1037:. In these cases, patients should be tested for the presence of HLA-DQ2/DQ8 genetic markers because a negative HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 result has a high negative predictive value for celiac disease. If these markers are positive, it is advisable to undertake a gluten challenge under medical supervision, followed by serology and duodenal biopsies. However, gluten challenge protocols have significant limitations, because a symptomatic relapse generally precedes the onset of a serological and histological relapse, and therefore becomes unacceptable for many patients. Gluten challenge is also discouraged before the age of five and during
2830:
consumed in normal quantities, are only minor sources of FODMAPs in the daily diet (Table 1). Therefore, gluten-containing grains are not likely to induce IBS exclusively via FODMAPs. In contrast, there is growing evidence that other proteins that are unique to gluten-containing cereals can elicit an innate immune response that leads to NCGS, raising a nomenclature issue. For this reason, wheat sensitivity, rather than gluten sensitivity, seems to be a more appropriate term, keeping in mind that other gluten-containing grains such as barley and rye also can trigger the symptoms.
2393:
1231:
digestive or extra-digestive symptoms which improved after removing wheat / gluten from the diet. Many of these persons began a gluten-free diet on their own, without having been previously evaluated. Another reason that contributed to this trend was the publication of several books that demonize gluten and point to it as a cause of type 2 diabetes, weight gain and obesity, and a broad list of conditions ranging from depression and anxiety to arthritis and autism. The book that has had the most impact is
1182:
1045:
histological and serological abnormalities in most adults with proven celiac disease. This new proposed protocol has shown higher tolerability and compliance. It has been calculated that its application in secondary-care gastrointestinal practice would identify celiac disease in 7% of patients referred for suspected NCGS, while the remaining 93% would be confirmed as NCGS; this is not yet universally adopted.
673:
in the daily diet. Wheat and rye may comprise a major source of fructans when consumed in large amounts. They may cause mild wheat intolerance at most, limited to certain gastrointestinal symptoms, such as bloating, but do not justify the NCGS extradigestive symptoms. A 2018 review concluded that although fructan intolerance may play a role in NCGS, it only explains some gastrointestinal symptoms, but not the
1355:). Although the differences between the three interventions was very small, the authors concluded that fructans (the specific type of FODMAP found in wheat) are more likely to be the cause of NCGS gastrointestinal symptoms, rather than gluten. In addition, fructans used in the study were extracted from chicory root, so it remains to be seen whether the wheat fructans produce the same effect.
424:
1258:
Estimates suggest that in 2014, 30% of people in the US and
Australia were consuming gluten-free foods, with estimates that by 2016 approximately 100 million Americans would consume gluten-free products. Data from a 2015 Nielsen survey of 30,000 adults in 60 countries around the world showed that 21%
1230:
NCGS has been a topic of popular interest. Gluten has been named "the new diet villain". The gluten-free diet has become popular in the United States and other countries. Clinicians worldwide have been challenged by an increasing number of people who do not have celiac disease nor wheat allergy, with
643:
Modern wheat cultivation, by breeding for high ATI content, may play a role in the onset and course of disorders such as celiac disease and gluten sensitivity. However, it has been questioned whether there is sufficient empirical evidence to support this claim, because as of 2018 we lack studies that
3656:
more recent breeding of high yielding and highly pest-resistant wheat has led to a drastic increase of ATI content. Our finding of ATI as a potent stimulator of TLR4 in the intestine might not only be relevant to celiac disease, but is likely to have implications for patients with so-called gluten
3325:
Catassi, C; Elli, L; Bonaz, B; Bouma, G; Carroccio, A; Castillejo, G; Cellier, C; Cristofori, F; De
Magistris, L; Dolinsek, J; Dieterich, W; Francavilla, R; Hadjivassiliou, M; Holtmeier, W; KΓΆrner, U; Leffler, D. A.; Lundin, K. E.; Mazzarella, G; Mulder, C. J.; Pellegrini, N; Rostami, K; Sanders, D;
1282:
There are many open questions on gluten sensitivity, emphasized in one review that "it is still to be clarified whether this disorder is permanent or transient and whether it is linked to autoimmunity". It has not yet been established whether innate or adaptive immune responses are involved in NCGS,
