GEMA (German organization)

40: 2273:, who wrote regarding the introduction of the PRO process that, "For an extrapolation process heavily impacting the income distribution of members to be introduced without a membership resolution is simply intolerable and furthermore against regulations, according to the opinion of many legal experts." Evers further charged: "This paternalism would rob GEMA members of their voting rights regarding an essential domain of their assets. They are almost being deprived of their right of decision by their own trustees!" Evers demanded that: "The only way that the executive board and directorial board can get out of this crisis of confidence that has arisen through the patronization of members lies in the immediate dismissal of the PRO process and the development of a new process with the participation and approval of its members!" 454:). Those who have signed a deed of assignment with GEMA but do not fulfill the requirements for extraordinary membership can become associated members—along with those whose application for membership status has been refused. Associated members do not count as members in the legal sense, as defined in the German civil code concerning associations. Full and extraordinary members must be either composers, lyricists, or music publishers. Extraordinary members can become full members, when they have received at least €30,000 in fee payouts from GEMA over five consecutive years (of which the yearly income must be at least €1,800 for four of the five years). There is an elevated minimum revenue for publishers, currently at €75,000 over five years (with a yearly minimum of €4,500 for four of those years). 1863:, demanded a court-backed disclosure of GEMA's business practices. According her own statements, Clear paid a total of €80,000 in fees for her concerts between 2004 and 2007 and received around €10,000 in payouts, despite more than half of the performed music being composed, texted, and performed by herself. By her own calculations, she expected a return of approximately €33,000. The verdict, made on 10 June 2010 in the Munich regional court, found in favor of GEMA on all points and, due to incomplete information from Clear, negotiated payments were limited to approximately €23,000 in fees to GEMA and ca. €10,000 in payouts to Clear. The grounds for judgment stated that any claim to payment that may arise does not do so out of the 2035:, as well as many videos containing background music, have been unavailable in Germany since the end of March 2009 after the previous agreement had expired and negotiations for a new license agreement were stopped. According to Google, GEMA sought to raise its fee charged to YouTube to a "prohibitive" 12 euro cents per streamed video - a claim that is disputed by GEMA speaker Bettina Müller stating their proposal was 1 euro cent only plus a breakdown by composer. The issue was to be taken up by a California court. Google Inc., the world's biggest Internet search engine company, partly lost a German copyright infringement suit over how much it must do to remove illegal music videos from its YouTube website. 396:, fulfilling the requirement of maintaining a payout-level from GEMA above a certain minimum value. Until then, they belong to the status category of "extraordinary member," with limited voting rights (and usually a meagre share of fee revenues, ca. 4.8% in 2010). Other people, who are indeed authors but neither composers nor lyricists (nor publishers nor inheritors of authors), can also enter into a deed of assignment with GEMA; however, these authors cannot gain full membership, instead remaining so-called "associated members." The overwhelming majority of those represented by GEMA have no access to membership status as defined and protected under the 2548:), the award ceremony takes place in Berlin with about 300 guests in attendance from the worlds of music, culture, business, media, and politics. This award recognizes composers and lyricists for the outstanding quality of their work. The award is conferred in ten categories, and the honorees are selected by an independent jury of experts: composers, lyricists, and producers from a variety of musical genres. The award for the "up-and-coming" category comes with a monetary prize amounting to €10,000. All other categories bestow non-monetary awards. 889: 2399:(see above) into account, which gives organizers the ability to have their licensing payments based on the actual number of spectators at their events. The numbers that have been disseminated in the media have greatly distorted public perceptions of the consequences of the tariff reforms. Additionally, there is a growing assumption in the media that discos will be especially reluctant to calculate their costs based on spectator-turnout numbers, since these numbers were not previously monitored and likewise not fully counted. 2013: 2469:, GEMA presumes maximum occupancy at events in clubs and discos. But this does not reflect actual/typical turnout. For example, Scheffler's venue has a capacity of 2,000 people, but nonetheless turnout usually hovers at around 500 visitors. But with the new tariff reforms, he will have to pay for 2000 guests, even if they do not show up in those numbers. Due to this, Scheffler plans to quit organizing disco-format events, since he will have to pay €60,000 instead of €3,000 starting in 2013. 2410:) calculated that a club with two dance-floors of a combined total surface area of 720 m (7750 sq. ft.) charging €8 at the door will see a rise in GEMA fees from €21,553 yearly to €147,916. Under the new system, event licensing fees increase by 50% if the music runs longer than five hours. Many other model calculations made the rounds as well, according to which only one-time events such as a marksmanship festivals and very small clubs would actually profit from the new tariff scheme. 458:

members (2010: 64%), whose repertoire represents the lion's share of the listed works. The distribution of revenue and disbursement procedures are decided annually at the general assembly, which consists of approximately 3,000 full members as well as 64 delegates representing the associated and extraordinary members. The general assembly elects the 15 members of the board of directors (6 composers, 4 lyricists, 5 publishers). The board of directors appoints the chairperson.

290: 2364:—but they were of the opinion that such cases would be isolated. The tariff reforms were based on requests made to GEMA for a simplified tariff structure and a fairer distribution of tariffs between cultural event-organizers and discos. For years discos have paid much less than cultural event-organizers, and there has been a great deal of criticism—including from the political sphere—of the subvention of discos. GEMA also criticized 1015:"The Institute pursues absolutely no private business purposes. It is only an intermediary agency. It does not collect reserve funds. A trade profit is out of the question. Administrative costs will be deducted from incoming fees, along with a further 10% contribution to the co-operative's relief fund. All remaining income, down to the last penny, will be distributed to the beneficiary composers, lyricists, and publishers." 2039:

talks following the verdict remained fruitless, and so the collecting society could not ensure legal certainty for its members. Moreover, GEMA demanded more transparency from the Google-subsidiary in their ongoing negotiations. YouTube also launched an appeal against the 20 April verdict, on the grounds that "the implementation of filters would compromise innovation and freedom of speech."

2090:—which is currently possible in France. In GEMA's view, such arrangements would prevent the society from ensuring the effective and commercial exercise of legal rights, which the EU-Commission should also recognize (according to evidence and business decisions from 1971 to 1974). One can only revoke the transfer of usage rights and manage them oneself in individual law sectors ( 2086:, the rights-holder grants GEMA comprehensive exclusive usage rights as a trustee to all of his/her current and future creative works. It is thereafter impossible to publish single works under another license (e.g., a free license). It is likewise impossible to release works for non-commercial use—such as the "nc" varieties available through 1779:

the same rights and duties to foreign counterparts holding corresponding legal positions in their own territories. In each case, a foreign society operates as a trustee for the rights-exercising collecting society: it has no influence over how and when the collecting society will disburse the collected royalties to its member authors.

