areas and the possible participation of the SdP in the cabinet, were rejected. Nevertheless,

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and German Bohemians. Each ethnicity tried to retain, in regions in which it was the majority, sovereignty over its own affairs. Czechs and Germans generally maintained separate schools, churches and public institutions. Nevertheless, despite the separation, Germans often understood some Czech, and

1751:

Czech officials and Czech police, speaking little or no German, were appointed in large numbers to purely German districts; Czech agricultural colonists were encouraged to settle on land confiscated under the Land Reform in the middle of German populations; for the children of these Czech invaders

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was for the first time elected by universal male suffrage. As part of the process, new constituency boundaries had to be drawn throughout the empire. Electoral officials were very careful to demarcate areas as clearly either German or Czech and to assure that there would be no conflict as to which

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for public servants in the Sudetenland and measures to reduce unemployment in the Sudetenland. (At the time, one in three was unemployed in the Sudetenland, compared to one in five in the rest of the country.) Improving the quality of life of the Sudeten Germans was not the only motivation of the

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had stressed that Bohemian Germans were to be seen as "emigrants" and "colonists". The new state hence started with marginalization of the Germans. However, Masaryk still tried to win the Germans for the new state by referring to economic advantages and by referring to their common Austrian past.

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remarked that "when Henlein repeated to his English friends in London as late as May 1938 that he still wished for autonomy within the Czechoslovak State, whether he was speaking sincerely or not, he was expressing the wishes of a very considerable proportion of his followers". According to Ralf

1811:

With the establishment of German rule, hundreds of thousands of Czechs who (under the policy of Czechification) had moved into the Sudetenland after 1919 left the area, some willingly. They were, however, permitted to take away their possessions and to legally sell their houses and land. A few,

1068:

contained many patches of ethnic German settlement in the north and the south. Most typical in those areas were German "language islands", towns inhabited by ethnic Germans but surrounded by rural Czechs. Extreme German nationalism was never prevalent in those areas. German nationalism in the

972:. The German Bohemians relied mostly on peaceful opposition to the occupation of their homeland by the Czech military, which started on 31 October 1918 and was completed on 28 January 1919. Fighting took place sporadically, resulting in the deaths of a few dozen Germans and Czechs. 779:

With the agreement, the desire for an autonomous Czech subdivision was mounting. Both German Bohemians and Czechs were hoping for a constitutional solution to the demands, but Czech nationalist views remained a constant part of the Bohemian political sphere. The Czechs had feared

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noted that "backed to the wall, Henlein took what he thought to be the only step left to rescue his own position and the unity of his movement: he wrote a letter to Adolf Hitler." Henlein started secretly cooperating with the German government and the underground Nazi movement.

945:

In addition to the establishment of the state's governmental organisation, higher authorities were also created, such as the Finance Ministry, the Department of Agriculture and the Higher Regional Court of Reichenberg as well as a general post office and railway administration.

1760:, signed September 29 by Britain, France, Germany and Italy and negotiated without Czechoslovak participation, only confirmed that decision and the negotiated details. Czechoslovakia ceded a German-defined maximalist extension of Sudetenland to Germany, including the 1654:

Hungarian Parties and Sudeten German Electoral Bloc (1935): German Democratic Liberal Party, German Industrialist Party, Party of German Nation, Sudeten German Land Union, German Workers Party, Zips German Party, Provincial Christian Social Party, Hungarian National

641:, an independent German Bohemian awareness, however, was not widespread, and for a long time, it played no decisive role in everyday life. Individuals were usually seen as Bohemians, Moravians or Silesians. Defining events later in German Bohemian history were the 1382:

also highlights that although Henlein became "Hitler's paladin", the SdP of 1935 represented a "conglomerate of practically all colourings", and the opinion of the general Sudeten German population only supported autonomy within Czechoslovakia.

1903:, proceeded from 25 January 1946 until October 1946. An estimated 1.6 million "ethnic Germans" (most of them also had Czech ancestors; and even Czechs, who spoke mainly German over the last years), were deported from Czechoslovakia to the 829:, in 1909. German Bohemia, as it was to be called, was going to be separated from the Czech areas around it in the plan. That would create ethnically homogenous self-governing provinces that would hopefully end the ethnic conflict. However, 1721:-instructors) took over some border areas and committed many crimes: they killed more than 110 Czechoslovaks (mostly soldiers and policemen) and kidnapped over 2,020 Czechoslovak citizens (including German antifascists), taking them to 979:, then the largest party, was responsible for the demonstration initiative, but it was also supported by other bourgeois German parties. The mass demonstrations were put down by the Czech military, involving 54 deaths and 84 wounded. 708:

against Austria resulted in the loss of the traditionally-Bohemian crown land and weakened Germans in the remaining parts of Bohemia. As the 19th century arrived, resistance to the German domination began to develop among the Czechs.

1415:

in Czechoslovakia suspended their activities on 24 March; their deputies and senators entered the SdP parliamentary club. However, the majority of Sudeten Germans did not support annexation into Germany. Contemporary reports of

1340:, was accused of homosexuality and committed suicide in prison. The radical wing of the party pressured Henlein to resign, and the Czechoslovak security forces increased their efforts to frustrate the movement's activities. 1740:, to Czechoslovakia to see if he could obtain a settlement between the Czechoslovak government and the Sudeten Germans. His mission failed because Henlein refused all conciliating proposals under secret orders by Hitler. 863:. The new Czech state would thus have defensible mountain boundaries with Germany, but the highly industrialised settlement areas of three million Germans would now be separated from Austria and come under Czech control. 209: 2129:. In the beginning the colony was difficult for them, since most of them were not farmers but had other professions, but they soon knew how to adapt and today the community is the seat of large yerba mate factories. 3407: 255: 1803:

under German governors and the German Army. Almost all the Germans in these Czech territories were subsequently granted German citizenship, while most of the Germans in Slovakia obtained citizenship of the

602:. Czechs made up about 20 percent of the students at the time of its founding, and the rest was primarily German. A culturally-significant example of German Bohemian prose from the Middle Ages is the story 1206:(Young Activists). They sought agreement with the Czechoslovak government on a policy that could withstand the Nazi onslaught from within and from outside Czechoslovakia. At simultaneous mass rallies in 280:. Before 1945, over three million German Bohemians constituted about 23% of the population of the whole country and about 29.5% of the population of Bohemia and Moravia. Ethnic Germans migrated into the 2084:

frustrated her plans. Therefore, some relatives of those who had already settled were only able to arrive in 1947. First, the settler settled with their families, which gave rise to a new population.

