314:, Kant's concept of "thing-in-itself". Jacobi agreed that the objective thing-in-itself cannot be directly known. However, he stated, it must be taken on belief. A subject must believe that there is a real object in the external world that is related to its subjective representation. This belief is a result of revelation or immediately known, but logically unproved, truth. The real existence of a thing-in-itself is revealed or disclosed to the observing subject. In this way, the subject directly knows the ideal, subjective representations that appear in the mind, and strongly believes in the real, objective thing-in-itself that exists outside the mind. By presenting the external world as an object of belief, Jacobi aimed to legitimize belief – or faith – in general.
193:
285:, the human mind is not capable of directly experiencing the external world as it is in itself. Instead, our experience of the world is mediated by the a priori categories and concepts that are inherent in the human mind. These categories and concepts, which Kant calls "transcendental" because they are necessary for any experience, structure and organize our experience of the world, but they do not provide us with direct access to the thing-in-itself, which is the ultimate reality.
3149:
20:
3136:
380:(1775–1854) claimed that the Fichte's "I" needs the Not-I, because there is no subject without object, and vice versa. So subjective representations are identical to the extended objects which are external to the mind. According to Schelling's "absolute identity" or "indifferentism", there is no difference between the subjective and the objective, that is, the ideal and the real.
391:
was a theologian who asserted that the ideal and the real are united in God. He understood the ideal as the subjective mental activities of thought, intellect, and reason. The real was, for him, the objective area of nature and physical being. Schleiermacher declared that the unity of the ideal and
584:
was invoked by
American ministers as they "turned to German idealism in the hope of finding comfort against English positivism and empiricism." German idealism was a substitute for religion after the Civil War when "Americans were drawn to German idealism because of a 'loss of faith in traditional
412:
critics left a foothold open for skepticism within the framework of Kant’s own philosophy. For now the question arose how two such heterogeneous realms as the intellectual and the sensible could be known to correspond with one another. The problem was no longer how we know that our representations
493:
Neo-Kantianism emphasizes the critical dimension of Kant's philosophy as against the perceived excesses of German
Idealism. It was the dominant philosophy in Germany during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Although there was considerable disagreement among the neo-Kantians themselves, they
365:
produced a philosophy similar to Kant's, but without a thing-in-itself. Fichte asserted that our representations are the productions of the "transcendental ego", that is, the knowing subject. For him, there is no external thing-in-itself. On the contrary, the subject is the source of the external
288:
Kant's transcendental idealism has two main components. The first is the idea that the human mind is not a passive recipient of sensory information, but is actively involved in shaping our experience of the world. The second is the idea that the nature of reality is ultimately unknowable to us,
340:
He thereby started, not from definitions, but, from a principle that referred to representations in a conscious mind. In this way, he analyzed knowledge into (1) the knowing subject, or observer, (2) the known object, and (3) the image or representation in the subject's mind.
352:
objected to Kant's critical philosophy as self-contradictory. According to Kant himself, the law of cause and effect only applies to the phenomena, not between phenomena and things-in-themselves. Yet, Kant directly claims that the thing-in-itself is the cause of phenomena.
403:
influenced German idealism by criticizing Kant's dichotomies, claiming that Kant did not explain how opposites such as sensibility and understanding could relate to each other. As he clearly saw, this presented a serious skeptical objection to the
Kantian project:
95:
The philosophical meaning of idealism is that those properties we discover in objects are dependent on the way that those objects appear to us. These properties belong to the appearance of objects, and are not necessarily something they possess "in themselves".
474:, who changed the anthropomorphic concept of God into that of an underlying substance, was praised by Hegel whose concept of absolute knowing fulfilled a similar function. Hegel claimed that "You are either a Spinozist or not a philosopher at all".
528:. John Rodman, in the introduction to his book on Thomas Hill Green's political theory, wrote: "Green is best seen as an exponent of German idealism as an answer to the dilemma posed by the discrediting of Christianity...."
454:
through history and the importance of other people in the awakening of self-consciousness. Thus Hegel introduced two important ideas to metaphysics and philosophy: the integral importance of history and intersubjectivity.
425:
Maimon attempted to resolve this problem by introducing the concept of "infinite mind". For this reason, Maimon can be said to have returned to pre-Kantian transcendent speculation. In the words of
392:
the real is manifested in God. The two divisions do not have a productive or causal effect on each other. Rather, they are both equally existent in the absolute transcendental entity which is God.
444:
applied more broadly to reality as such. Given that abstract thought is thus limited, he went on to consider how historical formations give rise to different philosophies and ways of thinking. In
167:. On this view, the world of appearances is "empirically real and transcendentally ideal." That is, the mind plays a central role in shaping our experience of the world: we perceive phenomena in
429:, "by reviving metaphysical ideas from within the problematic of the critical philosophy, he gave them a new legitimacy and opened up the possibility for a critical resurrection of metaphysics.