465:), 12 lyricists (of which at least 6 inheritors), and 20 publishers. In 2010, there were 6 inheritors among the extraordinary members (0.1%) and 3,749 among the associated members (6.9%). As a consequence, a minority of 26 currently-active composers and lyricists must contend with a majority of 38 rights managers and legal successors. 567:(IFPI) applied to lower the licensing fee rates for sound recording media from 9.009% to 5.6% of the manufacturer's price. GEMA criticized this push as "an attempt by the German phonographic industry to solve their problems on the backs and at the expense of creative composers and lyricists." In 2005, the board of arbitration of the 1976:, Regener railed against "no-cost-culture" in the music industry and vehemently advocated the strengthening of authors' rights and of GEMA (Regener: "We are GEMA, the composers and lyricists"). He accused opponents of copyright with undermining the value of art. He also criticized YouTube, the video portal for the internet company 2244:) without a resolution from the General Assembly—and which just happened to benefit the members of the executive board, including its chairman at the time, Otto Krause. He accused him of exploitation and personal enrichment, because he sometimes collected sums that were 100 times the incoming licensing fees collected for his old 2458:) organized a "moment of silence" protest, in which the music of 500 clubs and discos in Germany fell silent between 23:55 and midnight. The manager of the association, Stephan Büttner, intended to use this collective gesture of protest to inform patrons and spectators about the impact of the new tariff system. 2506:

announced in press statements that they had reached an interim agreement that would delay the implementation of the tariff reforms for a year (until 1 January 2014)—allowing another year to negotiate further over the licensing fee structures—and during the year 2013 all flat-rate event licensing fees

2386:

A table on the GEMA website indicates that most of the licensing fees will go down in 2013, but nevertheless a club in Frankfurt with a surface area of 300 m (3230 sq. ft.) will currently pay a yearly lump sum between €8,000 and €10,000 for GEMA fees. This would constitute a 500% increase in tariffs.

2155:

extrapolation procedures. This system for dividing up royalties led to drastic deficits for a portion of members, since oft-played but seldom-reported works became more expensive during the settlement process. Dance bands, solo entertainers, etc. play the standard repertoire but rarely feel compelled

1896:

It came to light on 28 May 2010, that two employees along with ten GEMA members were embroiled in a fraud scandal, in which money was paid out for events that never took place. At the same time, another fraud trial was already being litigated against another GEMA employee for another case. At a press

1010:

In 1904, the GDT published a memorandum on the spirit and purpose of the AFMA, as there remained a great deal of confusion—as much among musicians as among event promoters and users. A central point of the memo was the following paragraph, most of whose contents now appear in the association rules of

328:

with GEMA without fulfilling the professional requirements for full membership. Members of this last group are termed "associated members" within the organization, but they do not enjoy the rights associated with membership under German law of association. As of 2010, GEMA also represents a further 2

2038:

On 20 April 2012, the regional court of Hamburg decided in favor of GEMA in the dispute with YouTube, ordering the removal of seven copyright-protected videos from its platform. Despite its victory, GEMA nonetheless launched an appeal against the verdict on 21 May 2012, because according to GEMA the

1900:

GEMA garnered a great deal of attention in January 2011 when it sent a letter to 36,000 Kindergartens, charging them a yearly lump-sum fee of €56 for the photocopying of music scores with children's songs on them. More importantly, the Kindergartens were obligated to maintain an exact itemization of

1312:

succeeded Erich Schulze as chairman of the board. Towards the end of his term of office, he dedicated himself to fighting against digitalization. He characterized GEMA as the "Lighthouse of Culture" and a "rock in the surf of the waves of digitalization." According to him, GEMA succeeded in avoiding

2442:

indicated that, starting in 2013, it would have to pay %1400 more in GEMA fees than it did before and therefore was considering closing at the end of 2012. Berghain later announced in mid-August that the club would not shut its doors in the new year, but instead would cancel their planned expansion

1833:

initiated by Monika Bestle on 19 May 2003, artists and event-organizers demanded a revision of GEMA's regulations with respect to better transparency, adjusted payment methods and other critical points. The petition was signed by 106,575 citizens and remains under parliamentary review since 17 July

1748:

After the deduction of expenditures, GEMA's income is paid out to rights holders (approximately 40% to members and 60% to other rights-holders). During the payout process in 2010, an average of ca. €58,000 were apportioned to each full member, ca. €2,270 to each extraordinary member, and ca. €1,300

2293:

music videos can be viewed on YouTube: "It's not because of us. We have licensed our content to market players. You need to ask this question to the collecting society GEMA, who is very restrictive in its copyright licensing. We're losing millions in revenue as a result. By the way, this is one of

2188:

Since organizers pay concert fees that are calculated using the event venue's size and the admission price, there is a danger that organizer will be saddled with the costs, should the actual sales for the appearance of an artist not cover the incurred GEMA charges. GEMA has implemented a "hardship

1778:

A reciprocal agreement facilitates the mutual granting of rights; foreign collecting societies transfer to GEMA the exercise of performance, broadcast, and reproduction rights of their entire inventory within Germany, along with the collection of corresponding usage fees, and in return GEMA grants

468:

Users of GEMA-protected works—primarily manufacturers of audio/video media, radio and television broadcasters, and the organizers of events such as music festivals, street festivals, Christmas markets and many more—procure the always-required usage rights from GEMA by paying a fee, which is to be

457:

The purpose of GEMA is to collect royalty fees from the organisers of events where music protected by this organization is played as well as media manufacturers, publishers, and broadcasting stations. GEMA collected 850 million euros in copyright fees in 2008. Disbursements go largely to the full

2248:

songs, while rock musicians only earned 10% of the licensing fees their music earned. Furthermore, he claimed that a statistics professor that had been appointed to assess the rationale for the distribution process had had absolutely no expertise in the field of live music and was deliberately

2176:

If an author wishes to make their music available on their own website, they must still pay GEMA fees and fill out the corresponding information sheet, even if the royalties are to be disbursed to them afterwards. This is somewhat different from the policy of the US performing rights societies

859:). The former obligation means that collecting societies must prosecute all rights that have been transferred to them. The latter obligation means that they cannot refuse entry to any author (in the case of GEMA: composer, lyricist, or publisher) who has fulfilled all the entry requirements. 862:

GEMA is governed by a double-obligation to contract, that is: 1) on the one hand, it must take on and exercise any usage rights that have been transferred to it from its members; 2) on the other hand, it must also provide licensing in exchange for money to any music-user making a request.

1957:). This section of the law contains a full power of attorney, which GEMA also invokes: "If a rights-holder has not transferred to any collecting society the exercise of his rights of cable retransmission in accordance with Article 20b, Paragraph 1, Sentence 1 of the 17: 2114:-member states is three months. As a general rule, works registered at one point cannot simply be de-registered, because it comes into conflict with other already-standing contracts with its clients. The original six-year term of contract was forbidden by the 2067:

GEMA members with voting rights, who are responsible for the majority of performances, received 62.99% of the disbursements in 2008. Event-organizer Marcus Gloria characterizes these payouts as a non-transparent distribution process. Independent artist

1993:

decided not to admit any competitors that were members of GEMA or any other international collection society, because otherwise they would incur GEMA licensing fees amounting to €4,500. These costs would endanger the event itself. Another demo party,

2148:) versus live musical performances. GEMA explains this difference by pointing out the high acquisition efforts for the latter events. "Playlists" must always be prepared manually and require a signature, in order to count as a legally-valid document. 2484:, called for a reconsideration of their plans. According to Böhning, Berlin has a creative and innovative music scene, for which clubs and concerts are important. These require affordable licensing fee rates as a basis for their business operations. 2249:

misinformed by the executive board. Furthermore, a 2005 verdict by the federal court demanded that the PRO process be subject to a vote by the membership, which has yet to occur. Seelenmeyer also sharply criticized the term "solidarity principle" (

2156:

to fill out "playlists," since, as non-authors, they will not receive any royalties for the performance. On the other hand, performers of their own works report nearly 100% of their performances, since they are bound to earn royalties from them.

2042:

In February 2014, GEMA won a lawsuit against YouTube at the District Court of Munich which ordered the website to remove blocking messages which claim GEMA is to blame for thousands of videos being unavailable in Germany on copyright grounds.

