36:
234:
226:
114:), and "Scapigliato" literally means "unkempt" or "dishevelled". Most of these authors have never been translated into English, hence in most cases this entry cannot have and has no detailed references to specific sources from English books and publications. However, a list of sources from Italian academic studies of the subject is included, as is a list of the authors' main works in Italian.
688:(left unfinished, completed by Roberto Sacchetti in 1881) are perhaps some of the best examples for illustrating how the Scapigliati were somewhat ahead of their times and prophetic in terms of their vision. In Italian literature, fine arts and music, they are the equivalent of the German Idealists, the French and Russian Symbolists, the English Romantics and the American Transcendendalists.
376:. In the barracks of the Italian Army officers had bonfires with Tarchetti's books to give "the example" to many young soldiers who identified with Tarchetti's protests (Tarchetti had originally volunteered for the army, but changed his mind and was later discharged because of insubordination and also because of his failing healthâafter being sent to fight "
701:
styles. Since ambiguity was a requisite feature of its policy, the language used by the "scapigliati" was intentionally obscure, therefore obscuring the authentic meaning of their works. Verdi's connection to the
Scapigliatura, via his collaboration with Arrigo Boito (the most prominent 'scapigliato') has recently inspired the need for deeper scrutiny.
143:, an anti-conformist and charismatic figure on the fringes of the literary world of Milan, the city where the movement first developed through literary 'cenacles' which met in taverns and cafes. It attracted attention and scandalized the more conservative and Catholic circles of Italy with many pamphlets, journals and magazines like Arrighi's
700:
She has defined the movement with its own set of aesthetic principles and revealed that the
Scapigliatura's fundamental purpose was to remain ambiguous in order to achieve its goals; that is—to promote a new and modern Italian aesthetic that might compete more readily with growing international
696:
Reasons for the
Scapigliatura not having been allotted as much attention in the musical arts include several controversial issues. Only three operas have been identified as belonging to this movement, which was thought of as a pseudo-Wagnerian attempt in Italian opera. This has proven to be a fallacy
495:
after them, they often recurred to the aid of alcohol and drugs. Their lives were also characterized by poverty and financial failure, and they were also the target of a conservative backlash against their movement and its ideals. Praga died an alcoholic aged thirty-five in 1875. Tarchetti died aged
469:
The works of Praga, Tarchetti and poet
Giovanni Camerana (1845â1905) mark the transition from Romanticism to Decadentism, with their Romantic themes of love and death, Gothic imagery, sexuality and narcotics, and the supernatural. Praga was the first poet to imbue his works with the technics of
321:
The movement did not have formal manifestos, but developed organically, through its members sharing common aesthetic and political ideals. In their early days they were known as "Avveniristi", from a line of a Boito's poem which spoke of "L'arte dell'avvenire" (The art of the future). The term
709:
While official culture in Italy has often forgotten the
Scapigliati, the movement has had several revivals: during the counter-cultural climate of the late 1960s many of their works were back in print and there were exhibitions dedicated to them, and again in the 1990s, when Tarchetti's
242:
392:. In the late 1860s he detached himself from the movement, moved on to more conservative positions and was even made Senator of The Kingdom of Italy in 1914, while Faccio suffered a nervous breakdown and ended in the same mental institution where his father was an inmate.
163:, which challenged the status quo artistically, socially and politically. A wing of the movement became politically active, and known as Scapigliatura Democratica was central to the development of both the Socialist and Anarchist movements, with leaders such as the poet
697:
by the operatic scholar, Dr. Mary-Lou Vetere, who has "identified that the
Scapigliatura was actually an independent movement between Verdi and Verismo, born to counteract Wagner's growing presence and to protect Italian operatic supremacy."
486:
The
Scapigliati are also famous for erasing any difference between art and life, and lived their lives of anti-conformism, anarchist idealism and a desire for transcendence to the full. Like Baudelaire and Poe, and French Symbolist poets
433:
Emilio Praga and Igino Ugo
Tarchetti are the authors who best represent the Scapigliatura and its aesthetic programme. They were the first in Italy to open up to foreign influences, starting a process of renewal in Italian culture.