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the party campaigned on autonomy for the Sudetenland and pledged allegiance to the Czechoslovak stance; a majority of SdP voters supported regional autonomy and did not desire to join the German state.

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As a result, Bohemia and Moravia lost about 38 percent of their combined area, and 3.65 million inhabitants (2.82 million Germans and approximately 513,000 – 750,000 Czechs to Germany).

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because there were too few minority rights. However, they gradually accepted remaining in Czechoslovakia and took part in the first elections in 1920. In 1926, the first Germans became minister (

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Nazi propaganda accused the Czech government and Czechs of atrocities on innocent Germans. The Czechoslovak public started to prepare for an inevitable war, such as by training with gas masks.

3608: 1919:). Estimates of casualties related to this expulsion range between 20,000 and 200,000 people, depending on source. Casualties included primarily violent deaths and suicides, rapes, deaths in 975:

On 4 March 1919, almost the entire ethnic German population peacefully demonstrated for its right to self-determination. The demonstrations were accompanied by a one-day general strike. The

1420:

found that there was a "large number of Sudetenlanders who actively opposed annexation", and that the pro-German policy was challenged by the moderates within the SdP as well; according to

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In the 1930s, the Chilean businesswoman Antonia Inalaf decided to finance a project to emigrate Sudeten Germans to Chile. This group of Germans came from the city of Rossbach (currently

1524: 1158: 976: 749:; Germans living with Czechs fluently spoke Czech and code-switched between German and Czech when talking to Czechs and other Germans. Jews in Bohemia often spoke German and sometimes 3676:

Bahm, Karl F. (1999). "The Inconveniences of Nationality: German Bohemians, The Disintegration of the Habsburg Monarchy, and the Attempt to Create a "Sudeten German" Identity".

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Following the expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia at the end of World War II, a new group of Sudeten Germans immigrated to Chile, either to settle in Puyuhuapi or in other

1234:, remained opposed to the Czechoslovak government. Nationalist sentiment flourished, however, among Sudeten German youths, who had a variety of organizations, such as the older 3411: 4821: 2006: 4361: 3661: 2002: 1231: 4175: 4158: 2113:, thus beginning the Marbella Golden Mile, which he catapulted as a destination for international luxury tourism, which since then has generated great wealth for Spain. 1323: 1378:

Gebel, "the majority had voted for a party that united the Sudeten Germans and aimed to improve their position within the Czechoslovak Republic — no more and no less".

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Various Sudeten German dialects are currently practically extinct as most Germans were expelled from Czechoslovakia: present Sudeten Germans speak mainly Czech and/or

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were traditionally referred to as "German Bohemians". This appellation utilizes the broad definition of Bohemia, which includes all of the three Bohemian crown lands:

880:, offered the Czechs wide-ranging autonomy within Imperial and Royal Austria. Also, Austria was no longer considered to be a major power by the victors of the war. 380:

Not all ethnic Germans lived in isolated and well-defined areas; for historical reasons, Czechs and Germans mixed in many places, and Czech-German bilingualism and

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Thomas Wünsch. ""Emigraten und Kolonisten" und "Drang nach Osten": Bilder von Den Deutschen und die Ideologie der Vertreibung im tschechischen Diskurs 1918-1944".

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merged with the so-called "Province of the Sudetenland", which had radically different borders than the later understanding of the term. The Bohemian district of

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After the establishment of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, almost all Bohemian and Moravian Jews, many of whom were primarily German-speaking, were

1402:. Sudeten Germans reacted with fear to the news of Austrian annexation, and the moderate wing of SdP grew in strength. Hitherto pro-Henlein German newspaper 949:

For geographical reasons, however, a territorial solution would have been impossible unless those regions, together with Austria, had been incorporated into

484:", which referred only to the parts of the former Kingdom of Bohemia that were inhabited predominantly by ethnic Germans. These names were derived from the 4654: 2208: 2189: 830: 3838:

Kleineberg, A.; Marx, Ch.; Knobloch, E.; Lelgemann, D.: Germania und die Insel Thule. Die Entschlüsselung von Ptolemaios` "Atlas der Oikumene". WBG.2010.

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The table below shows the number of seats German parties and German–Hungarian lists gained in the Czechoslovak Chamber of Deputies between 1920 and 1935.

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on April 26, 1936, they demanded equal opportunities in civil service for Germans, financial assistance for German businesses, official acceptance of the

904:

to the Braunau region along the border with the German Empire. In South Bohemia the administrative unit of Böhmerwaldgau emerged, which was to be part of

4678: 4642: 4240: 2732: 1230:

By 1929, only a small number of Sudeten German deputies, most of them members of the German National Party, supported by the propertied classes, and the

4615: 3798: 795:, then called Charles-Ferdinand University. Its Czech students had become increasingly perturbed by the sole use of German for instruction. During the 1121:

German nationalist sentiment ran high during the early years of the republic. On the other hand, in his very first message as Czechoslovak president,

4700: 4632: 4620: 1733: 3612: 818:

ethnicity had a majority in any constituency. Nevertheless, that did not settle tensions among Czechs, who wanted to govern themselves from Prague.

4838: 1201: 1175: 4874: 1408: 1189: 2277: 2256: 1708:

of the Carlsbad Decrees. However the SdP, instructed to continue to push towards war, escalated the situation with more protests and violence.

4925: 4920: 2720: 4434: 928:

was responsible for the other German regions. On 22 November 1918, the Province of German Bohemia proclaimed itself part of the state of

1412: 796: 745:

Czechs often spoke some German. Cities like Prague, however, saw more mixing between the ethnicities and also had large populations of

1046:

and about 23.4 percent of the population of the whole republic (13.6 million). The Sudetenland possessed huge chemical works and

2165: 1546: 1294:

The Sudeten German nationalists, particularly the Nazis, expanded their activities after the Depression started. On 30 January 1933,

1179: 1106: 4915: 1867: 1058:, an area that was primarily populated by Germans, extended along the Bavarian frontier to the poor agricultural areas of southern 339: 1502: 3162:

A Struggle for Existence: Explaining the Actions, Motives and Fall of German Social Democracy in the First Czechoslovak Republic

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Some 250,000 Germans remained on the Czech side of the border, which later became part of the Reich by the establishment of the

1665: 1014:

In 1921, the population of multi-ethnic Czechoslovakia comprised 6.6 million Czechs, 3.2 million Germans, two million

2106: 1094: 1050:

mines as well as textile, china, and glass factories. To the west, a triangle of historic ethnic German settlement surrounding

991: 3236: 4552: 3843: 3818: 3714: 2549: 2499: 2386: 2363: 3583: 4790: 4346: 2291: 1747:

to the British government stated this on Czechoslovakia's policy towards the German minority during the preceding decades:

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and uniting all German-speaking areas with either Germany or Austria, with the exception of northern Bohemia. However, the

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exemplifies the diversity of Bohemia since he was a Prague-based German-speaking Jew, but his surname was of Czech origin.