3813: 2383:) cost-abatement, which is based on the actual audience turnout at events. GEMA also argues that 60% of event organizers will pay the same or less under the new tariff system. In particular, smaller clubs will be relieved of paying fees. 1901:

each song used. GEMA replied in a statement that the media had misrepresented the facts. In Bavaria, the dispute was settled by signing a lump-sum agreement amounting to €290,000, which would be paid out from the communal budget. Other

1749:

to each associated member. The internal distribution within these status groups remains confidential. In 2010, 33 (1%) legal successors had full membership, while 6 were extraordinary members (0.1%) and 3,749 associated members (6.9%).

2159:

Authors who perform their own works must also pay music event fees to GEMA, if they are also organizing the event themselves. If more than 80% of their performance consists of their own works, they can use a "net individual invoice"

1117:. However, the business units and facilities of both societies were not impacted by the consolidation. Both collecting societies continued to operate separately—all the while pretending to operate under a unified corporate name. 1190:

are categorically not to be viewed as bearers and stewards of German cultural goods." This amounted to an occupational ban on the approximately 8000 Jews active in the Reichsmusikkammer. STAGMA was tightly enmeshed in the

1924:

claimed responsibility for both attacks, accusing GEMA of making exorbitant demands in regarding the required licensing fees for accessed videos. During the first attack in June 2011, GEMA's server was incapacitated by a

553: 866:

Copyright collecting societies in the European Union usually hold monopolies in their respective national markets, and German law recognizes GEMA as an effective monopoly. German case law has established the so-called

2330:), GEMA assumes that all songs/tracks belong to the GEMA Repertoire by default—until such time as the user submits a completed playlist that indicates which authors are either non-members and/or which tracks are in 1929:

attack. On 22 August, the hackers directly attacked the content of the website, redirecting viewers to an image that played on the dispute with YouTube. Anonymous additionally succeeded in penetrating the company's

2430:

were slated to jump from €14,000 to €165,000. Another club called Travolta would also see a rise in fee payments from €10,000 to more than €50,000. Tanzhaus West foresees a yearly increase from €1,500 to more than

2491:), was launched shortly after the announcement of the new tariffs in April 2012, closed on 3 October with 305,122 signatures (of which 284,569 were signed with a German address), and presented to Justice Minister 1782:

As of 2009 and based on a total of 151 agreements, GEMA represents more than 2 Million musical authors from the entire world and maintains data on over 8.5 Million musical works in its works-documentation files.

461:

According to GEMA by-laws, the delegates for the extraordinary and associated members must be appointed according to the following pattern: 32 delegates must be composers (of which at least 12 must be inheritors/

1791: 229: 4374: 792:) that the individual author would find difficult to exercise without the assistance of a collecting society, which is why the author transfers them. Transferred exploitation rights become usage rights ( 2413:

20 dance club owners came together for the initiative, "Clubs am Main," in order to oppose the new tariff regulations. According to Matthias Morgenstern, the leader of this association and the owner of

392:) with GEMA, transferring the exercise and exploitation of media rights for the author's entire repertoire to GEMA. Member authors are entitled to apply for full membership after spending five years as 2537: 2524: 2319: 2306: 2251: 2233: 2191: 2162: 2092: 1882: 1869: 1272: 1159: 1130: 1092: 1056: 1032: 953: 932: 912: 848: 831: 814: 794: 781: 764: 751: 705: 509: 496: 479: 443: 426: 409: 381: 2173:) to get these fees back—less the handling fees. However, this only applies when all authors participating in the same event are included, which makes no provisions for festivals and supporting acts. 1775:

over performing and broadcasting rights with 73 of its foreign sister companies. For mechanical reproduction rights, GEMA entered into reciprocal agreements with 51 different collecting societies.

3810: 1756:

on 15 February 2005, absolutely no negative effects on earnings from usage rights can be detected to date. On the contrary, there has even been a considerable increase in income since 2005 (see

875:, a presumption that works are managed by GEMA due to its effective monopoly position. As such, in Germany the burden of proof is on the accused infringer that the work is not managed by GEMA. 606:, and others. The data is provided by GEMA itself; since 1 January 2007, the exercise of online usage rights for certain parts of its inventory is no longer managed by GEMA, but rather through 4096: 2395:), the tariffs will be far higher. However, the estimates generated by this calculator indicate the theoretical maximum flat-rate charge per event. Also, this calculator does not take the 2206: 1313:"pointless competition." To him, the internet was "nothing but a virtual department store," that should be assimilated in a hostile takeover. He went into retirement at the end of 2005. 3262: 4035: 1316:

After the reunification of Germany, many composers from the former GDR joined GEMA, but not all. The AWA has been dissolved since 1990, but it nonetheless persists as a society under

3650: 2360:), because they predicted a more than 1000% increase for them in the year 2013. GEMA did not deny that the new tariffs could mean ten-fold fee hikes for certain venues—especially 969: 532: 3431: 1106:

All of this resulted in a situation that had effects contrary to the original interests of authors and promoters as well as users—that is, two competing collecting societies.

4262: 1255:) was published to mark the 100-year anniversary of the first collection society in Germany. This book shed light on the role of the collecting society after the Nazi era. 3240: 639:

also must be declared to GEMA. Many businesses (especially small ones) are unaware of this obligation. The same applies to the valorization of internet presence through

2082:

According to contract terms, every member is obligated to register every single one of his/her works that will be released publicly. According to Article 1 of the GEMA

241: 3830: 718:) only generally addresses property rights, inheritance law, and expropriation, including the issue of intellectual property. By contrast, in the constitution of the 224:) for the musical works of those composers, lyricists, and publishers who are members in the organization. It is the only such institution in Germany and a member of 3134: 2885:

Speech by the chair of the board of directors Prof. Dr. Reinhold Kreile about the 66th business year (1999), delivered to the general assembly of GEMA on 5 July 2000

400:(see Articles 21–79), holding instead the pseudo-title of "associated member." In 2010, approximately 24.11% of fee revenues were distributed to associated members. 3987: 1998:, made a similar decision in 2013 after having to pay GEMA because of GEMA-registered artists participating in music competitions during the previous year's event. 552:) can be applied to devices and media that " are used for the making of reproductions ", which is already included in the price. This levy first goes to the German 39: 3213: 1897:

briefing related to these cases, Harald Heker proclaimed that, "When a system such as this is circumvented by high criminal energies, such a system is powerless."

893: 299: 2262:), arguing that it disguises and sugarcoats a planned- and intentionally-unfair distribution process. He cited the former chairman of the GEMA board of directors 2022:

Unfortunately, this video is not available in Germany, because it may contain music for which GEMA has not granted the respective music rights. Sorry about that.

738:(1949)—the intellectual property of authors, inventors, and artists come under the direct protection of the state, which explicitly allows for the existence of 2178: 564: 558: 1990: 985: 1826:

on blank recordable media and recording devices was brought into question, especially as it not clear what rights the buyer acquires by paying this sum.

1266:) and the partition of Germany (and as a consequence of the division in currencies), a society with comparable functions came into being in the GDR, the 4214: 3186: 571:

in Munich decided in favor of GEMA, preventing the proposed licensing fee rate-reduction. Other arbitration processes attempted by the IFPI (regarding

3312: 4100: 2217: 1302: 646:

Since April 2003, GEMA offers access to its database of musical works on its website, including approximately 1.6 Million copyrighted musical works.