1109:
is the result of gluten exposure and is irreversible. Early treatment with a strict gluten-free diet can improve ataxia symptoms and prevent its progression. When dementia has progressed to an advanced degree, the diet has no beneficial effect. Cortical myoclonus appears to be treatment-resistant on
1044:
It remains unclear what daily intake of gluten is adequate and how long the gluten challenge should last. Some protocols recommend eating a maximum of 10 g of gluten per day for six weeks. Nevertheless, recent studies have shown that a two-week challenge of 3 g of gluten per day may induce
2829:
One of the most controversial and highly debated discussions concerns the role of gluten in causing NCGS. Recent reports have indicated that gluten might not be the cause of NCGS, and some investigators still question whether NCGS as a real clinical entity. (...) Cereals such as wheat and rye, when
1093:
Whereas celiac disease requires adherence to a strict lifelong gluten-free diet, it is not yet known whether NCGS is a permanent or a transient condition. The results of a 2017 study suggest that NCGS may be a chronic disorder, as is the case with celiac disease. A trial of gluten reintroduction to
693:
distension. A 2019 review concluded that wheat fructans can cause certain IBS-like symptoms, such as bloating, but are unlikely to cause immune activation or extra-digestive symptoms. Many people with NCGS report resolution of their symptoms after removing gluten-containing cereals while continuing
672:
The amount of fructans in gluten-containing cereals is relatively small and their role has been controversial. In rye they account for 3.6%β6.6% of dry matter, 0.7%β2.9% in wheat, and barley contains only trace amounts. They are only minor sources of FODMAPs when eaten in the usual standard amounts
2781:
NCGS is a clinical condition in which intestinal and extraintestinal symptoms are triggered by gluten ingestion, in the absence of coeliac disease and wheat allergy. The symptoms usually occur soon after gluten ingestion, improve or disappear within hours or a few days after gluten withdrawal, and
2591:
Previous studies have shown that gliadin can cause an immediate and transient increase in gut permeability. This permeating effect is secondary to the binding of specific undigestible gliadin fragments to the CXCR3 chemokine receptor with subsequent release of zonulin, a modulator of intercellular
1331:
manifestations (such as foggy mind, depression and aphthous stomatitis) in self-reported NCGS. Nevertheless, it remains elusive whether these findings specifically implicate gluten or proteins present in gluten-containing cereals. In a 2018 double-blind, crossover research study on 59 persons on a
996:
manner. Delayed allergic reactions may occur with these type of tests, which have to be negative over time, but there are no international consensus statements on diagnosing delayed wheat/food-related symptoms. Usually, reactions that appear between two hours and five days after the oral challenge
886:
Nevertheless, the absence of serological markers does not certainly exclude celiac disease. In those with celiac disease before diagnosis (on a gluten-containing diet), celiac disease serological markers are not always present. As the age of diagnosis increases, these antibody titers decrease, and
639:
in humans. These TLR4-stimulating activities of ATIs are limited to gluten-containing cereals (wheat, rye, barley, and derivatives) and may induce innate immunity in people with celiac disease or NCGS. ATIs resist proteolytic digestion. ATIs are about 2%β4% of the total protein in modern wheat and
240:, are present in small amounts in gluten-containing grains and have been identified as a possible cause of some gastrointestinal symptoms in NCGS patients. As of 2019, reviews have concluded that although FODMAPs may play a role in NCGS, they explain only certain gastrointestinal symptoms, such as
1215:
Patients with symptoms including abdominal pain and diarrhea, which improved on gluten withdrawal, and who did not have celiac disease were initially described in 1976 and 1978 with the first series in 1980. Debate regarding the existence of a specific condition has continued since then, but the
1077:
After exclusion of celiac disease and wheat allergy, the subsequent step for diagnosis and treatment of NCGS is to start a strict gluten-free diet (GFD) to assess if symptoms improve or resolve completely. This may occur within days to weeks of starting a GFD, but improvement may also be due to a
640:
are present in commercial gluten. A 2017 study in mice demonstrated that ATIs exacerbate preexisting inflammation and may also worsen it at extraintestinal sites. This may explain why there is an increase of inflammation in people with preexisting diseases upon ingestion of ATI-containing grains.
