1878:
for GLONASS and 5.5 cm for BeiDou when using real-time corrections for satellite orbits and clocks. The average SISREs of the BDS-3 MEO, IGSO, and GEO satellites were 0.52 m, 0.90 m and 1.15 m, respectively. Compared to the four major global satellite navigation systems consisting of MEO satellites, the SISRE of the BDS-3 MEO satellites was slightly inferior to 0.4 m of
Galileo, slightly superior to 0.59 m of GPS, and remarkably superior to 2.33 m of GLONASS. The SISRE of BDS-3 IGSO was 0.90 m, which was on par with the 0.92 m of QZSS IGSO. However, as the BDS-3 GEO satellites were newly launched and not completely functioning in orbit, their average SISRE was marginally worse than the 0.91 m of the QZSS GEO satellites.
947:
876:
the position of the signal moves as signals are received from several satellites. In addition, the radio signals slow slightly as they pass through the ionosphere, and this slowing varies with the receiver's angle to the satellite, because that changes the distance through the ionosphere. The basic computation thus attempts to find the shortest directed line tangent to four oblate spherical shells centred on four satellites. Satellite navigation receivers reduce errors by using combinations of signals from multiple satellites and multiple correlators, and then using techniques such as
74:
762:
899:
816:. The received frequency will differ slightly from the broadcast frequency because of the movement of the satellite with respect to the receiver. By monitoring this frequency shift over a short time interval, the receiver can determine its location to one side or the other of the satellite, and several such measurements combined with a precise knowledge of the satellite's orbit can fix a particular position. Satellite orbital position errors are caused by radio-wave
5588:
5599:
987:
2266:
402:
38:
1323:
1904:
system may be used also for mobile receivers on land with more limited usage and coverage. Used with traditional GNSS systems, it pushes the accuracy of positions to centimetric precision (and to millimetric precision for altimetric application and also allows monitoring very tiny seasonal changes of Earth rotation and deformations), in order to build a much more precise geodesic reference system.
820:, gravity field changes (as the Earth's gravitational field is not uniform), and other phenomena. A team, led by Harold L Jury of Pan Am Aerospace Division in Florida from 1970 to 1973, found solutions and/or corrections for many error sources. Using real-time data and recursive estimation, the systematic and residual errors were narrowed down to accuracy sufficient for navigation.
934:, is used to determine users location and the location of other people or objects at any given moment. The range of application of satellite navigation in the future is enormous, including both the public and private sectors across numerous market segments such as science, transport, agriculture, insurance, energy, etc.
1128:
system. The receivers will be able to combine the signals from both
Galileo and GPS satellites to greatly increase the accuracy. The full Galileo constellation consists of 24 active satellites, the last of which was launched in December 2021. The main modulation used in Galileo Open Service signal is
875:
Each distance measurement, regardless of the system being used, places the receiver on a spherical shell at the measured distance from the broadcaster. By taking several such measurements and then looking for a point where they meet, a fix is generated. However, in the case of fast-moving receivers,
734:
As many of the global GNSS systems (and augmentation systems) use similar frequencies and signals around L1, many "Multi-GNSS" receivers capable of using multiple systems have been produced. While some systems strive to interoperate with GPS as well as possible by providing the same clock, others do
564:
from satellites. The system can be used for providing position, navigation or for tracking the position of something fitted with a receiver (satellite tracking). The signals also allow the electronic receiver to calculate the current local time to a high precision, which allows time synchronisation.
1877:
Using multiple GNSS systems for user positioning increases the number of visible satellites, improves precise point positioning (PPP) and shortens the average convergence time. The signal-in-space ranging error (SISRE) in
November 2019 were 1.6 cm for Galileo, 2.3 cm for GPS, 5.2 cm
863:
to maintain synchronization of all the satellites in the constellation. The receiver compares the time of broadcast encoded in the transmission of three (at sea level) or four (which allows an altitude calculation also) different satellites, measuring the time-of-flight to each satellite. Several
1085:
satellites and five geostationary satellites (IGSO). A 16-satellite regional version (covering Asia and
Pacific area) was completed by December 2012. Global service was completed by December 2018. On 23 June 2020, the BDS-3 constellation deployment is fully completed after the last satellite was
641:
is the second generation of systems that independently provide a full civilian satellite navigation system, exemplified by the
European Galileo positioning system. These systems will provide the accuracy and integrity monitoring necessary for civil navigation; including aircraft. Initially, this
1903:
Doppler
Orbitography and Radio-positioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS) is a French precision navigation system. Unlike other GNSS systems, it is based on static emitting stations around the world, the receivers being on satellites, in order to precisely determine their orbital position. The
1063:, (GLObal NAvigation Satellite System or GLONASS), is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides a civilian radionavigation-satellite service and is also used by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces. GLONASS has full global coverage since 1995 and with 24 active satellites.
796:
which broadcast a radio pulse from a known "master" location, followed by a pulse repeated from a number of "slave" stations. The delay between the reception of the master signal and the slave signals allowed the receiver to deduce the distance to each of the slaves, providing a
1368:. Ground stations determine the accuracy of the satellite navigation systems data and transfer it to the geostationary satellites; users may freely obtain this data from those satellites using an EGNOS-enabled receiver, or over the Internet. One main use of the system is in
658:
G3 for GLONASS) for civilian use; they feature higher aggregate accuracy and fewer problems with signal reflection. As of late 2018, a few consumer-grade GNSS devices are being sold that leverage both. They are typically called "Dual band GNSS" or "Dual band GPS"
918:
The original motivation for satellite navigation was for military applications. Satellite navigation allows precision in the delivery of weapons to targets, greatly increasing their lethality whilst reducing inadvertent casualties from mis-directed weapons. (See
1304:
regions. QZSS services were available on a trial basis as of
January 12, 2018, and were started in November 2018. The first satellite was launched in September 2010. An independent satellite navigation system (from GPS) with 7 satellites is planned for 2023.
937:
The ability to supply satellite navigation signals is also the ability to deny their availability. The operator of a satellite navigation system potentially has the ability to degrade or eliminate satellite navigation services over any territory it desires.
565:
These uses are collectively known as
Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT). Satnav systems operate independently of any telephonic or internet reception, though these technologies can enhance the usefulness of the positioning information generated.
1080:
BeiDou started as the now-decommissioned Beidou-1, an Asia-Pacific local network on the geostationary orbits. The second generation of the system BeiDou-2 became operational in China in
December 2011. The BeiDou-3 system is proposed to consist of 30
2596:
ISRO/DOS shall work towards expanding the coverage from regional to global to ensure availability of NavIC standalone signal in any part of the world without relying on other GNSS and aid in wide utilisation of Indian navigation system across the
1208:
The constellation was in orbit as of 2018, and the system was available for public use in early 2018. NavIC provides two levels of service, the "standard positioning service", which will be open for civilian use, and a "restricted service" (an
2185:
To improve harmonisation in spectrum utilisation, most service allocations are incorporated in national Tables of
Frequency Allocations and Utilisations within the responsibility of the appropriate national administration. Allocations are:
850:
Modern systems are more direct. The satellite broadcasts a signal that contains orbital data (from which the position of the satellite can be calculated) and the precise time the signal was transmitted. Orbital data include a rough
842:
continuously observed the precise orbits of these satellites. As a satellite's orbit deviated, the USNO sent the updated information to the satellite. Subsequent broadcasts from an updated satellite would contain its most recent
1123:
satellites was originally scheduled to be operational in 2010. The original year to become operational was 2014. The first experimental satellite was launched on 28 December 2005. Galileo is expected to be compatible with the
1920:
networks are able to track transceiver units with accuracy of a few kilometres using doppler shift calculations from the satellite. The coordinates are sent back to the transceiver unit where they can be read using
715:
Continental scale Ground Based Augmentation Systems (GBAS) for example the Australian GRAS and the joint US Coast Guard, Canadian Coast Guard, US Army Corps of Engineers and US Department of Transportation National
1019:. The exact number of satellites varies as older satellites are retired and replaced. Operational since 1978 and globally available since 1994, GPS is the world's most utilized satellite navigation system.