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Britain and France then pressured the Czechoslovak government into ceding the Sudetenland to Germany on 21 September. The

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Otto Bauer. The Question of Nationalities and Social Democracy (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota press, 2000), p. 160

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a committee of twelve members. One day after the proclamation of the Republic of Czechoslovakia, on 29 October 1918, the

822: 761: 1284: 1215: 853:, forming the west of the newly created Czechoslovakia. Czech politicians insisted on the traditional boundaries of the 4910: 3043: 2866: 633:

For centuries, German Bohemians played important roles in the economy and politics of the Bohemian lands. For example,

4765: 4517: 4065: 3923: 3858: 3570: 3505: 3361: 3340: 3319: 3298: 3277: 3144: 3119: 3071: 2997: 2927: 2920:

Das Sudetenproblem und das Dritte Reich 1933-1938: Von der Volkstumspolitik zur nationalsozialistischen Aussenpolitik

2891: 2835: 2748: 2698: 2674: 2643: 2577: 2453: 1912: 1700:

Henlein's demands had been granted, the Sudetenland would have been in a position to align itself with Nazi Germany.

1006:. Nevertheless, some 90 percent lived in territories in which they represented 90 percent or more of the population. 924:

and was supposed to be administered by Lower Austria. The judiciary for German Bohemia was based in Reichenberg, and

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local government positions. The Sudeten German population was indignant, especially in nationalist strongholds like

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Smlouva mezi Česko-Slovenskou republikou a Německou říší o otázkách státního občanství a opce, law no. 300/1938 Sb.

826: 802:

The Czechs, however, were still not satisfied with bilingual status and proposed creating two separate constituent

3175:

Michael Walsh Campbell (2003). "Keepers of Order? Strategic Legality in the 1935 Czechoslovak General Elections".

1680: 932:. On the same day, the territory of German Austria was defined by the Act of the "Provisional National Assembly" ( 4905: 2160: 1952: 1819:(most of the rest were Czechs who were allowed to vote as well). About half a million Sudeten Germans joined the 673: 661: 71: 17: 2212: 2029:

In 1877, a group of Sudeten Germans from the city of Braunau (historical region of Bohemia, then located in the

4900: 4760: 1904: 956:

After the Czechoslovak Republic was proclaimed on 28 October 1918, the German Bohemians, claiming the right to

571: 525:

rulers promoted the colonisation of certain areas of their lands by German settlers from the adjacent lands of

3408:"K otázce vysídlení občanů ČSR ze Sudet, Těšínska, Podkarpatské Rusi a Slovenské republiky v letech 1938/1939" 897:. Its first governor was Raphael Pacher, who transferred his office on 5 November to Rudolf Lodgman von Auen. 4585: 4465: 4366: 4005: 1155:

in 1919, the provincial Social Democratic Parties of Bohemia, Moravia and Sudeten-Silesia united to form the

867: 311:("Settling of the East"). The name "Sudeten Germans" was adopted during rising nationalism after the fall of 968:, demanded that their homeland areas remain with Austria, which by then had been reduced to the Republic of 441:. In the German language, it is more common to distinguish among the three lands, hence the prominent terms 3646: 3270:

Die Sudetendeutschen im NS-Staat. Politik und Stimmung der Bevölkerung im Reichsgau Sudetenland (1938–1945)

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Papers relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States 1919 – the Paris Peace Conference, Volume XII

2150: 1927: 900:

The Province of German Bohemia comprised a contiguous region in North and West Bohemia stretching from the

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became virtually meaningless. Increasingly, the Bohemian crown lands were ruled from the Austrian capital,

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contained patches of "locked" German territory to the north and south. More characteristic were the German

3013: 1379: 1122: 654: 2779: 1983:, Sudeten Germans also immigrated to Argentina. Some groups settled in different German colonies in the 605: 369:, which were towns inhabited by German minorities and surrounded by Czechs. Sudeten Germans were mostly 4542: 4223: 3211: 2569: 1288: 1141: 939: 890: 814: 2013:) that were confiscated from them in the Sudetenland area by order of the President of Czechoslovakia 1366:, which told him to refuse every concession offered by Czechoslovakia. The SdP endorsed the idea of a 4930: 4414: 4022: 877: 876:), which would be based on the nationalities of the population. On 26 September 1918, his successor, 3312:

Germanisierung und Genozid. Hitlers Endlösung der tschechischen Frage – deutsche Dokumente 1933–1945

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production was a common industry for German Bohemians. Though they were living beyond the medieval

248: 202: 1850:

by the authorities. The Nazis evacuated about 120,000 Germans (mostly women and children) to the

1815:

In elections held on 4 December 1938, 97.32% of the adult population in Sudetenland voted for the

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Many Germans felt that the new constitution failed to fulfil what the Czechs had promised in the

1055: 995: 765: 473: 338:, most of the German-speaking population (mostly Roman Catholic with relatively few Protestants) 4286: 4121: 4108: 627: 497: 3519:"Memories of World War II in the Czech Lands: the expulsion of Sudeten Germans – Radio Prague" 2794: 2737:

Die Deutschen in der Ersten Tschechoslowakischen Republik: Rechtsstellung und Identitätssuche.

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Stets ein guter und zuverlässiger Deutschmährer. Zur Laufbahn von Bertold Bretholz (1862–1936)

4816: 4296: 4291: 4271: 3916: 3810: 2322: 2021:, which dispossessed all ethnic Germans of their property and expelled them from their land. 1480: 772:

sovereignty over their own affairs. The preservation of German cultural dominance throughout

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The Sudeten Problem, 1933–1938: Volkstumspolitik and the Formulation of Nazi Foreign Policy

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The Sudeten Problem, 1933–1938: Volkstumspolitik and the Formulation of Nazi Foreign Policy

1892:, when the Czechoslovak state was restored, the government expelled the majority of ethnic 1458: 1349: 994:, on 10 September 1919, made it clear that German Bohemia would not become part of the new 859: 650: 3881: 3872:

Facing history — The evolution of Czech-German relations in the Czech provinces, 1848–1948

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On October 1, 1933, some families of Sudeten Germans founded the "Colonia Sudetia" in the