754:(Anglo-Italian rock singer and poet, not to be confused with the American film-director of commercials) translated Praga, Camerana and some of Tarchetti's poetry into English for the first time. American composer
668:
The
Scapigliati are now considered an important chapter in Italian cultural history, creating the archetype of the artistic avant-garde and are considered the forerunners of literary movements like
346:, Italian Catholic tradition and clericalism, and the Italian government's betrayal of the revolutionary roots of the Risorgimento period. Praga scandalized Italy with his second poetry collection
300:("Perhaps the man is already born who, modest and pure, will restore art to its altar stained like a brothel's wall"). In later years, Boito wrote revisions to the libretto of Verdi's opera
131:
by Cletto
Arrighi, pen-name of Carlo Righetti (1830â1906), who was one of the forerunners of the movement. The main Italian inspiration of the Scapigliati was the writer and journalist
270:'s redshirts to fight the Austrian Empire for the annexation of Venice to the newly formed Kingdom of Italy in 1866. Franco Faccio was also responsible for two of the three
783:
657:
253:(1842â1918). The latter is memorable for the fact that he wrote both the libretto and the music (an instance which had no precedent in Italian opera) for his opera
167:
who entered the Italian parliament on the extreme left, and whose libertarian ideals attracted much popular support for his political group, known as the Radicali.
110:
period (1815â71). The movement included poets, writers, musicians, painters and sculptors. The term Scapigliatura is the Italian equivalent of the French "bohĂšme" (
514:
The movement developed throughout Italy between the 1860s and the 1880s, starting from Milan. Its main offshoot was in Turin and Piedmont, with followers such as
438:, the theory based upon the correspondences among music, poetry and painting, was one of their innovations. They were also the first to promote the literature of
478:. The conflict between the lonely artist totally committed to his ideals and the values of bourgeois society was another theme found in the Scapigliati's works.
843:
833:
873:
519:
515:
960:
Gariff, David, "Giuseppe Grandi (1843â1894) and the Milanese Scapigliatura." (Ph.D. dissertation), University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 1991.
818:
808:
793:
583:
562:
who created the character of the young and doomed poet Stecchetti (based upon Tarchetti) for this specific purpose. Among the Scapigliati painters are
527:
380:" in the south, which he saw as a cruel colonialist war of Piedmont against the recently annexed south of Italy). Boito produced the poetry collection
858:
798:
848:
537:
1213:
838:
813:
803:
284:, set to a text by Boito. It was on the lukewarm premiere of the former in 1863 that Faccio was fĂȘted with a banquet where Boito read his ode
530:(1845â1870) was one of the younger and most promising poets, but committed suicide aged twenty-five after publishing his poetry collection
175:
The brotherhood of the scapigliati attempted to rejuvenate Italian culture through foreign influences, notably from German Romanticism (
554:
454:. The influence of the supernatural stories of Poe and Hoffmann on Praga and Tarchetti was the foundation of Italian writers such as
425:), which challenged common values and sense of decency by espousing a decadent take on art, inspired mainly by Baudelaire and Poe.
930:
Scapigliatura (History and texts of the Italian bohemian poets and writers (1860â1880) translated into English for the first time)
548:âwho committed suicide in 1876 after falling in love with an English teenage girl. Another author who scandalized the country was
403:), which opened Penombre striking against Catholicism, and the many mediocre followers of the main Italian novelist of the time,
377:
338:(1839â1869), who today is the best-known author of the Scapigliatura. They rebelled against late Romantic maudlin poets like
298:
Forse giĂ nacque chi sovra l'altare / RizzerĂ l'arte, verecondo e puro, / Su quel'altar bruttato come un muro / Di lupanare
620:
was another famous figure who shared the ideals of the Scapigliatura. Other exponents of the movement were the writers
79:
57:
17:
213:
50:
1228:
1198:
544:
who wrote a type of civic poetry which spread the Republican ideals of Mazzini, a sort of Italian equivalent of
1238:
1233:
1203:
249:
The major figures of the movement were the poet and painter Emilio Praga (1839â1875) and the poet and musician
413:
992:
Sartini Blum, Cinzia (2015). "Tarchetti's "fame": Revisiting the Myth of the Scapigliato as Misfit Genius".