356:. Therefore, the author theoretically reserves the right to exercise her/his own rights or to transfer these duties to another third party (e.g., a 3852: 1845:. This is because, after the expiration of the original contract, YouTube and GEMA had not yet come to an agreement on a new contract (see section 4032: 3368: 3289: 3164: 375:

In order to be represented by GEMA, authors (i.e., composers and lyricists along with their publishers and heirs) must become a member and sign a

322:

as full members, along with approximately 6,400 more as members with sharply restricted rights and another 55,000 authors who have entered into a

4330: 3697: 3458: 2069: 1853: 1225: 4316: 3683: 2843: 2263: 3910: 2557: 278: 3266: 4428: 3721: 776: 714: 130:

c. 3,700 full members, c. 6,400 candidate members with limited rights, and c. 59,000 authors without access to full membership

3479: 2501: 2370: 1200: 477:

Licensing fees must be paid to GEMA for the public performance of protected musical works belonging to GEMA's so-called "world inventory" (

3764: 3657: 2920: 2895: 2710: 2612: 4242: 3961: 3738: 587: 3881: 3536: 1178:

and was issued a monopoly on the exercise of musical performing rights. The still-existing AMMRE was annexed into STAGMA in 1938. The

3435: 2572: 2126: 4170: 3940: 2945: 4070: 2496: 2365: 1763:

It can also be seen that the share of revenues has continually increased for full members—at the expense of extraordinary members.

4053: 2202:), with which one can apply for a retroactive reduction in licensing costs when an unprofitable event fulfills certain conditions. 329:

million international rights-holders within Germany, through reciprocal arrangements with other performance rights organizations.

4423: 607: 4291: 348:

are inalienable (i.e., non-transferable), which means that the author can transfer only the exercise of these rights to another

4418: 4352: 3991: 3586: 3046:"GEMA Negotiations with YouTube - GEMA Press Releases on www.gema.de from 9 November 2007 to 10 August 2011" (in German). GEMA. 2972:"Bürgerliches Recht - Gesellschaft für musikalische Aufführungs- und mechanische Vervielfältigungsrechte (GEMA) vom 19.05.2009" 368:

situation remains in GEMA's favor, however, as all efforts to found a competing institution have thus far been hindered by the

2118:

in two decisions (1971; 1972), due to the abusive exploitation of monopoly positions, which was confirmed in a verdict by the

1961:, then the collecting society that exercises rights of this sort will be considered to be entitled to exercise these rights." 3609: 2798: 2768: 2007: 1757: 2079:

complains that the rental costs of the same concert hall have fluctuated from €2,007 (2004) to €459 (2005) to €1,233 (2006).

2046:

On 31 October 2016, YouTube agreed to pay an undisclosed amount of money to GEMA for video views of GEMA-protected artists.

537: 3142: 2562: 3217: 403:

GEMA is organized by professional and status groupings. German members of GEMA can be divided into three groups: 54,605

2815: 2660: 2492: 568: 369: 3509: 3799: 3779: 3111: 2870: 1298: 696: 257:), GEMA's capacity to be a subject of legal rights and duties is based upon state conferral (under Article 22 of the 2637: 2125:

Another charge against GEMA is that there is a disparity between the revenues and disbursements for the playback of

3346: 996: 3563: 1852:

On 2 April 2009, a lawsuit took place before the regional court of Munich, in which the plaintiff, German singer

1794:(CISAC), using this organization as a lobby group to influence governments, international organisations, and the 1022:

In 1909, the GDT founded a second society focused exclusively on the exploitation of mechanical reproduction for

361: 197: 2971: 2517: 2228: 2152: 1941:

On 3 December 2011, another online petition explicitly called for the elimination of Article 13c—the so-called

579:) in 2006 were decided in favor of GEMA by the board of arbitration of the German Patent and Trademark Office. 2283:

outside of the US, criticized the authors' rights practices of GEMA in an interview with the daily newspaper

923:) first set down in law that the public performance of a musical work required the permission of the author. 304: 3190: 2356:

In April 2012, disco owners were angered by the announcement of GEMA's new licensing fee scheme (dubbed the

1145:, did so with the aim of bringing all collecting societies into line and granting them a monopoly position. 806: 3882:"DIE "SOLIDARPRINZIPIEN" EINER SOLIDARGEMEINSCHAFT - Das geheime Finanzierungsumverteilungssystem der GEMA" 2182: 691:

Although the concept of intellectual property had already been established in the 1866 constitution of the

665: 80: 4144: 4018:

Weingartner, Maximilian (4 July 2012). "Streit um Gema-Gebühren. Disko-Besitzer warnen vor Club-Sterben".

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for their one-sided misrepresentation of the issue, charging them with having concealed the impact of the

1239:

in front of the GEMA headquarters in Munich. Starting in 1950, the chairman of the board of directors was

253: 4375:"Tarifreform: GEMA und Bundesvereinigung der Musikveranstalter einigen sich auf Übergangslösung für 2013" 1980:. According to him, Google earns billions, but it is not willing to give some of its profits to artists. 812:

In Germany, for example, this is regulated through the "law concerning the exercise of author's rights" (

2690: 1772: 1631: 1259: 692: 462: 3347:"Urheberrecht - Kostenlose Internet-Präsentation eigener Musikwerke durch die Künstler vom 03.12.2011" 2793:. Research Handbooks in Intellectual Property. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 263–265. 490:); these are then paid out to its members according to a complex distribution scheme. The division of 397: 258: 2487:

An online petition protesting the GEMA tariff reforms, initiated by event promoter Matthias Rauh (of

2119: 1000: 685: 628: 2280: 898: 746: 659: 3718: 3487: 1186:), under the direction of then-president Richard Strauss, stipulated in its guidelines that, "non- 968:) in 1903. This came much later than in other states such as France, where the collecting society 2829: 1984: 1230: 372:, and the sole management of one's own authors' rights remains a daunting task for lone artists. 3755: 1867:

signed between the two parties. On 21 January 2010, the Munich regional higher court of appeal (

192:; "Society for musical performing and mechanical reproduction rights") is a government-mandated 981: 333: 221: 3064: 2788: 2335: 677: 655: 2735: 1082:, which is not identical to the present-day GEMA). One of the founding members was composer 990: 3610:"YouTube strikes deal with GEMA to host music videos in Germany - Music Business Worldwide" 3540: 3463: 3412: 3021: 2847: 2507:

will go up by 5% (and, on 1 April 2013, fees will rise a further 10% for discos and clubs).

1995: 1973: 1823: 739: 544: 213: 582:

GEMA also exercises the rights of authors in the online sector. GEMA licenses responsible

8: 3937: 2115: 1281:

Anstalt zur Wahrung der Aufführungs- und Vervielfältigungsrechte auf dem Gebiet der Musik

1268:

Institute for the Preservation of Performing and Reproduction Rights in the Area of Music

4122: 2334:. In doing so, GEMA is exercising a legally-sanctioned and much-debated reversal of the 1244: 4050: 2695: 2481: 2294:

the main reasons why digital music sales in Germany are less prevalent than elsewhere."

2222: 1795: 1307: 1023: 669: 357: 274: 209: 193: 76: 2289:

on 23 February 2012, questioning why in Germany, in contrast with other countries, no

3795: 3775: 3051: 2866: 2794: 2055: 1926: 1921: 1902: 1203:, who occupied the same position in the original GEMA and was in the habit of giving 1179: 995:. The GDT was headed by some of the most successful composers of the time, including 719: 681: 632: 494:

operates through a points system, which distinguishes between "entertainment music" (

469:

paid to the rights-holders after the deduction of an administrative handling charge.

