Giovanni Giolitti - Knowledge

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territorial labour inspection services started to be established in Turin, Milan and Brescia.” A law of 1907 fixed the age of admission to employment at 14 years for underground work in mines not employing mechanical motive power while forbidding the employment of children under 15 in especially dangerous occupations. On 7 July 1907 an important law providing for a weekly day of rest was passed, and that same year a treaty was ratified with France concerning industrial accidents, "by which French laborers in Italy and Italian laborers in France were given all the benefits of the insurance laws of the country in which they are employed." A law was also passed on 22 March 1908 abolishing night work in bakeries. The 1907 Malaria Law "contained important dispositions protecting women and children, banning night work and limiting the workday to nine hours, prohibited work in the last month of pregnancy, and mandated two breaks to breastfeed children." A law of 27 February 1908, concerning inexpensive or people’s dwellings, granted communes the power "to construct people's dwellings exclusively for renting purposes, people’s lodging houses, and free public dormitories whenever a commune considers it necessary to supply dwellings for the poorer classes of the population and there are neither cooperative societies nor private organizations undertaking these constructions or when these societies exist but do not meet the commune’s needs." Various laws related to agriculture were also introduced, public works for the South were initiated, and the tax on heating oil used by the poor was cut.

1501: 1993: 5320: 2497: 4515: 2189:). On 3 May 1915, Italy officially revoked the Triple Alliance. In the following days Giolitti and the neutralist majority of the Parliament opposed declaring war, while nationalist crowds demonstrated in public areas for entering the war. On 13 May 1915, Salandra offered his resignation, but Giolitti, fearful of nationalist disorder that might break into open rebellion, declined to succeed him as prime minister and Salandra's resignation was not accepted. On 23 May 1915, Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary. 1799: 2100: 936: 2785: 31: 1844:, which was under formal Ottoman suzerainty but was actually controlled by the United Kingdom. Giolitti refused, and war was declared on 29 September 1911. He was criticised for having declared war without consulting Parliament, and for not having summoned it until several months later. His conduct of the Government during the campaign was also severely criticised, as he acted as though the war were merely an affair of internal politics and party combinations. 1294:, which he had proved impotent to suppress. Despite the heavy pressure from the King, the army and conservative circles in Rome, Giolitti neither treated strikes – which were not illegal – as a crime, nor dissolved the Fasci, nor authorised the use of firearms against popular demonstrations. His policy was "to allow these economic struggles to resolve themselves through amelioration of the condition of the workers" and not to interfere in the process. 1365: 1257:

proprietors and landowners asked the government to intervene. Giovanni Giolitti tried to put a halt to the manifestations and protests of the Fasci Siciliani, his measures were relatively mild. On November 24, Giolitti officially resigned as prime minister. In the three weeks of uncertainty before Crispi formed a government on 15 December 1893, the rapid spread of violence drove many local authorities to defy Giolitti's ban on the use of firearms.

2370: 1168: 4071: 4041: 2595: 5327: 1436: 1894: 1064: 2229: 4755: 1222:, Bernardo Tanlongo, whose irregular practices had become a byword, which would have given him immunity from prosecution. The senate declined to admit Tanlongo, whom Giolitti, in consequence of an intervention in parliament upon the condition of the Banca Romana, was obliged to arrest and prosecute. During the prosecution, Giolitti abused his position as premier to abstract documents bearing on the case. 778: 2119:. Giolitti opposed Italy's entry into the war on the grounds that Italy was militarily unprepared and he tried to use his personal hold over the parliamentary majority to upset the Salandra Cabinet, but was frustrated by an uprising of public opinion in favour of war. At the outbreak of the war in August 1914, Salandra declared that Italy would not commit its troops, maintaining that the 2571:, which guaranteed that a party obtaining at least 25 per cent and the largest share of the votes would gain two-thirds of the seats in parliament. He shared the widespread hope that the fascists would become a more moderate and responsible party upon taking power, but withdrew his support in 1924, voting against the law that restricted press freedom. During a speech in the 2326:, which was occupied by workers, Giolitti replied: "Very well, I will give orders to the artillery to bomb it". After a few days, the workers spontaneously ceased the strike. The Prime Minister was aware that an act of force would have only aggravated the situation and also suspected that in many cases the entrepreneurs were linked to the occupation of factories by workers. 1394:, strongly opposed the repression of labour union strikes. According to him, the government had to act as a mediator between entrepreneurs and workers. These concepts, which today may seem obvious, were considered revolutionary at the time. The conservatives harshly criticized him; according to them, this policy was a complete failure that could create fear and disorder. 2408:. He was enthusiastically welcomed by the Italian population of Fiume. The Italian government of Giolitti opposed this move. D'Annunzio, in turn, resisted pressure from Italy. The plotters sought to have Italy annexe Fiume but were denied. Instead, Italy initiated a blockade of Fiume while demanding that the plotters surrender. 1684: 1649:, necessary in a modern liberal democracy. Luzzatti developed a moderate proposal with some requirements under which a person had the right to vote (age, literacy and annual taxes). The government's proposal was of a gradual expansion of the electorate, but without reaching the universal male suffrage. 1659:

Many historians considered Giolitti's proposal a mistake. Universal male suffrage, contrary to Giolitti's opinions, would destabilize the entire political establishment: the "mass parties," i.e. Socialist, Popular and later Fascist, were the ones who benefitted from the new electoral system. Giolitti

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in the years between 1889 and 1894. The Fasci gained the support of the poorest and most exploited classes of the island by channelling their frustration and discontent into a coherent programme based on the establishment of new rights. Consisting of a jumble of traditionalist sentiment, religiosity,

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by manipulating, coercing and bribing officials to his side. In elections during Giolitti's government, voting fraud was common, and Giolitti helped improve voting only in well-off, more supportive areas, while attempting to isolate and intimidate poor areas where opposition was strong. Many critics

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and government support of production. Foreign trade doubled between 1900 and 1910, wages rose, and the general standard of living went up. Nevertheless, the period was also marked by social dislocations. There was a sharp increase in the frequency and duration of industrial action, with major labour

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warned the then prime minister Facta that Mussolini was demanding his resignation and that he was preparing to march on Rome; however, Facta did not believe Salandra and thought that Mussolini would govern quietly at his side. To meet the threat posed by the bands of Fascist troops gathering outside

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Although a man of first-class financial ability, great honesty and wide culture, Luzzatti had not the strength of character necessary to lead a government: he showed lack of energy in dealing with opposition and tried to avoid all measures likely to make him unpopular. Furthermore, he never realized

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The criticism that the government received from conservatives proved unfounded: public opinion followed almost fondly the events relating, as the conversion immediately took on the symbolic value of a real and lasting fiscal consolidation and a stable national unification. The resources were used to

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for Rome. Having had previous conversations with the king about the repression of fascist violence, he was sure the king would agree, but Victor Emmanuel III refused to sign the military order. On 28 October, the King handed power to Mussolini, who was supported by the military, the business class,

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as the head of this institute. Law No.1361 of 1912 and the Royal Decree No. 431 that was approved in 1913 “represented the legal basis of the institutional activity of the Labour Inspectorate, still structured within the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Trade.” In 1912 benefits were introduced

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Upon the rejection of these conditions, there was an outburst of strikes that rapidly spread throughout the island, and was marked by violent social conflict, almost rising to the point of insurrection. The leaders of the movement were not able to keep the situation from getting out of control. The

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Emigration reached unprecedented levels between 1900 and 1914 and rapid industrialization of the North widened the socio-economic gap with the South. Giolitti was able to get parliamentary support wherever it was possible and from whoever was willing to cooperate with him, including socialists and

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Giolitti became prime minister again on 15 June 1920, because he was considered the only one who could solve that dramatic situation. As he did before, he did not accept the demands of landowners and entrepreneurs asking the government to intervene by force. He succeeded in forming a cabinet which

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The Vatican had two major goals at this point: to stem the rise of Socialism and to monitor the grassroots Catholic organizations (co-ops, peasant leagues, credit unions, etc.). Since the masses tended to be deeply religious but rather uneducated, the Church felt they were in need of conveyance so

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In 1912, Giolitti had the Parliament approve an electoral reform bill that expanded the electorate from 3 million to 8.5 million voters – introducing near-universal male suffrage – while commenting that first "teaching everyone to read and write" would have been a more reasonable route. Considered

1616:, induced Giolitti to adjourn the debate until the autumn, when, the Cabinet having been defeated on a point of procedure, he resigned on 2 December. Giolitti proposed Sonnino as new prime minister, but after a few months, he withdrew his support for Sonnino's government and supported the moderate 1478:

As a means of strengthening the role of labour inspectors, Law No. 380 of 1906 “provided extraordinary funds to the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce with a view implementing the Italian-French Convention. Consequently, as a result of a ministerial circular of November 1906, the first

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During his second term as head of the government, he courted the left and labour unions with social legislation, including subsidies for low-income housing, preferential government contracts for worker cooperatives, and old age and disability pensions. Giolitti tried to sign an alliance with the

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gained 54.4% of votes and 329 seats out of 508. Giolitti found himself faced with the necessity for renewing the steamship conventions which were about to lapse. The bill presented by his Cabinet on this subject was designed to conciliate conflicting politicaI interests rather than to solve the

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coalition of government which isolated the extremes of the Left and the Right in Italian politics after the unification. Under his influence, the Liberals did not develop as a structured party and were a series of informal personal groupings with no formal links to political constituencies. The

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Giolitti's policy of never interfering in strikes and leaving even violent demonstrations undisturbed at first proved successful, but indiscipline and disorder grew to such a pitch that Zanardelli, already in bad health, resigned, and Giolitti succeeded him as prime minister in November 1903.

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Giolitti's ability to muster the votes in the Chamber for the reforms he deemed necessary established him as the undisputed political leader of Italy for over a decade. His program of reforms also made him the most significant Italian practitioner of European New Liberalism. Giolitti did not

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In the financial sector, the main operation was the conversion of the annuity, with the replacement of fixed-rate government bonds maturing (with a coupon of 5%) with others at lower rates (3.75% before and then 3.5%). The conversion of the annuity was conducted with considerable caution and

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Giolitti, speaking in the Chamber, declared himself in favor of universal male suffrage, overcoming the impulse to government positions. His aim was to cause Luzzatti's resignation and become prime minister again; moreover he want to start a cooperation with the Socialists in the Italian

954:. His father Giovenale Giolitti had been working in the avvocatura dei poveri, an office assisting poor citizens in both civil and criminal cases. He died in 1843, a year after Giovanni was born. The family moved in the home of his mother Enrichetta Plochiù in Turin. 2271:

took place in the context of an economic crisis at the end of the war, with high unemployment and political instability. It was characterized by mass strikes, worker manifestations as well as self-management experiments through land and factory occupations. In

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Giolitti's prominent role in the years from the start of the 20th century until 1914 is known as the Giolittian Era, in which Italy experienced an industrial expansion, the rise of organised labour and the emergence of an active Catholic political movement.

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For several years he was compelled to play a passive part, having lost all credit. But by keeping in the background and giving public opinion time to forget his past, as well as by parliamentary intrigue, he gradually regained much of his former influence.