1249:
is a method of improving a navigation system's attributes, such as accuracy, reliability, and availability, through the integration of external information into the calculation process, for example, the
1176:
to have a larger signal footprint and lower number of satellites to map the region. It is intended to provide an all-weather absolute position accuracy of better than 7.6 metres (25 ft) throughout
1375:
According to specifications, horizontal position accuracy when using EGNOS-provided corrections should be better than seven metres. In practice, the horizontal position accuracy is at the metre level.
2749:
Jury, H, 1973, Application of the Kalman Filter to Real-time Navigation using Synchronous Satellites, Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Space Technology and Science, Tokyo, 945-952.
3237:
3321:
1181:
and within a region extending approximately 1,500 km (930 mi) around it. An Extended Service Area lies between the primary service area and a rectangle area enclosed by the
3200:
890:
is applied to GPS time correction, the net result is that time on a GPS satellite clock advances faster than a clock on the ground by about 38 microseconds per day.
1364:
EGNOS consists of 40 Ranging Integrity Monitoring Stations, 2 Mission Control Centres, 6 Navigation Land Earth Stations, the EGNOS Wide Area Network (EWAN), and 3
4575:
5304:
864:
such measurements can be made at the same time to different satellites, allowing a continual fix to be generated in real time using an adapted version of
4845:
3382:
2346:
3652:
4728:
4378:
3354:
1383:
17:
3285:
4754:
4703:
4672:
4353:
4322:
2341:
1334:
1315:
1255:
621:
1119:. Galileo became operational on 15 December 2016 (global Early Operational Capability, EOC). At an estimated cost of €10 billion, the system of 30
3226:
3684:
3465:
3033:
4191:
3895:
2123:
2100:
1387:
1259:
2571:
2994:
430:
2210:
4688:
4623:
4338:
4239:
4102:
2155:
1859:
1434:
705:
519:
383:
4568:
2086:
1213:
one) for authorized users (including military). There are plans to expand NavIC system by increasing constellation size from 7 to 11.
4713:
4363:
2616:
1168:
approved the project in May 2006. It consists of a constellation of 7 navigational satellites. Three of the satellites are placed in
2325:
5282:
4872:
2546:
2280:
1357:
by reporting on the reliability and accuracy of their positioning data and sending out corrections. The system will supplement
3174:
4862:
4797:
4561:
3744:
ITU Radio Regulations, CHAPTER II – Frequencies, ARTICLE 5 Frequency allocations, Section IV – Table of Frequency Allocations
3498:
2025:
1991:
1938:
388:
602:
GNSS systems that provide enhanced accuracy and integrity monitoring usable for civil navigation are classified as follows:
2094:
2062:
1950:
625:
4698:
4348:
3784:
1338:
859:
is transmitted in a data message that is superimposed on a code that serves as a timing reference. The satellite uses an
609:
502:
4882:
4677:
4327:
4184:
3888:
3761:
Report on Current and Planned Global and Regional Navigation Satellite Systems and Satellite-based Augmentation Systems
3514:
3373:
2305:
1839:
1414:
1391:
1267:
1161:
1072:
752:
698:
629:
608:
is the first generation system and is the combination of existing satellite navigation systems (GPS and GLONASS), with
4902:
3251:
3123:
2493:
2035:
880:
to combine the noisy, partial, and constantly changing data into a single estimate for position, time, and velocity.
423:
378:
2080:
613:
2973:
5648:
5057:
4420:
3277:
3015:
1130:
1087:
5432:
5294:
4877:
4693:
4608:
4343:
4224:
4092:
3152:
2134:
1844:
1419:
1396:
1358:
1099:
931:
680:
633:
495:
5633:
5623:
4723:
4708:
4517:
4373:
4358:
4262:
4244:
4177:
4107:
3881:
3659:
2310:
2160:
1864:
1439:
1379:
1283:
1251:
923:). Satellite navigation also allows forces to be directed and to locate themselves more easily, reducing the
617:
507:
3396:
3346:
946:
5628:
4998:
4718:
4368:
4267:
2290:
1973:
913:
869:
691:
416:
1399:
and EGNOS received a budget of €14.6 billion for its six-year, 2021–2027, research and development period.
1238:
The first two generations of China's BeiDou navigation system were designed to provide regional coverage.
5410:
5246:
4993:
4840:
4254:
3862:
533:
142:
107:
3868:
3545:"Assessing the latest performance of Galileo-only PPP and the contribution of Galileo to Multi-GNSS PPP"
2648:
5482:
5251:
4924:
2056:
1682:
1271:
1116:
350:
49:
was the first global satellite navigation system and the first to be provided as a free global service.
3544:
3543:
Xia, Fengyu; Ye, Shirong; Xia, Pengfei; Zhao, Lewen; Jiang, Nana; Chen, Dezhong; Hu, Guangbao (2019).
1929:. This can also be used by the gateway to enforce restrictions on geographically bound calling plans.
1887:
5405:
5287:
5025:
4790:
4618:
4234:
4133:
4097:
3691:
3487:
Aswal, Dinesh K.; Yadav, Sanjay; Takatsuji, Toshiyuki; Rachakonda, Prem; Kumar, Harish (2023-08-23).
3461:
2140:
1854:
1429:
1293:
1016:
1003:
963:
668:
557:
472:
130:
46:
2800:"What is value in the New Space Economy? The end-users' perspective on satellite data and solutions"
5520:
5020:
5008:
4980:
4603:
4219:
4082:
2580:
2335:
1926:
1898:
975:
855:
for all satellites to aid in finding them, and a precise ephemeris for this satellite. The orbital
305:
137:
117:
4277:
3837:
3822:
International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) International GNSS Service (IGS)
2514:
1197:, 1,500–6,000 km beyond borders. A goal of complete Indian control has been stated, with the
5524:
5460:
5239:
5141:
5052:
4956:
4929:
4830:
2068:
2001:
1365:
1198:
785:
569:
340:
102:
31:
2914:
2890:
518:, all of them based on GPS. Previous iterations of the BeiDou navigation system and the present
5572:
5534:
4968:
4887:
4825:
2330:
773:
322:
309:
112:
92:
85:
3760:
3488:
3051:
5422:
5229:
4867:
3834:
Orbits for the Global Positioning System satellites in the Global Navigation Satellite System
3307:
2029:
1995:
1504:
1342:
1112:
838:
Part of an orbiting satellite's broadcast includes its precise orbital data. Originally, the
5591:
5492:
5475:
5112:
5040:
4897:
4783:
4051:
3789:
3603:
3556:
2811:
2712:
2173:
1173:
839:
812:: the satellites travelled on well-known paths and broadcast their signals on a well-known
360:
57:
3731:
ITU Radio Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.45, definition:
3719:
ITU Radio Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.47, definition:
3707:
ITU Radio Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.43, definition:
2623:
808:, a system deployed by the US military in the 1960s. Transit's operation was based on the
8:
5653:
5487:
5465:
5400:
5119:
4963:
4654:
4644:
4542:
4043:
4023:
4003:
3993:
3965:
3955:
3950:
3441:
2938:
1350:
1330:
This article needs some minor updating as EGNOS is still evolving along time (be aware).
1194:
1186:
1182:
1169:
1165:
805:
727:
581:
355:
345:
244:
3607:
3560:
2815:
2716:
5602:
5385:
5311:
5166:
5062:
4914:
4744:
4123:
3988:
3960:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3572:
2847:
2675:
2315:
2295:
2271:
1217:
1190:
1120:
1082:
1012:
951:
887:
573:
406:
201:
167:
157:
5638:
5598:
5557:
5197:
5092:
5067:
5013:
5003:
4820:
4664:
4527:
4314:
4272:
4143:
4128:
4059:
3920:
3576:
3494:
3103:"Launch of first satellite for Indian Regional Navigation Satellite system next year"
3102:
2851:
2839:
2118:
1246:
1125:
907:
597:
588:
of roughly twelve hours (at an altitude of about 20,000 kilometres or 12,000 miles).