1322:, a youth organization of mystical orientation, created a new political organisation. The 1085: 522: 8: 4785: 4500: 4311: 4276: 2946: 2469: 2110: 1729: 1669: 1403: 1374: 1098: 729: 705: 595: 567: 224: 4659: 4625: 2667:

The Third Reich Between Vision and Reality: New Perspectives on German History 1918–1945

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could not escape expulsion. The remaining faculty, students, and administrators fled to

665: 357:, which extends along the Bavarian frontier and into the agricultural areas of southern 4811: 4780: 4770: 4564: 4527: 4485: 4301: 4245: 4180: 4131: 4098: 4086: 4081: 4053: 4017: 3887: 3785: 3751: 3693: 3192: 2970: 2897: 2271: 2250: 1900: 1840: 1823:, which amounted to 17.34% of the German population in the Sudetenland (the average in 1568: 1311: 1130:

negativist) policy in the Czechoslovak parliament. In 1926, however, German Chancellor

1110: 987: 983: 957: 917: 792: 733: 638: 579: 575: 514: 469: 426: 281: 31: 4446: 3662:

Festejan el 85 aniversario de la Colonia Sudetia de Paso Yobái – Centinela – ABC Color

2901: 1163:(DSAP) and elected Josef Seliger as chairman. After Seliger's untimely death in 1920, 1042:

and other ethnic groups. German-speakers represented a third of the population of the

4559: 4495: 4475: 4470: 4419: 4404: 4351: 4323: 4306: 4250: 4190: 4185: 4091: 3854: 3839: 3814: 3789: 3755: 3710: 3697: 3566: 3501: 3357: 3336: 3315: 3294: 3273: 3196: 3140: 3115: 3067: 3039: 2993: 2923: 2887: 2862: 2831: 2744: 2694: 2670: 2639: 2573: 2545: 2495: 2449: 2359: 2009:, has spent long years legally battling to recover her family's assets (for example, 1984: 1131: 1073:, which was 40.5% German, was restrained by fear of competition from industry in the 685: 677: 669: 615: 485: 374: 297: 289: 1899:

The regular transfer of ethnic nationals among nations, authorized according to the

760:

In 1867, the equality of Austrian citizens of all ethnicities was guaranteed by the

717: 292:, from the 11th century, mostly in the border regions of what was later called the " 4775: 4755: 4733: 4637: 4547: 4532: 4522: 4505: 4460: 4452: 4424: 4328: 4281: 4266: 4200: 4168: 4141: 4136: 4046: 3909: 3895: 3891: 3777: 3743: 3685: 3244: 3184: 3092: 2962: 2081: 2046: 1995: 1757: 1019: 850: 538: 526: 438: 335: 320: 2394: 2155: 2058: 2018: 1224: 4593: 4490: 4480: 4441: 4113: 4027: 3983: 3587: 3433: 2688: 2138: 2089: 1991: 1920: 1219: 1074: 1003: 965: 950: 846: 834: 737: 721: 693: 657:

were severely affected, which caused the immigration of further German settlers.

646: 477: 370: 366: 316: 312: 285: 194: 132: 3188: 2922:. Translated by Dierk Hildebrandt. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. p. 110. 2825: 2629: 2416: 2299: 2077: 2061:, some Germans from the Sudetenland joined other groups of established Germans. 2014: 1688:, Czech names were erased by the Sudeten Germans after the German annexation of 909: 459:(German Silesians). Even in German the broader use of "Bohemian" is also found. 4233: 4218: 4195: 4151: 4117: 4058: 3955: 3763: 3650: 3031: 2915: 2854: 2069: 2038: 2010: 1963: 1959: 1828: 1792: 1696: 1341: 1307: 1276: 1137: 999: 969: 961: 929: 854: 697: 591: 381: 349:

mines as well as textile, china, and glass factories. The Bohemian border with

277: 273: 215: 148: 136: 56: 3781: 3747: 2353: 1761: 550: 65: 4889: 4688: 4571: 4163: 4146: 4125: 3971: 3552: 3089:

Public Opinion, Appeasement, and The Times: Manipulating Consent in the 1930s

2042: 1980: 1718: 1421: 1168: 1035: 1031: 905: 781: 701: 107: 3689: 2264:

Statistický lexikon obcí v Republice československé II. Země moravskoslezská

1207: 938:), which included German Bohemian and German Moravian members of the former 4537: 4039: 3807:

Orderly and Humane. The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War

1916: 1908: 1889: 1824: 1805: 1784: 1722: 1673: 1359: 1295: 1164: 807: 785: 773: 642: 634: 534: 500:, many contemporary Germans avoid them in favour of the traditional names. 493: 345:

The area that became known as the Sudetenland possessed chemical works and

328: 3894:

at the time of the Czechoslovak evacuation from the Sudetenland after the

913: 845:

The end of the war in 1918 brought about the partition of the multiethnic

4867: 4315: 3388:"Anglo-American Responsibility for the Expulsion of the Germans, 1944–48" 2828:

Territorial Revisionism and the Allies of Germany in the Second World War

2194: 1851: 1788: 1737: 1689: 1387: 1337: 1102: 1080: 1043: 754: 543: 518: 489: 481: 324: 306: 293: 269: 3475: 2974: 2861:. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. pp. 204–205. 1843:, the SS and Police general and Secretary of State in the Protectorate. 776:

had proved to be difficult and now seemed to be was utterly impossible.

4671: 3518: 3096: 2950: 2633: 2563: 2122: 1820: 1816: 1257: 1105:), and the first German political party became part of the government ( 1023: 769: 156: 4608: 4032: 1685: 4429: 3962: 3091:(Thesis). Vancouver: The University of British Columbia. p. 63. 2966: 2073: 1847: 1417: 1397: 530: 173: 2882:

Erin K. Jenne (2007). "Sudeten Germans in Interwar Czechoslovakia".