329:
in 1790 and 1792. He tried to prove Kant's assertion that humans and other animals can know only phenomena, never things-in-themselves. In order to establish his proof, Reinhold stated an
570:
that would 'keep alive the heart in the head.' " Some
American theologians and churchmen found value in German Idealism's theological concept of the infinite Absolute Ideal or
791:, Section 2, Chapter 1, A2. Spinoza. General Criticism of Spinoza's Philosophy, Second Point of View (cf. paragraph beginning with "The second point to be considered...")
292:
Kant restricted the domain of knowledge to objects of possible experience. His three most notable successors, however, would react against such stringent limits.
337:
could be deduced. His axiom was: "Representation is distinguished in consciousness by the subject from the subject and object, and is referred to both."
3186:
369:
Fichte claimed that this truth was apparent by means of intellectual intuition. That is, the truth can be immediately seen by the use of reason.
4299:
1090:
446:
1933:
2211:
4067:
140:
Kant's solution was to propose that, while we depend on objects of experience to know anything about the world, we can investigate
800:
Heis, Jeremy, "Neo-Kantianism", The
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2018 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <
1017:
1006:
2848:
937:
467:
441:
3179:
1063:
1026:
4100:
3574:
1417:
689:
377:
254:
36:
2474:
955:
2499:
965:
712:
563:
236:
214:
207:
3031:
144:
the form that our thoughts can take, determining the boundaries of possible experience. Kant calls this approach "
4062:
3172:
3061:
1083:
176:
2669:
3087:
2247:
589:
declared in his personal notes that 'Only Hegel is fit for
America — is large enough and free enough.' "
148:". It is less concerned with setting out positive doctrine than with critiquing the limits to the theories we
3414:
1661:
1246:
437:
258:
32:
3954:
3066:
2971:
2619:
1336:
3909:
3712:
2870:
2584:
1213:
105:
585:
cosmic explanations.' " "By the early 1870s, the infiltration of German idealism was so pronounced that
3924:
3864:
3717:
2737:
2406:
1712:
1488:
1076:
753:
666:
1122:
801:
3999:
3929:
3790:
2943:
1155:
1145:
865:
555:
440:
responded to Kant's philosophy by suggesting that the unsolvable contradictions given by Kant in his
307:
262:
119:
4294:
4160:
3979:
3785:
3046:
2609:
1859:
1699:
1696:
1422:
1256:
1241:
775:
644:
388:
201:
3509:
1013:
offers many suggestions on what to read, depending on the student's familiarity with the subject:
4180:
3859:
2624:
2565:
2518:
2376:
2339:
1707:
1622:
1612:
1536:
1402:
1374:
845:
612:
273:
influenced the direction the movement would take in the philosophies of his would-be successors.
156:
74:
3549:
727:"Fichte: Kantian or Spinozian? Three Interpretations of the Absolute I" by Alexandre Guilherme,
4093:
4049:
4014:
3974:
3899:
3884:
3374:
3195:
2757:
2689:
1769:
1607:
1185:
1160:
1150:
884:
362:
322:
250:
218:
46:
28:
3984:
3489:
744:(2000). "Chapter I: The Enlightenment and idealism Section V: The meta-critical campaign". In
3825:
3737:
3722:
3529:
3309:
2994:
2933:
2913:
2747:
2659:
2639:
2629:
2262:
2111:
1744:
1676:
1584:
1551:
1379:
1359:
1165:
617:
516:
as a basis for morality. His philosophy attempted to account for an eternal consciousness or
349:
266:
160:
4266:
3011:
2966:
2928:
2875:
2804:
2560:
2356:
2267:
2090:
2060:
1801:
1329:
1175:
1170:
62:
3464:
3449:
8:
4200:
4170:
3889:
3749:
3584:
3544:
3152:
3107:
3097:
3056:
3004:
2989:
2918:
2898:
2880:
2712:
2679:
2540:
2527:
2334:
2131:
2042:
1997:
1903:
1789:
1602:
1450:
943:
767:
741:
681:
636:
599:
541:
426:
145:
3554:
3454:
1864:
839:“The Absolute or World Spirit was easily identified with the God of Christianity....”, (
4272:
4246:
4210:
4205:
4175:
3949:
3869:
3800:
3727:
3504:
3389:
3319:
3269:
3102:
3071:
3051:
2999:
2981:
2956:
2951:
2903:
2890:
2857:
2752:
2654:
2589:
2545:
2489:
2329:
2158:
2052:
1960:
1764:
1643:
1634:
1597:
1592:
1498:
1493:
1470:
1389:
1203:
1130:
567:
451:
164:
129:
113:'s work purports to bridge the two dominant philosophical schools in the 18th century:
3459:
3409:
4165:
4155:
4140:
4123:
4086:
4009:
3914:
3820:
3629:
3209:
3140:
3041:
3036:
3021:
2961:
2923:
2908:
2865:
2436:
2396:
2314:
2242:
2225:
2203:
1831:
1806:
1617:
1437:
1180:
961:
933:
708:
537:
509:
78:
3399:
1014:
289:
because our experience of the world is mediated by the structures of our own minds.