1223:
1218:
1208:
853:
506:. Camerana committed suicide in 1905. Precursors Rovani and Arrighi died both through alcohol abuse.
318:. Boito is widely considered by most scholars as the best librettist with whom Verdi collaborated.
395:
The manifestos of these young and rebellious writers were the works themselves: poems like Praga's
44:
259:, which introduced elements of Wagner's music into Italian opera. Composer and orchestra director
788:
652:
373:
61:
691:
628:(1836â1914), older brother of Arrigo and a well-known art critic, who wrote the short story
233:
335:
188:
8:
868:
740:
148:
192:
1001:
778:
595:
563:
549:
404:
267:
196:
863:
764:
669:
455:
356:
164:
823:
755:
673:
635:
617:
587:
541:
523:
503:
459:
314:
302:
293:
102:
334:
in 1864. A year later saw the publishing of the first works by poet and novelist
1180:
1170:
828:
719:
591:
575:
571:
567:
559:
496:
twenty-nine in 1869 of tuberculosis and typhoid fever while completing his novel
339:
330:
Praga and Boito launched the Scapigliatura in earnest when they edited the paper
200:
184:
132:
594:
also took his first steps into the world of Scapigliatura with two librettos by
488:
475:
447:
439:
343:
289:
176:
364:(1867) in which he opposed the militarist culture of Italy under the reigning
1192:
751:
746:
744:, which was released in 1982. Christine Donougher translated Camillo Boito's
630:
625:
606:
579:
498:
492:
471:
451:
260:
208:
731:
677:
647:
639:
545:
463:
435:
250:
107:
692:
Controversy in opera and the Scapigliatura's ambiguous language for reform
656:, to this day the major Italian newspaper, was founded by the Scapigliato
612:
643:
621:
255:
111:
1005:
225:
106:) is the name of an artistic movement that developed in Italy after the
351:
988:(PhD.dissertation), NY State University at Buffalo. UMI Number 3407986
369:
180:
600:
933:
502:, practically destitute, in the house of his friend and follower
443:
308:
280:
241:
204:
923:
Igino Ugo Tarchetti. A Reassessment: his works, his philosophy
292:
that the composer refused to work with him when the publisher
532:
365:
1048:, translated by Christine Donougher, Dedalus, Sawtry, 1993.
965:
Fantastico e Malinconia nell'Opera di Igino Ugo Tarchetti
211:(1840â1891) conducting the first Italian performances of
771:
296:
first suggested a collaboration. The offending lines,
578:. Their style would influence later painters such as
139:
and the influential aesthetic theories of his essays
266:
The three of them volunteered with guerrilla leader
932:, London, 2005. (edited selections can be found on
925:(MA diss), University College London, London, 2005.
474:, and Camerana's poetry is characterized by a dark
986:From Verdi to Verismo: Boito and La Scapigliatura,
417:). Another such manifesto was Arrigo Boito's poem
127:The term Scapigliatura was derived from the novel
680:of the 1920s and '30s. Praga's poetry collection
203:. The group also helped with the introduction of
1190:
1093:, Mursia, Milano, 1990 (with Roberto Sacchetti).
684:, published posthumously in 1878, and his novel
442:, opening the door for the Italian novelists of
428:
263:was another important figure for the movement.
979:Scapigliatura: da Giuseppe Rovani a Carlo Dossi
558:(1876), which in reality was the work of poet
957:, (Prose Anthology), Mondadori, Milano, 1999.
245:Emilio Praga, Carlo Dossi & Luigi Conconi
991:
950:(Poetry Anthology), Mondadori, Milano, 1997.
368:royal family and in which he propounded his
159:and Felice Cavallotti and Achille Bizzoni's
718:were translated and published in the US by
768:, a successful Broadway musical in 1994.