4693: 4683: 3882:

Emotions prevail in relations between Germans, Czechs, Poles – poll

3375:

Die Deutschen in der Tschechoslowakei 1933–1947. Dokumentensammlung

3038:. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. p. 300. 2603: 2093: 1300: 977:

German Social Democratic Workers Party in the Czechoslovak Republic

901: 153: 119: 3874:: historical publication sponsored by Czech government; series of 2470:"The Germans in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia : with two maps" 2323:"Testimony For Assimilation - The success of the German-Bohemians" 1831:, many Sudeten Germans were employed in the administration of the 1765: 1211: 870:, wanted to divide Bohemia by setting up administrative counties ( 619: 388: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4705: 3932: 3766:(March 1996). "The expulsion of the Sudeten Germans: 1945-1952". 3020:(in German). München: Nymphenburger Verlagshandlung. p. 267. 2243:

Statistický lexikon obcí v Republice československé I. Země česká

2190:

Expellee 'Provocation': Prague Refuses Apology to Sudeten Germans

2034: 1939: 1893: 1881: 1877: 1836: 1391: 1152: 1145: 1070: 1065: 1059: 1047: 1015: 894: 803: 750: 434: 430: 362: 358: 350: 346: 265: 230: 169: 115: 111: 103: 99: 4715: 3901: 3732:: Sudeten German-Czech cooperation in interwar Czechoslovakia". 3137:

The Bell of Treason: The 1938 Munich Agreement in Czechoslovakia

3112:

The Bell of Treason: The 1938 Munich Agreement in Czechoslovakia

3064:

The Bell of Treason: The 1938 Munich Agreement in Czechoslovakia

2990:

The Bell of Treason: The 1938 Munich Agreement in Czechoslovakia

676:

became King of Bohemia, which became a constituent state of the

4831: 4826: 4603: 4510: 2761: 1958:

claimed German ethnicity. In theory, with the accession of the

1935: 1931: 1427: 1407:

their mandate". On 22 March, the German Agrarian Party, led by

1363: 1039: 925: 921: 741: 689: 177: 3177:

Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity

2739:

In: Umberto Corsini, Davide Zaffi, Manfred Alexander (Hrsg.):

1872: 425:

In the English language, ethnic Germans who originated in the

4647: 3707:

The Politics of Ethnic Survival: Germans in Prague, 1861-1914

2826:

Marina Cattaruza; Stefan Dyroff; Dieter Langewiesche (2013).

2080:. Although her project was to settle many more families, the 599: 1946:, a research institute for the study of the Bohemian lands. 1768:, they had been Czechoslovakia's primary armaments factory. 4843: 4710: 1990:

Particularly notable is the case of the German businessman

1054:

was the most active area for pan-German nationalism. The

1051: 768:. The agreement established the Dual Monarchy and gave the 746: 680:. With the rise of the Habsburgs in Bohemia after the 1620 3888:"A Journey into Czechoslovakia after the Munich Agreement" 3210:

Bildung, Bundeszentrale für politische (6 November 2002).

2809:

Germanoslavica - Zeitschrift für germano-slawische Studien

2053:(currently integrated as a neighborhood into the city of 1027: 2516: 2446:

Deutsche Geschichte im Osten Europas: Böhmen und Mähren,

1835:

as well as in the Nazi oppressive machinery such as the

70:

Flag of the Sudeten Germans and the coat of arms of the

2693:. Berlin: Wolf Jobst Siedler Verlag GmbH. p. 381. 2690:

Deutsche Geschichte in Osten Europas: Böhmen und Mähren

480:. It coincided with the rise of another new term, "the 3174: 3012: 2884:

Ethnic Bargaining: The Paradox of Minority Empowerment

1081:

Gradual general acceptance of Czechoslovak citizenship

508: 3159: 1676:

leave the Bad Godesberg meeting on 23 September 1938.

392:

Czech districts by ethnic German population in 1930:

1590:

Hungarian Parties and Sudeten German Electoral Bloc

1216:

Olešnice v Orlických horách/Gießhübl im Adlergebirge

1167:

became party chairman, who was succeeded in 1938 by

27:

Ethnic Germans living in the Czech lands before 1945

3802:(4 Bände). Anton Hiersemann Verlag Stuttgart, 1970. 2945: 30:For information on ethnic Germans in Slovakia, see 1348:In 1935, the Sudeten German Home Front became the 840: 3291:The Second World War. Vol. I, The Gathering Storm 2741:Die Minderheiten zwischen den beiden Weltkriegen. 2598: 2596: 2510: 2508: 2464: 2462: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2342:The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05 849:into its historical components, one of them, the 472:in the early 20th century, after the fall of the 4887: 3390:, (Pittsburg lecture, published in Vardy/Tooley 837:destroyed all hopes for a redrawn Cisleithania. 791:A symbol of the rising tensions was the fate of 3086: 2766:Austrian Studies | College of Liberal Arts 521:. In the late 12th and in the 13th century the 3402: 3400: 3030: 2914: 2853: 2849: 2847: 2593: 2517:"ALEX – Historische Rechts- und Gesetzestexte" 2514: 2505: 2459: 2431: 1827:was 7.85%). Because of their knowledge of the 1002:. The new state regarded ethnic Germans as an 4569: 3917: 3799:Handbuch der Geschichte der böhmischen Länder 3264: 3262: 2881: 986:insisted on respecting the Germans' right to 883: 513:There have been ethnic Germans living in the 503: 303:The process of German expansion was known as 4865: 4037: 3969: 3953: 3946: 3354:České země v éře první republiky (1918–1938) 3134: 3109: 3061: 3057: 3055: 2987: 2941: 2939: 2886:. Cornell University Press. pp. 54–90. 1950: 1911:. An estimated 800,000 were deported to the 1712: 1428:Czechoslovak Chamber of Deputies (1920–1935) 1395: 1367: 1353: 1327: 1315: 1263: 1255: 1247: 1241: 1235: 1199: 1193: 1183: 1156: 933: 871: 603: 554: 463: 454: 448: 442: 342:from Czechoslovakia to Germany and Austria. 304: 4875:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950) 3397: 3237:""Prager Tagblatt", Nr. 116, May 18, 1935, 3024: 2844: 2351: 1717:(paramilitary groups trained in Germany by 1159:Deutsche Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei 610:("The Ploughman from Bohemia"), written in 3924: 3910: 3259: 3006: 2908: 2276:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2255:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1998:, who lived in Argentina for a few years. 1711:With the help of special Nazi forces, the 740:resulted in a prevailing equality between 492:. As these terms were heavily used by the 3853:. Helmut Preußler Verlag Nürnberg, 1988. 3609:"Census 2001 by Czech statistical office" 3128: 3103: 3052: 2981: 2936: 2819: 2806: 2723:, StGBl. Nr. 41/1918 (= p. 51). 2721:Act, StGBl. No. 40 and state proclamation 1861: 276:, which later became an integral part of 3333:Mnichov 1938 v řeči archivních dokumentů 3168: 2830:. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 61. 2492:Kleine Geschichte der böhmischen Länder, 1871: 1868:Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia 1778: 1679: 1664: 1283: 1275: 1232:German National Socialist Workers' Party 1136: 1089:Linguistic map of Czechoslovakia in 1930 1084: 716: 549: 488:, which form the northern border of the 387: 353:was inhabited primarily by Germans. The 4455:(including German, Swiss and Austrians) 4449:(including German, Swiss and Austrians) 3762: 3723: 3542: 3540: 3392:Ethnic Cleansing in 20th Century Europe 3209: 3153: 2456:. (Teil eines zehnbändigen Gesamtwerks) 2072:), and in 1935 she founded the town of 2068:, in the historical region of Moravia, 1503:German National Socialist Workers Party 1185:Deutsche Christlich-Soziale Volkspartei 1174:Already in 1936, Jaksch, together with 960:according to the tenth of US President 736:, nervousness about ethnic tensions in 582:(as Charles IV) from 1355, founded the 14: 4888: 3080: 2320: 1547:German Christian Social People's Party 1525:German Social Democratic Workers Party 1180:German Christian Social People's Party 1107:German Christian Social People's Party 1095:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) 700:. On the other hand, the 18th-century 692:, which favoured the dominance of the 385:all the ethnic Germans were expelled. 3905: 3704: 3139:. New York: Other Press. p. 75. 3114:. New York: Other Press. p. 76. 3066:. New York: Other Press. p. 93. 2992:. New York: Other Press. p. 92. 2875: 2743:Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, 1997, 2686: 2627: 2561: 2515:Nationalbibliothek, Österreichische. 2417:"The Sudeten Germans' forgotten fate" 2166:History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938) 1979:Although to a lesser extent than the 1969: 247: 201: 4921:Social history of the Czech Republic 3890:– a report issued by BBC journalist 3884:, Czech Happenings, 21 December 2005 3675: 3537: 2815:(1–2). Praha: Slovanský ústav AV ČR. 2352:Stoklásková, Zdeňka (2 April 2018). 1660: 784:, but the Germans now worried about 764:, which enshrined the principles of 598:, and its language of education was 361:, was an area of German settlement. 94:Regions with significant populations 3828:. Adam Kraft Verlag Augsburg, 1958. 3647:Un pueblo alemán en el sur de Chile 3431: 2630:"X. Směřování k samostatnému státu" 2201: 2171:Ethnic minorities in Czechoslovakia 2161:Sudeten German Homeland Association 2001:Likewise, Argentina-based Princess 1833:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 1801:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 998:. Instead, it would become part of 762:Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 645:, the occupation of Bohemia by the 509:Middle Ages and early modern period 72:Sudeten German Homeland Association 24: 3669: 3559: 3239:Tschechoslowakische Parlamentswahl 2797:. Radio Prague. December 12, 2002. 1774: 1728:In August, British Prime Minister 1280:Flag flown by some Sudeten Germans 825:came up with a plan, known as the 712: 496:to push forward the creation of a 25: 4942: 3931: 3865: 3018:Tschechen und Deutsche, 1918–1938 2951:"Czechs and Germans after Munich" 2635:Dějiny zemí Koruny české v datech 2472:. [Berlin? : Staatsdruckerei 1791:after he crossed the border into 935:Provisorische Nationalversammlung 866:The Austrian head of government, 229:'German Bohemians and German 4926:Czechoslovakia–Germany relations 3835:. Aufstieg Verlag München, 1980. 3468:"Die Sudetendeutsche Geschichte" 3434:"Fakta o vyhnání Čechů ze Sudet" 1314:, aided by other members of the 1271: 831:Franz Ferdinand was assassinated 827:United States of Greater Austria 64: 55: 4916:Ethnic groups in Czechoslovakia 3851:Geschichte der Sudetendeutschen 3724:Kopecek, Herman (March 1996). " 3655: 3640: 3627:"Puyuhuapi History and Legends" 3619: 3601: 3576: 3511: 3490: 3460: 3451: 3425: 3380: 3367: 3346: 3325: 3304: 3283: 3229: 3203: 3164:. Budapest: CEU eTD Collection. 2800: 2788: 2784:. Washington. pp. 273–274. 2772: 2754: 2726: 2714: 2680: 2659: 2621: 2604:"History of Charles University" 2555: 2534: 2484: 2409: 1953:Sudetendeutsche Landsmannschaft 1362:and received material aid from 1069:coal-mining region of southern 992:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 893:was formed with its capital in 841:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 662:Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia 199:Deutschböhmen und Deutschmährer 3160:Claudia Breit Whiteus (2010). 