235:
147:
3779:
3421:
2824:
2799:
2759:
5643:
5470:
5299:
5256:
5222:
5187:
5124:
5077:
4919:
3827:
US National Executive Committee for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
3802:
United Nations International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG)
3611:
3564:
2829:
2819:
2730:
2720:
2144:
1954:
1263:
959:
781:
769:
717:
269:
218:
73:
42:
3801:
2952:
2494:"China's GPS rival Beidou is now fully operational after final satellite launched"
5515:
5415:
5368:
5266:
5207:
5192:
5146:
5129:
5035:
5030:
2773:
1917:
1913:
967:
955:
813:
761:
317:
172:
3861:) Simulation and graphical depiction of the motion of space vehicles, including
3077:
5562:
5549:
5442:
5373:
5363:
5348:
5326:
5316:
5212:
5202:
5151:
5072:
4553:
4532:
4486:
3980:
3616:
3591:
2865:
2285:
1965:
1710:
1202:
1108:
971:
809:
798:
585:
577:
492:
456:
312:
3631:
3568:
2196:
exclusive or shared utilization: within the responsibility of administrations.
833:
5617:
5510:
5427:
5358:
5321:
5161:
5082:
4946:
4941:
4749:
4476:
4410:
3821:
2843:
2005:
1464:
1289:
877:
865:
522:(IRNSS), operationally known as NavIC, are examples of stand-alone operating
468:
259:
254:
249:
177:
152:
3515:"NAVIC SIGNAL IN SPACE ICD FOR STANDARD POSITIONING SERVICE IN L1 FREQUENCY"
898:
5567:
5502:
5171:
5156:
4857:
4852:
4451:
2300:
1618:
1301:
1115:
agreed in March 2002 to introduce their own alternative to GPS, called the
1037:
860:
650:
G1 for GLONASS). In recent years, GNSS systems have begun activating Lower
288:
3255:
3131:
2974:"Commission awards major contracts to make Galileo operational early 2014"
5395:
5261:
4951:
4934:
4806:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4456:
4293:
3904:
3858:
3592:"Evolution of orbit and clock quality for real-time multi-GNSS solutions"
2834:
2735:
1958:
1346:
1160:) is an autonomous regional satellite navigation system developed by the
920:
793:
748:
553:
213:
65:
4639:
3397:"Information and Analysis Center for Positioning, Navigation and Timing"
2579:. Bengaluru, India: Department of Space. 2021. p. 7. Archived from
1220:
satellites. The Global NavIC will be free to use for the global public.
1011:
The United States' Global Positioning System (GPS) consists of up to 32
5529:
5437:
5380:
5340:
5134:
4835:
4522:
4481:
4441:
4436:
4169:
3873:
2725:
2700:
2320:
1969:
1922:
1210:
924:
817:
756:
663:
By their roles in the navigation system, systems can be classified as:
300:
264:
190:
97:
3370:
2891:"The BDS-3 Preliminary System Is Completed to Provide Global Services"
2798:
Paravano, Alessandro; Locatelli, Giorgio; Trucco, Paolo (2023-09-01).
1288:
The Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) is a four-satellite regional
5539:
5390:
5107:
4988:
4909:
4892:
4537:
4461:
4446:
4394:
4148:
3817:
International Global Navigation Satellite Systems Society Inc (IGNSS)
3232:
986:
856:
844:
549:
537:
452:
295:
208:
3806:
3034:"Soyuz launch from Kourou postponed until 2021, 2 others to proceed"
829:
4649:
4466:
4301:
4013:
3912:
3175:"India's own GPS IRNSS NavIC made by ISRO to go live in early 2018"
3153:"India to build a constellation of 7 navigation satellites by 2012"
1369:
1233:
1229:
883:
789:
687:
632:(GAGAN). Ground-based augmentation is provided by systems like the
616:(GBAS). In the United States, the satellite-based component is the
545:
541:
4682:
4332:
3854:
3831:
3201:"Navigation satellite clocks ticking; system to be expanded: ISRO"
2701:"Investigation on Reference Frames and Time Systems in Multi-GNSS"
2515:"Galileo is the European global satellite-based navigation system"
506:(SBAS), designed to enhance the accuracy of GNSS, include Japan's
4759:
4613:
4471:
4229:
4087:
4047:
3843:
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) GNSS Implementation Team
3400:
2150:
1849:
1424:
1028:
852:
744:
672:
480:
37:
3590:
Kazmierski, Kamil; Zajdel, Radoslaw; Sośnica, Krzysztof (2020).
2366:
Orbital periods and speeds are calculated using the relations 4π
726:
Local GBAS typified by a single GPS reference station operating
5353:
5217:
4598:
4214:
4077:
4008:
3998:
2128:
1459:
1041:
676:
655:
651:
647:
643:
552:) to high precision (within a few centimeters to meters) using
488:
476:
459:. A satellite navigation system with global coverage is termed
4775:
667:
There are four global satellite navigation systems, currently
30:
For maneuvering satellites to maintain orbit and station, see
4764:
4415:
3940:
3758:
Office for Outer Space Affairs of the United Nations (2010),
3486:
2547:"Japan Prepares for GPS Failure with Quasi-Zenith Satellites"
2178:
The allocation of radio frequencies is provided according to
2049:
1474:
1469:
1449:
1297:
1178:
1147:
979:
777:
697:
Regional SBAS including WAAS (US), EGNOS (EU), MSAS (Japan),
561:
515:
511:
484:
1322:
654:
frequency sets (L2 and L5 for GPS, E5a and E5b for Galileo,
4153:
4138:
4033:
4028:
3970:
3371:
Irene Klotz; Tony Osborne; Bradley Perrett (Sep 12, 2018).
2218: Region 3
2215: Region 2
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1509:
902:
GNSS satellites used for navigation on a smartphone in 2021
709:
686:
Global Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) such as
568:
Global coverage for each system is generally achieved by a
3842:
3462:"China launches final satellite in GPS-like Beidou system"
5234:
4158:
4018:
3945:
3278:"Japan mulls seven-satellite QZSS system as a GPS backup"
3227:"ISRO to boost NavIC, widen user base of location system"
1354:
3816:
3322:"EU Space Programme - Performance - European Commission"
1136:
467:). As of 2024, four global systems are operational: the
3773:
3589:
2797:
2699:
Nicolini, Luca; Caporali, Alessandro (9 January 2018).
1454:
1216:
India plans to make the NavIC global by adding 24 more
3826:
3811:
941:
704:
Regional Satellite Navigation Systems such as India's
2261:
1378:
Similar service is provided in North America by the
27:
Use of satellite signals for geo-spatial positioning
3869:
GPS, GNSS, Geodesy and Navigation Concepts in depth
3848:
2347:
UNSW School of Surveying and Geospatial Engineering
3372:
3366:
3364:
3225:
2038:in which earth stations are located on board ships
1384:System for Differential Corrections and Monitoring
930:Now a global navigation satellite system, such as
4755:United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System
3690:. Personal Satellite Network, Inc. Archived from
3454:
2573:Indian Satellite Navigation Policy - 2021 (Draft)
2433:Approximately 8.6 times when the Moon is nearest
2342:United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System
1335:European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service
1316:European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service
1256:European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service
622:European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service
5615:
4583:
3795:
2698:
2670:
2668:
2190:primary: indicated by writing in capital letters
3790:Global Navigation Satellite System Fundamentals
3361:
3044:
2201:
2101:Aeronautical radionavigation-satellite service
1388:Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System
1260:Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System
626:Multi-Functional Satellite Augmentation System
4791:
4569:
4185:
3889:
2760:"Relativistic Effects on the Satellite Clock"
2665:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2486:
2404:is the gravitational constant, approximately
2182:of the ITU Radio Regulations (edition 2012).
2048:ITU Radio Regulations (article 1) classifies
1205:and user receivers all being built in India.
424:
3542:
646:frequency sets (L1 for GPS, E1 for Galileo,
72:
3807:Institute of Navigation (ION) GNSS Meetings
2014:Maritime radionavigation-satellite service
1932:
520:Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System
491:Navigation Satellite System (BDS), and the
4798:
4784:
4576:
4562:
4192:
4178:
3896:
3882:
3733:maritime radionavigation-satellite service
3100:
2649:"Galileo General Introduction - Navipedia"
2602:
2240:RADIONAVIGATION-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)
2124:Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast
2087:Maritime radionavigation-satellite service
804:The first satellite navigation system was
723:Regional scale GBAS such as CORS networks.