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Mussolini pretended to be willing to take a subalternate ministry in a Giolitti or Salandra cabinet but then demanded the Presidency of the Council. Giolitti supported Mussolini's government initially – accepting and voting in favour of the controversial

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comprised a number of non-Giolittians of all parties, but only a few of his own old guard, so that he won the support of a considerable part of the parliament, although the Socialists and the Popolari (Catholics) rendered his hold somewhat precarious.

2586:. Giolitti, who by that time was completely opposed to the regime, resigned from his office. In 1928 he spoke to the Chamber against the law which effectively abolished the elections, replacing them with the ratification of governmental appointments. 1820:

The Italian government was hesitant initially, but in the summer the preparations for the invasion were carried out and Prime Minister Giolitti began to probe the other European major powers about their reactions to a possible invasion of Libya. The

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agitation and of the repression to which other statesmen resorted, and gave the agitators to understand that were he premier he would remain neutral in labour conflicts. Thus he gained their favour, and on the fall of the cabinet led by General

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However, Giolitti too, had to resort to strong measures in repressing some serious disorders in various parts of Italy, and thus he lost the favour of the Socialists. In March 1905, feeling himself no longer secure, he resigned, indicating

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On 9 March 1889, Giolitti was selected by Crispi as the new Minister of Treasury and Finance. But in October 1890, Giolitti resigned from his office due to contrasts with Crispi's colonial policy. A few weeks before, the Ethiopian emperor

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was brought into the national cabinet as the choice of Giolitti himself, who still commanded the support of most Italian parliamentarians; however, Salandra soon fell out with Giolitti over the question of Italian participation in

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In December 1893, 92 peasants lost their lives in clashes with the police and army. Government buildings were burned along with flour mills and bakeries that refused to lower their prices when taxes were lowered or abolished.

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Simultaneously a parliamentary commission of inquiry investigated the condition of the state banks. Its report, though acquitting Giolitti of personal dishonesty, proved disastrous to his political position, and the ensuing

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and socialist consciousness, the movement reached its apex in the summer of 1893, when new conditions were presented to the landowners and mine owners of Sicily concerning the renewal of sharecropping and rental contracts.

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Giolitti's first term as prime minister (1892–1893) was marked by misfortune and misgovernment. The building crisis and the commercial rupture with France had impaired the situation of the state banks, of which one, the

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Catholics, who had been excluded from government before. Although an anti-clerical he got the support of the catholic deputies repaying them by holding back a divorce bill and appointing some to influential positions.

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During his ministry, the Parliament approved a law requiring the payment of a monthly allowance to deputies. In fact, at that time the parliamentarians had no type of salary, and this favoured the wealthy candidates.

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contribute theoretical works to this new intellectual current, but he put into practice several of the tenets of New Liberalism before some of the theorists of the intellectual current had shown awareness of them.

1486:. Such measures, although they could not even come close to bridging the north-south differences, gave appreciable results. This policy's aim was to improve the economic conditions of the farmers from the south. 957:

His mother taught him to read and write; his education in the gymnasium San Francesco da Paola of Turin was marked by poor discipline and little commitment to study. He did not like mathematics and the study of

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parliamentary system. Furthermore, Giolitti intended to extend his pre-war reforms. Conscripted men were fighting overseas in Libya and so it appeared as a symbol of national unity that they be given the vote.

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accused him of being a corrupt politician and of winning elections with the support of criminals. Nonetheless, his highly complex legacy continues to stimulate intense debate among writers and historians.

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While Giolitti supported neutrality, Salandra and Sonnino, supported intervention on the side of the Allies, and secured Italy's entrance into the war despite the opposition of the majority in parliament

1013:(the unification of Italy), for which his temperament was not suited anyway, but this lack of military experience would be held against him as long as the Risorgimento generation was active in politics. 1374:(The Donkey) in May 1911, described the policy of Giolitti: on the one hand, dressed in elegant suit, he reassures conservatives; on the other, with less elegant clothes, he is addressing the workers. 1562:, where the telegraph lines were still working, but that was not accomplished until midnight at the end of the day. Rail lines in the area had been destroyed, often along with the railway stations. 1467:

Giolitti's government introduced laws to protect women and children workers with new time (12 hours) and age (12 years) limits this law being implemented between 1900 - 1907. On this occasion the

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might win. Since the Socialists were the arch-enemy of the Church, the reductionist logic of the Church led it to promote any anti-Socialist measures. Voting for the Socialists was grounds for

1886:, Switzerland.) However, the vagueness of the text allowed a provisional Italian administration of the islands, and Turkey eventually renounced all claims on these islands in Article 15 of the 2450:, Giolitti enjoyed the support of the fascist squadristi and did not try to stop their forceful takeovers of city and regional government or their violence against their political opponents. 2766:, he sought to accommodate the emancipatory groups, first in his pursuit of coalitions with socialist and Catholic movements, and at the end of his political life in a failed courtship with 2178:

within a month in return for territorial concessions at the end of the war. Giolitti was initially unaware of the treaty. His aim was to get concessions from Austria-Hungary to avoid war.

2034:. It directed Catholic voters to Giolitti supporters who agreed to favour the Church's position on such key issues as funding private Catholic schools and blocking a law allowing divorce. 2196:

and kept aloof from politics for the duration of the conflict. He consequently lost his influence over public opinion, and in many quarters was regarded as little better than a traitor.

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at the end of March 1911. It was fancifully depicted as rich in minerals, well-watered, and defended by only 4,000 Ottoman troops. Also, the population was described as hostile to the

1878:. Italy had agreed to return the Dodecanese to the Ottoman Empire according to the Treaty of Ouchy in 1912 (also known as the First Treaty of Lausanne (1912), as it was signed at the 1591:

arrived two days after the earthquake to assist the victims and survivors. The disaster made headlines worldwide and international relief efforts were launched. With the help of the

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and was appointed as chief secretary of the Central Tax Commission. He moved to Rome Italy in 1905. That year he married Rosa Sobrero and they would have seven children – Giovenale,

3017: 1218:, and providing for stricter state control. The new law failed to effect an improvement. Moreover, he irritated public opinion by raising to senatorial rank the governor of the 5862: 5842: 5817: 1024:, Lorenzo, Luisa, Federico, Maria and Giuseppe. In 1870, he moved to the Ministry of Finance, becoming a high official and working along with important members of the ruling 5857: 5847: 5837: 5812: 5852: 5832: 5822: 5807: 1927:

a month judged sufficient at its beginning, it reached a cost of 80 million a month for a much longer period than was originally estimated. The war cost Italy 1.3 billion

5827: 5802: 5013: 3264:", as in a bundle of sticks, but also "league", and was used in the late 19th century to refer to political groups of many different and sometimes opposing orientations. 1189:

and his treasury minister Giolitti knew of the 1889 government inspection report, but feared that publicity might undermine public confidence and suppressed the report.

1387:. Giolitti would have liked to have Turati as a minister in his cabinets, but the Socialist leader always refused, due to the opposition of the left wing of his party. 3497:

The Hunchback's Tailor Giovanni Giolitti and Liberal Italy from the Challenge of Mass Politics to the Rise of Fascism, 1882-1922 By Alexander J. De Grand, 2001, P.135

2647:. He tended to see discontent as rooted in frustrated self-interest and believed that most opponents had their price and could be transformed eventually into allies. 1009:

Giolitti pursued a career in public administration in the Ministry of Grace and Justice. That choice prevented him from participating in the decisive battles of the

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respectively, both parts of the then declining Ottoman Empire. When Italian diplomats hinted about possible opposition by their government, the French replied that

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that with the chamber, as it was then constituted, he only held office at Giolitti's good pleasure. So on 30 March 1911 Luzzatti resigned from his office and King

2575:, Giolitti said to Mussolini: "For the love of your country, do not treat the Italian people as if they did not deserve the freedom they always had in the past!" 1825:

party had strong influence over public opinion; however, it was in opposition and also divided on the issue, acting ineffectively against military intervention.

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Giolitti believed that the extension of the franchise would bring more conservative rural voters to the polls as well as drawing votes from grateful socialists.

2419:. D'Annunzio ignored the Treaty of Rapallo and declared war on Italy itself. On 24 December 1920, Giolitti sent the Italian Royal Army to Fiume and ordered the 1795:; however, the Italian government did little to realize the opportunity and knowledge of Libyan territory and resources remained scarce in the following years. 5753: 4056: 1539:

after the sea had receded 70 meters from the shore. The entire Reggio seafront was destroyed and numbers of people who had gathered there perished. Nearby

856:, when he was prime minister and Minister of the Interior from 1901 to 1914, with only brief interruptions, is often referred to as the "Giolittian Era". 5113: 5093: 5068: 3460:

Government Aid to Home Owning and Housing of Working People in Foreign Countries : Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, No. 158

2170:) and the Kingdom of Italy. According to the pact, Italy was to leave the Triple Alliance and join the Triple Entente. Italy was to declare war against 4490: 1133:, signed by Crispi, stating that it did not oblige Ethiopia to be an Italian protectorate. Menelik informed the foreign press and the scandal erupted. 3901: 3883: 2208:

he charged that an aggressive minority had dragged Italy into war against the will of the majority, putting him at odds with the growing movement of

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criticized the "Giolittian System", although Giolitti himself saw the development of the national economy as essential in the production of wealth.

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and especially on remittances that Italian migrants sent to their relatives back home. The 1906–1909 triennium is remembered as the time when "the

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had loaned large sums to property developers but was left with huge liabilities when the real estate bubble collapsed in 1887. Then prime minister

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his most daring political move, the reform probably hastened the end of the Giolittian Era because his followers controlled fewer seats after the

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was held on 26 October 1913, with a second round of voting on 2 November. Giolitti's Liberal Union narrowly retained an absolute majority in the

3459: 1579:) responded and began searching, treating the injured, providing food and water, and evacuating refugees (as did every ship). Giolitti imposed 3629: 3409: 3194: 2526:; when Bonomi resigned, the Liberals proposed again Giolitti as prime minister, considering him the only one who could save the country from 1423:

When Sonnino lost his majority in May 1906, Giolitti became prime minister once more. His third government was known as the "long ministry" (

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technical expertise: the government, in fact, before undertaking it, requested and obtained the guarantee of numerous banking institutions.