1563:
Cereals such as wheat and rye, when consumed in normal quantities, are only minor sources of FODMAPs in the daily diet. (...) Table 1. Sources of FODMAPs (...) Oligosaccharides (fructans and/or galactans). Cereals: wheat and rye when eaten in large amounts (eg, bread, pasta, couscous, crackers,
2332:
Since 2010, the definition of NCGS has been discussed at 3 consensus conferences, which led to 3 publications. Given the uncertainties about this clinical entity and the lack of diagnostic biomarkers, all 3 reports concluded that NCGS should be defined by the following exclusionary criteria: a
1646:
Gluten sensitivity (GS) was originally described in the 1980s and a recently "re-discovered" syndrome entity, characterized by intestinal and extraintestinal symptoms related to the ingestion of gluten-containing food, in subjects that are not affected with either celiac disease (CD) or wheat
1603:
Catassi C, Bai J, Bonaz B, Bouma G, CalabrΓ² A, Carroccio A, Castillejo G, Ciacci C, Cristofori F, Dolinsek J, Francavilla R, Elli L, Green P, Holtmeier W, Koehler P, Koletzko S, Meinhold C, Sanders D, Schumann M, Schuppan D, Ullrich R, VΓ©csei A, Volta U, Zevallos V, Sapone A, Fasano A (2013).
761:
These suggestions were incorporated in the
Salerno expert consensus on diagnostic criteria for NCGS. These recommend assessment of the response to a 6-week trial of a gluten-free diet using a defined rating scale (Step 1), followed by a double-blind, placebo-controlled challenge of gluten (or
801:
The prevalence of undiagnosed celiac disease has increased fourfold during the past half-century, with most cases remaining unrecognized, undiagnosed and untreated, leaving celiac patients with the risk of long-term complications. Some people with NCGS may indeed have celiac disease. A 2015
291:. People with NCGS are often unrecognized by specialists and lack adequate medical care and treatment. They often have a long history of health complaints and unsuccessful consultations with physicians, and thus many resort to a gluten-free diet and a self-diagnosis of gluten sensitivity.
263:
For these reasons, NCGS is a controversial clinical condition and some authors still question it. It has been suggested that "non-celiac wheat sensitivity" is a more appropriate term, without forgetting that other gluten-containing cereals are implicated in the development of symptoms.
1330:
effect similar in all people, and this could have masked the true effect of gluten/wheat reintroduction. In a 2015 double-blind placebo cross-over trial, small amounts of purified wheat gluten triggered gastrointestinal symptoms (such as abdominal bloating and pain) and extra-intestinal
778:
The main goal in diagnosing NCGS is to exclude celiac disease. NCGS and celiac disease cannot be separated in diagnosis because many gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal symptoms are similar in both diseases, and there are people with celiac disease having negative
604:) and reduce the synthesis of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and proteins, leading to a reduction in the viability of cells. Gluten alters cellular morphology and motility, cytoskeleton organization, oxidative balance and intercellular contact (tight junction proteins).
304:, and are also not distinguishable from those of wheat allergy, but there is a different interval between exposure to wheat and onset of symptoms. Wheat allergy has a fast onset (from minutes to hours) after the consumption of food containing wheat and can be
724:
The onset of NCGS symptoms may be delayed hours to a few days after gluten ingestion, whereas in celiac disease it can take days to weeks. Wheat allergy has a fast onset (from minutes to hours) after the consumption of food containing wheat and can lead to
428:
2479:
However, there is a great deal of skepticism within the scientific community questioning the existence of NCGS as a distinct clinical disorder. There are no strict diagnostic criteria and a placebo-controlled rechallenge trial has been recommended for
425:
2333:
clinical entity induced by the ingestion of gluten leading to intestinal and/or extraintestinal symptoms that resolve once the gluten-containing foodstuff is eliminated from the diet, and when celiac disease and wheat allergy have been ruled out.
579:
effects of gluten, and probably the cytotoxicity of other wheat molecules are implicated. Besides gluten, other components in wheat, rye, barley, and their derivatives, including amylasetrypsin inhibitors (ATIs) and FODMAPs, may cause symptoms.