4190:
4150:
4128:
3665:
3624:
3594:
3569:
3494:
3419:
3394:
3364:
3279:
3254:
3249:
3234:
3092:
3026:
3016:
2717:
2664:
2614:
2594:
2555:
2550:
2391:
2319:
2037:
1948:
1839:
1811:
1796:
1759:
1465:
1445:
1412:
1317:
1279:
1047:
1032:
606:
503:
576:. It provided a religious alternative to the traditional Christian concept of the
4236:
4135:
4044:
4039:
3969:
3934:
3795:
3690:
3650:
3599:
3519:
3439:
3404:
3384:
3349:
3344:
3324:
3284:
3264:
3219:
3214:
2798:
2767:
2732:
2697:
2575:
2426:
2282:
2193:
2181:
2166:
2141:
2116:
1886:
1754:
1749:
1666:
1651:
1324:
1208:
1021:
1010:
521:
1938:
4185:
3964:
3810:
3775:
3732:
3707:
3702:
3695:
3660:
3655:
3534:
3514:
3499:
3484:
3469:
3429:
3424:
3359:
3339:
3304:
3259:
3244:
2707:
2702:
2570:
2535:
2467:
2441:
2277:
2126:
2065:
1978:
1821:
1717:
1460:
1140:
1052:
546:"German idealism was initially introduced to the broader community of American
488:
471:
400:
270:
3559:
2148:
1923:
4288:
4261:
4029:
3994:
3919:
3754:
3589:
3539:
3474:
3434:
3294:
3274:
3224:
2762:
2674:
2604:
2346:
2136:
2070:
2027:
1896:
1521:
1307:
1289:
658:
334:
301:
282:
110:
54:
24:
3854:
850:, Houghton Mifflin, 1955, Chapter 1, “The Decline and Fall of the Absolute”)
4241:
3959:
3844:
3830:
3680:
3579:
3479:
3444:
3369:
3299:
3289:
3239:
3229:
2793:
2783:
2742:
2722:
2494:
2457:
2416:
2302:
2252:
1913:
1891:
1869:
1816:
1784:
1656:
1516:
1427:
1223:
1042:
1037:
974:
925:
840:
745:
586:
559:
53:
in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It developed out of the work of
4256:
4251:
4226:
4034:
3944:
3849:
3744:
3675:
3619:
3609:
3604:
3564:
3379:
3354:
3329:
3314:
3164:
2788:
2727:
2599:
2579:
2484:
2421:
2381:
2361:
2287:
2257:
1918:
1854:
1546:
1531:
1407:
1397:
1346:
1312:
1251:
127:, which holds that knowledge could be arrived at only through the senses
114:
58:
1003:
361:
After
Schulze had seriously criticized the notion of a thing-in-itself,
3989:
3894:
3334:
2634:
2462:
2411:
2401:
2272:
2176:
2121:
1928:
1908:
1774:
1541:
1455:
1284:
1231:
1195:
1099:
513:
134:
124:
19:
333:
that could not possibly be doubted. From this axiom, all knowledge of
4024:
4019:
4004:
3874:
3645:
3614:
3524:
2649:
2644:
2504:
2431:
2366:
2237:
2171:
1983:
1973:
1968:
1943:
1739:
1299:
1261:
1874:
494:
shared a commitment to some version of the "transcendental method".
408:
By thus pointing out these problematic dualisms, Maimon and the neo-
4109:
3904:
3815:
3770:
2479:
2386:
2351:
2309:
2297:
2085:
1879:
1779:
1722:
1526:
1480:
1364:
1059:
802:
https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/neo-kantianism/
90:
826:
James Marsh, as quoted by James A. Good (2002) in volume 2 of his
4195:
3805:
3685:
2106:
2080:
2075:
2017:
2012:
1844:
1732:
1727:
1686:
1508:
1354:
1236:
551:
459:
50:
3838:
2371:
2292:
2022:
1681:
1671:
1369:
1271:
409:
117:, which holds that knowledge could be attained by reason alone
3939:
3780:
2187:
1849:
1135:
1068:
948:
German
Idealism. The Struggle Against Subjectivism, 1781-1801
641:
German
Idealism: The Struggle Against Subjectivism, 1781–1801
577:
572:
330:
172:
65:. The period of German idealism after Kant is also known as
4231:
4078:
3879:
517:
168:
413:
correspond with things in themselves but how we know that
2032:
817:, New York: Appleton Century–Crofts, 1964, "Introduction"
772:
The Fate of Reason: German
Philosophy from Kant to Fichte
525:
463:
249:
The best-known German idealist thinkers, after Kant, are
57:
in the 1780s and 1790s, and was closely linked both with
512:
embraced German Idealism in order to support Christian
508:
In England, during the nineteenth century, philosopher
909:, vol. 9, p. 170, as quoted in James A. Good (2005),
848:: The Age of Analysis: twentieth century philosophers
23:
The four principal German idealists, clockwise from
957:
German Philosophy 1760–1860: The Legacy of Idealism
663:
German Philosophy 1760–1860: The Legacy of Idealism
679:
4286:
133:(after experience), as expressed by philosopher
932:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
828:The early American reception of German idealism
4094:
3180:
1084:
789:Hegel's Lectures on the History of Philosophy
950:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002.