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The Free State of Fiume would officially last until 1924, when Fiume was eventually annexed to the Kingdom of Italy under the terms of the

2393:, into a seizure of the city, forcing the withdrawal of the inter-Allied (American, British and French) occupying forces. Their march from 2358:. Moreover, Giolitti's last term saw Italy relinquish control over most of the Albanian territories it gained after World War I, following 2094: 3021: 1660:"was convinced that Italy can not grow economically and socially without enlarging the number of those who partecipated in public life." 826:, he is widely considered one of the most wealthy, powerful and important politicians in Italian history; due to his dominant position in 5892: 2691: 2381:

was angered by what he considered to be the handing over of the city of Fiume. On 12 September 1919, he led around 2,600 troops from the

1768: 1675:, but Giolitti strongly opposed it, considering it too risky, and suggested the introduction of female suffrage only at the local level. 4061: 5887: 4999: 1716:, which provided for the nationalization of insurance at the expense of the private sector. Moreover, Giolitti appointed the socialist 3689: 5586: 2386: 3482: 2350:

in 1919, this delineation of territory was confirmed, with Fiume remaining outside of Italian borders, instead joined with adjacent

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obliged him to resign. His fall left the finances of the state disorganized, the pensions fund depleted, diplomatic relations with

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intermediation, the Ottomans replied with the proposal of transferring control of Libya without war, maintaining a formal Ottoman

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The Hunchback's Tailor: Giovanni Giolitti and Liberal Italy From the Challenge of Mass Politics to the Rise of Fascism, 1882-1922

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in November 1914, began to probe which side would grant the best reward for Italy's entrance in the war and to fulfil Italy's

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trying to navigate the new tide of mass politics. A lifelong bureaucrat aloof from the electorate, Giolitti introduced near

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Coppa, Frank J. (1970). "Economic and Ethical Liberalism in Conflict: The extraordinary liberalism of Giovanni Giolitti,"

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and were accompanied by peasant strikes, rural unrests and guerrilla conflicts between left-wing and right-wing militias.

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The primary focus of Giolittian politics was to rule from the centre with slight and well-controlled fluctuations between

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accused Giolitti of manipulating the elections, piling up majorities with the restricted suffrage at the time, using the

2042:. Meanwhile, Italian Prime Minister Giolitti understood that the time was ripe for cooperation between Catholics and the 1817:

and friendly to the Italians: the future invasion was going to be little more than a "military walk", according to them.

863:, with strong ethical concerns, Giolitti's periods in office were notable for the passage of a wide range of progressive 4081: 3534: 2840: 2488:, but his list obtained only 19.1% of votes and a total of 105 MPs. The disappointing results forced him to step down. 2446:

increased the fear of a communist takeover and led the political establishment to tolerate the rise of the fascists of

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The strong economic performance and the careful budget management led to currency stability; this was also caused by a

1303: 998: 3119: 3005: 5922: 4476: 4299: 4283: 4260: 4225: 4209: 4190: 4145: 4129: 4113: 3742: 2523: 1756: 1531:. About ten minutes after the earthquake, the sea on both sides of the Strait suddenly withdrew a 12-meter (39-foot) 2812:

Giolitti was the first long-term Prime Minister of Italy in many years because he mastered the political concept of

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When Pius X lifted the ban on Catholic participation in politics in 1913, and the electorate was expanded by a new

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in May 1892, Giolitti, with the help of a court clique, received from the King the task of forming a new cabinet.

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On 18 October 1912, Turkey officially surrendered. As a result of this conflict, Italy captured the Ottoman

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swept in, and three waves struck nearby coasts. It impacted hardest along the Calabrian coast and inundated

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in 1900, he made his comeback after eight years, openly opposing the authoritarian new public safety laws.

1103: 1076: 777: 495: 66: 2128: 1931:, nearly a billion more than Giolitti estimated before the war. This ruined ten years of fiscal prudence. 918:

due to the courting of socialist and leftist votes in parliament in exchange for political favours, while

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Health and Healthcare Policy in Italy Since 1861 A Comparative Approach By Francesco Taroni, 2022, P.45

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Health and Healthcare Policy in Italy Since 1861 A Comparative Approach By Francesco Taroni, 2022, P.22

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According to his biographer Alexander De Grand, Giolitti was Italy's most notable prime minister after

1646: 4086: 2627:. Like Cavour, Giolitti came from Piedmont; like other leading Piedmontese politicians, he combined a 2299:

In the general election, the fragmented Liberal governing coalition lost the absolute majority in the

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quashed the indictment by denying the competence of the ordinary tribunals to judge ministerial acts.

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Planning, Protectionism, and Politics in Liberal Italy: Economics and Politics in the Giolittian Age

3947:, Oxford University Press (2013) p. 59; Mussolini's speech to the Chamber of Deputies on 26 May 1934 5867: 5572: 5488: 3734: 2582:, in which Giolitti was re-elected president in August, voted a motion which asked him to join the 1642: 1520: 1052: 3865:

Composizione di classe, rivendicazioni e professionalità nelle lotte del "biennio rosso" a Bologna

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on 12 November 1920, between Italy and Yugoslavia, turned Fiume into an independent state, the

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During Luzzatti's government the political debate had begun to focus on the enlargement of the

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Another main problem that Giolitti had to face during his first term as prime minister was the

1177:(The Donkey) in June 1893, with Giolitti and Tanlongo. "Savings and loans: the coup succeeded." 3958: 3836: 3651: 3369: 3354: 3242: 3225: 3106: 2553:

marched on Rome in October 1922, Giolitti was in Cavour. On 26 October, former prime minister

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to bombard the city; these forced the Fiuman legionnaires to evacuate and surrender the city.

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states. Seeing how easily the Italians had defeated the weakened Ottomans, the members of the

1415:, became premier in February 1906, Giolitti did not openly oppose him, but his followers did. 1344:, but critics accused Giolitti of being the de facto prime minister, due to Zanardelli's age. 5528: 3323: 3075: 2946: 2427: 2063: 2007:

informally gave permission to Catholics to vote for government candidates in areas where the

1940: 1764: 1638: 986: 823: 696: 690: 580: 2992: 1879: 1383:, which was growing so fast in the popular vote and became a friend of the Socialist leader 5797: 5792: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5498: 5453: 5423: 5408: 5398: 4906: 2739: 2632: 2394: 1848: 1271: 1162: 3693: 2610:

were: "My dear father, I am old, very old. I served in five governments, I could not sing

2249:, following the war. The revolutionary period was followed by the violent reaction of the 2078:; however, the election marked the beginning of the decline of the Liberal establishment. 8: 5680: 5188: 5128: 4637: 4362: 3757:

Tra patria e campanile. Ritualità civili e culture politiche a Firenze in età giolittiana

2677: 2662:

one, trying to preserve the institutions and the existing social order. Critics from the

2539: 2416: 2390: 2289: 2285: 2245:("Red Biennium") a two-year period, between 1919 and 1920, of intense social conflict in 2136: 1693: 1620:

as new head of government. Given his party's position, Giolitti remained the real power.

1588: 1353: 1341: 1084: 982: 975: 884: 745: 653: 592: 205: 3640:

Italy A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present By Roland Sarti, 2009, P.564

2127:

had been the aggressor. In reality, both Salandra and his ministers of Foreign Affairs,

1558:

News of the disaster was carried to Prime Minister Giolitti by Italian torpedo boats to

971: 5493: 5483: 4926: 4866: 4537: 2747: 2743: 2735: 2382: 2027: 1956: 1944: 1887: 1841: 1760: 1709: 1576: 1540: 915: 238: 4249:

Pohl, Manfred & Sabine Freitag (European Association for Banking History) (1994).

3713: 3197:, Quaderni di Storia Economica (Economic History Working Papers), Nr. 5, November 2010 5654: 5553: 5548: 5438: 5378: 5343: 5293: 5203: 5153: 5143: 5133: 5123: 5118: 4946: 4936: 4911: 4856: 4801: 4761: 4737: 4652: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4295: 4279: 4256: 4240: 4221: 4205: 4200: 4193: 4186: 4141: 4125: 4109: 3797: 3738: 3567: 3133: 2823:

just as his contenders; however, he refined the practice in the general elections of

2715: 2546:

the task of forming a new cabinet. Facta was a Liberal and close friend of Giolitti.

2431: 2339: 1803: 1742: 1404: 1302:

After his resignation, Giolitti was indicted for abuse of power as minister, but the

1198: 1130: 1099: 1092: 923: 478: 4991: 4514: 4174: 4160:

Coppa, Frank J. (1967) "Giolitti and the Gentiloni Pact between Myth and Reality,"

2514:

Still the head of the liberals, Giolitti did not resist the country's drift towards

5770: 5758: 5736: 5685: 5664: 5644: 5629: 5458: 5448: 5443: 5388: 5368: 5363: 5353: 5283: 5278: 5268: 5233: 5178: 5163: 5148: 5073: 5053: 5043: 5030: 4896: 4881: 4871: 4851: 4836: 4806: 4791: 4771: 4717: 4682: 4632: 4617: 4602: 4552: 4527: 4507: 4433: 4352: 4230: 2773: 2721:

According to one study, Giolitti represented a new kind of liberalism, noting that

2651: 2603: 2554: 2550: 2535: 2500: 2474: 2466: 2458: 2447: 2405: 2319: 2281: 2261: 2246: 2193: 2147: 2111: 1952: 1923:

The invasion of Libya was a costly enterprise for Italy. Instead of the 30 million

1917: 1717: 1452: 1408: 1391: 1214: 1186: 1110: 1025: 868: 827: 815: 798: 674: 669: 433: 262: 133: 1612:

actual problem. The vigorous attacks of the conservative opposition, led by Baron

1595:

and sailors of the Russian and British fleets, search and cleanup were expedited.

1471:

deputies voted in favor of the government: it was one of the few times in which a

1196:

and reformed the whole system of note issue, restricting the privilege to the new

997:

and differently to many of his fellow students, he did not enlist to fight in the

5619: 5595: 5533: 5513: 5508: 5468: 5308: 5303: 5273: 5198: 5078: 5063: 5048: 5038: 4966: 4891: 4861: 4732: 4722: 4647: 4572: 4557: 4542: 4532: 4379: 4311: 4290: 4274: 4251: 4235: 4216: 4181: 4136: 3905: 3887: 3665: 2909: 2784: 2767: 2683: 2663: 2639:

through material advancement. An able bureaucrat, he had little sympathy for the

2515: 2209: 2185: 2175: 2124: 2012: 1981: 1948: 1833: 1713: 1672: 1608: 1583:

with all looters to be shot, which extended to survivors foraging for food. King

1555:

were almost completely destroyed and between 75,000 and 200,000 lives were lost.