217: 4196: 4267: 4247: 4200: 3483: 2863:

Musik hat ihren Wert. 100 Jahre musikalische Verwertungsgesellschaft in Deutschland

2087: 2083: 2074: 1969: 1864: 1858: 1235:

was the chairman and general director from 1947 to 1989, to whom was dedicated the

1217: 888: 621: 583: 332:

Membership in GEMA is necessarily voluntary, since all usage rights (stemming from

324: 2268: 2012: 1222:

Gesellschaft für musikalische Aufführungs- und mechanische Vervielfältigungsrechte

762:), which is legally regulated in all European states. German author's rights law ( 186:

Gesellschaft für musikalische Aufführungs- und mechanische Vervielfältigungsrechte

33:

Gesellschaft für musikalische Aufführungs- und mechanische Vervielfältigungsrechte

18:

Gesellschaft für musikalische Aufführungs- und mechanische Vervielfältigungsrechte

4057: 3944: 3817: 3768: 3725: 3079: 2541: 2528: 2323: 2310: 2255: 2237: 2195: 2166: 2096: 1886: 1873: 1830: 1811: 1276: 1163: 1142: 1134: 1096: 1060: 1036: 1004: 977: 957: 936: 916: 852: 835: 818: 798: 785: 768: 755: 709: 513: 500: 483: 447: 430: 413: 385: 266: 3739:"Deed of Assignment (contract) for GEMA, Article 16, version from June 30, 2010" 3100:

Verdict: reference number 29 U 3700/09, c.f. Grounds for Judgment 1.II b) und c)

2994: 1168:

Staatlich genehmigte Gesellschaft zur Verwertung musikalischer Aufführungsrechte

3025: 2753: 2435: 2111: 1787: 1195:

power structure, and the leading members of STAGMA were die-hard and voluntary

976:, an interest group of musicians and publishers. Founders of the AFMA included 640: 349: 3333: 1074:

In 1915, a few members of the GDT split off from the organization and founded

4412: 4039: 3390: 2427: 2331: 731: 636: 521: 3263:"Kindergärten und Notenkopien – auch im Neuen Jahr geht es nicht ums Singen" 2664: 2122:. However, six-year contracts remain the norm for citizens of non-EU states. 4331:"Info zur Übergabe der Petition gegen die neuen GEMA-‐Veranstaltungstarife" 2642: 2522:

Since 2009, GEMA has been granting the annual German Music Authors' Prize (

2276: 1965: 1913: 1909: 1819: 1328: 921:

Gesetz betreffend das Urheberrecht an Werken der Literatur und der Tonkunst

673: 595: 353: 270: 150: 2231:

process was introduced by the executive board in a "hush-hush operation" (

4219: 4071:"Praxis Steuerstrafrecht – Typische Hinterziehungsfelder bei Diskotheken" 3416: 2361: 2028: 1317: 1291: 1121: 1083: 572: 289: 262: 4097:"GEMA präsentiert Tarifreform 2013 - Diskotheken-Betreiber wehren sich!" 3636: 1155:

State-Approved Society for the Exploitation of Musical Performing Rights

3988:"Pressekonferenz zur neuen Tarifstruktur für den Veranstaltungsbereich" 3853:"Verdict of the Federal Court of Justice, on 19 May 2005 (I ZR 299/02)" 2466: 2131: 1987: 1917: 1842: 1240: 1209: 1187: 591: 528:

work with a playing time longer than 70 minutes is worth 1,200 points.

341: 4060:, Website of the Bundesverband Deutscher Discotheken und Tanzbetriebe. 2495:

on 13 December 2012. A week later, on 20 December 2012, both GEMA and

1088:

Association for the Protection of Musical Performing Rights in Germany

251:

As an "accredited profit-making association with legal capacity" (de:

2462: 2145: 1807: 1243:. Both Schulze and Egk already occupied leading positions in STAGMA. 908:

Law Concerning Author's Rights to Works of Literature and Musical Art

576: 525: 491: 319: 1126:

Reich Law regarding the Intermediation of Musical Performance Rights

293:

The Berlin offices of GEMA on Bayreuther Straße near Wittenbergplatz

4215:"Clubs protestieren gegen Gema: Fünf Minuten Saturday Night Stille" 4174: 3915: 3537:"GEMA vs. YouTube: Berufung löst nächste Runde im Rechtsstreit aus" 3513: 3480:"German court orders Google to police YouTube copyright violations" 2439: 2285: 2245: 1931: 1815: 1792:

Confédération Internationale des Sociétés d'Auteurs et Compositeurs

1115:

Verband zum Schutze musikalischer Aufführungsrechte für Deutschland

1101:

Verband zum Schutze musikalischer Aufführungsrechte für Deutschland

612: 315: 311: 3165:"Clear-Berufung abgelehnt – GEMA bekommt vor Gericht erneut Recht" 1934:, collecting usernames and passwords that they later published on 1176:

Verband zum Schutze musikalischer Afführungsrechte für Deutschland

668:

societies operate on the basis of laws and ordinances. Within the

2211: 2032: 2017: 1935: 1838: 1753: 723: 603: 599: 3587:"YouTube Ordered to Remove "Illegal" Copyright Blocking Notices" 2567: 745:

Furthermore, collecting societies receive their legitimacy from

4148: 1977: 1880:) rejected Clear's appeal against the Munich regional court's ( 1786:

Collecting societies have joined together internationally into

1204: 1071:) entered the German market and opened a German branch office. 1019:

The time after the foundation of the AFMA was quite turbulent.

310:(German law of association). It directly represents some 3,300 205: 201: 94: 90: 688:, which is enshrined in the constitutions of European states. 563:, and from there a portion is forwarded to GEMA. In 2004, the 3313:"Gema verhandelt mit Ländern über Pauschale für Kindergärten" 1139:

Reichsgesetz über die Vermittlung von Musikaufführungsrechten

1080:

Genossenschaft zur Verwertung musikalischer Aufführungsrechte

727: 245: 1905:

are also in the process of negotiating similar agreements.

1196: 1192: 1109:

In 1930, the GDT (in the form of the AFMA) joined with the

336:) are reserved exclusively by the author. In contrast with 225: 1846: 1331:

took over chairmanship of the board of directors in 2007.

972:

had already been founded in 1851, having its roots in the

672:, these collecting societies derive their legitimacy from 4317:"Online-Petition bündelt Zorn gegen höhere Gema-Gebühren" 4123:"Clubs am Main - Gegen die Gema. Baldige Pressekonferenz" 3790:

Reinhold Kreile, Jürgen Becker, Karl Riesenhuber (eds.):

3637:"Bundesregierung plant keine Veränderungen im GEMA-Recht" 1916:

over the failure to reach an agreement with YouTube. The

3938:

Article 13c Pgh. 1 of the Urheberrechtswahrnemungsgesetz

2001: 1086:. In 1916, GEMA and AKM's German branch merged into the 524:

song is worth 12 points in this system, whereas a large

3369:"Rockmusiker Sven Regener rechnet mit Piratenpartei ab" 2844:"Urheberrechte, Tantiemen und die Vorgängerin der Gema" 1752:

These numbers illustrate that, since the appearance of

1065:

Gesellschaft der Autoren, Komponisten und Musikverleger

4401: 2350: 171: 4292:"Gegen die Tarifreform 2013 - GEMA verliert Augenmaß" 3241:"Gema in Kindergärten – Wer singen will, muss zahlen" 3214:"GEMA stellt Strafanzeige wegen Verdachts auf Betrug" 565:

International Federation of the Phonographic Industry

3951:, 9th edition: Article 13b WahrnG, Marginal Number 1 3459:"GEMA Under Fire For Royalties Dispute With YouTube" 2452:

Bundesverband Deutscher Discotheken und Tanzbetriebe

2389:

Bundesverband Deutscher Discotheken und Tanzbetriebe

2387:

According to a fee-calculator on the website of the

4355:(in German). DEHOGA Bundesverband. 20 December 2012 3728:

regarding Creative Commons Germany, 23 January 2012

3290:"Streit um Gema-Gebühren in Kindergärten beigelegt" 2835: 2110:The conventional term of a contract for members of 1052:

Society of Authors, Composers, and Music Publishers

825:) of 9 September 1965. The core of this law is the 3831:"Härtefallnachlassregel für Einzelveranstaltungen" 3792:Recht und Praxis der GEMA. Handbuch und Kommentar. 3334:Statement to GEMA from Anonymous regarding YouTube 3112:"GEMA vs. Barbara Clear: Berufung abgeschmettert!" 2832:. (German) Biography at the University of Hamburg. 2790:Copyright Law: A Handbook of Contemporary Research 2058:had already received 1863 petitions against GEMA. 238:Society of authors, composers and music publishers 200:based in Germany, with administrative offices in 4013: 4011: 4009: 3656:. GEMA. 15 March 2010. p. 32. Archived from 3189:(in German). News.de. 28 May 2010. Archived from 208:. GEMA represents the usage rights stemming from 4410: 4263:"Senat unterstützt Clubbetreiber im Gema-Streit" 2997:[Statement on Author's Rights and GEMA] 2820:(Copyright Administration Act), 9 September 1965 2754:"Urheberrechtsausgleich oder Subventionssteuer?" 472: 3510:"Landgericht Hamburg: GEMA siegt gegen YouTube" 2865:(in German). Regensburg: ConBrio. p. 262. 2691:"Royalty Dispute Stops Music Videos in Germany" 1041:Anstalt für mechanisch-musikalische Rechte GmbH 233: 4006: 3019: 2511: 1955:Law concerning the exercise of authors' rights 4171:"Berliner Szene-Club Berghain droht das Ende" 3684:"Die Kleinen klagen bitterlich über die GEMA" 3432:"YouTube blocks GEMA music videos in Germany" 2766: 2728: 2655: 2653: 2456:Association of German Discos and Dance Venues 2393:Association of German Discos and Dance Venues 2304:For the public use of "entertainment" music ( 1340: 906:Upon coming into effect in January 1902, the 715:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany 3911:"Das Internet muss frei sein, nicht umsonst" 3413:"Youtube sperrt Musik-Videos in Deutschland" 2951:(in German). GEMA. October 2012. p. 182 2813: 2767:Schwerdtfeger, Christian (28 October 2011). 2747: 2745: 2684: 2682: 2535:). With the motto, "Authors Honor Authors" ( 1141:). The legislator responsible for this law, 869: 4017: 3879: 3022:"YouTube sperrt Musikvideos in Deutschland" 3001:(in German). Sonthofer Kulturwerkstatt GmbH 2782: 2780: 2778: 2688: 2558:Bureau International de l'Edition Mecanique 892:GEMA's Munich offices since 1990, with the 284: 3132: 2650: 2461:According to Ralf Scheffler, owner of the 962:Anstalt für musikalische Aufführungsrechte 38: 4243:"GEMA-Protest: Musik aus vor Mitternacht" 3634: 3561: 2995:"Statement zum Urheberrecht und die GEMA" 2786: 2769:"Straßenfeste: GEMA gewinnt Rechtsstreit" 2751: 2742: 2679: 2573:Recording Industry Association of America 2426:). The yearly payments of Frankfurt club 1806:GEMA often features in discussions about 883: 3690: 3534: 3287: 2775: 2638:"Now YouTube stops the music in Germany" 2408:National Union of Music Event Organizers 2011: 1837:From 2009 to 2016, many music videos on 1766: 887: 627:The playback of GEMA-protected music in 288: 3681: 3410: 3404: 3391:"Revision, GEMA And Your Participation" 3344: 3310: 3238: 3135:"Die GEMA muss Künstlern nichts zahlen" 3109: 2860: 2418:, this new fee structure would lead to 2404:Bundesvereinigung der Musikveranstalter 1028:Institute for Mechanical-Musical Rights 949:Institute for Musical Performing Rights 554:Central Office for Dubbing Rights (ZPÜ) 14: 4411: 4353:"GEMA-Tarifreform für 2013 ausgesetzt" 3891:(in German). Vol. 1. pp. 1–5 3429: 3265:. GEMA. 7 January 2011. Archived from 3211: 3080:"Wachsender Widerstand gegen die GEMA" 3077: 2992: 2969: 2841: 1290:In 1982, GEMA collected 532.8 Million 3962:"Gema fordert 1000 Prozent mehr Geld" 3477: 3456: 3423: 3345:Bohnert, Thorsten (3 December 2011). 3311:Wilkens, Andreas (11 November 2011). 2593:Snow, Mat (5 March 1991). "Q&A". 2472:In a letter to GEMA, the head of the 2402:By way of a sample fee-estimate, the 2279:, President and international CEO of 2008:Blocking of YouTube videos in Germany 2002:Blocking of YouTube videos in Germany 1847:Blocking of YouTube videos in Germany 1758:Blocking of YouTube videos in Germany 1554:Effective Payouts to Members (Mil. €) 273:(since 2007); the chairperson of the 254:rechtsfähiger wirtschaftlicher Verein 4429:Music organisations based in Germany 4333:. Kultur-Retten.de. 13 December 2012 3635:Mühlbauer, Peter (5 November 2012). 3243:(in German). Stuttgarter Nachrichten 2738:(in German). GEMA. 21 December 2012. 2592: 1671:to Extraordinary Members (ca. 6.400) 1216:STAGMA continued its work after the 4075:Institut für Wirtschaftspublizistik 3539:(in German). t3n.de. Archived from 3239:Pfister, Hilmar (3 November 2011). 3133:Offermanns, Angsar (30 June 2009). 2842:Söring, Helmut (21 November 2006). 2563:Cultural Commons Collecting Society 2351:From club managers and disco owners 2207:German Rock & Pop Music Society 1258:In 1950, after the founding of the 24: 3682:Wiegand, Marc (4 September 2009). 3651:"GEMA Annual Business Report 2009" 3292:(in German). Augsburger Allgemeine 3288:Drescher, Stefan (13 April 2011). 3167:(in German). GEMA. 21 January 2010 3110:Sobiraj, Lars (15 February 2010). 2993:Bestle, Monika (14 October 2011). 2921:"GEMA Annual Business Report 2010" 2901:. GEMA. 4 May 2011. pp. 29–36 2896:"GEMA Annual Business Report 2010" 2711:"GEMA Annual Business Report 2010" 2689:O'Brien, Kevin J. (2 April 2009). 2613:"GEMA Annual Business Report 2010" 2493:Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger 2443:project, the cultural event-space 1972:) caused a stir in March 2012. On 1841:were not accessible from a German 1801: 1709:to Associated Members (ca. 55.000) 941:Genossenschaft Deutscher Tonsetzer 569:German Patent and Trademark Office 370:German Patent and Trademark Office 25: 4440: 4393: 4197:"Berghain to remain open in 2013" 3411:Lischka, Konrad (31 March 2009). 3371:(in German). Golem. 23 March 2012 3216:(in German). GEMA. Archived from 3078:Berger, Jens (15 February 2010). 2663:(in German). GEMA. Archived from 2586: 697:Constitution of the German Empire 620:The charges for performances and 4289: 4033:Comments on GEMA's Facebook Page 3773:Das Handbuch der Musikwirtschaft 3754:Reinhold Kreile, Jürgen Becker: 3589:. TorrentFreak. 26 February 2014 3564:"Auch YouTube legt Berufung ein" 3457:Spahr, Wolfgang (24 June 2011). 3430:Hodgin, Rick C. (9 April 2009). 3349:(in German). Deutscher Bundestag 3187:"Gema-Betrug aus eigenen Reihen" 3020:Konrad Lischka (31 March 2009). 2974:(in German). Deutscher Bundestag 1224:) starting from 24 August 1947. 1213:as a prize to worthy employees. 27:German performing rights society 4367: 4345: 4323: 4309: 4283: 4255: 4235: 4207: 4189: 4163: 4137: 4115: 4089: 4063: 4044: 4026: 3980: 3954: 3931: 3903: 3873: 3845: 3823: 3804: 3784: 3748: 3731: 3712: 3675: 3643: 3628: 3602: 3579: 3562:Hemmerich, Lisa (22 May 2012). 