770:(1987). "10: Maimon's Critical Philosophy".
73:. One scheme divides German idealists into
4101:
4087:
3194:
3187:
3173:
1091:
1077:
984:Solomon, R., and K. Higgins, (eds). 1993.
930:The Cambridge Companion to German Idealism
750:The Cambridge Companion to German Idealism
137:, whose skepticism Kant sought to rebut.
859:
327:Letters Concerning the Kantian Philosophy
237:Learn how and when to remove this message
155:There is, however, a positive doctrine: "
981:. New Haven: Yale University Press 1967.
200:This article includes a list of general
18:
953:
657:
81:, associated with Schelling and Hegel.
77:, associated with Kant and Fichte, and
4287:
878:
766:
740:
635:
84:
61:and the revolutionary politics of the
4082:
3985:Violence § Philosophical perspectives
3168:
2830:
1572:
1110:
1072:
731:, (2010), Volume 29, Number 1, p. 14.
4300:Philosophical schools and traditions
1015:Nineteenth-Century German Philosophy
450:, he went on to trace formations of
261:. Critics of Kant's project such as
186:
1064:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1027:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
815:The Political Theory of T. H. Green
729:South African Journal of Philosophy
686:Idealism: A History of a Philosophy
566:in the early 1820s, Marsh sought a
497:
13:
702:
378:Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling
206:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
4311:
996:
482:
383:
312:On Faith, or Idealism and Realism
3148:
3147:
3134:
890:
531:
191:
986:Routledge History of Philosophy
919:
911:A search for unity in diversity
899:
893:A search for unity in diversity
872:
853:
833:
820:
807:
690:McGill-Queen's University Press
177:categories of the understanding
1098:
960:. Cambridge University Press.
862:History of American philosophy
794:
782:
760:
734:
721:
696:
673:
651:
629:
1:
4201:Buddhist (consciousness-only)
2831:
1004:London Philosophy Study Guide
705:Understanding German Idealism
623:
438:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
4108:
2620:Ordinary language philosophy
1111:
477:
372:
182:
7:
3910:Interpellation (philosophy)
3713:Non-representational theory
2670:Contemporary utilitarianism
2585:Internalism and externalism
979:Lectures on Modern Idealism
860:Schneider, Herbert (1963).
592:
462:the traditional concept of
447:The Phenomenology of Spirit
366:thing, object, or non-ego.
317:
123:(prior to experience), and
106:Timeline of German idealism
10:
4316:
3865:Existence precedes essence
1934:Svatantrika and Prasangika
1573:
990:The Age of German Idealism
864:(2nd ed.). New York:
754:Cambridge University Press
667:Cambridge University Press
535:
501:
486:
344:
299:
159:", which is distinct from
103:
99:
88:
4219:
4116:
4058:
4000:Hermeneutics of suspicion
3763:
3638:
3202:
3128:
3080:
2980:
2942:
2889:
2856:
2847:
2843:
2826:
2776:
2688:
2526:
2517:
2450:
2233:
2224:
2202:
2157:
2099:
2051:
2005:
1996:
1959:
1830:
1695:
1642:
1633:
1583:
1579:
1568:
1507:
1479:
1436:
1388:
1345:
1298:
1270:
1222:
1194:
1156:Philosophy of mathematics
1146:Philosophy of information
1121:
1117:
1106:
879:Dowler, Lawrence (1974).
866:Columbia University Press
558:. Studying theology with
442:Antinomies of Pure Reason
395:
356:
325:published two volumes of
308:Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi
295:
3980:Transvaluation of values
3786:Apollonian and Dionysian
776:Harvard University Press
645:Harvard University Press
432:
389:Friedrich Schleiermacher
75:transcendental idealists
4237:Plato's Theory of Ideas
2625:Postanalytic philosophy
2566:Experimental philosophy
954:Pinkard, Terry (2002).
846:The Mentor Philosophers
684:; Watson, Sean (2011).
613:Speculative materialism
310:addressed, in his book
276:
221:more precise citations.
157:transcendental idealism
4196:Magical (thaumaturgic)
4050:Philosophy of language
4015:Linguistic determinism
3925:Master–slave dialectic
3900:Historical materialism
3196:Continental philosophy
2758:Social constructionism
1770:Hellenistic philosophy
1186:Theoretical philosophy
1161:Philosophy of religion
1151:Philosophy of language
992:. New York: Routledge.
885:University of Maryland
423:
363:Johann Gottlieb Fichte
323:Karl Leonhard Reinhold
47:philosophical movement
39:
16:Philosophical movement
3930:Master–slave morality
3738:Psychoanalytic theory
3141:Philosophy portal
2660:Scientific skepticism
2640:Reformed epistemology
1166:Philosophy of science
907:The complete writings
618:Teleological idealism
580:. The Absolute Ideal
458:Hegel also claims to
406:
350:Gottlob Ernst Schulze
267:Gottlob Ernst Schulze
67:post-Kantian idealism
22:
4267:Idealistic pluralism
2561:Critical rationalism
2268:Edo neo-Confucianism
2112:Acintya bheda abheda
2091:Renaissance humanism
1802:School of the Sextii
1176:Practical philosophy
1171:Political philosophy
768:Beiser, Frederick C.