1552: 1536: 1329:, after the reactionary crisis of 1898–1900, he dominated Italian politics until 1287: 1237: 1231: 1208: 1114: 1088: 1037: 1033: 911: 819: 811: 684: 540: 217: 5649: 3996:

Sándor Agócs, "Giolitti’s Reform Program: An Exercise in Equilibrium Politics",

2066:

emerged as the largest opposition bloc. Both groupings did particularly well in

1783:

would have been a counterpart for Italy. In 1902, Italy and France had signed a

5700: 5659: 5614: 5543: 5523: 5518: 5478: 5473: 5413: 5263: 5223: 5218: 5208: 5108: 5058: 4981: 4971: 4931: 4901: 4886: 4831: 4821: 4811: 4766: 4672: 4667: 4657: 4567: 4416: 4406: 4389: 3438:

Child-labor Legislation in Europe By Charles William August Veditz, 1910, P.316

3274:

Shot Down by the Soldiers; Four of the Mob Killed in an Anti-Tax Riot in Sicily

2707: 2559: 2454: 2404:

On the same day, D'Annunzio announced that he had annexed the territory to the

2167: 2159: 2155: 2132: 2075: 2067: 2031: 1977: 1860: 1814: 1798: 1780: 1752: 1668: 1664: 1617: 1613: 1483: 1412: 1384: 1048: 1041: 1029: 963: 347: 164: 121: 1955:

merged in a single centrist and liberal coalition which largely dominated the

5786: 5609: 5538: 5418: 5403: 5383: 5298: 5253: 5173: 5138: 5088: 4916: 4876: 4841: 4826: 4796: 4781: 4727: 4707: 4687: 4627: 4460: 4101: 4075: 4052: 4047: 3559: 3137: 2797: 2759: 2659: 2519: 2508: 2257: 2241: 2233: 2171: 2099: 2082: 1914: 1864: 1784: 1634: 1319: 903: 864: 831: 90: 3769:

Frank J. Coppa. "Giolitti and the Gentiloni Pact between Myth and Reality,"

2477:, and other right-wing forces. Giolitti's aim was to stop the growth of the 5463: 5393: 5373: 5358: 5348: 4976: 4961: 4956: 4941: 4921: 4776: 4468: 2814: 2655: 2644: 1964: 1928: 1924: 1788: 1567: 1456: 1352:

On 3 November 1903, Giovanni Giolitti was appointed prime minister by King

1150: 1010: 994: 967: 899: 888: 843: 528: 3306:

Cabinet Forced To Resign; Italian Ministers Called "Thieves" by the People

935: 5503: 5258: 4951: 4712: 2699: 2628: 2543: 2504: 2293: 2253: 2116: 2004: 1996: 1906: 1902: 1580: 1482:

The majority also approved special laws for disadvantaged regions of the

1435: 1364: 1330: 1080: 871:

of ordinary Italians, together with the enactment of several policies of

853: 30: 4165: 4074: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 3774: 1809:

The Italian press began a large-scale lobbying campaign in favour of an

5288: 4786: 4267:

Italy in the Giolittian Era: Italian Democracy in the Making, 1900-1914

4065:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 31. 2751: 2674:

votes in parliament in exchange for political favours; writing for the

2612: 2568: 2043: 1973: 1875: 1871: 1837: 1516: 1370: 1173: 1126: 907: 892: 860: 802:; 27 October 1842 – 17 July 1928) was an Italian statesman. He was the 763: 740: 2620:, which means "youth", was the official anthem of the Fascist regime. 2369: 2322:, who intentionally described a dramatic and exaggerated situation of 1683: 947: 940: 649: 5433: 5428: 4846: 4816: 3972: 3195:

Economic Theory and Banking Regulation: The Italian Case (1861-1930s)

2687: 2671: 2558:

Rome, Facta, who had resigned but continued to hold power, ordered a

2527: 2359: 2039: 1943:, which was simply and collectively called Liberals. The Union was a 1856: 1592: 1314: 1283: 1245: 1241: 1167: 1118: 919: 906:, trying to preserve the institutions and the existing social order. 880: 4155: 3690:"Treaty of Ouchy (1912), also known as the First Treaty of Lausanne" 3018:"Il potere alla volontà della nazione: eredità di Giovanni Giolitti" 2650:

The primary objective of Giolittian politics was to govern from the

2594: 2334:

Before entering the war, Italy had made a pact with the Allies, the

2204:

Giolitti returned to politics after the end of the conflict. In the

1893: 1704:

During his fourth term, Giolitti tried to seal an alliance with the

891:

the private telephone and railroad operators. Liberal proponents of

2796:

The economic expansion was secured by monetary stability, moderate

2763: 2718:, accusing him of winning elections with the support of criminals. 2640: 2636: 2019: 1969: 1883: 1559: 1528: 1017: 951: 848: 835: 758: 621: 5564: 5326: 4046:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

2363: 993:; however, Giolitti did not appear particularly interested in the 3793: 3290:

Sicily Under Mob Control; A Series of Antitax Riots in The Island

2820: 2734:

of late 19th- and early 20th-century Europe alongside the French

2695: 2351: 2250: 2104: 1792: 1548: 1544: 1532: 1505: 1472: 1063: 876: 4754: 2292:. The agitations also extended to the agricultural areas of the 2228: 1828:

An ultimatum was presented to the Ottoman government led by the

3261: 2714:("Minister of the Underworld"), a term coined by the historian 2607: 2163: 1910: 1863:

itself. These territories together formed what became known as

1852: 1776: 1524: 1475:

parliamentary group openly supported a "bourgeois government."

1291: 1275: 1249: 1136:

After the fall of the government led by the new prime minister

3535:"Awards granted for service after the Messina Earthquake 1908" 2602:

Powerless, Giolitti remained in Parliament until his death in

1547:, houses and a railway bridge were washed away. The cities of 852:

period between the start of the 20th century and the start of

5335: 4747: 3222:

Pohl & Freitag, Handbook on the history of European banks

2579: 2343: 2277: 2273: 2085:

brought down Giolitti's coalition, who resigned on 21 March.

1748: 1113:, a notable politician and patriot, became the leader of the 959: 4275:

Italy: a Reference Guide From the Renaissance to the Present

3945:

The Oxford Handbook of the Italian Economy Since Unification

3103:

Italy: a Reference Guide From the Renaissance to the Present

2947:

Italy: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present

2038:

that they did not support improper ideals like Socialism or

1325:

Due to a left-ward shift in parliamentary liberalism at the

3871:, a cura di Luciano Casali, Cappelli, Bologna 1982, p. 179. 2788:

An official portrait of Giolitti with his wife Rosa Sobrero

2323: 1390:

Moreover, Giolitti, differently from his predecessors like

1091:. This election was a great victory for the ruling Left of 2022:

law from 3 million to 8 million, he collaborated with the

1712:, implementing left-wing social policies, introducing the 1036:. In the same year, he married Rosa Sobrero, the niece of 966:

grammar, preferring the history and reading the novels of

3128:. Vol. 55: Ginammi-Giovanni da Crema. Rome, Italy: 1543:

was also badly hit. Along the coast between Lazzaro and

1098:

As deputy, he chiefly acquired prominence by attacks on

978:

and, after three years, he earned a law degree in 1860.

3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 2654:

with slight and well-controlled fluctuations, now in a

1067:

Giolitti during the first years of his political career

2232:

A factory manned by the Red Guards in 1920 during the

1870:

During the conflict, Italian forces also occupied the

1004: 5863:

Deputies of Legislature XXVII of the Kingdom of Italy

5843:

Deputies of Legislature XXIII of the Kingdom of Italy

5818:

Deputies of Legislature XVIII of the Kingdom of Italy

5021: 4013:

by Herbert Kubly and the Editors of LIFE, 1961, p. 46

3606:

Il diritto di voto delle donne in Italia fino al 1946

2776:, the post-war leftist politician, was his grandson. 2750:). He was a staunch adherent of 19th-century elitist 1840:. This suggestion was comparable to the situation in 1832:(CUP) party on the night of 26–27 September. Through 1058: 5858:

Deputies of Legislature XXVI of the Kingdom of Italy

5848:

Deputies of Legislature XXIV of the Kingdom of Italy

5838:

Deputies of Legislature XXII of the Kingdom of Italy

5813:

Deputies of Legislature XVII of the Kingdom of Italy

3576: 3144: 2212:. This election was the first one to be held with a 1696:

again gave Giolitti the task to form a new cabinet.

1153:, had been further undermined by maladministration. 1117:

group and was also appointed prime minister by King

5853:

Deputies of Legislature XXV of the Kingdom of Italy

5833:

Deputies of Legislature XXI of the Kingdom of Italy

5823:

Deputies of Legislature XIX of the Kingdom of Italy

5808:

Deputies of Legislature XVI of the Kingdom of Italy

4201:

The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796

4118:Barański, Zygmunt G. & Rebecca J. West (2001). 5828:Deputies of Legislature XX of the Kingdom of Italy 5803:Deputies of Legislature XV of the Kingdom of Italy 2762:. Rather than reform the state as a concession to 2216:system, which was introduced by the government of 1934: 4121:The Cambridge Companion to Modern Italian Culture 2892:The Cambridge Companion to Modern Italian Culture 1851:(province), of which the main sub-provinces were 1439:An official portrait of Giovanni Giolitti in 1905 5784: 2437: 2110:After Gioilitti's resignation, the conservative 2074:gained eight seats and was the largest party in 2049: 1897:Italian troops and Libyan corpses during the war 1678: 1598: 1359: 1347: 981:His uncle was a member of the Parliament of the 3707: 2199: 1962:Giolitti had mastered the political concept of 1418: 1143: 814:, and the second-longest serving overall after 3754: 3507: 3505: 3503: 2903: 2901: 1448:complete the nationalization of the railways. 841:Giolitti was a master in the political art of 830:, Giolitti was accused by critics of being an 5580: 5007: 4484: 3817:Woodrow Wilson and World Settlement, Volume I 3487:. Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates. 1935. 2675: 2430:. The administrative division was called the 2192:On 18 May 1915, Giovanni Giolitti retired to 1687:A portrait of Giolitti during his fourth term 1628: 560:14 September 1890 – 10 December 1890 4498: 3859: 3857: 3788:Piergiorgio Corbetta; Maria Serena Piretti, 3364: 3362: 3006:"Il ministro della malavita" di G. Salvemini 2885: 2883: 2698:speech advocating Italy's neutrality during 2578:In December 1925, the provincial council of 2360:prolonged combat against Albanian irregulars 2095:Military history of Italy during World War I 1280:massacre of Italian workmen at Aigues-Mortes 806:five times between 1892 and 1921. He is the 4312:Newspaper clippings about Giovanni Giolitti 4291:Italy From Liberalism to Fascism, 1870-1925 4239:, Ann Arbor (MI): Univ. of Michigan Press, 4000:, Volume 86, No. 4 (December 1971), p. 637. 3784: 3782: 3730:Emigrant nation: the making of Italy abroad 3500: 3205: 3203: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 2898: 1901:Although minor, the war was a precursor of 1192:The Bank Act of August 1893 liquidated the 1109:Following Depretis's death on 29 July 1887 508:3 September 1903 – 9 November 1903 5587: 5573: 5014: 5000: 4491: 4477: 3714:Full text of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) 3193:Alfredo Gigliobianco and Claire Giordano, 3066: 3064: 2831:that gave the Liberals secure majorities. 1787:which accorded freedom of intervention in 1489: 1297: 720: 1869⁠–⁠1921) 29: 4252:Handbook on the History of European Banks 4124:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3854: 3723: 3721: 3630:Labor Inspection in Italy by Mario Fasani 3410:Labor Inspection in Italy by Mario Fasani 3359: 3315: 3231: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2880: 2606:, on 17 July 1928. His last words to the 2239:The election took place in the middle of 1407:as his successor. When the leader of the 810:democratically elected prime minister in 4294:, New York: Taylor & Francis, 1967 4079: 4051: 3986:Giovanni Giolitti, Dizionario Biografico 3950: 3825: 3811: 3809: 3779: 3643: 3593: 3343: 3330: 3200: 3187: 3169: 3080: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2783: 2730:Giolitti stands out as one of the major 2593: 2495: 2368: 2227: 2098: 1991: 1892: 1797: 1682: 1645:, has long demanded the introduction of 1637:. The Socialists, in fact, but also the 1623: 1499: 1434: 1363: 1166: 1062: 934: 413:15 February 1901 – 20 June 1903 370:3 November 1903 – 12 March 1905 187:3 November 1903 – 12 March 1905 5898:Italian people of the Italo-Turkish War 3666:"Alliance System / System of alliances" 3421:Veditz, Charles William August (1910). 3216: 3117: 3061: 2518:. In 1921, he supported the cabinet of 1368:This cartoon in the satirical magazine 1336:Between 1901 and 1903 he was appointed 1313:Moreover, Giolitti made capital of the 1156: 1047:In 1877, Giolitti was appointed to the 456:15 May 1892 – 15 December 1893 230:15 May 1892 – 15 December 1893 146:29 May 1906 – 11 December 1909 5785: 4255:, Aldershot: Edward Elgar Publishing, 3718: 3514:"Sicily - The Messina 1908 earthquake" 3420: 3385:Giolitti e Turati: un incontro mancato 2925: 2338:, in which it was promised all of the 1129:had contested the Italian text of the 325:30 March 1911 – 21 March 1914 103:30 March 1911 – 21 March 1914 5568: 4995: 4472: 3869:Bologna 1920; le origini del fascismo 3806: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3471:Gazzetta Ufficiale DEL REGNO D’ITALIA 2973: 2859:La dittatura parlamentare di Giolitti 2686:mockingly described Giolitti as "the 2356:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 2142:On 26 April 1915, a secret pact, the 1968:, which consisted in making flexible 1920:before the war with Italy had ended. 1802:Italian artillery battery during the 1759:and subsequent discussions after the 797: 5769:(Saint Sebastian's Day) directed by 3881:Images of Fiume welcoming D'Annunzio 3618:Beneduce, il finanziere di Mussolini 3564:Elections in Europe: A data handbook 3125:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 3122:. In Ghisalberti, Alberto M. (ed.). 2457:, an electoral list composed by his 5913:People from the Kingdom of Sardinia 5757:(The Old and the Young) written by 5594: 3899:Elenco candidati "Blocco Nazionale" 3790:Atlante storico-elettorale d'Italia 3511: 3130:Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana 2589: 2288:took place under the leadership of 1976:which isolated the extremes of the 1430: 1040:, a famous chemist, who discovered 1005:Career in the public administration 875:. Besides putting in place several 847:, the method of making a flexible, 613:29 May 1881 – 17 July 1928 282:15 June 1920 – 4 July 1921 58:15 June 1920 – 4 July 1921 13: 5893:Ministers of the interior of Italy 4753: 4513: 4288:Seton-Watson, Christopher (1967). 4220:, Westport (CT): Greenwood Press, 3616:Mimmo Franzinelli, Marco Magnani, 3548: 3427:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 3387:, Volume 1, R. Ricciardi, 1976 p.3 2841:Liberalism and radicalism in Italy 2491: 1699: 1663:Sidney Sonnino and the Socialists 1519:of magnitude of 7.1 and a maximum 1225: 1171:Cartoon in the satirical magazine 1095:, which won 289 seats out of 508. 1059:Beginnings of the political career 999:Italian Second War of Independence 14: 5944: 5888:Italian Liberal Party politicians 5023:Italian Ministers of the Interior 4305: 4236:Modern Italy: A Political History 4137:Modern Italy: 1871 to the Present 4024:Modern Italy; A Political History 3849:Modern Italy: A Political History 3833:Modern Italy: 1871 to the present 3424:Child-labor Legislation in Europe 3351:Modern Italy: 1871 to the present 2779: 2524:Italian Reformist Socialist Party 2377:The Italian nationalist and poet 1987: 1751:dated back to Turkey's defeat by 1721:were pregnant women and mothers. 5325: 5318: 4278:, New York: Facts on File Inc., 4069: 4039: 3398:Storia della monarchia in Italia 3338:Italy from Liberalism to Fascism 3211:Italy from Liberalism to Fascism 2329: 2123:had only a defensive stance and 2103:A 1914 pro-war demonstration in 1462: 1397: 1338:Italian Minister of the Interior 776: 4179:De Grand, Alexander J. (2001). 4095: 4016: 4003: 3990: 3979: 3965: 3937: 3928: 3919: 3910: 3892: 3874: 3841: 3819:, Doubleday, Page and Company, 3763: 3748: 3682: 3658: 3634: 3623: 3610: 3599: 3527: 3491: 3475: 3464: 3453: 3442: 3431: 3414: 3403: 3390: 3377: 3299: 3283: 3267: 3247: 3175: 3111: 3048: 3035: 3010: 2999: 2522:, a social-liberal who led the 2471:Italian Nationalist Association 2223: 2081:In March 1914, the Radicals of 1935:Foundation of the Liberal Union 1830:Committee of Union and Progress 1282:, and a state of revolt in the 1278:strained in consequence of the 717: 5878:Ministers of the navy of Italy 4214:Killinger, Charles L. (2002). 2964: 2953: 2916: 2867: 2852: 2643:that had inspired much of the 2625:Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour 2256:militia and eventually by the 2088: 1939:In 1913, Giolitti founded the 1515:On 28 December 1908, a strong 1264: 1: 4204:, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 4164:(1967) 53#2 pp. 217–228 4140:, Harlow: Pearson Education, 2846: 2453:In 1921 Giolitti founded the 2438:1921 election and resignation 2397:to Fiume became known as the 2050:1913 election and resignation 1736: 1679:Fourth term as prime minister 1599:1909 election and resignation 1360:Relations with the Socialists 1348:Second term as prime minister 1073:1882 Italian general election 930: 16:Italian statesman (1842–1928) 5635:Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida 4198:Duggan, Christopher (2008). 4106:The Global Resistance Reader 4080:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). 3815:Baker, Ray Stannard (1923). 3182:Extra-parliamentary speeches 2875:The Global Resistance Reader 2598:Portrait of Giolitti in 1928 2389:), Italian nationalists and 2303:, due to the success of the 2200:Fifth term as prime minister 1714:National Insurance Institute 1419:Third term as prime minister 1248:inspiration, which arose in 1202:– mandated to liquidate the 1144:First term as prime minister 1106:in the cabinet of Depretis. 974:. At sixteen he entered the 818:. A prominent leader of the 799:[dʒoˈvannidʒoˈlitti] 7: 5883:Historical Left politicians 5766:Il giorno di San Sebastiano 4316:20th Century Press Archives 4185:, Wesport/London: Praeger, 3998:Political Science Quarterly 2834: 2214:proportional representation 1918:attacked the Ottoman Empire 1671:proposed to introduce also 1016:In 1869, Giolitti moved to 834:leader and a parliamentary 10: 5949: 5928:University of Turin alumni 5873:Finance ministers of Italy 4162:Catholic Historical Review 3943:T Gianni Toniolo, editor, 3771:Catholic Historical Review 3620:, Mondadori 2009, pp.34-36 2206:electoral campaign of 1919 2154:), was signed between the 2092: 1740: 1647:universal manhood suffrage 1629:Universal manhood suffrage 1493: 1304:Supreme Court of Cassation 1229: 1160: 1138:Antonio Starabba di Rudinì 5745: 5709: 5673: 5602: 5334: 5315: 5029: 4746: 4506: 4457: 4448: 4440: 4430: 4421: 4413: 4403: 4394: 4386: 4376: 4367: 4359: 4349: 4340: 4332: 4327: 4152:Journal of Modern History 3759:. Franco Angeli Edizioni. 