299:
Reported symptoms of NCGS are similar to those of celiac disease, with most patients reporting both gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal symptoms. In the "classical" presentation of NCGS, gastrointestinal symptoms are similar to those of
3808:
Wheat is a major source of fructans in the diet. (...) Table 1 Food sources of FODMAPs. (...) Oligosaccharides (fructans and/or galactans). Cereals: wheat & rye when eaten in large amounts (e.g. bread, pasta, couscous, crackers,
2432:
According to the diagnostic criteria established by two
Consensus Conferences (London 2011 and Munich 2012), the current view to NCGS diagnosis is based on symptom / manifestation evaluation along with the exclusion of CD and WA
1301:
for NCGS is frequently emphasized; for example, one review indicated: "There is a desperate need for reliable biomarkers ... that include clinical, biochemical and histopathological findings which support the diagnosis of NCGS."
941:
In people with duodenal lymphocytosis – following guidelines from the
European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) – a high count of celiac disease cells (or CD/CD3 ratio) in
427:
762:
placebo) for a week of each (Step 2). A variation of greater than 30% in the main symptoms when challenged by gluten or placebo is needed for a positive result. Further research on possible biomarkers was also identified.
875:(IgA tissue transglutaminase , IgA endomysial and IgG deamidated gliadin peptide antibodies) are always negative in those with NCGS; in addition to specific IgA autoantibody levels, it is necessary to determine total
1085:
tolerated by people with NCGS is not clear but there is some evidence that they can present with symptoms even after consumption of small amounts. Sporadic accidental contaminations with gluten can reactivate
1125:
or food containing hidden sources. In some cases, the amelioration of gastrointestinal symptoms with a gluten-free diet is only partial, and these patients could significantly improve with the addition of a
1321:
in a few people with IBS, the authors found no difference between gluten or placebo groups and the concept of NCGS as a syndrome was questioned. However, it is possible the reintroduction of both gluten and
1259:
of people prefer to buy gluten-free foods, with interest highest among younger generations. Another school of thought suggests that many people may be unnecessarily avoiding gluten when they do not need to.
4689:
770:
Examinations evaluating celiac disease and wheat allergy should be performed before patients remove gluten from their diet. It is critical to make a clear distinction between celiac disease and NCGS.
926:
Duodenal biopsies in people with NCGS are always almost normal – an essential parameter for diagnosis of NCGS, although it is generally accepted that a subgroup of people with NGCS may have an
1101:
is effective in most of the neurological disorders associated with NCGS, ameliorating or even resolving the symptoms. It should be started as soon as possible to improve the prognosis. The death of
2251:
Ludvigsson JF, Leffler DA, Bai JC, Biagi F, Fasano A, Green PH, Hadjivassiliou M, Kaukinen K, Kelly CP, Leonard JN, Lundin KE, Murray JA, Sanders DS, Walker MM, Zingone F, Ciacci C (January 2013).
997:
are considered delayed. Mucosal challenge followed by confocal endomicroscopy is a complementary diagnostic technique, but this technology is not yet generally available and remains experimental.
713:
conferences. Exclusion of celiac disease and wheat allergy is important because these two conditions also appear in people who experience symptoms similar to those of NCGS, which improve with a
4619:
1266:
practitioners. Many people who are making a gluten-free diet did not previously exclude celiac disease or, when they are fully evaluated, other alternative diagnoses can be found such as
1025:
Many people remove gluten from their diet after a long history of health complaints and unsuccessful consultations with numerous physicians, who simply consider them to be suffering from
592:, as occurs in celiac disease, is the cause of NCGS. In addition to its ability to elicit abnormal responses of the immune system, in vitro studies on cell cultures showed that gluten is
1118:
Approximately one third of presumed NCGS patients continue to have symptoms, despite gluten withdrawal. Apart from a possible diagnostic error, there are multiple possible explanations.
426:
2406:
Volta U, Caio G, De
Giorgio R, Henriksen C, Skodje G, Lundin KE (Jun 2015). "Non-celiac gluten sensitivity: a work-in-progress entity in the spectrum of wheat-related disorders".