742:Beiser, Frederick C.
682:Grant, Iain Hamilton
643:. Vol. Part I.
637:Beiser, Frederick C.
520:that was similar to
466:with his concept of
4191:Monistic (Shaivism)
3750:Speculative realism
2132:Nimbarka Sampradaya
2043:Korean Confucianism
1790:Academic Skepticism
944:Frederick C. Beiser
891:Good, James Allan.
692:. p. 303 n. 4.
600:Geisteswissenschaft
542:St. Louis Hegelians
427:Frederick C. Beiser
165:subjective idealism
146:critical philosophy
85:Meaning of idealism
27:in the upper left:
4273:Idealistic Studies
4247:Consciousness-only
3870:Existential crisis
3801:Binary oppositions
3728:Post-structuralism
2753:Post-structuralism
2655:Scientific realism
2610:Quinean naturalism
2590:Logical positivism
2546:Analytical Marxism
1765:Peripatetic school
1677:Chinese naturalism
1204:Aesthetic response
1131:Applied philosophy
1020:2007-11-20 at the
1009:2009-09-23 at the
568:Christian theology
452:self-consciousness
417:concepts apply to
255:F. W. J. Schelling
161:classical idealism
79:absolute idealists
40:
37:F. W. J. Schelling
4282:
4281:
4076:
4075:
4010:Linguistic theory
3915:Intersubjectivity
3162:
3161:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3115:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2541:Analytic feminism
2513:
2512:
2475:Kierkegaardianism
2437:Transcendentalism
2397:Neo-scholasticism
2243:Classical Realism
2220:
2219:
1992:
1991:
1807:Neopythagoreanism
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1181:Social philosophy
938:978-0-521-65695-5
538:Transcendentalism
510:Thomas Hill Green
247:
246:
239:
175:according to the
4307:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4080:
4079:
3666:Frankfurt School
3189:
3182:
3175:
3166:
3165:
3151:
3150:
3139:
3138:
3137:
2854:
2853:
2845:
2844:
2828:
2827:
2718:Frankfurt School
2665:Transactionalism
2615:Normative ethics
2595:Legal positivism
2571:Falsificationism
2556:Consequentialism
2551:Communitarianism
2524:
2523:
2392:New Confucianism
2231:
2230:
2038:Neo-Confucianism
2003:
2002:
1812:Second Sophistic
1797:Middle Platonism
1640:
1639:
1581:
1580:
1570:
1569:
1413:Epiphenomenalism
1280:Consequentialism
1214:Institutionalism
1119:
1118:
1108:
1107:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1070:
1069:
971:
914:
903:
897:
896:
888:
881:The New Idealism
876:
870:
869:
857:
851:
837:
831:
824:
818:
811:
805:
798:
792:
786:
780:
779:
764:
758:
757:
738:
732:
725:
719:
718:
707:. pp. 3–6.
700:
694:
693:
680:Dunham, Jeremy;
677:
671:
670:
655:
649:
648:
633:
607:Naturphilosophie
564:Andover Seminary
504:British idealism
498:British idealism
242:
235:
231:
228:
222:
217:this article by
208:inline citations
195:
194:
187:
49:that emerged in
4315:
4314:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4295:German idealism
4285:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4215:
4161:Epistemological
4112:
4107:
4077:
4072:
4054:
4045:Postcolonialism
4040:Linguistic turn
3970:Totalitarianism
3935:Oedipus complex
3796:Being in itself
3759:
3671:German idealism
3651:Critical theory
3634:
3550:Ortega y Gasset
3198:
3193:
3163:
3158:
3135:
3133:
3112:
3076:
2976:
2938:
2885:
2839:
2838:
2810:
2799:Russian cosmism
2772:
2768:Western Marxism
2733:New Historicism
2698:Critical theory
2684:
2680:Wittgensteinian
2576:Foundationalism
2509:
2446:
2427:Social contract
2283:Foundationalism
2216:
2198:
2182:Illuminationism
2167:Aristotelianism
2153:
2142:Vishishtadvaita
2095:
2047:
1988:
1955:
1826:
1755:Megarian school
1750:Eretrian school
1691:
1652:Agriculturalism
1629:
1575:
1556:
1503:
1475:
1432:
1384:
1341:
1325:Incompatibilism
1294:
1266:
1218:
1190:
1113:
1102:
1097:
1060:German Idealism
1022:Wayback Machine
1011:Wayback Machine
999:
968:
922:
917:
913:, ch. 2, p. 57.