3555: 3528: 3502: 3471: 3450: 3383: 3361: 3338: 3327: 3304: 3281: 3255: 3232: 3212:Müller, Bettina (28 May 2010). 3205: 3179: 3157: 3126: 3103: 3094: 3071: 3039: 3013: 2986: 2963: 2938: 2913: 2888: 2879: 2854: 2823: 2816:Urheberrechtswahrnehmungsgesetz 2807: 2752:Mühlbauer, Peter (9 May 2001). 2061: 1983:In 2012, the organizers of the 1959:Urheberrechtswahrnehmungsgesetz 1951:Urheberrechtswahrnehmungsgesetz 1323: 1220:, but under the title of GEMA ( 1120:This came to an end during the 823:Urheberrechtswahrnehmungsgesetz 734:, which were formed before the 362:performance rights organization 297:GEMA is organized according to 198:performance rights organization 4424:1947 establishments in Germany 3535:Hedemann, Falk (21 May 2012). 2970:Bestle, Monika (19 May 2009). 2760: 2703: 2630: 2618:. GEMA. 4 May 2011. p. 34 2605: 2338:, which is usually termed the 1964:A radio interview with artist 928:Consortium of German Composers 649: 13: 1: 4419:Music licensing organizations 4377:(in German). 20 December 2012 3919:(in German). 23 February 2012 3820:June 2009, Article 3 Number 1 3478:Brown, Mark (23 April 2012). 2579: 2298: 2151:In 1998, GEMA introduced new 2103:) and/or territories—and for 473:Fees and private copying levy 4319:. Der Westen. 11 April 2012. 4125:. Toxic Family. 26 June 2012 3771:in Moser, Scheuermann (ed.) 2049: 1148: 775:) grants authors a range of 699:, Article 14 of the current 666:collective rights management 643:involving the use of music. 531:According to Article 54 of 81:collective rights management 7: 4099:(in German). Archived from 3141:(in German). Archived from 2551: 2533:Deutscher Musikautorenpreis 2518:German Music Authors' Prize 2512:German Music Authors' Prize 2054:As of 5 November 2012, the 1893:) verdict in its entirety. 1707: 1669: 1628: 1592:to Full Members (ca. 3,300) 1590: 1552: 1510: 1472: 1434: 1396: 1334: 947:) subsequently founded the 505:U-Musik, Unterhaltungsmusik 435:außerordentliche Mitglieder 10: 4445: 4251:(in German). 27 June 2012. 3968:(in German). 15 April 2012 3434:. TG Daily. Archived from 2861:Dümling, Albrecht (2003). 2515: 2005: 1708: 1670: 1629: 1591: 1553: 1511: 1473: 1435: 1397: 1260:German Democratic Republic 1153:On 28 September 1933, the 878: 693:North German Confederation 653: 533:German authors' rights law 334:German authors' rights law 234:Other collecting societies 4271:(in German). 27 June 2012 4223:(in German). 26 June 2012 4077:(in German). 10 July 2007 3880:Seelenmeyer, Ole (2010). 3315:(in German). Heise online 2946:"GEMA Yearbook 2009/2010" 2478:Senate Chancellery Berlin 2477: 2455: 2423: 2407: 2392: 2380: 2343: 2205:The spokesperson for the 2141: 2120:European Court of Justice 1954: 1946: 1474:Distribution Sum (Mil. €) 1252: 1183: 686:intellectual property law 520:); for example, a single 418:angeschlossene Mitglieder 340:as it usually appears in 222:synchronization licensing 166: 156: 144: 134: 124: 114: 100: 86: 72: 54: 46: 37: 3816:22 November 2010 at the 3686:(in German). Der Westen. 3614:Music Business Worldwide 2787:Torremans, Paul (2007). 2281:Sony Music Entertainment 1341:Structure and membership 1199:. The CEO of STAGMA was 827:obligation to administer 726:—and also previously in 660:Copyright law of Germany 631:as background music for 285:Structure and membership 4145:"Clubs am Main website" 4056:22 October 2012 at the 3947:; cf. Fromm/Nordemann, 3943:11 October 2012 at the 3698:"Der Widerstand wächst" 2771:(in German). RP Online. 2756:(in German). Telepolis. 1985:non-profit organization 1398:Income in Millions of € 695:as well as in the 1871 507:) and "serious music" ( 58:September 28, 1933 4020:Frankfurter Allgemeine 3990:. GEMA. Archived from 3082:(in German). Telepolis 2814: 2545: 2532: 2327: 2314: 2259: 2242:Nacht-und-Nebel-Aktion 2241: 2200:Härtefallnachlassregel 2199: 2189:abatement provision" ( 2171:Nettoeinzelverrechnung 2170: 2100: 2024: 1912:was the target of two 1890: 1877: 1771:GEMA has entered into 1280: 1237:Erich Schulze Fountain 1184:Reich Chamber of Music 1167: 1138: 1100: 1064: 1050:In 1913, the Austrian 1040: 961: 940: 920: 903: 894:Erich Schulze Fountain 884:Antecedents: 1902–1933 870: 856: 844:obligation to contract 839: 822: 802: 789: 772: 759: 747:German author's rights 713: 517: 504: 487: 452:ordentliche Mitglieder 451: 434: 417: 389: 294: 60:; 91 years ago 3566:(in German). netzwelt 2546:Autoren ehren Autoren 2450:On 30 June 2012, the 2015: 1773:reciprocal agreements 1767:Reciprocal agreements 1436:Expenditures (Mil. €) 997:Engelbert Humperdinck 891: 678:intellectual property 656:Intellectual property 518:E-Musik, ernste Musik 422:extraordinary members 394:extraordinary members 292: 4038:29 November 2012 at 3761:Beendigung und Dauer 3193:on 23 September 2012 2848:Hamburger Abendblatt 2474:Senatskanzlei Berlin 2397:Angemessenheitsregel 2377:Angemessenheitsregel 2020:videos. Text reads: 1824:private copying levy 1349:extraordinary member 1249:Musik hat ihren Wert 773:Urheberrechtsgesetze 740:collecting societies 545:private copying levy 390:Berechtigungsvertrag 214:mechanical licensing 4051:GEMA fee-calculator 3994:on 17 December 2012 3767:31 May 2010 at the 3724:10 May 2012 at the 3700:. suedwest-aktiv.de 3663:on 23 February 2014 3438:on 10 November 2009 2480:), state secretary 2227:, charges that the 2142:entertainment music 2116:European Commission 1822:. For example, the 1343:for definitions of 1253:Music has its Value 1174:) arose out of the 777:exploitation rights 218:broadcast licensing 34: 4103:on 12 October 2013 3145:on 2 December 2012 2926:. GEMA. 4 May 2011 2716:. GEMA. 4 May 2011 2696:The New York Times 2317:) or dance music ( 2315:Unterhaltungsmusik 2138:Unterhaltungsmusik 2084:deed of assignment 2025: 1865:deed of assignment 1796:European Community 1024:phonograph records 904: 670:European Community 633:answering messages 405:associated members 377:deed of assignment 358:collecting society 325:deed of assignment 295: 275:board of directors 236:include the (AKM) 194:collecting society 136:Official language 77:Collecting society 32: 4203:. 15 August 2012. 4151:on 3 January 2013 3616:. 31 October 2016 3059:Missing or empty 2800:978-1-84542-487-9 2667:on 7 October 2014 2056:German parliament 2027:Music videos for 1927:denial of service 1903:states of Germany 1878:Oberlandesgericht 1746: 1745: 1353:associated member 1180:Reichsmusikkammer 1003:and most notably 840:Wahrnehmungszwang 805:) in the form of 790:Verwertungsrechte 684:, in the form of 682:intangible assets 629:telephone systems 584:content providers 575:, downloads, and 398:German civil code 259:German civil code 244:) in Austria and 182: 181: 16:(Redirected from 4436: 4405: 4404: 4402:Official website 4387: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4290:Rauh, Matthias. 