1776:
Volta U, Caio G, De
Giorgio R, Henriksen C, Skodje G, Lundin KE (Jun 2015). "Non-celiac gluten sensitivity: a work-in-progress entity in the spectrum of wheat-related disorders".
352:
NCGS can cause a wide range of extraintestinal symptoms, which can be the only manifestation of NCGS in absence of gastrointestinal symptoms. These include any of the following:
958:
proposed in 2010 that in patients without celiac disease antibodies, either lymphocytic infiltration associated with IgA subepithelial deposits or a histological response to a
2348:
Sapone A, Bai JC, Ciacci C, Dolinsek J, Green PH, Hadjivassiliou M, Kaukinen K, Rostami K, Sanders DS, Schumann M, Ullrich R, Villalta D, Volta U, Catassi C, Fasano A (2012).
3616:
Junker, Y.; Zeissig, S.; Kim, S.-J.; Barisani, D.; Wieser, H.; Leffler, D. A.; Zevallos, V.; Libermann, T. A.; Dillon, S.; Freitag, T. L.; Kelly, C. P.; Schuppan, D. (2012).
1090:. A part of people with gluten-related neuropathy or ataxia appears not to be able to tolerate even the traces of gluten allowed in most foods labeled as "gluten-free".
1290:
is high in slightly more than half of NCGS patients and that, unlike for celiac disease patients, the IgG AGA decreases strongly over 6 months of gluten-free diet;
1017:(only 7% of the cases). In these patients, unlike in those with celiac disease, the IgG AGA became undetectable within six months of following a gluten-free diet.
970:
The clinical presentation may be sufficient in most cases to distinguish a wheat allergy from other entities. It is excluded when there are normal levels of serum
3052:
1309:, between a "fad component" to the recent popularity of the gluten-free diet and an actual sensitivity to gluten or other components of wheat. In a 2013
743:
Proposed criteria for a diagnosis of NCGS suggest an improvement of gastrointestinal symptoms and extra-intestinal manifestations higher than 30% with a
4341:
Volta U, Caio G, Karunaratne TB, Alaedini A, De
Giorgio R (2017). "Non-coeliac gluten/wheat sensitivity: advances in knowledge and relevant questions".
5055:
934:. Nevertheless, Marsh I is considered compatible with celiac disease and the most frequent cause of these findings, especially in people positive for
1157:, which can also have a role in triggering functional gastrointestinal symptoms. Furthermore, people with NCGS may often present with IgE-mediated
4918:"Small Amounts of Gluten in Subjects with Suspected Nonceliac Gluten Sensitivity: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Cross-Over Trial"
706:
and the fact that some people do not have digestive symptoms make the recognition and diagnosis of non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) difficult.
3484:
Fasano A (Jan 2011). "Zonulin and its regulation of intestinal barrier function: the biological door to inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer".
2081:
Schuppan D, Pickert G, Ashfaq-Khan M, Zevallos V (Jun 2015). "Non-celiac wheat sensitivity: differential diagnosis, triggers and implications".
947:
612:
Some people may have a reaction to other proteins (Ξ±-amylase/trypsin inhibitors ) present in gluten-containing cereals that are able to inhibit
887:
may be low or even negative in older children and adults. The absence of celiac disease-specific antibodies is more common in patients without
736:
has been suggested to be a feature of NCGS. When symptoms are limited to gastrointestinal effects, there may be an overlap with wheat allergy,
1121:
One reason is poor compliance with gluten withdrawal, whether voluntary and/or involuntary. There may be ingestion of gluten, in the form of
951:
201:
conferences. However, as of 2019, there remained much debate in the scientific community as to whether NCGS was a distinct clinical disorder.
5152:
4196:
On clinical and biopsy evidence, these patients are sensitive to gluten; therefore making a definition of coeliac disease even more difficult
1081:
Recommendations may resemble those for celiac disease, for the diet to be strict and maintained, with no transgression. The degree of gluten
529:
4983:
1262:
Debate around NCGS as a genuine clinical condition can be heightened because often patients are self diagnosed, or a diagnosis is made by
758:
is a useful tool, although it is expensive and complicated for routine clinical use, and so is usually performed in research studies.