431:
417:
3682:
3615:
3172:
3078:"India to develop its own version of GPS"
2833:
2823:
2734:
2724:
2453:, to 9.6 times when the Moon is farthest
1888:Satellite geodesy § Radio techniques
4199:
3903:
2752:
2544:
2416:is the mass of Earth, approximately 5.98
2326:Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring
2202:
1403:
1321:
985:
945:
897:
760:
576:(MEO) satellites spread between several
36:
5283:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
3374:"The Rise Of New Navigation Satellites"
2167:
2026:International Telecommunication Union's
1992:International Telecommunication Union's
1980:Aeronautical radionavigation-satellite
580:. The actual systems vary, but all use
479:'s Global Navigation Satellite System (
14:
5616:
5305:Psychological and sociological effects
3490:Handbook of Metrology and Applications
3344:
2617:"A Beginner's Guide to GNSS in Europe"
2281:Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics
4779:
4557:
4173:
3877:
3721:aeronautical radionavigation service
3347:"Japan's H-2A conducts QZSS-4 launch"
3275:
3223:
2545:Kriening, Torsten (23 January 2019).
2193:secondary: indicated by small letters
1939:International Telecommunication Union
1881:
1137:Regional navigation satellite systems
990:Launched GNSS satellites 1978 to 2014
524:regional navigation satellite systems
3812:The International GNSS Service (IGS)
3774:Information on specific GNSS systems
3198:
2762:. The Pennsylvania State University.
2540:
2538:
2536:
2095:Aeronautical radionavigation service
2063:Radiodetermination-satellite service
1951:radiodetermination-satellite service
1158:Navigation with Indian Constellation
610:Satellite Based Augmentation Systems
503:Satellite-based augmentation systems
3338:
2043:
1339:satellite-based augmentation system
952:medium altitude orbits around Earth
942:Global navigation satellite systems
24:
5014:Weather and environment monitoring
3752:
3709:radionavigation-satellite service
3385:from the original on Oct 25, 2023.
3345:Graham, William (9 October 2017).
3240:from the original on Sep 20, 2023.
3192:
3016:"Galileo begins serving the globe"
2866:"China's GPS rival is switched on"
2396:is the orbital period in seconds;
2392:is the radius of orbit in metres;
2306:GPS-aided geo-augmented navigation
2235:AERONAUTICAL MOBILE-SATELLITE (R)
2129:BeiDou Navigation Satellite System
1392:GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation
1268:GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation
1162:Indian Space Research Organisation
1073:BeiDou Navigation Satellite System
630:GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation
461:global navigation satellite system
25:
18:Global navigation satellite system
5665:
3768:
3468:from the original on 24 June 2020
3224:Koshy, Jacob (October 26, 2022).
2953:"Boost to Galileo sat-nav system"
2533:
2075:Radionavigation-satellite service
2036:radionavigation-satellite service
1943:radionavigation-satellite service
1907:
614:Ground Based Augmentation Systems
591:
5597:
5587:
5586:
3849:Supportive or illustrative sites
3785:Information on the Beidou system
3493:. Springer Nature. p. 512.
3357:from the original on 2017-10-10.
2264:
2081:Maritime radionavigation service
1957:. This service may also include
1386:(SDCM), and in Asia, by Japan's
1314:This section is an excerpt from
628:(MSAS); and in India, it is the
400:
5058:Space launch market competition
4805:
3737:
3725:
3713:
3701:
3683:Rickerson, Don (January 2005).
3676:
3645:
3624:
3583:
3536:
3507:
3480:
3434:
3414:
3389:
3314:
3300:
3288:from the original on 9 Dec 2023
3269:
3244:
3217:
3166:
3145:
3116:
3094:
3070:
3026:
3008:
2987:
2966:
2945:
2931:
2907:
2883:
2858:
2825:10.1016/j.actaastro.2023.05.001
2791:
2766:
2427:
2360:
1326:Map of the EGNOS ground network
1241:
1223:
1131:Composite Binary Offset Carrier
1088:Xichang Satellite Launch Center
994:In order of first launch year:
893:
834:GPS § Navigation equations
642:system consisted of only Upper
5295:Health threat from cosmic rays
3022:(in German). 23 December 2016.
2941:. europa.eu. 14 December 2016.
2743:
2692:
2641:
2564:
2507:
1961:necessary for its operation".
1100:Galileo (satellite navigation)
950:Clickable image, highlighting
634:Local Area Augmentation System
13:
1:
4518:Geographic information system
4263:Personal navigation assistant
4108:Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
3796:Organizations related to GNSS
3020:INTERNATIONALES VERKEHRSWESEN
2479:
2400:is the orbital speed in m/s;
2311:List of emerging technologies
2237:AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION
2161:Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
2008:are located on board aircraft
1972:which must be protected from
1592:(14 h 5 min)
1380:Wide Area Augmentation System
1284:Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
1252:Wide Area Augmentation System
1086:successfully launched at the
823:
624:(EGNOS); in Japan, it is the
620:(WAAS); in Europe, it is the
618:Wide Area Augmentation System
508:Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
451:system is a system that uses
4585:Satellite navigation systems
4268:Automotive navigation system
3653:"Globalstar GSP-1700 manual"
3276:Henry, Caleb (15 May 2017).
3179:International Business Times
2291:GNSS positioning calculation
2209:
2208:
1912:The two current operational
1716:4 operational (3 GSO, 1 GEO)
1353:. Currently, it supplements
1015:satellites in six different
914:Automotive navigation system
870:GNSS positioning calculation
534:Satellite navigation devices
7:
5411:Self-replicating spacecraft
5247:International Space Station
3832:US National Geodetic Survey
2257:
1361:in the future version 3.0.
1292:system and enhancement for
1272:inertial navigation systems
840:US Naval Observatory (USNO)
373:List of space organizations
10:
5670:
4925:Space Liability Convention
3855:GPS and GLONASS Simulation
3617:10.1007/s10291-020-01026-6
3549:Advances in Space Research
3155:. Livemint.com. 2007-09-05
3052:"Galileo Initial Services"
2955:. BBC News. 25 August 2006
2171:
2057:Radiodetermination service
1896:
1885:
1674:27 operational + 3 spares
1313:
1281:
1227:
1174:geosynchronous orbit (GSO)
1145:
1117:Galileo positioning system
1097:
1093:
1070:
1026:
1022:
1001:
911:
905:
827:
742:
738:
701:(India) and SDCM (Russia).
595:
536:determine their location (
29:
5581:
5548:
5501:
5453:
5339:
5288:Space adaptation syndrome
5275:
5180:
5100:
5091:
4979:
4813:
4737:
4663:
4632:
4591:
4510:
4429:
4403:
4387:
4313:
4286:
4253:
4207:
4116:
4098:Global Positioning System
4068:
4042:
3979:
3911:
3838:UNAVCO GNSS Modernization
3569:10.1016/j.asr.2018.06.008
3173:Rohit KVN (28 May 2017).
3101:S. Anandan (2010-04-10).