904:
900:
877:
873:
858:
854:
838:
834:
825:
821:
812:
808:
799:
795:
787:
783:
765:
761:
739:
735:
726:
722:
715:
701:
697:
678:
674:
656:
652:
634:
630:
626:
595:
544:
536:Main articles:
534:
506:
500:
491:
485:
480:
468:absolute spirit
435:
398:
386:
375:
359:
347:
320:
304:
298:
279:
243:
232:
226:
223:
213:Please help to
212:
196:
192:
185:
108:
102:
93:
87:
71:post-Kantianism
43:German idealism
17:
12:
11:
5:
4313:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4223:
4221:
4220:Related topics
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4181:Transcendental
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4106:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4083:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3965:Self-deception
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3813:
3811:Class struggle
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3776:Always already
3773:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3733:Psychoanalysis
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3708:Non-philosophy
3705:
3703:Neo-Kantianism
3700:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3661:Existentialism
3658:
3656:Deconstruction
3653:
3648:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3192:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3169:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3144:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3008:
3007:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2944:Middle Eastern
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2851:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2708:Existentialism
2705:
2703:Deconstruction
2700:
2694:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2536:Applied ethics
2532:
2530:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2500:Nietzscheanism
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2442:Utilitarianism
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2340:Transcendental
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2278:Existentialism
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2066:Augustinianism
2063:
2057:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1979:Zoroastrianism
1976:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1836:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1822:Church Fathers
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1704:
1702:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1646:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1595:
1589:
1587:
1577:
1576:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1442:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1351:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1337:Libertarianism
1334:
1333:
1332:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1141:Metaphilosophy
1138:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1115:
1114:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1024:
998:
997:External links
995:
994:
993:
982:
972:
966:
951:
941:
921:
918:
916:
915:
905:Walt Whitman,
898:
871:
868:. p. 376.
852:
832:
819:
806:
793:
781:
778:. p. 287.
759:
733:
720:
713:
703:Dudley, Will.
695:
672:
669:. p. 217.
659:Pinkard, Terry
650:
627:
625:
622:
621:
620:
615:
610:
603:
594:
591:
554:intellectual,
533:
530:
524:'s concept of
502:Main article:
499:
496:
489:Neo-Kantianism
487:Main article:
484:
483:Neo-Kantianism
481:
479:
476:
472:Baruch Spinoza
434:
431:
401:Salomon Maimon
397:
394:
385:
384:Schleiermacher
382:
374:
371:
358:
355:
346:
343:
319:
316:
297:
294:
278:
275:
271:Salomon Maimon
259:G. W. F. Hegel
245:
244:
227:September 2022
199:
197:
190:
184:
181:
101:
98:
89:Main article:
86:
83:
33:G. W. F. Hegel
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4312:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4262:Phenomenalism
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4104:
4099:
4097:
4092:
4090:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4030:Media studies
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3995:Will to power
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3920:Leap of faith
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3755:Structuralism
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3723:Postmodernism
3721:
3719:
3718:Phenomenology
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3530:Merleau-Ponty
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3185:
3183:
3178:
3176:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3155:
3154:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:Miscellaneous
3079:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:Miscellaneous
2775:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2763:Structuralism
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2748:Postmodernism
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:Phenomenology
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2675:Vienna Circle
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2605:Moral realism
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2407:Phenomenology
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2347:Individualism
2345:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2212:Judeo-Islamic
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2188:ʿIlm al-Kalām
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2137:Shuddhadvaita
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2071:Scholasticism
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1567:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1522:Conceptualism
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1451:Particularism
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1418:Functionalism
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1403:Eliminativism
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1308:Compatibilism
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1247:Particularism
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1001:
1000:
991:
987:
983:
980:
976:
973:
969:
967:9780521663816
963:
959:
958:
952:
949:
945:
942:
939:
935:
931:
927:
924:
923:
912:
908:
902:
895:. p. 83.
894:
889:as quoted in
887:. p. 13.
886:
882:
875:
867:
863:
856:
849:
847:
842:
836:
829:
823:
816:
813:John Rodman,
810:
803:
797:
790:
785:
777:
773:
769:
763:
756:. p. 28.