2379: 2345: 2336: 2314: 2284: 2235: 2226: 2182: 940:Cisleithanian Imperial Council 857:according to the principle of 815:Cisleithanian Imperial Council 13: 1: 3087:David J. Gossen (June 1994). 2762:"Center for Austrian Studies" 2480:– via Internet Archive. 2292:"The German Bohemia Province" 2176: 1942:, where they established the 1192:of the Farmers' Association ( 1009: 868:Ernst Seidler von Feuchtenegg 296:", which was named after the 84: 3565:Z. Beneš, Rozumět dějinám. ( 3212:"Republik unter Druck – bpb" 2955:Council on Foreign Relations 2544:. New York: Schocken Books. 2151:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 2132: 1974: 1928:Charles-Ferdinand University 1628: 1608: 1588: 1566: 1544: 1522: 1500: 1478: 1456: 626:), who probably had studied 584:Charles University in Prague 462:The term "Sudeten Germans" ( 220:čeští Němci a moravští Němci 110:. Many of them also live in 7: 4356:Alsatians and Lotharingians 3709:. Purdue University Press. 3189:10.1080/0090599032000115501 2638:(in Czech). Prague: Libri. 2427:– via news.bbc.co.uk. 2144: 2116: 2049:. Likewise, in the town of 2007:Alexander von Dietrichstein 1413:German Christian Socialists 1329:Sudetendeutsche Heimatfront 1116: 655:Lands of the Bohemian Crown 594:, attended by large German 559:, 15th-century manuscript, 468:) came about during rising 373:, a legacy of centuries of 10: 4947: 3826:Sudetendeutsche Geschichte 3548:"Putting The Past To Rest" 3498:Poslední mrtví, první živí 2570:Cambridge University Press 2562:Urban, Otto (1998). "V.". 2321:Fallon, Joseph E. (1996). 2209:"Czech Statistical Office" 2003:Mercedes von Dietrichstein 1884:after the Second World War 1865: 1686:Šumperk-Mährisch Schönberg 1142:Sudetendeutsches Freikorps 891:Province of German Bohemia 884:Province of German Bohemia 504:Before the First World War 249:[zuˈdeːtn̩ˌdɔʏtʃə] 29: 4911:German diaspora in Europe 4858: 4804: 4726: 4584: 4395: 4375: 4339: 4259: 4211: 4074: 3998: 3991: 3982: 3939: 3782:10.1080/00905999608408428 3748:10.1080/00905999608408427 3183:(3). Routledge: 295–308. 2687:Prinz, Friedrich (1993). 2628:Čapka, František (1999). 2444:Friedrich Prinz (Hrsg.): 1926:Even the German-speaking 1783:Sudeten Germans greeting 1714:Sudetendeutsche Freikorps 1324:Sudeten German Home Front 1151:At a party conference in 878:Max Hussarek von Heinlein 704:started by Prussian King 168: 163: 147: 142: 131: 126: 98: 93: 83: 78: 63: 54: 45: 3500:. Ústí nad Labem 1989. ( 2542:Franz Kafka: A Biography 2494:Reclam, Stuttgart 2008, 2375:– via www.muni.cz. 2099: 2024: 2017:, through the so-called 1631:Total (out of 300 seats) 1289:Sudeten German Freikorps 1208:Tetschen-Bodenbach/Děčín 908:. German Bohemia in the 724:with overlaps to Sudeten 682:Battle of White Mountain 660:After the death of King 606:Der Ackermann aus Böhmen 556:Der Ackermann aus Böhmen 420: 4376:Multinational dimension 3705:Cohen, Gary B. (2006). 3690:10.1080/009059999108939 3496:Biman, S. – Cílek, R.: 2795:"Hitler's Fifth Column" 2565:Czech Society 1848–1918 2031:Austro-Hungarian Empire 1839:. The most notable was 1569:German Union of Farmers 1411:, merged with the SdP. 1056:Upper Palatinate Forest 766:constitutional monarchy 706:Frederick II of Prussia 474:Austro-Hungarian Empire 453:(German Moravians) and 233:'), later known as 203:[ˈdɔʏtʃˌbøːmən] 4906:German Bohemian people 4866: 4570: 4297:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4038: 3970: 3954: 3947: 3356:. Díl 3. Praha 2003. ( 3014:Johann Wolfgang Brügel 2902:10.7591/j.ctt1287dwq.8 2665:Mommsen, Hans (2003). 2448:Siedler, Berlin 2002, 2041:) founded the town of 1951: 1915:(in what would become 1885: 1876:Germans expelled from 1862:Expulsion and transfer 1796: 1754: 1713: 1693: 1677: 1610:United German Parties 1396: 1386:On 13 March 1938, the 1380:Johann Wolfgang Brügel 1368: 1355:Sudetendeutsche Partei 1354: 1334:sudetendeutscher Stamm 1328: 1316: 1291: 1281: 1264: 1256: 1248: 1242: 1236: 1200: 1194: 1184: 1157: 1148: 1123:Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk 1090: 934: 920:was incorporated into 872: 725: 604: 563: 555: 517:crown lands since the 498:Greater Germanic Reich 464: 455: 449: 443: 417: 305: 261: 244: 219: 198: 4901:Sudeten German people 3811:Yale University Press 3556:Monday, Mar. 11, 2002 3438:www.bohumildolezal.cz 3135:P. E. Caquet (2018). 3110:P. E. Caquet (2018). 3062:P. E. Caquet (2018). 2988:P. E. Caquet (2018). 2387:"Deutsche Biographie" 2358:. Oldenbourg Verlag. 1907:of what would become 1875: 1848:deported and murdered 1782: 1749: 1683: 1668: 1481:German National Party 1287: 1279: 1140: 1088: 810:on 28 February 1882. 720: 612:Early New High German 561:Heidelberg University 553: 391: 355:Upper Palatine Forest 164:Related ethnic groups 4796:United Arab Emirates 4104:Transylvanian Saxons 3833:Die Sudetendeutschen 3769:Nationalities Papers 3735:Nationalities Papers 3678:Nationalities Papers 3373:Král, Václav (ed.): 3289:Churchill, Winston: 3268:Zimmermann, Volker: 3247:on February 23, 2007 2768:. 22 September 2023. 2094:south of the country 1923:and natural causes. 1888:In the aftermath of 1459:Sudeten German Party 1350:Sudeten German Party 1237:Deutsche Turnverband 860:uti possidetis juris 674:Ferdinand of Austria 618:(c. 1350 – 1414) in 447:(German Bohemians), 4383:Central and Eastern 4287:Italy (South Tyrol) 3615:on August 25, 2007. 3478:on 25 February 2012 3394:pp. 239–254) p. 243 3331:Šamberger, Zdeněk: 3310:Čelovský, Bořivoj: 2947:Elizabeth Wiskemann 2669:. Berg Publishers. 2490:Manfred Alexander: 2330:The Social Contract 2123:Paso Yobai district 2111:Marbella Club Hotel 1944:Collegium Carolinum 1812:however, remained. 1730:Neville Chamberlain 1670:Neville Chamberlain 1404:Bohemia (newspaper) 1375:Elizabeth Wiskemann 1306:On 1 October 1933, 1099:Robert Mayr-Harting 1018:, 0.7 million 912:and in the area of 753:. The famed writer 730:revolutions of 1848 588:Alma Mater Carolina 286:electoral territory 42: 4528:Pennsylvania Dutch 3764:Smelser, Ronald M. 3546:P. WALLACE/BERLIN 3432:Doležal, Bohumil. 3097:10.14288/1.0094711 2568:. United Kingdom: 2540:Brod, Max (1960). 2033:; current city of 1970:In other countries 1901:Potsdam Conference 1886: 1841:Karl Hermann Frank 1797: 1694: 1678: 1318:Kameradschaftsbund 1312:Karl Hermann Frank 1292: 1282: 1250:Kameradschaftsbund 1195:Bund der Landwirte 1149: 1091: 1026:(Rusyns), 300,000 988:self-determination 984:Archibald Coolidge 982:American diplomat 958:self-determination 793:Charles University 734:ethnic nationalism 726: 639:Kingdom of Germany 580:Holy Roman Emperor 576:King of the Romans 564: 494:Nazi German regime 470:ethnic nationalism 439:(Austrian) Silesia 427:Kingdom of Bohemia 418: 282:Kingdom of Bohemia 87:3,252,000 in 1910 40: 32:Carpathian Germans 4883: 4882: 4854: 4853: 4391: 4390: 4191:Russian Mennonite 3844:978-3-534-23757-9 3819:978-0-30016-660-6 3716:978-1-55753-404-0 3386:Alfred de Zayas, 2733:Manfred Alexander 2550:978-0-8052-0047-8 2500:978-3-15-010655-6 2419:. 