2676:"GNSS signal - Navipedia"
2222:
2141:Global Positioning System
1968:and an essential part of
1870:
1813:0.01 (0.033) (encrypted)
1765:1.57542 (L1C/A, L1C, L1S)
1382:(WAAS), in Russia by the
1170:geostationary orbit (GEO)
1066:
1004:Global Positioning System
976:Van Allen radiation belts
788:systems used terrestrial
473:Global Positioning System
47:Global Positioning System
5021:Communications satellite
3780:ESA information on EGNOS
3632:"DORIS information page"
3124:"IRNSS Programme - ISRO"
2915:"APPLICATIONS-Transport"
2622:. IFATCA. Archived from
2353:
2336:Space Integrated GPS/INS
1953:used for the purpose of
1933:International regulation
1927:graphical user interface
1899:DORIS (satellite system)
1892:
1612:(23 h 56 min)
1607:(23 h 56 min)
1602:(11 h 58 min)
1597:(11 h 16 min)
1587:(12 h 53 min)
1366:geostationary satellites
1341:(SBAS) developed by the
1308:
1141:
1104:First launch year: 2011
1077:First launch year: 2000
1033:First launch year: 1982
1008:First launch year: 1978
5525:reusable launch systems
5142:Extravehicular activity
5053:Commercial use of space
4957:Militarisation of space
4930:Registration Convention
4846:Accidents and incidents
2496:. cnn.com. 24 June 2020
2069:Radionavigation service
2002:radionavigation service
1831:0.1 (0.33) (encrypted)
1826:0.1 (0.33) (encrypted)
1808:0.1 (0.33) (encrypted)
1659:(24 MEO, 3 IGSO, 1 GSO)
1277:
1172:and the remaining 4 in
972:Moon's orbital distance
570:satellite constellation
103:Timeline of spaceflight
32:Orbital station-keeping
5649:Maritime communication
5573:Mission control center
5535:Non-rocket spacelaunch
4969:Billionaire space race
3254:. JAXA. Archived from
2331:Software GNSS Receiver
2204:Allocation to services
1966:safety-of-life service
1964:RNSS is regarded as a
1327:
997:
991:
983:
970:, at one ninth of the
903:
765:
749:GLONASS § History
675:(Russian Federation),
455:to provide autonomous
407:Spaceflight portal
323:Non-rocket spacelaunch
93:History of spaceflight
77:
50:
5423:Spacecraft propulsion
4873:European Space Agency
3685:"Iridium SMS and SBD"
3379:Aviation Week Network
2995:"GIOVE-A launch News"
2172:Further information:
1886:Further information:
1661:5 in orbit validation
1404:Comparison of systems
1343:European Space Agency
1325:
1113:European Space Agency
989:
949:
912:Further information:
901:
830:GPS § Principles
828:Further information:
772:is decades old. The
764:
757:BeiDou § History
743:Further information:
596:Further information:
76:
40:
5634:Aircraft instruments
5624:Satellite navigation
5048:Satellite navigation
4201:Satellite navigation
3905:Time signal stations
3634:. Jason.oceanobs.com
3326:commission.europa.eu
2939:"Galileo goes live!"
2223:5 000–5 010 MHz
2174:Frequency allocation
2168:Frequency allocation
2117:Augmentation system
2112:Examples of RNSS use
2020:) is – according to
1986:) is – according to
1782:Operating since 2016
1730:1.589742 (B1-2)
582:orbital inclinations
556:transmitted along a
445:satellite navigation
5629:American inventions
5433:Electric propulsion
5120:Life-support system
5004:Imagery and mapping
4964:Private spaceflight
4543:GPS animal tracking
4430:Geographic services
3697:on 9 November 2005.
3608:2020GPSS...24..111K
3561:2019AdSpR..63.2784X
3422:"GPS Space Segment"
3351:NASASpaceFlight.com
3199:IANS (2017-06-10).
3105:. Beta.thehindu.com
2816:2023AcAau.210..554P
2717:2018RemS...10...80N
2519:www.euspa.europa.eu
2032:(RR) – defined as «
1998:(RR) – defined as «
1811:0.2 (0.66) (public)
1739:1.164–1.215 (E5a/b)
1669:1 in commissioning
1390:(MSAS) and India's
1351:European Commission
1195:130th meridian east
1187:50th parallel north
1183:30th parallel south
1133:(CBOC) modulation.
964:geostationary orbit
728:Real Time Kinematic
245:Apollo Lunar Module
5386:Robotic spacecraft
5312:Space and survival
5167:Space colonization
5063:Space architecture
4915:Outer Space Treaty
4745:GNSS reflectometry
3205:The Economic Times
2726:10.3390/rs10010080
2316:Moving map display
2296:GNSS reflectometry
2272:Spaceflight portal
2050:radiocommunication
1882:Related techniques
1821:(no DGPS or WAAS)
1819:0.3–5 (0.98–16.40)
1734:1.26852 (B3)
1728:1.561098 (B1)
1699:1 in flight tests
1663:2 GSO planned 20H1
1328:
1191:30th meridian east
1013:medium Earth orbit
992:
984:
904:
888:general relativity
766:
745:GPS § History
730:(RTK) corrections.
574:medium Earth orbit
202:Robotic spacecraft
78:
51:
5611:
5610:
5558:Flight controller
5335:
5334:
5093:Human spaceflight
5068:Space exploration
4994:Earth observation
4773:
4772:
4665:GNSS augmentation
4551:
4550:
4315:GNSS augmentation
4167:
4166:
4060:Radio Data System
3500:978-981-99-2074-7
3058:. 9 December 2016
2804:Acta Astronautica
2778:www.gsa.europa.eu
2551:SpaceWatch.Global
2521:. 26 January 2024
2420:10 kg (1.318
2255:
2254:
2119:GNSS augmentation
2030:Radio Regulations
1996:Radio Regulations
1875:
1874:
1806:3.6 (12) (public)
1769:1.17645 (L5, L5S)
1755:1.164–1.189 (L5)
1753:1.215–1.2396 (L2)
1748:1.189–1.214 (G3)
1741:1.260–1.300 (E6)
1732:1.20714 (B2)
1689:6 to be launched
1349:on behalf of the
1247:GNSS augmentation
1166:Indian government
908:GNSS applications
683:(European Union).
671:(United States),
598:GNSS augmentation
514:and the European
441:
440:
335:Spaceflight types
279:
278:
236:Crewed spacecraft
228:
227:
143:Earth observation
16:(Redirected from
5661:
5601:
5590:
5589:
5300:Space psychology
5125:Animals in space
5098:
5097:
5078:Space technology
4920:Rescue Agreement
4800:
4793:
4786:
4777:
4776:
4709:QZSS / Michibiki
4578:
4571:
4564:
4555:
4554:
4359:QZSS / Michibiki
4194:
4187:
4180:
4171:
4170:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3875:
3874:
3746:
3741:
3735:
3729:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3689:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3664:
3658:. Archived from
3657:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3555:(9): 2784–2795.
3540:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3519:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3399:. Archived from
3393:
3387:
3386:
3376:
3368:
3359:
3358:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3229:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3130:. Archived from
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2919:en.beidou.gov.cn
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2837:
2827:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2728:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2672:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2628:
2621:
2613:
2600:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2585:
2578:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2542:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2490:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2411:
2409:
2364:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2200:
2199:
2145:Differential GPS
1941:(ITU) defines a
1829:1 (3.3) (public)
1824:1 (3.3) (public)
1784:2020 completion
1751:1.563–1.587 (L1)
1746:1.237–1.254 (G2)
1744:1.593–1.610 (G1)
1737:1.559–1.592 (E1)
1718:7 in the future
1638:
1632:
1626:
1577:(20,300–24,200)
1408:
1407:
1264:Differential GPS
960:High Earth orbit
878:Kalman filtering
770:radio navigation
718:Differential GPS
510:(QZSS), India's
493:European Union's
433:
426:
419:
405:
404:
403:
230:
229:
219:Cargo spacecraft
196:
195:
53:
52:
43:U.S. Space Force
21:
5669:
5668:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5659:
5658:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5607:
5577:
5544:
5516:Escape velocity
5497:
5449:
5416:Space telescope
5369:Reentry capsule
5331:
5271:
5176:
5147:Overview effect
5130:Bioastronautics
5087:
4975:
4809:
4804:
4774:
4769:
4733:
4659:
4628:
4587:
4582:
4552:
4547:
4506:
4425:
4399:
4383:
4309:
4306:CellGuide ACLYS
4282:
4249:
4203:
4198:
4168:
4163:
4112:
4064:
4038:
3975:
3961:TDF time signal
3907:
3902:
3851:
3798:
3776:
3771:
3755:
3753:Further reading
3750:
3749:
3742:
3738:
3730:
3726:
3718:
3714:
3706:
3702:
3694:
3687:
3681:
3677:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3637:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3588:
3584:
3541:
3537:
3527:
3525:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3501:
3485:
3481:
3471:
3469:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3406:
3404:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3369:
3362:
3343:
3339:
3330:
3328:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3291:
3289:
3274:
3270:
3261:
3259:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3222:
3218:
3209:
3207:
3197:
3193:
3183:
3181:
3171:
3167:
3158:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3137:
3135:
3128:www.isro.gov.in
3122:
3121:
3117:
3108:
3106:
3099:
3095:
3086:
3084:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3061:
3059:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3000:
2998:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2979:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2958:
2956:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2923:
2921:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2899:
2897:
2895:news.dwnews.com
2889:
2888:
2884:
2875:
2873:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2796:
2792:
2783:
2781:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2697:
2693:
2684:
2682:
2674:
2673:
2666:
2657:
2655:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2632:
2630:
2629:on 27 June 2017
2626:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2603:
2589:
2587:
2586:on 30 July 2021
2583:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2553:
2543:
2534:
2524:
2522:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2499:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2465:
2462:
2460:405,696 km
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2445:
2442:
2440:363,104 km
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2238:
2236:
2224:
2176:
2170:
2137:, European GNSS
2097:(article 1.46)
2083:(article 1.44)
2071:(article 1.42)
2046:
1955:radionavigation
1935:
1918:satellite phone
1914:low Earth orbit
1910:
1901:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1816:2–4 (6.6–13.1)
1812:
1807:
1802:
1783:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1717:
1708:
1704:30 operational
1703:
1698:
1697:1 commissioning
1696:
1694:
1688:
1681:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1319:
1311:
1286:
1280:
1244:
1236:
1228:Main articles:
1226:
1150:
1144:
1139:
1102:
1096:
1075:
1069:
1031:
1025:
1006:
1000:
968:graveyard orbit
944:
916:
910:
896:
836:
826:
814:radio frequency
759:
753:GALILEO#History
741:
720:(DGPS) service.