3484:Foreign Crops and Markets 2129:Antonino Paternò Castello 1747:The claims of Italy over 784: 772: 751: 739: 728: 704: 680: 659: 636: 631: 627: 617: 606: 598: 586: 574: 564: 553: 546: 534: 522: 512: 501: 494: 484: 472: 460: 449: 439: 427: 417: 406: 396: 386: 374: 363: 353: 341: 329: 318: 308: 298: 286: 275: 268: 256: 244: 234: 223: 211: 199: 191: 180: 170: 158: 150: 139: 127: 115: 107: 96: 84: 72: 62: 51: 44: 40: 35:Giovanni Giolitti in 1920 28: 21: 5923:Prime ministers of Italy 4500:Prime Ministers of Italy 4032: 3773:(1967) 53#2 pp. 217-228 3735:Harvard University Press 3118:Gentile, Emilio (2000). 2549:When the Fascist leader 2484:Giolitti called for new 2463:Italian Fasces of Combat 2346:. After the war, at the 2024:Catholic Electoral Union 1521:Mercalli intensity scale 1327:general election in June 1240:, a popular movement of 270:Minister of the Interior 5918:Politicians of Piedmont 5903:Italian Roman Catholics 5732:Lercara Friddi massacre 5640:Agostino Lo Piano Pomar 5625:Rosario Garibaldi Bosco 4451:Prime Minister of Italy 4444:Francesco Saverio Nitti 4424:Prime Minister of Italy 4397:Prime Minister of Italy 4370:Prime Minister of Italy 4343:Prime Minister of Italy 4170:Coppa, Frank J. (1971) 4154:(1970) 42#2 pp 191–215 4087:Encyclopædia Britannica 4062:Encyclopædia Britannica 3916:Chiapello (2012), p.123 3755:Gori, Annarita (2014). 3562:& Stöver, P (2010) 2756:universal male suffrage 2712:ministro della malavita 2670:due to the courting of 2479:Italian Socialist Party 2444:occupation of factories 2305:Italian Socialist Party 2218:Francesco Saverio Nitti 2131:, who was succeeded by 2072:Italian Socialist Party 2009:Italian Socialist Party 1706:Italian Socialist Party 1510:1908 Messina earthquake 1496:1908 Messina earthquake 1490:1908 Messina earthquake 1381:Italian Socialist Party 1298:Indictment and comeback 991:Camillo Benso di Cavour 873:government intervention 804:prime minister of Italy 304:Francesco Saverio Nitti 79:Francesco Saverio Nitti 46:Prime Minister of Italy 5746:In literature and film 4758: 4518: 4272:Sarti, Roland (2004). 4265:Salomone, A. William, 4134:Clark, Martin (2008). 3959:The Hunchback's Tailor 3652:The Hunchback's Tailor 3396:Aldo Alessandro Mola, 3324:The Hunchback's Tailor 3072:The Hunchback's Tailor 2993:The Hunchback's Tailor 2789: 2728: 2692:Most Holy Annunciation 2676: 2599: 2584:National Fascist Party 2511: 2387:Granatieri di Sardegna 2374: 2348:Paris Peace Conference 2342:, but not the city of 2309:Italian People's Party 2236: 2151: 2107: 2046:system of government. 2000: 1898: 1806: 1688: 1512: 1459:was premium on gold". 1440: 1375: 1178: 1075:he was elected to the 1068: 985:and a close friend of 943: 795:Italian pronunciation: 4757: 4517: 3863:Brunella Dalla Casa, 3400:, Bompiani, 2002 p.74 2889:Barański & West, 2787: 2723: 2658:direction, then in a 2597: 2499: 2486:elections in May 1921 2373:Giolitti in the 1910s 2372: 2354:territories into the 2318:To the complaints of 2284:were formed and many 2231: 2102: 1995: 1896: 1801: 1773:occupation of Tunisia 1708:, proposing the male 1686: 1624:After the premiership 1605:1909 general election 1503: 1438: 1367: 1170: 1066: 987:Michelangelo Castelli 946:Giolitti was born at 938: 697:Italian Liberal Party 581:Federico Seismit-Doda 5754:I vecchi e i giovani 5727:Giardinello massacre 5722:Caltavuturo massacre 5717:Banca Romana scandal 4217:The History of Italy 4082:"Giolitti, Giovanni" 4009:Life World Library: 3934:Carsten (1982), p.76 3925:Carsten (1982), p.64 3371:The Force of Destiny 3239:The Force of Destiny 3120:"Giolitti, Giovanni" 2910:The History of Italy 2740:Independent Radicals 2563:and the right wing. 2411:The approval of the 2395:Ronchi dei Legionari 2290:anarcho-syndicalists 1849:Tripolitania Vilayet 1272:Banca Romana scandal 1163:Banca Romana scandal 1157:Banca Romana scandal 939:Giolitti's house in 496:Minister of the Navy 5908:People from Mondovì 5681:Napoleone Colajanni 5674:Related politicians 4363:Giuseppe Zanardelli 3312:, November 25, 1893 3280:, December 27, 1893 3260:) literally means " 3054:Giovanni Giolitti, 3041:Giovanni Giolitti, 2706:. Critics from the 2678:Corriere della Sera 2573:Chamber of Deputies 2540:Victor Emmanuel III 2417:Free State of Fiume 2401:("Fiume Exploit"). 2379:Gabriele D'Annunzio 2301:Chamber of Deputies 2286:factory occupations 2060:Chamber of Deputies 1694:Victor Emmanuel III 1585:Victor Emmanuel III 1571:("Royal Navy") and 1504:Victims' bodies in 1354:Victor Emmanuel III 1342:Giuseppe Zanardelli 1077:Chamber of Deputies 1051:and in 1882 to the 989:, the secretary of 983:Kingdom of Sardinia 976:University of Turin 885:government projects 867:which improved the 746:University of Turin 654:Kingdom of Sardinia 601:Chamber of Deputies 593:Bernardino Grimaldi 548:Minister of Finance 445:Giuseppe Zanardelli 423:Giuseppe Zanardelli 392:Giuseppe Zanardelli 206:Giuseppe Zanardelli 195:Victor Emmanuel III 154:Victor Emmanuel III 111:Victor Emmanuel III 67:Victor Emmanuel III 5933:Zanardelli Cabinet 4759: 4519: 4336:Marchese di Rudinì 4328:Political offices 4057:Giolitti, Giovanni 3904:2015-07-23 at the 3886:2011-03-16 at the 3383:Brunello Vigezzi, 3310:The New York Times 3294:The New York Times 3278:The New York Times 2790: 2744:David Lloyd George 2742:) and the British 2736:Georges Clemenceau 2600: 2512: 2383:Royal Italian Army 2375: 2237: 2137:irredentist claims 2108: 2028:Ottorino Gentiloni 2001: 1957:Italian Parliament 1945:political alliance 1899: 1888:Treaty of Lausanne 1807: 1771:had agreed to the 1763:in 1878, in which 1761:Congress of Berlin 1710:universal suffrage 1689: 1541:Villa San Giovanni 1513: 1441: 1376: 1340:by Prime Minister 1179: 1069: 944: 251:Marchese di Rudinì 5780: 5779: 5696:Antonio Di Rudinì 5691:Giovanni Giolitti 5655:Lorenzo Panepinto 5562: 5561: 4989: 4988: 4467: 4466: 4458:Succeeded by 4431:Succeeded by 4404:Succeeded by 4377:Succeeded by 4350:Succeeded by 4245:978-0-472-10895-4 4231:Mack Smith, Denis 3976:, 11/18/1924, p.1 3802:978-88-080-6751-7 3572:978-3-8329-5609-7 3296:, January 3, 1894 2805:, 1906 and 1908. 2732:liberal reformers 2716:Gaetano Salvemini 2666:considered him a 2432:Province of Fiume 2413:Treaty of Rapallo 2340:Austrian Littoral 2015:from the Church. 1811:invasion of Libya 1804:Italo-Turkish War 1743:Italo-Turkish War 1104:Treasury Minister 1100:Agostino Magliani 1093:Agostino Depretis 924:Gaetano Salvemini 914:considered him a 791:Giovanni Giolitti 788: 787: 479:Giovanni Nicotera 23:Giovanni Giolitti 5940: 5771:Pasquale Scimeca 5759:Luigi Pirandello 5737:Lunigiana revolt 5686:Francesco Crispi 5665:Bernardino Verro 5645:Giacomo Montalto 5630:Vito Cascioferro 5589: 5582: 5575: 5566: 5565: 5336:Italian Republic 5329: 5323: 5322: 5031:Kingdom of Italy 5016: 5009: 5002: 4993: 4992: 4748:Italian Republic 4508:Kingdom of Italy 4493: 4486: 4479: 4470: 4469: 4441:Preceded by 4434:Antonio Salandra 4414:Preceded by 4387:Preceded by 4360:Preceded by 4353:Francesco Crispi 4333:Preceded by 4325: 4324: 4091: 4073: 4072: 4066: 4045: 4043: 4042: 4027: 4020: 4014: 4007: 4001: 3994: 3988: 3983: 3977: 3969: 3963: 3954: 3948: 3941: 3935: 3932: 3926: 3923: 3917: 3914: 3908: 3896: 3890: 3878: 3872: 3861: 3852: 3845: 3839: 3829: 3823: 3813: 3804: 3786: 3777: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3752: 3746: 3727:Mark I. Choate: 3725: 3716: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3701: 3692:. Archived from 3686: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3676: 3662: 3656: 3647: 3641: 3638: 3632: 3627: 3621: 3614: 3608: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3574: 3557: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3509: 3498: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3479: 3473: 3468: 3462: 3457: 3451: 3446: 3440: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3418: 3412: 3407: 3401: 3394: 3388: 3381: 3375: 3366: 3357: 3347: 3341: 3334: 3328: 3319: 3313: 3303: 3297: 3287: 3281: 3271: 3265: 3251: 3245: 3235: 3229: 3220: 3214: 3207: 3198: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3142: 3141: 3115: 3109: 3099: 3078: 3068: 3059: 3052: 3046: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3029: 3020:. Archived from 3014: 3008: 3003: 2997: 2988: 2971: 2968: 2962: 2957: 2951: 2942: 2923: 2920: 2914: 2905: 2896: 2887: 2878: 2871: 2865: 2856: 2774:Antonio Giolitti 2681: 2652:political centre 2604:Cavour, Piedmont 2590:Death and legacy 2555:Antonio Salandra 2551:Benito Mussolini 2536:Don Luigi Sturzo 2503:and the Fascist 2501:Benito Mussolini 2475:Enrico Corradini 2467:Benito Mussolini 2448:Benito Mussolini 2406:Kingdom of Italy 2399:Impresa di Fiume 2336:Treaty of London 2320:Giovanni Agnelli 2282:workers councils 2262:Benito Mussolini 2146:or London Pact ( 2144:Treaty of London 2112:Antonio Salandra 2056:general election 1947:formed when the 1757:war of 1877–1878 1718:Alberto Beneduce 1431:Financial policy 1409:Historical Right 1392:Francesco Crispi 1215:Banco di Sicilia 1187:Francesco Crispi 1111:Francesco Crispi 1053:Council of State 972:Honoré de Balzac 887:, Giolitti also 869:living standards 828:Italian politics 816:Benito Mussolini 801: 796: 780: 721: 719: 675:Kingdom of Italy 670:Cavour, Piedmont 666: 646: 644: 632:Personal details 611: 589: 577: 570:Francesco Crispi 567: 558: 537: 525: 515: 506: 490:Francesco Crispi 487: 475: 463: 454: 442: 434:Giuseppe Saracco 430: 420: 411: 399: 389: 377: 368: 359:Antonio Salandra 356: 344: 332: 323: 311: 301: 289: 280: 263:Francesco Crispi 259: 247: 228: 214: 202: 185: 173: 161: 144: 134:Antonio Salandra 130: 118: 101: 87: 75: 56: 33: 19: 18: 5948: 5947: 5943: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5868:Fasci Siciliani 5783: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5741: 5705: 5669: 5620:Maria Cammarata 5598: 5596:Fasci Siciliani 5593: 5563: 5558: 5330: 5324: 5317: 5313: 5025: 5020: 4990: 4985: 4742: 4502: 4497: 4463: 4454: 4446: 4436: 4427: 4419: 4409: 4400: 4392: 4382: 4380:Tommaso Tittoni 4373: 4365: 4355: 4346: 4338: 4308: 4098: 4070: 4055:, ed. (1911). " 4040: 4038: 4035: 4030: 4021: 4017: 4008: 4004: 3995: 3991: 3984: 3980: 3970: 3966: 3955: 3951: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3911: 3906:Wayback Machine 3897: 3893: 3888:Wayback Machine 3879: 3875: 3862: 3855: 3846: 3842: 3830: 3826: 3814: 3807: 3787: 3780: 3768: 3764: 3753: 3749: 3726: 3719: 3712: 3708: 3699: 3697: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3674: 3672: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3624: 3615: 3611: 3604: 3600: 3592: 3577: 3558: 3549: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3518: 3516: 3510: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3469: 