509:
407:, author of the classic historical novel
122:
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
914:Bolzoni, Lina & Tedeschi, Marcella,
897:
895:
240:
232:
224:
43:This article includes a list of general
1149:Racconti Fantastici & Racconti Vari
27:Artistic movement in 19th-century Italy
14:
1191:
278:(with a libretto by Emilio Praga) and
1214:Italian artist groups and collectives
1183:, Mercury House, San Francisco, 1994.
1173:, Mercury House, San Francisco, 1992.
892:
772:Other Scapigliatura writers and poets
101:
974:, Sciascia, Caltanisetta-Roma, 1967.
29:
1068:L'Altrieri / Vita di Alberto Pisani
941:Invito a Conoscere la Scapigliatura
322:Scapigliatura came in vogue later.
207:'s music into Italy, with musician
24:
220:
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1250:
1122:(2 vols), Garzanti, Milano, 1975.
955:Racconti Neri della Scapigliatura
574:, and the best-known sculptor is
388:and memorable short-stories like
199:and the works of American writer
135:(1818â1874), author of the novel
536:. A similar figure was the poet
372:derived from French philosopher
129:La Scapigliatura e il 6 Febbraio
34:
1099:, Salerno Editrice, Roma, 1993.
663:
610:, and later composed the opera
360:, and Tarchetti with his novel
306:and the original librettos for
934:https://www.robertcaruso.site/
916:Dalla Scapigliatura al Verismo
640:film by the same title in 1954
214:Die Meistersinger von NĂŒrnberg
195:and, above all, the poetry of
13:
1:
880:
429:Praga, Tarchetti and Camerana
288:, which famously so offended
750:in English in 1993. In 2005
481:
325:
7:
918:, Laterza, Roma-Bari, 1978.
704:
552:with his poetry collection
10:
1255:
1163:, Mondadori, Milano, 1981.
1157:, Mondadori, Milano, 2004.
1145:, Passigli, Firenze, 1992.
1133:, Cappelli, Bologna, 1967.
1025:, Mondadori, Milano, 1942.
981:, Mondadori, Milano, 1968.
972:Storia della Scapigliatura
948:Lirici della Scapigliatura
758:adapted Tarchetti's novel
730:, respectively. Filmmaker
170:
117:
1151:, Bompiani, Milano, 1993.
1042:, Garzanti, Milano, 1990.
1031:, Garzanti, Milano, 1979.
984:Vetere, Mary-Lou (2010),
854:Giuseppe Aurelio Costanzo
660:, a friend of Tarchetti.
1082:, Adelphi, Milano, 1995.
1076:, Adelphi, Milano, 1999.
1070:, Einaudi, Torino, 1988.
1059:, Einaudi, Torino, 1968.
784:Giuseppe Cesare Molineri
676:, and the Italian Poeti
103:[skapiÊËaËtuËra]
1229:19th-century art groups
1139:, Mursia, Milano, 1994.
1091:Memorie del Presbiterio
1046:Senso and Other Stories
943:, Mursia, Milano, 1988.
901:Vetere 2010, p. ??
747:Senso and Other Stories
686:Memorie Del Presbiterio
658:Eugenio Torelli-Violler
634:, which later inspired
350:(1864), reminiscent of
64:more precise citations.
1199:Scapigliatura Movement
1127:Tarchetti, Iginio Ugo
1111:, Rossi, Napoli, 1969.
1105:, Laterza, Bari, 1969.
1040:Senso / Storielle Vane
967:, Carocci, Roma, 2000.
953:Finzi, Gilberto (ed.)
946:Finzi, Gilberto (ed.)