600:
594:
586:orbital periods
584:of >50° and
437:
401:
399:
394:
393:
374:
366:
365:
336:
328:
327:
318:Escape velocity
313:launch vehicles
291:
281:
280:
275:
274:
238:
224:
223:
204:
193:
183:
182:
133:
123:
122:
88:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5667:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5605:
5594:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5563:Ground station
5560:
5554:
5552:
5550:Ground segment
5546:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5518:
5513:
5507:
5505:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5483:Interplanetary
5480:
5479:
5478:
5476:Geosynchronous
5473:
5463:
5457:
5455:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5443:Gravity assist
5440:
5435:
5430:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5383:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5374:Service module
5371:
5366:
5364:Orbital module
5356:
5351:
5349:Launch vehicle
5345:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5327:Space sexology
5324:
5319:
5317:Space medicine
5314:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5297:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5279:
5277:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5232:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5220:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5152:Weightlessness
5149:
5144:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5104:
5102:
5095:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5073:Space research
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5018:
5017:
5016:
5011:
5009:Reconnaissance
5006:
5001:
4991:
4985:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4878:European Union
4875:
4870:
4865:
4855:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4823:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4810:
4803:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4780:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4741:
4739:
4738:Related topics
4735:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4680:
4675:
4669:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4640:BDS / BeiDou-1
4636:
4634:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4595:
4593:
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4588:
4581:
4580:
4573:
4566:
4558:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4533:Geoinformatics
4530:
4525:
4520:
4514:
4512:
4511:Related topics
4508:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4487:NASA WorldWind
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4426:
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4413:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4330:
4325:
4319:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4299:
4296:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4259:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4197:
4196:
4189:
4182:
4174:
4165:
4164:
4162:
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4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4074:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3985:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3963:
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3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3917:
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3909:
3908:
3901:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3769:External links
3767:
3766:
3765:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3736:
3724:
3712:
3700:
3675:
3644:
3623:
3582:
3535:
3506:
3499:
3479:
3453:
3433:
3413:
3388:
3360:
3337:
3313:
3308:"EGNOS System"
3299:
3268:
3243:
3216:
3191:
3165:
3144:
3115:
3093:
3069:
3043:
3040:. 19 May 2020.
3025:
3007:
2986:
2965:
2944:
2930:
2906:
2882:
2857:
2790:
2774:"Applications"
2765:
2751:
2742:
2705:Remote Sensing
2691:
2664:
2640:
2601:
2563:
2532:
2506:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2466:42,164 km
2446:42,164 km
2426:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2286:Geoinformatics
2283:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2103:(article 1.47)
2092:
2091:
2090:
2089:(article 1.45)
2078:
2077:(article 1.43)
2066:
2065:(article 1.41)
2060:
2059:(article 1.40)
2045:
2044:Classification
2042:
2006:earth stations
1934:
1931:
1909:
1908:LEO satellites
1906:
1897:Main article:
1894:
1891:
1883:
1880:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1705:
1700:
1695:24 operational
1691:
1683:24 operational
1670:
1667:15 operational
1657:28 operational
1653:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1455:European Union
1452:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1320:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1282:Main article:
1279:
1276:
1243:
1240:
1225:
1222:
1203:ground segment
1146:Main article:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1126:modernized GPS
1109:European Union
1098:Main article:
1095:
1092:
1071:Main article:
1068:
1065:
1053:vigatsionnaya
1027:Main article:
1024:
1021:
1017:orbital planes
1002:Main article:
999:
996:
958:to the lowest
943:
940:
906:Main article:
895:
892:
825:
822:
810:Doppler effect
740:
737:
732:
731:
724:
721:
713:
708:, and Japan's
702:
695:
684:
661:
660:
637:
593:
592:Classification
590:
578:orbital planes
457:geopositioning
439:
438:
436:
435:
428:
421:
413:
410:
409:
396:
395:
392:
391:
386:
381:
379:Space agencies
375:
372:
371:
368:
367:
364:
363:
358:
353:
351:Interplanetary
348:
343:
337:
334:
333:
330:
329:
326:
325:
320:
315:
303:
298:
292:
287:
286:
283:
282:
277:
276:
273:
272:
267:
262:
260:Space stations
257:
252:
250:Space capsules
247:
242:
239:
234:
233:
226:
225:
222:
221:
216:
211:
205:
200:
199:
194:
189:
188:
185:
184:
181:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
138:Communications
134:
129:
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
115:
113:Lunar missions
110:
105:
100:
95:
89:
84:
83:
80:
79:
69:
68:
62:
61:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5666:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5604:
5600:
5595:
5593:
5584:
5583:
5580:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5551:
5547:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5511:Direct ascent
5509:
5508:
5506:
5504:
5500:
5494:
5493:Intergalactic
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5452:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5428:Rocket engine
5426:
5425:
5424:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5359:Space capsule
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5322:Space nursing
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5276:Health issues
5274:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5230:Space Shuttle
5228:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5179:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5162:Space tourism
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5118:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5090:
5084:
5083:Space weather
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4962:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4947:Space command
4945:
4944:
4943:
4942:Space warfare
4940:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4908:
4904:
4903:United States
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
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4860:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4821:Astrodynamics
4819:
4818:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4801:
4796:
4794:
4789:
4787:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4750:Kalman filter
4748:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4736:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
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4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4625:
4624:IRNSS / NAVIC
4622:
4620:
4619:GPS / NavStar
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4590:
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4559:
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4516:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4477:OpenStreetMap
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4240:IRNSS / NAVIC
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4195:
4190:
4188:
4183:
4181:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3966:Time from NPL
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3899:
3894:
3892:
3887:
3885:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3756:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3728:
3722:
3716:
3710:
3704:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3665:on 2011-07-11
3661:
3654:
3648:
3633:
3627:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3596:GPS Solutions
3593:
3586:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3539:
3524:. August 2023
3523:
3516:
3510:
3502:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3483:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3443:
3437:
3423:
3417:
3403:on 2018-07-21
3402:
3398:
3392:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3367:
3365:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3341:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3310:. March 2016.
3309:
3303:
3287:
3283:
3282:SpaceNews.com
3279:
3272:
3258:on 2009-03-14
3257:
3253:
3247:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3228:
3220:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3154:
3148:
3134:on 2022-03-02
3133:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3104:
3097:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3057:
3056:gsa.europa.eu
3053:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3011:
2996:
2990:
2975:
2969:
2954:
2948:
2940:
2934:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2835:11311/1249723
2831:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2761:
2755:
2746:
2737:
2736:11577/3269537
2732:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2669:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2625:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2598:
2582:
2575:
2574:
2567:
2552:
2548:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2495:
2489:
2485:
2430:
2415:
2410:10 Nm/kg
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2384: =
2383:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2370: =
2369:
2363:
2359:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2262:
2241:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2205:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2181:
2175:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2052:services as:
2051:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1974:interferences
1971:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1900:
1889:
1879:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1771:1.27875 (L6)
1767:1.22760 (L2C)
1764:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1707:8 operational
1706:
1701:
1692:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1575:32,600–39,000
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1465:United States
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1337:(EGNOS) is a
1336:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:time transfer
1285:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1199:space segment
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1156:(acronym for
1155:
1149:
1134:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1091:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1036:The formerly
1034:
1030:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1005:
995:
988:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
948:
939:
935:
933:
928:
926:
922:
915:
909:
900:
891:
889:
886:'s theory of
885:
881:
879:
873:
872:for details.