755:
751:
747:
746:Ameriks, Karl
743:
737:
730:
724:
716:
714:9781844653935
710:
706:
699:
691:
687:
683:
676:
668:
664:
660:
654:
646:
642:
638:
632:
628:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
608:
604:
602:
601:
597:
596:
590:
588:
583:
579:
575:
574:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
543:
539:
532:United States
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
505:
495:
490:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
453:
449:
448:
443:
439:
430:
428:
422:
420:
416:
411:
405:
402:
393:
390:
381:
379:
370:
367:
364:
354:
351:
342:
338:
336:
335:consciousness
332:
328:
324:
315:
313:
309:
303:
302:Leap of faith
293:
290:
286:
284:
283:Immanuel Kant
281:According to
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
241:
238:
230:
220:
216:
210:
209:
203:
198:
189:
188:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
153:
151:
147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:Immanuel Kant
107:
97:
92:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
63:Enlightenment
60:
56:
55:Immanuel Kant
52:
48:
44:
38:
34:
30:
26:
25:Immanuel Kant
21:
4271:
4242:Anti-realism
4145:
3960:Ressentiment
3845:Death of God
3837:
3831:Postcritique
3791:Authenticity
3681:Hermeneutics
3670:
3585:Schopenhauer
3490:Lévi-Strauss
3203:Philosophers
3146:
3132:
2803:
2794:Postcritique
2784:Kyoto School
2743:Posthumanism
2723:Hermeneutics
2578: /
2519:Contemporary
2495:Newtonianism
2458:Cartesianism
2417:Reductionism
2324:
2253:Conservatism
2248:Collectivism
2186:
1914:Sarvāstivadā
1892:Anekantavada
1817:Neoplatonism
1785:Epicureanism
1718:Pythagoreans
1657:Confucianism
1623:Contemporary
1613:Early modern
1517:Anti-realism
1471:Universalism
1428:Subjectivism
1224:Epistemology
1029:articles on
989:
985:
978:
975:Josiah Royce
956:
947:
929:
926:Karl Ameriks
920:Bibliography
910:
906:
901:
892:
880:
874:
861:
855:
844:
841:Morton White
835:
827:
822:
814:
809:
796:
788:
784:
771:
762:
749:
736:
728:
723:
704:
698:
685:
675:
662:
653:
640:
631:
605:
598:
587:Walt Whitman
581:
571:
560:Moses Stuart
547:
545:
507:
492:
457:
445:
436:
424:
419:a posteriori
418:
414:
407:
399:
387:
376:
368:
360:
348:
339:
326:
321:
311:
305:
291:
287:
280:
263:F. H. Jacobi
251:J. G. Fichte
248:
233:
224:
205:
154:
149:
141:
139:
130:a posteriori
128:
118:
109:
94:
70:
66:
42:
41:
29:J. G. Fichte
4257:Panpsychism
4252:Rationalism
4227:Metaphysics
4035:Film theory
3945:Ontopoetics
3850:Death drive
3826:Ideological
3745:Romanticism
3676:Hegelianism
3450:Kierkegaard
3310:Castoriadis
3270:de Beauvoir
3255:Baudrillard
2789:Objectivism
2728:Neo-Marxism
2690:Continental
2600:Meta-ethics
2580:Coherentism
2485:Hegelianism
2422:Rationalism
2382:Natural law
2362:Materialism
2288:Historicism
2258:Determinism
2149:Navya-Nyāya
1924:Sautrāntika
1919:Pudgalavada
1855:Vaisheshika
1708:Presocratic
1608:Renaissance
1547:Physicalism
1532:Materialism
1438:Normativity
1423:Objectivism
1408:Emergentism
1398:Behaviorism
1347:Metaphysics
1313:Determinism
1252:Rationalism
988:, Vol. VI:
556:James Marsh
421:intuitions.
219:introducing
115:rationalism
59:Romanticism
4289:Categories
4171:Subjective
3990:Wertkritik
3895:Hauntology
3860:Difference
3855:Différance
3595:Sloterdijk
3465:Kołakowski
3088:Amerindian
2995:Australian
2934:Vietnamese
2914:Indonesian
2463:Kantianism
2412:Positivism
2402:Pragmatism
2377:Naturalism
2357:Liberalism
2335:Subjective
2273:Empiricism
2177:Avicennism
2122:Bhedabheda
2006:East Asian
1929:Madhyamaka
1909:Abhidharma
1775:Pyrrhonism
1542:Nominalism
1537:Naturalism
1466:Skepticism
1456:Relativism
1446:Absolutism
1375:Naturalism
1285:Deontology
1257:Skepticism
1242:Naturalism
1232:Empiricism
1196:Aesthetics
1100:Philosophy
688:. Durham:
624:References
550:through a
514:monotheism
300:See also:
202:references
152:set out.
135:David Hume
125:empiricism
104:See also:
69:or simply
4211:Political
4206:Practical
4176:Objective
4025:Semiotics
4020:Semantics
4005:Discourse
3885:Genealogy
3875:Facticity
3646:Absurdism
3575:Schelling
3545:Nietzsche
3420:Heidegger
3235:Bachelard
3220:Althusser
2967:Pakistani
2929:Taiwanese
2876:Ethiopian
2849:By region
2835:By region
2650:Scientism
2645:Systemics
2505:Spinozism
2432:Socialism
2367:Modernism
2330:Objective
2238:Anarchism
2172:Averroism
2061:Christian
2013:Neotaoism
1984:Zurvanism
1974:Mithraism
1969:Mazdakism
1740:Cyrenaics
1667:Logicians
1300:Free will
1262:Solipsism
1209:Formalism
1062:from the
1053:Schelling
883:(Ph.D.).