789:Achille Giovanni Cagna
653:Il Corriere della Sera
510:Spread of the movement
374:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
246:
238:
230:
123:Origin and inspiration
1239:19th century in Milan
1234:19th century in Italy
1204:Italian art movements
939:Ferrini, Alessandro,
616:. Orchestra director
276:I profughi fiamminghi
244:
236:
228:
963:Mangini, Angelo M.,
384:, the musical fable
336:Iginio Ugo Tarchetti
187:), French bohemians
155:, Cesare Tronconi's
1224:Painters from Milan
1053:Camerana, Giovanni
869:Antonio Ghislanzoni
844:Bernardino Zendrini
734:turned Tarchetti's
712:Racconti Fantastici
149:Antonio Ghislanzoni
970:Mariani, Gaetano,
834:Gian Pietro Lucini
779:Ferdinando Fontana
596:Ferdinando Fontana
564:Tranquillo Cremona
550:Lorenzo Stecchetti
405:Alessandro Manzoni
382:Il Libro Dei Versi
268:Giuseppe Garibaldi
247:
239:
231:
197:Charles Baudelaire
1155:Una Nobile Follia
1143:L'Amore nell'Arte
1116:Rovani, Giuseppe
1023:Tutti gli Scritti
874:Vittorio Imbriani
864:Felice Cavallotti
522:, and playwright
520:Giovanni Faldella
516:Roberto Sacchetti
456:Antonio Fogazzaro
362:Una Nobile Follia
357:Les Fleurs du Mal
286:All'arte italiana
189:Théophile Gautier
165:Felice Cavallotti
90:
89:
82:
18:Giovanni Camerana
16:(Redirected from
1246:
1219:Culture of Italy
1209:Culture in Milan
1179:, translated by
1169:, translated by
1009:
928:Caruso, Robert,
921:Caruso, Robert,
902:
899:
824:Salvatore Farina
819:Domenico Milelli
809:Edoardo Calandra
794:Ambrogio Bazzero
756:Stephen Sondheim
741:Passione d'Amore
636:Luchino Visconti
624:(1849â1910) and
618:Arturo Toscanini
588:Giuseppe Amisani
542:Giuseppe Mazzini
528:Giulio Pinchetti
524:Giuseppe Giacosa
504:Salvatore Farina
460:Luigi Pirandello
409:I Promessi Sposi
303:Simon Boccanegra
193:GĂ©rard de Nerval
105:
100:
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1189:
1188:
1181:Lawrence Venuti
1171:Lawrence Venuti
1167:Fantastic Tales
1097:Schizzi a Penna
1036:Boito, Camillo
1014:Further reading
906:
905:
900:
893:
883:
878:
859:Alberto Cantoni
829:Mario Rapisardi
799:Cesare Tronconi
774:
724:Fantastic Tales
720:Lawrence Venuti
707:
694:
666:
592:Giacomo Puccini
576:Giuseppe Grandi
572:Arnoldo Bocklin
568:Daniele Ranzoni
560:Olindo Guerrini
512:
484:
431:
340:Aleardo Aleardi
328:
223:
221:Leading figures
201:Edgar Allan Poe
185:E.T.A. Hoffmann
173:
161:Gazzettino Rosa
133:Giuseppe Rovani
125:
120:
98:
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1252:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1174:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1087:Praga, Emilio
1085:
1084:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1019:Boito, Arrigo
1011:
1010:
1000:(2): 337â357.
989:
982:
975:
968:
961:
958:
951:
944:
937:
926:
919:
904:
903:
890:
889:
882:
879:
877:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
849:Pompeo Bettini
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
775:
773:
770:
738:into the film
706:
703:
693:
690:
665:
662:
590:in the 1920s.