871:
867:
866:trilateration
862:
858:
854:
848:
846:
841:
835:
831:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
802:
800:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
768:Ground-based
763:
758:
754:
750:
746:
736:
729:
725:
722:
719:
714:
711:
707:
703:
700:
696:
693:
689:
685:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
665:
664:
657:
653:
649:
645:
640:
638:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
605:
604:
603:
599:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:
563:
559:
558:line of sight
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
504:
499:
497:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
469:United States
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
434:
429:
427:
422:
420:
415:
414:
412:
411:
408:
398:
397:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
376:
370:
369:
362:
361:Intergalactic
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
332:
331:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
290:
285:
284:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
255:Space Shuttle
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
240:
237:
232:
231:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
206:
203:
198:
197:
192:
187:
186:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
135:
132:
127:
126:
119:
118:Mars missions
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
90:
87:
82:
81:
75:
71:
70:
67:
64:
63:
59:
55:
54:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
5503:Space launch
5488:Interstellar
5454:Destinations
5223:Apollo–Soyuz
5172:Space diving
5157:Space toilet
5047:
4981:Applications
4898:Soviet Union
4858:Space policy
4853:Space launch
4584:
4452:Google Earth
4200:
4069:
3865:computation.
3759:
3743:
3739:
3732:
3727:
3720:
3715:
3708:
3703:
3692:the original
3678:
3667:. Retrieved
3660:the original
3647:
3636:. Retrieved
3626:
3602:(111): 111.
3599:
3595:
3585:
3552:
3548:
3538:
3528:20 September
3526:. Retrieved
3521:
3509:
3489:
3482:
3470:. Retrieved
3464:. phys.org.
3456:
3445:. Retrieved
3436:
3425:. Retrieved
3416:
3405:. Retrieved
3401:the original
3391:
3378:
3350:
3340:
3329:. Retrieved
3325:
3316:
3302:
3290:. Retrieved
3281:
3271:
3260:. Retrieved
3256:the original
3252:"About QZSS"
3246:
3231:
3219:
3208:. Retrieved
3204:
3194:
3182:. Retrieved
3178:
3168:
3157:. Retrieved
3147:
3136:. Retrieved
3132:the original
3127:
3118:
3107:. Retrieved
3096:
3085:. Retrieved
3081:
3072:
3062:25 September
3060:. Retrieved
3055:
3046:
3037:
3028:
3019:
3010:
2999:. Retrieved
2997:. 2005-12-28
2989:
2978:. Retrieved
2976:. 2010-01-07
2968:
2957:. Retrieved
2947:
2933:
2922:. Retrieved
2918:
2909:
2898:. Retrieved
2894:
2885:
2874:. Retrieved
2872:. 2012-03-08
2869:
2860:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2782:. Retrieved
2780:. 2011-08-18
2777:
2768:
2754:
2745:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2683:. Retrieved
2680:gssc.esa.int
2679:
2656:. Retrieved
2653:gssc.esa.int
2652:
2643:
2631:. Retrieved
2624:the original
2595:
2588:. Retrieved
2581:the original
2572:
2566:
2554:. Retrieved
2550:
2523:. Retrieved
2518:
2509:
2498:. Retrieved
2488:
2429:
2424:10 lb).
2413:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2301:GPS spoofing
2239:
2203:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2143:(GPS), with
2074:
2047:
2033:
2022:Article 1.45
2021:
2017:
2013:
2012:
1999:
1988:Article 1.47
1987:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1963:
1959:feeder links
1946:
1942:
1936:
1911:
1902:
1876:
1796:Operational
1793:Operational
1790:Operational
1787:Operational
1779:Operational
1762:2.49202 (S)
1760:1.17645 (L5)
1758:1.57542 (L1)
1702:24 by design
1693:24 by design
1686:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1610:23.93 h
1605:23.93 h
1600:11.97 h
1595:11.26 h
1590:14.08 h
1585:12.88 h
1377:
1374:
1363:
1332:
1329:
1302:Asia-Oceania
1287:
1270:(GAGAN) and
1245:
1242:Augmentation
1237:
1224:Early BeiDou
1215:
1207:
1164:(ISRO). The
1157:
1153:
1151:
1106:
1103:
1079:
1076:
1058:
1057:putnikovaya
1054:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1035:
1032:
1010:
1007:
993:
974:), with the
936:
929:
917:
894:Applications
882:
874:
861:atomic clock
849:
837:
803:
794:transmitters
767:
733:
679:(China) and
662:
639:
606:
601:
567:
554:time signals
532:
527:
523:
501:
500:
464:
460:
448:
444:
442:
384:Space forces
356:Interstellar
289:Space launch
162:
131:Applications
108:Space probes
5461:Sub-orbital
5396:Space probe
5262:New Shepard
5240:Shuttle–Mir
4999:Archaeology
4952:Space force
4935:Moon Treaty
4807:Spaceflight
4592:Operational
4502:Yandex Maps
4497:Yahoo! Maps
4492:ViaMichelin
4457:Google Maps
4298:SiRFatlasIV
4294:SiRFstarIII
4273:GPS tracker
3859:Java applet
3038:Space Daily
2810:: 554–563.
1923:AT commands
1680:26 in orbit
1677:Currently:
1672:By design:
1652:Satellites
1347:EUROCONTROL
921:Guided bomb
341:Sub-orbital
265:Spaceplanes
214:Space probe
148:Exploration
66:Spaceflight
5654:Navigation
5618:Categories
5530:Launch pad
5521:Expendable
5471:Geocentric
5438:Solar sail
5381:Spaceplane
5341:Spacecraft
5135:Space suit
5113:commercial
5041:Television
4836:Space Race
4633:Historical
4523:Geocaching
4482:Petal Maps
4442:Baidu Maps
4437:Apple Maps
4404:Technology
4278:GPS logger
3669:2011-12-30
3638:2011-12-30
3447:2019-10-25
3427:2015-07-24
3407:2018-07-21
3331:2024-06-13
3262:2009-02-22
3210:2018-01-24
3159:2011-12-30
3138:2018-07-14
3109:2011-12-30
3087:2011-12-30
3082:Rediff.com
3001:2015-01-16
2980:2010-04-19
2959:2008-06-10
2924:2020-06-23
2900:2018-12-27
2876:2020-06-23
2784:2019-10-08
2685:2018-11-17
2658:2018-11-17
2525:26 January
2500:2020-06-26
2480:References
2455:(that is,
2435:(that is,
2321:Pseudolite
1970:navigation
1709:(3 GEO, 5
1687:2 inactive
1040:, and now
925:fog of war
824:Principles
818:refraction
612:(SBAS) or
453:satellites
306:Expendable
301:Launch pad
191:Spacecraft
173:Telescopes
168:Settlement
163:Navigation
98:Space Race
5540:Spaceport
5391:Satellite
5108:Astronaut
5036:Telephone
4989:Astronomy
4910:Space law
4863:Australia
4685:(retired)
4538:Geomatics
4528:Geocoding
4462:Here WeGo
4447:Bing Maps
4388:Protocols
4335:(retired)
4149:Radio VNG
4070:Satellite
3981:Shortwave
3577:125213815
3292:10 August
3233:The Hindu
2852:258538772
2844:0094-5765
2711:(2): 80.
2556:10 August
2180:Article 5
2004:in which
1871:Sources:
1723:Frequency
1665:BeiDou-2:
1655:BeiDou-3:
1572:(22,000)
1567:(12,540)
1562:(11,890)
1557:(14,429)
1552:(13,140)
1499:Regional
1496:Regional
1481:Coverage
1394:(GAGAN).