582:Weltgeist
478:Responses
373:Schelling
306:In 1787,
183:Theorists
4166:Platonic
4156:Monistic
4141:Canadian
4124:Absolute
4110:Idealism
4063:Category
3905:Ideology
3821:Immanent
3816:Critique
3771:Alterity
3764:Concepts
3639:Theories
3625:Williams
3600:Spengler
3555:Rancière
3485:Lefebvre
3470:Kristeva
3435:Irigaray
3430:Ingarden
3410:Habermas
3400:Guattari
3385:Foucault
3360:Eagleton
3305:Cassirer
3285:Bourdieu
3280:Blanchot
3265:Benjamin
3250:Bataille
3153:Category
3108:Yugoslav
3098:Romanian
3005:Scottish
2990:American
2919:Japanese
2899:Buddhist
2881:Africana
2871:Egyptian
2713:Feminist
2635:Rawlsian
2630:Quietism
2528:Analytic
2480:Krausism
2387:Nihilism
2352:Kokugaku
2315:Absolute
2310:Idealism
2298:Humanism
2086:Occamism
2053:European
1998:Medieval
1944:Yogacara
1904:Buddhist
1897:Syādvāda
1780:Stoicism
1745:Cynicism
1733:Sophists
1728:Atomists
1723:Eleatics
1662:Legalism
1603:Medieval
1527:Idealism
1481:Ontology
1461:Nihilism
1365:Idealism
1123:Branches
1112:Branches
1048:Reinhold
1018:Archived
1007:Archived
830:, p. 43.
661:(2002).
639:(2002).
593:See also
548:literati
522:Berkeley
415:a priori
318:Reinhold
142:a priori
120:a priori
91:Idealism
4151:Italian
4129:British
3890:Habitus
3806:Boredom
3696:Freudo-
3691:Western
3686:Marxism
3610:Strauss
3580:Schmitt
3520:Marcuse
3510:Lyotard
3500:Luhmann
3495:Levinas
3445:Jaspers
3440:Jameson
3425:Husserl
3405:Gramsci
3395:Gentile
3390:Gadamer
3350:Dilthey
3345:Derrida
3340:Deleuze
3275:Bergson
3245:Barthes
3215:Agamben
3103:Russian
3072:Spanish
3067:Slovene
3057:Maltese
3052:Italian
3032:Finland
3000:British
2982:Western
2972:Turkish
2957:Islamic
2952:Iranian
2904:Chinese
2891:Eastern
2858:African
2805:more...
2490:Marxism
2320:British
2263:Dualism
2159:Islamic
2117:Advaita
2107:Vedanta
2081:Scotism
2076:Thomism
2018:Tiantai
1961:Persian
1949:Tibetan
1939:Śūnyatā
1880:Cārvāka
1870:Ājīvika
1865:Mīmāṃsā
1845:Samkhya
1760:Academy
1713:Ionians
1687:Yangism
1644:Chinese
1635:Ancient
1598:Western
1593:Ancient
1552:Realism
1509:Reality
1499:Process
1380:Realism
1360:Dualism
1355:Atomism
1237:Fideism
928:(ed.),
748:(ed.).
552:Vermont
460:sublate
345:Schulze
215:improve
100:History
51:Germany
4186:Indian
4146:German
4136:Actual
3839:Dasein
3590:Serres
3570:Sartre
3560:Ricœur
3515:Marcel
3505:Lukács
3480:Latour
3455:Kojève
3380:Fisher
3375:Fichte
3365:Engels
3335:Debord
3330:de Man
3320:Cixous
3315:Cioran
3295:Butler
3260:Bauman
3240:Badiou
3225:Arendt
3210:Adorno
3062:Polish
3042:German
3037:French
3022:Danish
3012:Canada
2962:Jewish
2924:Korean
2909:Indian
2451:People
2372:Monism
2325:German
2293:Holism
2226:Modern
2204:Jewish
2127:Dvaita
2100:Indian
2023:Huayan
1875:Ajñana
1832:Indian
1697:Greco-
1682:Taoism
1672:Mohism
1618:Modern
1585:By era
1574:By era
1489:Action
1370:Monism
1290:Virtue
1272:Ethics
1033:Fichte
964:
936:
843:(Ed.)
711:
410:Humean
396:Maimon
357:Fichte
296:Jacobi
269:, and
257:, and
204:, but
4117:Forms
4068:Index
3975:Trace
3955:Power
3950:Other
3940:Ontic
3781:Angst
3630:Žižek
3615:Weber
3605:Stein
3540:Negri
3535:Nancy
3475:Lacan
3460:Koyré
3415:Hegel
3370:Fanon
3325:Croce
3300:Camus
3290:Buber
3093:Aztec
3047:Greek
3027:Dutch
3017:Czech
2866:Bantu
2303:Anti-
1850:Nyaya
1840:Hindu
1700:Roman
1494:Event
1136:Logic
1038:Hegel
804:>.
578:Deity
573:Geist
433:Hegel
331:axiom
173:space
45:is a
4232:Idea
3880:Gaze
3620:Weil
3565:Said
3525:Marx
3230:Aron
2194:Sufi
2028:Chan
1887:Jain
1860:Yoga
1390:Mind
1330:Hard
1318:Hard
1043:Kant
1002:The
962:ISBN
934:ISBN
709:ISBN
540:and
518:mind
277:Kant
171:and
169:time
163:and
3355:Eco
2468:Neo
2033:Zen
562:at
526:God
464:God
150:can
4291::
977:,
946:,
774:.
752:.
665:.
470:.
265:,
253:,
179:.
35:,
31:,
4102:e
4095:t
4088:v
3188:e
3181:t
3174:v
1092:e
1085:t
1078:v
970:.
940:.
717:.
647:.
240:)
234:(
229:)
225:(
211:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