511:
508:
489:Arthur Rimbaud
483:
480:
476:Existentialism
448:Giovanni Verga
430:
427:
344:Giovanni Prati
327:
324:
290:Giuseppe Verdi
222:
219:
172:
169:
157:Lo Scapigliato
153:Rivista Minima
145:Cronaca Grigia
124:
121:
119:
116:
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1251:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1064:Dossi, Carlo
1063:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
987:
983:
980:
977:Nardi, Piero
976:
973:
969:
966:
962:
959:
956:
952:
949:
945:
942:
938:
935:
931:
927:
924:
920:
917:
913:
912:
911:
910:
898:
896:
891:
888:
887:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
776:
769:
767:
766:
761:
757:
753:
752:Robert Caruso
749:
748:
743:
742:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
702:
698:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
661:
659:
655:
654:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
632:
627:
626:Camillo Boito
623:
619:
615:
614:
609:
608:
603:
602:
597:
593:
589:
585:
584:Mose' Bianchi
581:
580:Medardo Rosso
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
556:
551:
547:
543:
540:âa friend of
539:
538:Giulio Uberti
535:
534:
529:
525:
521:
517:
507:
505:
501:
500:
494:
493:Paul Verlaine
490:
479:
477:
473:
472:Impressionism
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:Luigi Capuana
449:
445:
441:
437:
426:
424:
420:
416:
415:
414:The Betrothed
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
390:L'Alfier Nero
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
358:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
323:
319:
317:
316:
311:
310:
305:
304:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:
277:
273:
272:Scapigliatura
269:
264:
262:
261:Franco Faccio
258:
257:
252:
243:
237:Franco Faccio
235:
229:A young Boito
227:
218:
216:
215:
210:
209:Franco Faccio
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
115:
113:
109:
104:
96:
95:
94:Scapigliatura
84:
81:
73:
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
1176:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1119:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1056:
1045:
1039:
1028:
1022:
1013:
1012:
997:
993:
985:
978:
971:
964:
954:
947:
940:
929:
922:
915:
908:
907:
885:
884:
839:Paolo Valera
814:Luigi Gualdo
804:Remigio Zena
763:
759:
745:
739:
735:
732:Ettore Scola
727:
723:
715:
711:
708:
699:
695:
685:
681:
678:Crepuscolari
667:
664:Significance
651:
648:film of 2002
629:
611:
605:
599:
553:
546:Walt Whitman
531:
513:
497:
485:
468:
464:Dino Buzzati
436:Synaesthesia
432:
422:
418:
412:
408:
400:
396:
394:
389:
385:
381:
361:
355:
347:
331:
329:
320:
313:
307:
301:
297:
285:
279:
275:
271:
265:
254:
251:Arrigo Boito
248:
212:
174:
160:
156:
152:
144:
140:
136:
128:
126:
108:Risorgimento
93:
92:
91:
76:
67:
48:
682:Trasparenze
670:Decadentism
644:Tinto Brass
622:Carlo Dossi
256:Mefistofele
141:Le Tre Arti
62:introducing
1193:Categories
1120:Cento Anni
881:References
378:brigandage
352:Baudelaire
137:Cento Anni
45:references
674:Symbolism
613:La bohĂšme
598:, namely
482:Lifestyle
370:anarchism
326:1864â1891
181:Jean Paul
70:June 2008
1006:43895971
705:Revivals
601:Le Villi
446:such as
419:Dualismo
397:Preludio
348:Penombre
315:Falstaff
274:operas:
112:bohemian
99:Italian:
1177:Passion
1137:Paolina
994:Italica
909:Sources
765:Passion
728:Passion
555:Postuma
444:Verismo
440:Realism
423:Dualism
401:Prelude
386:Re Orso
294:Ricordi
171:Purpose
118:History
58:improve
1103:Poesie
1057:Poesie
1004:
332:Figaro
309:Otello
281:Amleto
205:Wagner
47:, but
1161:Fosca
1131:Opere
1109:Opere
1080:Opere
1074:Amori
1029:Opere
1002:JSTOR
886:Notes
762:into
760:Fosca
736:Fosca
716:Fosca
631:Senso
607:Edgar
533:Versi
499:Fosca
366:Savoy
177:Heine
726:and
714:and
642:and
604:and
586:and
570:and
491:and
462:and
450:and
342:and
312:and
191:and
183:and
722:as
638:'s
354:'s
151:'s
1195::
998:92
996:.
894:^
672:,
650:.
646:'
582:,
566:,
526:.
518:,
466:.
458:,
217:.
179:,
147:,
1008:.
936:)
421:(
411:(
399:(
97:(
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