1296:covering
1211:encrypted
1049:bal'naya
956:Low Earth
857:ephemeris
845:ephemeris
572:of 18–30
550:elevation
538:longitude
389:Companies
296:Spaceport
209:Satellite
153:Espionage
5639:Avionics
5592:Category
5257:Tiangong
5252:Shenzhou
5181:Programs
5026:Internet
4831:Timeline
4719:StarFire
4714:SouthPAN
4650:Timation
4467:MapQuest
4369:StarFire
4364:SouthPAN
4287:Chipsets
4014:ROA Time
3913:Longwave
3466:Archived
3442:"送信信号一覧"
3383:Archived
3355:Archived
3286:Archived
3238:Archived
3184:29 April
2870:BBC News
2388:, where
2258:See also
2211:Region 1
1949:) as "a
1801:Accuracy
1547:km (mi)
1545:Altitude
1370:aviation
1300:and the
1234:BeiDou-2
1230:BeiDou-1
1189:and the
982:to scale
978:and the
966:and its
884:Einstein
790:longwave
692:StarFire
688:OmniSTAR
659:devices.
546:altitude
542:latitude
310:reusable
158:Military
58:a series
56:Part of
5644:Geodesy
5466:Orbital
5267:Artemis
5198:Voskhod
5193:Mercury
5101:General
4841:Records
4826:History
4814:General
4760:Wavelet
4655:Tsiklon
4645:Transit
4614:GLONASS
4609:Galileo
4472:OpenCPN
4255:Devices
4230:GLONASS
4225:Galileo
4208:Systems
4117:Defunct
4093:Galileo
4088:GLONASS
3604:Bibcode
3557:Bibcode
3472:24 June
2812:Bibcode
2713:Bibcode
2590:27 July
2469:
2457:
2449:
2437:
2151:GLONASS
2135:GALILEO
2024:of the
1990:of the
1850:GLONASS
1845:Galileo
1836:System
1803:m (ft)
1776:Status
1637:(2.125)
1582:Period
1493:Global
1490:Global
1487:Global
1484:Global
1425:GLONASS
1420:Galileo
1411:System
1397:Galileo
1359:Galileo
1193:to the
1185:to the
1094:Galileo
1042:Russian
1029:GLONASS
1023:GLONASS
954:, from
932:Galileo
853:almanac
806:Transit
739:History
681:Galileo
673:GLONASS
636:(LAAS).
496:Galileo
481:GLONASS
475:(GPS),
346:Orbital
178:Tourism
86:History
5603:Portal
5596:
5585:
5401:Lander
5354:Rocket
5218:Skylab
5213:Apollo
5203:Gemini
5188:Vostok
4893:Russia
4599:BeiDou
4215:BeiDou
4078:BeiDou
4009:JN53DV
3999:HD2IOA
3575:
3497:
2850:
2842:
2633:20 May
2597:globe.
2338:(SIGI)
2163:(QZSS)
2147:(DGPS)
2028:(ITU)
1994:(ITU)
1916:(LEO)
1840:BeiDou
1629:17/10
1625:(1.86)
1619:S. day
1570:36,000
1565:20,180
1560:19,130
1555:23,222
1550:21,150
1522:&
1505:Coding
1460:Russia
1446:Owner
1415:BeiDou
1258:, the
1254:, the
1067:BeiDou
1061:istema
1038:Soviet
868:: see
832:, and
792:radio
755:, and
677:Beidou
652:L Band
644:L Band
544:, and
489:BeiDou
477:Russia
449:satnav
270:Vostok
5406:Rover
5208:Soyuz
5031:Radio
4888:Japan
4883:India
4868:China
4765:RINEX
4704:NTRIP
4689:JPALS
4683:GPS·C
4678:GAGAN
4673:EGNOS
4604:DORIS
4416:S-GPS
4411:A-GPS
4354:NTRIP
4339:JPALS
4333:GPS·C
4328:GAGAN
4323:EGNOS
4220:DORIS
4103:IRNSS
4083:DORIS
3941:DCF77
3695:(PDF)
3688:(PDF)
3663:(PDF)
3656:(PDF)
3573:S2CID
3518:(PDF)
2848:S2CID
2627:(PDF)
2620:(PDF)
2584:(PDF)
2577:(PDF)
2406:6.673
2354:Notes
2156:NAVIC
2131:(BDS)
2018:MRNSS
1984:ARNSS
1925:or a
1893:DORIS
1860:NavIC
1713:MEO)
1635:17/8
1631:(1.7)
1623:13/7
1617:Rev./
1475:Japan
1470:India
1450:China
1435:NavIC
1309:EGNOS
1298:Japan
1179:India
1154:NavIC
1148:NavIC
1142:NavIC
980:Earth
786:Omega
778:LORAN
774:DECCA
735:not.
706:NAVIC
699:GAGAN
562:radio
516:EGNOS
512:GAGAN
485:China
5568:Pass
5523:and
4729:SDCM
4724:WAAS
4699:MSAS
4694:LAAS
4395:NMEA
4379:SDCM
4374:WAAS
4349:MSAS
4344:LAAS
4245:QZSS
4154:WWVL
4139:OLB5
4034:YVTO
4029:WWVH
3971:WWVB
3936:Beta
3530:2024
3522:ISRO
3495:ISBN
3474:2020
3294:2019
3186:2021
3064:2020
2840:ISSN
2635:2015
2592:2022
2558:2019
2527:2024
2377:and
1947:RNSS
1937:The
1865:QZSS
1725:GHz
1539:CDMA
1534:CDMA
1529:CDMA
1524:CDMA
1520:FDMA
1515:CDMA
1510:CDMA
1440:QZSS
1345:and
1333:The
1278:QZSS
1232:and
1152:The
1129:the
1111:and
1107:The
784:and
710:QZSS
690:and
528:RNSS
465:GNSS
308:and
41:The
5235:Mir
4421:RTK
4302:MTK
4235:GPS
4159:Y3S
4144:OMA
4134:NAA
4129:HBG
4124:BSF
4052:UHF
4044:VHF
4024:WWV
4019:RWM
4004:HLA
3994:CHU
3989:BPM
3956:RTZ
3951:RBU
3946:JJY
3931:BSF
3926:BPL
3921:BPC
3863:DOP
3612:doi
3565:doi
2830:hdl
2820:doi
2808:210
2731:hdl
2721:doi
2040:.»
2010:.»
1855:GPS
1711:GSO
1430:GPS
1355:GPS
1294:GPS
1218:MEO
1121:MEO
1083:MEO
1047:Glo
998:GPS
799:fix
782:GEE
669:GPS
656:and
648:and
560:by
530:).
487:'s
483:),
471:'s
447:or
45:'s
5620::
4048:FM
3610:.
3600:24
3598:.
3594:.
3571:.
3563:.
3553:63
3551:.
3547:.
3520:.
3381:.
3377:.
3363:^
3353:.
3349:.
3324:.
3284:.
3280:.
3236:.
3230:.
3203:.
3177:.
3126:.
3080:.
3054:.
3036:.
3018:.
2917:.
2893:.
2868:.
2846:.
2838:.
2828:.
2818:.
2806:.
2802:.
2776:.
2729:.
2719:.
2709:10
2707:.
2703:.
2678:.
2667:^
2651:.
2604:^
2594:.
2549:.
2535:^
2517:.
2412:;
2386:GM
2375:GM
2034:A
2000:A
1976:.
1647:1
1644:1
1641:2
1372:.
1274:.
1266:,
1262:,
1201:,
1090:.
1051:Na
1044:,
927:.
847:.
801:.
780:,
776:,
751:,
747:,
540:,
498:.
443:A
60:on
4799:e
4792:t
4785:v
4577:e
4570:t
4563:v
4193:e
4186:t
4179:v
4050:/
4046:/
3897:e
3890:t
3883:v
3857:(
3764:.
3672:.
3641:.
3620:.
3614::
3606::
3579:.
3567::
3559::
3532:.
3503:.
3476:.
3450:.
3430:.
3410:.
3334:.
3296:.
3265:.
3213:.
3188:.
3162:.
3141:.
3112:.
3090:.
3066:.
3004:.
2983:.
2962:.
2927:.
2903:.
2879:.
2854:.
2832::
2822::
2814::
2787:.
2739:.
2733::
2723::
2715::
2688:.
2661:.
2637:.
2560:.
2529:.
2503:.
2471:)
2463:/
2451:)
2443:/
2422:×
2418:×
2414:M
2408:×
2402:G
2398:V
2394:T
2390:R
2382:R
2379:V
2372:T
2368:R
2016:(
1982:(
1945:(
1318:.
1059:S
1055:S
962:(
712:.
694:.
548:/
526:(
463:(
432:e
425:t
418:v
34:.
20:)
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