7 February 2004 2365:978-3-486-58374-8 2302:on 6 January 2014 2127:Guairá Department 1985:Misiones Province 1661:Munich Agreements 1656: 1650: 1649: 1310:with his deputy, 1144:on 1 May 1938 in 1132:Gustav Stresemann 1022:, half a million 996:Austrian Republic 873:Verwaltungskreise 686:Bohemian nobility 678:Habsburg monarchy 651:Thirty Years' War 616:Johannes von Tepl 486:Sudeten Mountains 375:Austrian Habsburg 298:Sudeten Mountains 290:Holy Roman Empire 228: 183: 182: 16:(Redirected from 4938: 4931:Munich Agreement 4871: 4822:Papua New Guinea 4660:Kapitaï and Koba 4626:Kapitaï and Koba 4575: 4453:Los Lagos Region 4435:British Columbia 4043: 3996: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3975: 3959: 3950: 3926: 3919: 3912: 3903: 3902: 3896:Munich Agreement 3892:Sir Ralph Murray 3849:Meixner Rudolf: 3793: 3759: 3720: 3701: 3664: 3659: 3653: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3634: 3629:. InterPatagonia 3623: 3617: 3616: 3611:. Archived from 3605: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3595: 3586:. Archived from 3580: 3574: 3563: 3557: 3544: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3515: 3509: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3474:. Archived from 3464: 3458: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3419: 3410:. Archived from 3404: 3395: 3384: 3378: 3371: 3365: 3352:Kárník, Zdeněk: 3350: 3344: 3329: 3323: 3314:. Dresden 2005 ( 3308: 3302: 3287: 3281: 3266: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3243:. Archived from 3241:vom 19. 5. 1935" 3233: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3059: 3050: 3049: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3010: 3004: 3003: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2967:10.2307/20028918 2949:(January 1939). 2943: 2934: 2933: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2851: 2842: 2841: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2758: 2752: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2684: 2678: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2600: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2559: 2553: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2512: 2503: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2466: 2457: 2442: 2429: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2393:. Archived from 2383: 2377: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2349: 2343: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2327: 2318: 2312: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2298:. Archived from 2296:czech-stamps.org 2288: 2282: 2281: 2275: 2267: 2260: 2254: 2246: 2239: 2233: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2221: 2220: 2211:. Archived from 2205: 2199: 2198:. June 14, 2011. 2186: 2082:Second World War 2047:Los Lagos Region 1996:Emilie Schindler 1956: 1921:internment camps 1758:Munich Agreement 1716: 1653: 1435: 1434: 1401: 1371: 1357: 1331: 1321: 1267: 1261: 1253: 1245: 1239: 1205: 1197: 1187: 1162: 937: 875: 851:Bohemian Kingdom 732:and the rise of 666:Battle of Mohács 609: 590:), the first in 558: 467: 458: 456:Deutschschlesier 452: 446: 414: 408: 402: 396: 367:language islands 336:Second World War 323:, the so-called 321:Munich Agreement 310: 259: 258: 257: 251: 242: 223: 213: 212: 211: 205: 193: 186:German Bohemians 86: 79:Total population 68: 59: 43: 39: 21: 4946: 4945: 4941: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4886: 4885: 4884: 4879: 4850: 4800: 4722: 4580: 4447:Los Ríos Region 4387: 4371: 4335: 4260:Southern Europe 4255: 4229:North Schleswig 4212:Northern Europe 4207: 4070: 4011:Sudeten Germans 3978: 3935: 3930: 3868: 3831:Franzel, Emil: 3824:Franzel, Emil: 3805:Douglas, R.M.: 3717: 3672: 3670:Further reading 3667: 3660: 3656: 3645: 3641: 3632: 3630: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3593: 3591: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3564: 3560: 3545: 3538: 3528: 3526: 3525:. 14 April 2005 3517: 3516: 3512: 3495: 3491: 3481: 3479: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3430: 3426: 3417: 3415: 3406: 3405: 3398: 3385: 3381: 3372: 3368: 3351: 3347: 3335:. Praha 2002. ( 3330: 3326: 3309: 3305: 3288: 3284: 3272:. Essen 1999. ( 3267: 3260: 3250: 3248: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3220: 3218: 3208: 3204: 3173: 3169: 3158: 3154: 3147: 3133: 3129: 3122: 3108: 3104: 3085: 3081: 3074: 3060: 3053: 3046: 3029: 3025: 3011: 3007: 3000: 2986: 2982: 2944: 2937: 2930: 2913: 2909: 2894: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2852: 2845: 2838: 2824: 2820: 2805: 2801: 2793: 2789: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2731: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2685: 2681: 2664: 2660: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2626: 2622: 2612: 2610: 2602: 2601: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2560: 2556: 2539: 2535: 2525: 2523: 2513: 2506: 2489: 2485: 2475: 2473: 2468: 2467: 2460: 2443: 2432: 2422: 2420: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2400: 2398: 2397:on 6 March 2016 2391:lrz-muenchen.de 2385: 2384: 2380: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2325: 2319: 2315: 2305: 2303: 2290: 2289: 2285: 2269: 2268: 2266:. Prague. 1935. 2262: 2261: 2248: 2247: 2245:. 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Praha 1964. 3376: 3370: 3363: 3362:80-7277-030-6 3359: 3355: 3349: 3342: 3341:80-85475-93-6 3338: 3334: 3328: 3321: 3320:80-903550-1-3 3317: 3313: 3307: 3300: 3299:0-395-41055-X 3296: 3292: 3286: 3279: 3278:3-88474-770-3 3275: 3271: 3265: 3263: 3246: 3242: 3240: 3232: 3217: 3213: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3163: 3156: 3148: 3146:9781782832874 3142: 3138: 3131: 3123: 3121:9781782832874 3117: 3113: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3083: 3075: 3073:9781782832874 3069: 3065: 3058: 3056: 3047: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3009: 3001: 2999:9781782832874 2995: 2991: 2984: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2940: 2931: 2929:9783486485813 2925: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2893:9780801444982 2889: 2885: 2878: 2870: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2850: 2848: 2839: 2837:9780857457394 2833: 2829: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2803: 2796: 2791: 2783: 2782: 2775: 2767: 2763: 2757: 2750: 2749:3-428-09101-9 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2722: 2717: 2702: 2700:3-88680-200-0 2696: 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1981:Volga Germans 1967: 1965: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1905:American zone 1902: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1807: 1802: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1753: 1748: 1746: 1741: 1739: 1736:, a faithful 1735: 1734:Lord Runciman 1731: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1698: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1652: 1651: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1425: 1423: 1422:Wickham Steed 1419: 1414: 1410: 1409:Gustav Hacker 1405: 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