3465: 3458: 3454: 3447: 3443: 3436: 3432: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3404: 3395: 3391: 3382: 3378: 3367: 3360: 3348: 3344: 3335: 3331: 3320: 3316: 3304: 3300: 3288: 3284: 3272: 3268: 3252: 3248: 3236: 3232: 3221: 3217: 3208: 3201: 3192: 3188: 3180: 3176: 3168: 3145: 3116: 3112: 3100: 3081: 3069: 3062: 3053: 3049: 3040: 3036: 3027: 3025: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3004: 3000: 2989: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2958: 2954: 2943: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2906: 2899: 2888: 2881: 2872: 2868: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2837: 2782: 2768:Italian Fascism 2684:Luigi Albertini 2664:political right 2592: 2516:Italian Fascism 2494: 2492:Rise of Fascism 2440: 2332: 2226: 2202: 2186:Radiosomaggismo 2176:Austria-Hungary 2152:Patto di Londra 2125:Austria-Hungary 2121:Triple Alliance 2097: 2091: 2052: 2013:excommunication 1990: 1982:political right 1937: 1880:Château d'Ouchy 1874:islands in the 1745: 1739: 1702: 1681: 1673:female suffrage 1631: 1626: 1601: 1553:Reggio Calabria 1537:Reggio Calabria 1498: 1492: 1465: 1453:mass emigration 1433: 1425:lungo ministero 1421: 1400: 1362: 1350: 1300: 1288:Fasci Siciliani 1267: 1238:Fasci Siciliani 1234: 1232:Fasci Siciliani 1228: 1226:Fasci Siciliani 1209:Banco di Napoli 1165: 1159: 1146: 1089:Historical Left 1061: 1038:Ascanio Sobrero 1034:Marco Minghetti 1007: 933: 912:Luigi Albertini 820:Historical Left 812:Italian history 808:longest-serving 794: 768: 723: 715: 711: 699: 695: 693: 689: 687: 685:Historical Left 681:Political party 673: 668: 664: 648: 647:27 October 1842 642: 640: 612: 607: 587: 575: 565: 559: 554: 541:Carlo Mirabello 535: 523: 513: 507: 502: 485: 473: 461: 455: 450: 440: 428: 418: 412: 407: 402:Tommaso Tittoni 397: 387: 375: 369: 364: 354: 342: 330: 324: 319: 309: 299: 287: 281: 276: 257: 245: 229: 224: 218:Tommaso Tittoni 212: 200: 186: 181: 171: 159: 145: 140: 128: 116: 102: 97: 85: 73: 57: 52: 36: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5946: 5936: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5774: 5762: 5749: 5747: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5713: 5711: 5710:Related events 5707: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5701:Luigi Luzzatti 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5677: 5675: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5667: 5662: 5660:Nicola Petrina 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5615:Nicola Barbato 5612: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5599: 5592: 5591: 5584: 5577: 5569: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5340: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5035: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5019: 5018: 5011: 5004: 4996: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4752: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4512: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4496: 4495: 4488: 4481: 4473: 4465: 4464: 4459: 4456: 4447: 4442: 4438: 4437: 4432: 4429: 4420: 4417:Luigi Luzzatti 4415: 4411: 4410: 4407:Sidney Sonnino 4405: 4402: 4393: 4390:Sidney Sonnino 4388: 4384: 4383: 4378: 4375: 4366: 4361: 4357: 4356: 4351: 4348: 4339: 4334: 4330: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4307: 4306:External links 4304: 4303: 4302: 4286: 4270: 4263: 4247: 4228: 4212: 4196: 4194:online edition 4177: 4175:online edition 4168: 4158: 4148: 4132: 4116: 4104:(ed.) (2005). 4102:Amoore, Louise 4097: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4067: 4053:Chisholm, Hugh 4034: 4031: 4029: 4028: 4015: 4002: 3989: 3978: 3964: 3949: 3936: 3927: 3918: 3909: 3891: 3873: 3867:, in: AA. VV, 3853: 3840: 3824: 3805: 3792:, Zanichelli, 3778: 3762: 3747: 3717: 3706: 3681: 3657: 3642: 3633: 3622: 3609: 3598: 3575: 3547: 3526: 3499: 3490: 3474: 3463: 3452: 3441: 3430: 3413: 3402: 3389: 3376: 3358: 3342: 3336:Seton-Watson, 3329: 3314: 3298: 3282: 3266: 3246: 3230: 3215: 3209:Seton-Watson, 3199: 3186: 3174: 3143: 3110: 3079: 3060: 3047: 3034: 3009: 2998: 2972: 2963: 2952: 2924: 2915: 2897: 2879: 2866: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2844: 2843: 2836: 2833: 2781: 2780:Giolittian Era 2778: 2760:labour strikes 2758:and tolerated 2708:political left 2591: 2588: 2560:state of siege 2532:People's Party 2493: 2490: 2455:National Blocs 2442:When workers' 2439: 2436: 2428:Treaty of Rome 2331: 2328: 2225: 2222: 2201: 2198: 2168:Russian Empire 2160:United Kingdom 2156:Triple Entente 2133:Sidney Sonnino 2093:Main article: 2090: 2087: 2076:Emilia-Romagna 2068:Southern Italy 2051: 2048: 2032:Gentiloni pact 1989: 1988:Gentiloni Pact 1986: 1978:political left 1972:coalitions of 1936: 1933: 1905:as it sparked 1815:Ottoman Empire 1741:Main article: 1738: 1735: 1701: 1698: 1680: 1677: 1669:Claudio Treves 1665:Filippo Turati 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1618:Luigi Luzzatti 1614:Sidney Sonnino 1600: 1597: 1573:Regio Esercito 1494:Main article: 1491: 1488: 1484:Southern Italy 1464: 1461: 1432: 1429: 1420: 1417: 1413:Sidney Sonnino 1399: 1396: 1385:Filippo Turati 1361: 1358: 1349: 1346: 1299: 1296: 1266: 1263: 1230:Main article: 1227: 1224: 1199:Banca d'Italia 1161:Main article: 1158: 1155: 1145: 1142: 1131:Wuchale Treaty 1060: 1057: 1049:Court of Audit 1042:nitroglycerine 1030:Quintino Sella 1006: 1003: 932: 929: 865:social reforms 786: 785: 782: 781: 774: 770: 769: 767: 766: 761: 755: 753: 749: 748: 743: 737: 736: 730: 726: 725: 713: 709: 708: 706: 702: 701: 682: 678: 677: 667:(aged 85) 661: 657: 656: 638: 634: 633: 629: 628: 625: 624: 619: 615: 614: 604: 603: 599:Member of the 596: 595: 590: 584: 583: 578: 572: 571: 568: 566:Prime Minister 562: 561: 551: 550: 544: 543: 538: 532: 531: 526: 520: 519: 516: 514:Prime Minister 510: 509: 499: 498: 492: 491: 488: 482: 481: 476: 470: 469: 464: 462:Prime Minister 458: 457: 447: 446: 443: 437: 436: 431: 425: 424: 421: 419:Prime Minister 415: 414: 404: 403: 400: 394: 393: 390: 384: 383: 378: 376:Prime Minister 372: 371: 361: 360: 357: 351: 350: 348:Luigi Luzzatti 345: 339: 338: 333: 331:Prime Minister 327: 326: 316: 315: 312: 306: 305: 302: 296: 295: 290: 288:Prime Minister 284: 283: 273: 272: 266: 265: 260: 254: 253: 248: 242: 241: 236: 232: 231: 221: 220: 215: 209: 208: 203: 197: 196: 193: 189: 188: 178: 177: 176:Sidney Sonnino 174: 168: 167: 165:Sidney Sonnino 162: 156: 155: 152: 148: 147: 137: 136: 131: 125: 124: 122:Luigi Luzzatti 119: 113: 112: 109: 105: 104: 94: 93: 88: 82: 81: 76: 70: 69: 64: 60: 59: 49: 48: 42: 41: 38: 37: 34: 26: 25: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5945: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 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domain 4037: 4036: 4025: 4019: 4012: 4006: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3982: 3975: 3974: 3968: 3961: 3960: 3953: 3946: 3940: 3931: 3922: 3913: 3907: 3903: 3900: 3895: 3889: 3885: 3882: 3877: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3858: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3818: 3812: 3810: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3785: 3783: 3776: 3772: 3766: 3758: 3751: 3744: 3743:0-674-02784-1 3740: 3736: 3732: 3731: 3724: 3722: 3715: 3710: 3696:on 2021-10-25 3695: 3691: 3685: 3671: 3670:thecorner.org 3667: 3661: 3654: 3653: 3646: 3637: 3631: 3626: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3602: 3595: 3594:Chisholm 1922 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3536: 3530: 3515: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3494: 3486: 3485: 3478: 3472: 3467: 3461: 3456: 3450: 3445: 3439: 3434: 3426: 3425: 3417: 3411: 3406: 3399: 3393: 3386: 3380: 3373: 3372: 3365: 3363: 3356: 3352: 3346: 3339: 3333: 3326: 3325: 3318: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3244: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3219: 3212: 3206: 3204: 3196: 3190: 3183: 3178: 3171: 3170:Chisholm 1911 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3126: 3121: 3114: 3108: 3104: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3077: 3073: 3067: 3065: 3057: 3051: 3044: 3038: 3024:on 2016-10-14 3023: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3002: 2995: 2994: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2967: 2961: 2956: 2949: 2948: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2919: 2912: 2911: 2904: 2902: 2894: 2893: 2886: 2884: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2851: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2816: 2810: 2806: 2804: 2799: 2798:protectionism 2794: 2786: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2748:Liberal Party 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2727: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2679: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2633:Enlightenment 2630: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2614: 2609: 2605: 2596: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2520:Ivanoe Bonomi 2517: 2510: 2509:March on Rome 2506: 2502: 2498: 2489: 2487: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2407: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2371: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2330:Fiume Exploit 2327: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2269:Biennio Rosso 2265: 2263: 2259: 2258:March on Rome 2255: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2243: 2242:Biennio Rosso 2235: 2234:Biennio Rosso 2230: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2197: 2195: 2190: 2188: 2187: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2086: 2084: 2083:Ettore Sacchi 2079: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2064:Radical Party 2061: 2057: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2006: 1998: 1994: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1966: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1941:Liberal Union 1932: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1915:Balkan League 1912: 1908: 1904: 1895: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1866: 1865:Italian Libya 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1824: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1805: 1800: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1785:secret treaty 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1769:Great Britain 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1744: 1734: 1730: 1728: 1722: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1700:Social policy 1697: 1695: 