4287: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4268:Berliner Zeitung 4259: 4253: 4252: 4248:Berliner Zeitung 4239: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4201:Resident Advisor 4193: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4147:. Archived from 4141: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4067: 4061: 4048: 4042: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4015: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3966:Der Tagesspiegel 3958: 3952: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3886: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3857: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3827: 3821: 3808: 3802: 3788: 3782: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3735: 3729: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3662: 3655: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3606: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3583: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3486:. Archived from 3475: 3469: 3468: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3342: 3336: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3269:on 25 March 2012 3259: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3107: 3101: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3062: 3057: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3000: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2950: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2925: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2900: 2892: 2886: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2819: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2784: 2773: 2772: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2749: 2740: 2739: 2736:"GEMA Delegates" 2732: 2726: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2715: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2686: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2657: 2648: 2647: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2617: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2590: 2540: 2527: 2505: 2479: 2465:cultural center 2457: 2425: 2409: 2394: 2382: 2374: 2345: 2322: 2309: 2272: 2254: 2236: 2226: 2215: 2194: 2165: 2143: 2135: 2095: 2088:Creative Commons 2078: 1970:Element of Crime 1956: 1948: 1908:In 2011, GEMA's 1885: 1872: 1862: 1632:Legal Successors 1358: 1357: 1311: 1275: 1254: 1245:Albrecht Dümling 1234: 1218:Second World War 1185: 1162: 1133: 1113:under the label 1095: 1059: 1035: 994: 956: 935: 915: 902: 873: 851: 834: 817: 797: 784: 767: 754: 708: 676:protections for 622:background music 616: 562: 541: 512: 499: 482: 463:legal successors 446: 429: 412: 384: 308: 248:in Switzerland. 178: 175: 173: 68: 66: 61: 42: 35: 31: 21: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4434: 4433: 4409: 4408: 4400: 4399: 4396: 4391: 4390: 4380: 4378: 4373: 4372: 4368: 4358: 4356: 4351: 4350: 4346: 4336: 4334: 4329: 4328: 4324: 4315: 4314: 4310: 4300: 4298: 4296:openpetition.de 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2336:burden of proof 2318: 2305: 2301: 2266: 2250: 2232: 2220: 2218:Ole Seelenmeyer 2209: 2190: 2161: 2129: 2091: 2072: 2064: 2052: 2010: 2004: 1968:(from the band 1881: 1868: 1856: 1831:online petition 1812:private copying 1804: 1802:Current debates 1788:umbrella groups 1769: 1337: 1326: 1305: 1303:Reinhold Kreile 1271: 1228: 1158: 1151: 1143:Joseph Goebbels 1129: 1091: 1055: 1031: 1005:Richard Strauss 988: 986:Friedrich Rösch 978:Richard Strauss 974:Agence Centrale 952: 931: 911: 896: 886: 881: 847: 830: 813: 793: 780: 763: 750: 704: 662: 654:Main articles: 652: 610: 556: 550:blank media tax 535: 508: 495: 478: 475: 442: 425: 408: 380: 346:authors' rights 302: 287: 267:executive board 210:authors' rights 170: 159: 147: 137: 127: 117: 110: 64: 62: 59: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4442: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4407: 4406: 4395: 4394:External links 4392: 4389: 4388: 4366: 4344: 4322: 4308: 4282: 4254: 4234: 4206: 4188: 4162: 4136: 4114: 4088: 4062: 4043: 4025: 4005: 3979: 3953: 3930: 3902: 3872: 3844: 3822: 3803: 3783: 3759:paragraph 5.2 3747: 3730: 3719:GEMA statement 3711: 3689: 3674: 3642: 3627: 3601: 3578: 3554: 3543:on 24 May 2012 3527: 3501: 3490:on 4 July 2012 3470: 3449: 3422: 3403: 3382: 3360: 3337: 3326: 3303: 3280: 3254: 3231: 3220:on 8 July 2014 3204: 3178: 3156: 3125: 3102: 3093: 3070: 3038: 3026:Spiegel Online 3012: 2985: 2962: 2937: 2912: 2887: 2878: 2871: 2853: 2834: 2822: 2806: 2799: 2774: 2759: 2741: 2727: 2702: 2678: 2661:"GEMA by-laws" 2649: 2629: 2604: 2584: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2577: 2576: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2553: 2550: 2516:Main article: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2508: 2485: 2470: 2459: 2448: 2432: 2411: 2400: 2384: 2352: 2349: 2348: 2347: 2340:GEMA-Vermutung 2300: 2297: 2296: 2295: 2274: 2260:Solidarprinzip 2203: 2186: 2174: 2157: 2149: 2123: 2108: 2080: 2063: 2060: 2051: 2048: 2006:Main article: 2003: 2000: 1974:Bavarian Radio 1943:GEMA-Vorbehalt 1803: 1800: 1768: 1765: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1706: 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2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2428:Cocoon (club) 2421: 2417: 2416:Tanzhaus West 2412: 2405: 2401: 2398: 2390: 2385: 2381:adequacy rule 2378: 2372: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2354: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2332:public domain 2329: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2302: 2292: 2288: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2224: 2219: 2213: 2208: 2204: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2187: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2147: 2139: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2070:Barbara Clear 2066: 2065: 2059: 2057: 2047: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2009: 1999: 1997: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1960: 1952: 1944: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1914:cyber attacks 1911: 1906: 1904: 1898: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1860: 1855: 1854:Barbara Clear 1850: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1832: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1799: 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1202: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1025: 1020: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1008: 1006: 1002: 998: 992: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 929: 924: 922: 918: 914: 909: 900: 895: 890: 876: 874: 872: 864: 860: 858: 854: 850: 846:(Article 11, 845: 841: 837: 833: 828: 824: 820: 816: 810: 808: 804: 800: 796: 791: 787: 783: 778: 774: 770: 766: 761: 757: 753: 748: 743: 741: 737: 733: 732:Greater Hesse 729: 725: 721: 717: 716: 711: 707: 702: 698: 694: 689: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 661: 657: 647: 644: 642: 638: 637:on-hold music 634: 630: 625: 623: 618: 614: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 580: 578: 574: 570: 566: 560: 555: 551: 547: 546: 539: 534: 529: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 506: 502: 498: 493: 489: 485: 481: 470: 466: 464: 459: 455: 453: 449: 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