1685: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1654: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1635:right to vote 1621: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1607:, Giolitti's 1606: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1563: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1487: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1463:Social policy 1460: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1445: 1437: 1428: 1426: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1395: 1393: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1373: 1372: 1366: 1357: 1355: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1320:Luigi Pelloux 1316: 1311: 1307: 1305: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1233: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1211: 1210: 1206:– and to the 1205: 1201: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1176: 1175: 1169: 1164: 1154: 1152: 1141: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1065: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1002: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 979: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 955: 953: 949: 942: 937: 928: 925: 922:critics like 921: 917: 913: 910:critics like 909: 905: 904:progressivism 901: 896: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 857: 855: 850: 846: 845: 839: 837: 833: 832:authoritarian 829: 825: 824:Liberal Union 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 800: 792: 783: 779: 775: 771: 765: 762: 760: 757: 756: 754: 750: 747: 744: 742: 738: 735: 732:7; including 731: 727: 707: 703: 698: 692: 691:Liberal Union 686: 683: 679: 676: 671: 662: 658: 655: 651: 639: 635: 630: 626: 623: 620: 616: 610: 605: 602: 597: 594: 591: 585: 582: 579: 573: 569: 563: 557: 552: 549: 545: 542: 539: 533: 530: 527: 521: 517: 511: 505: 500: 497: 493: 489: 483: 480: 477: 471: 468: 465: 459: 453: 448: 444: 438: 435: 432: 426: 422: 416: 410: 405: 401: 395: 391: 385: 382: 379: 373: 367: 362: 358: 352: 349: 346: 340: 337: 334: 328: 322: 317: 314:Ivanoe Bonomi 313: 307: 303: 297: 294: 291: 285: 279: 274: 271: 267: 264: 261: 255: 252: 249: 243: 240: 237: 233: 227: 222: 219: 216: 210: 207: 204: 198: 194: 190: 184: 179: 175: 169: 166: 163: 157: 153: 149: 143: 138: 135: 132: 126: 123: 120: 114: 110: 106: 100: 95: 92: 91:Ivanoe Bonomi 89: 83: 80: 77: 71: 68: 65: 61: 55: 50: 47: 43: 39: 32: 27: 20: 5764: 5752: 5690: 5650:Giovanni Noè 5248: 5228: 5213: 5193: 5183: 5158: 4702: 4677: 4662: 4642: 4612: 4449: 4422: 4395: 4368: 4341: 4289: 4273: 4266: 4250: 4234: 4215: 4199: 4180: 4171: 4161: 4151: 4135: 4119: 4105: 4096:Bibliography 4085: 4060: 4023: 4022:Mack Smith, 4018: 4010: 4005: 3997: 3992: 3981: 3971: 3967: 3957: 3952: 3944: 3939: 3930: 3921: 3912: 3894: 3876: 3868: 3864: 3848: 3847:Mack Smith, 3843: 3832: 3827: 3816: 3789: 3770: 3765: 3756: 3750: 3729: 3709: 3698:. Retrieved 3694:the original 3684: 3673:. Retrieved 3669: 3660: 3650: 3645: 3636: 3625: 3617: 3612: 3601: 3563: 3538:. Retrieved 3529: 3517:. Retrieved 3512:Grifasi, A. 3493: 3483: 3477: 3466: 3455: 3444: 3433: 3423: 3416: 3405: 3397: 3392: 3384: 3379: 3374:, pp. 362-63 3370: 3350: 3345: 3340:, pp. 162-63 3337: 3332: 3322: 3317: 3309: 3301: 3293: 3285: 3277: 3269: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3238: 3233: 3223: 3218: 3213:, pp. 154-56 3210: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3123: 3113: 3102: 3071: 3055: 3050: 3042: 3037: 3026:. Retrieved 3022:the original 3012: 3001: 2991: 2966: 2955: 2945: 2918: 2908: 2890: 2874: 2869: 2862: 2854: 2815:trasformismo 2813: 2811: 2807: 2795: 2791: 2772: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2711: 2694:" after his 2667: 2656:conservative 2649: 2645:Risorgimento 2622: 2617: 2611: 2601: 2577: 2565: 2548: 2513: 2483: 2452: 2441: 2425: 2421:Regia Marina 2420: 2410: 2403: 2398: 2391:irredentists 2376: 2333: 2317: 2313: 2298: 2268: 2266: 2240: 2238: 2224:Red Biennium 2203: 2191: 2183: 2180: 2141: 2109: 2080: 2070:, while the 2062:, while the 2053: 2036: 2017: 2002: 1965:trasformismo 1963: 1961: 1938: 1922: 1900: 1869: 1846: 1827: 1819: 1808: 1789:Tripolitania 1746: 1731: 1723: 1703: 1690: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1632: 1602: 1572: 1568:Regia Marina 1566: 1565:The Italian 1564: 1557: 1514: 1481: 1477: 1466: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1424: 1422: 1401: 1389: 1377: 1369: 1351: 1335: 1324: 1312: 1308: 1301: 1268: 1259: 1255: 1235: 1220:Banca Romana 1219: 1213: 1207: 1204:Banca Romana 1203: 1197: 1194:Banca Romana 1193: 1191: 1183:Banca Romana 1182: 1180: 1172: 1151:Banca Romana 1147: 1135: 1123: 1108: 1097: 1070: 1046: 1015: 1011:Risorgimento 1008: 995:Risorgimento 980: 968:Walter Scott 956: 945: 900:conservatism 897: 889:nationalized 858: 844:trasformismo 842: 840: 790: 789: 710:Rosa Sobrero 665:(1928-07-17) 663:17 July 1928 618:Constituency 608: 588:Succeeded by 555: 536:Succeeded by 529:Enrico Morin 503: 486:Succeeded by 466: 451: 441:Succeeded by 408: 398:Succeeded by 380: 365: 355:Succeeded by 335: 320: 310:Succeeded by 292: 277: 258:Succeeded by 225: 213:Succeeded by 182: 172:Succeeded by 141: 129:Succeeded by 98: 86:Succeeded by 53: 5798:1928 deaths 5793:1842 births 5529:Cancellieri 3745:, page 175. 3327:, pp. 47-48 2950:, pp. 46–48 2913:, p. 127–28 2907:Killinger, 2863:Tesi Online 2710:called him 2700:World War I 2660:progressive 2544:Luigi Facta 2507:during the 2505:Blackshirts 2294:Padan plain 2254:blackshirts 2117:World War I 2089:World War I 2005:Pope Pius X 1997:Pope Pius X 1907:nationalism 1903:World War I 1643:Republicans 1589:Queen Elena 1581:martial law 1523:of XI, hit 1398:Resignation 1331:World War I 1286:and by the 1265:Resignation 1081:lower house 859:A centrist 854:World War I 724:; her death 700:(1922–1926) 694:(1913–1922) 688:(1882–1913) 576:Preceded by 524:Preceded by 474:Preceded by 429:Preceded by 388:Preceded by 343:Preceded by 300:Preceded by 246:Preceded by 201:Preceded by 160:Preceded by 117:Preceded by 74:Preceded by 5787:Categories 5554:Piantedosi 5494:Napolitano 5484:Brancaccio 5344:De Gasperi 5284:Fornaciari 5189:Zanardelli 5129:Zanardelli 4947:Berlusconi 4937:Berlusconi 4912:Berlusconi 4762:De Gasperi 4738:De Gasperi 4638:Zanardelli 4548:La Marmora 4455:1920–1921 4428:1911–1914 4401:1906–1909 4374:1903–1905 4347:1892–1893 3956:De Grand, 3700:2017-02-13 3675:2007-04-03 3649:De Grand, 3321:De Grand, 3107:pp. 313-14 3070:De Grand, 3028:2017-02-13 2990:De Grand, 2970:Coppa 1971 2922:Coppa 1970 2847:References 2752:liberalism 2704:Socialists 2629:pragmatism 2618:Giovinezza 2613:Giovinezza 2569:Acerbo Law 2166:, and the 1974:government 1876:Aegean Sea 1872:Dodecanese 1838:suzerainty 1737:Libyan War 1577:Royal Army 1517:earthquake 1508:after the 1242:democratic 1127:Menelik II 1087:) for the 1085:Parliament 1022:Enrichetta 931:Early life 908:Right-wing 893:free trade 764:politician 752:Profession 741:Alma mater 734:Enrichetta 643:1842-10-27 5549:Lamorgese 5499:Jervolino 5444:Andreotti 5369:Andreotti 5279:Mussolini 5274:Federzoni 5269:Mussolini 5084:Gualtiero 5039:Minghetti 4967:Gentiloni 4897:Andreotti 4867:Spadolini 4852:Andreotti 4837:Andreotti 4718:Mussolini 4573:Minghetti 4543:Minghetti 3973:La Stampa 3837:p. 221-22 3821:pp. 52–55 3560:Nohlen, D 3540:25 August 3519:25 August 3355:p. 141-42 3256:(plural: 3138:163430158 2996:, pp. 4-5 2702:like the 2690:from the 2688:Bolshevik 2672:socialist 2668:socialist 2635:faith in 2528:civil war 2264:in 1922. 2040:Anarchism 2026:, led by 2020:franchise 2003:In 1904, 1890:in 1923. 1857:Cyrenaica 1823:Socialist 1593:Red Cross 1469:Socialist 1315:Socialist 1284:Lunigiana 1246:socialist 1119:Umberto I 920:left-wing 916:socialist 881:subsidies 773:Signature 705:Spouse(s) 609:In office 556:In office 504:In office 452:In office 409:In office 366:In office 321:In office 278:In office 239:Umberto I 226:In office 183:In office 142:In office 99:In office 54:In office 5454:Scalfaro 5379:Tambroni 5249:Giolitti 5234:Salandra 5229:Giolitti 5224:Luzzatti 5214:Giolitti 5194:Giolitti 5184:Giolitti 5169:Starabba 5159:Giolitti 5154:Nicotera 5144:Depretis 5134:Depretis 5124:Depretis 5119:Nicotera 5114:Cantelli 5104:Starabba 5099:Ferraris 5094:Cantelli 5079:Rattazzi 5074:Ricasoli 5049:Rattazzi 5044:Ricasoli 4802:Tambroni 4723:Badoglio 4703:Giolitti 4683:Salandra 4678:Giolitti 4673:Luzzatti 4663:Giolitti 4643:Giolitti 4623:Starabba 4613:Giolitti 4608:Starabba 4598:Depretis 4588:Depretis 4578:Depretis 4563:Menabrea 4558:Rattazzi 4553:Ricasoli 4533:Rattazzi 4528:Ricasoli 4233:(1997). 4166:in JSTOR 4156:in JSTOR 4026:, p. 199 3962:, p. 251 3902:Archived 3884:Archived 3851:, p. 262 3775:in JSTOR 3737:, 2008, 3655:, p. 138 3566:, p1047 3368:Duggan, 3237:Duggan, 2873:Amoore, 2835:See also 2821:prefects 2801:strikes 2764:populism 2641:idealism 2637:progress 2631:with an 2459:Liberals 2352:Croatian 2307:and the 2210:Fascists 1980:and the 1970:centrist 1951:and the 1884:Lausanne 1834:Austrian 1641:and the 1639:Radicals 1560:Nicotera 1529:Calabria 1212:and the 1018:Calabria 952:Piedmont 849:centrist 836:dictator 822:and the 759:Official 729:Children 622:Piedmont 5603:Leaders 5544:Salvini 5539:Minniti 5509:Scajola 5489:Coronas 5474:Mancino 5459:Fanfani 5449:Rognoni 5439:Cossiga 5424:Taviani 5414:Restivo 5409:Taviani 5399:Taviani 5389:Spataro 5364:Fanfani 5354:Spataro 5294:Aldisio 5239:Orlando 5219:Sonnino 5209:Sonnino 5199:Tittoni 5179:Saracco 5174:Pelloux 5089:Cadorna 5069:Chiaves 5054:Peruzzi 4927:D'Alema 4892:De Mita 4882:Fanfani 4872:Fanfani 4862:Forlani 4857:Cossiga 4832:Colombo 4807:Fanfani 4792:Fanfani 4772:Fanfani 4693:Orlando 4688:Boselli 4668:Sonnino 4658:Sonnino 4648:Tittoni 4633:Saracco 4628:Pelloux 4593:Cairoli 4583:Cairoli 4318:of the 4314:in the 4078:: 4050:: 3831:Clark, 3794:Bologna 3349:Clark, 3101:Sarti, 3056:Memorie 3043:Memorie 2944:Sarti, 2895:, p. 44 2877:, p. 39 2803:in 1904 2696:Dronero 2473:led by 2465:led by 2251:Fascist 2172:Germany 2148:Italian 2105:Bologna 2044:liberal 2030:in the 1999:in 1903 1909:in the 1861:Tripoli 1793:Morocco 1781:Tripoli 1755:in the 1549:Messina 1545:Pellaro 1533:tsunami 1506:Messina 1473:Marxist 1371:L'Asino 1174:L'Asino 1071:At the 1028:, like 948:Mondovì 941:Mondovì 877:tariffs 861:liberal 722: 714: 650:Mondovì 518:Himself 467:Himself 381:Himself 336:Himself 293:Himself 235:Monarch 192:Monarch 151:Monarch 108:Monarch 63:Monarch 5773:(1993) 5761:(1913) 5534:Alfano 5524:Maroni 5514:Pisanu 5504:Bianco 5479:Maroni 5469:Scotti 5394:Scelba 5374:Scelba 5359:Scelba 5349:Scelba 5309:Romita 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