3657:
sensitivity and possibly for patients with irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and even nonintestinal inflammation.
2782:
relapse following its reintroduction. ... Unlike coeliac disease and wheat allergy, NCGS is an unclear and controversial entity.
669:) have been identified as a possible cause of gastrointestinal symptoms in people with NCGS, in place of, or in addition to, gluten.
3821:
Caio, Giacomo; Volta, Umberto; Sapone, Anna; Leffler, Daniel A.; De
Giorgio, Roberto; Catassi, Carlo; Fasano, Alessio (2019-07-23).
267:
NCGS is the most common syndrome of gluten-related disorders with prevalence rates between 0.5β13% in the general population. As no
5034:
477:
3237:
Rossi A, Di Lollo AC, Guzzo MP, Giacomelli C, Atzeni F, Bazzichi L, Di Franco M (2015). "Fibromyalgia and nutrition: what news?".
911:. Because of the patchiness of the celiac disease lesions, four or more biopsies are taken from the second and third parts of the
4779:
Biesiekierski JR, Muir JG, Gibson PR (2013). "Is gluten a cause of gastrointestinal symptoms in people without celiac disease?".
806:
found that 20% of people with NCGS presenting with HLA-DQ2 and/or HLA-DQ8 haplotypes, negative serology, and normal histology or
3166:
Nijeboer P, Bontkes HJ, Mulder CJ, Bouma G (December 2013). "Non-celiac gluten sensitivity. Is it in the gluten or the grain?".
2203:
Molina-Infante J, Santolaria S, Sanders DS, FernΓ‘ndez-BaΓ±ares F (May 2015). "Systematic review: noncoeliac gluten sensitivity".
665:(fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols) that are present in gluten-containing grains (mainly
539:
Above 20% of people with NCGS have IgE-mediated allergy to one or more inhalants, foods, or metals, among which most common are
794:. There is no test capable of eliminating a diagnosis of a celiac disease, but such a diagnosis is unlikely without confirming
709:
Diagnosis is generally performed only by exclusion criteria. NCGS diagnostic recommendations have been established by several
4591:
1306:
1271:
880:
216:(the main cytotoxic antigen of gluten), but also other proteins named ATIs which are present in gluten-containing cereals (
903:
According to the diagnostic criteria established by the consensus conferences (2011 and 2013), it is necessary to perform
2747:
Vriezinga SL, Schweizer JJ, Koning F, Mearin ML (Sep 2015). "Coeliac disease and gluten-related disorders in childhood".
4293:
4142:
17:
1193:
5098:
4976:
1291:
1287:
1014:
1010:
1216:
three consensus conferences held since 2010 produced consistent definitions of NCGS and its diagnostic criteria.
575:
The pathogenesis of NCGS is not yet well understood, but the activation of the innate immune system, the direct
197:. The definition and diagnostic criteria of non-celiac gluten sensitivity were debated and established by three
5178:
2940:
Costantino A, Aversano GM, Lasagni G, Smania V, Doneda L, Vecchi M, Roncoroni L, Pastorello EA, Elli L (2022).
850:
4316:
1212:
The subject of "food intolerance", including gluten sensitivity and elimination diets, was discussed in 1976.
1052:
who are unable to perform an oral gluten challenge, an alternative to identify possible celiac disease is an
517:
2259:(Consensus Development Conference. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't).
1133:
A subgroup may not improve when eating commercially available gluten-free products, as these can be rich in
3326:
Skodje, G. I.; Schuppan, D; Ullrich, R; Volta, U; Williams, M; Zevallos, V. F.; Zopf, Y; Fasano, A (2015).
1244:
287:, leading to debate surrounding the evidence for this condition and its relationship to celiac disease and
228:, and their derivatives) may have a role in the development of symptoms. ATIs are potent activators of the
3945:
Lundin KE, Wijmenga C (Sep 2015). "Coeliac disease and autoimmune disease-genetic overlap and screening".
2445:
Khan, Anam; Gould Suarez, Milena; Murray, Joseph (August 2020). "Nonceliac Gluten and Wheat
Sensitivity".
1351:) were borderline significantly higher after challenge with fructans, in comparison with gluten proteins (
1283:
nor whether the condition relates specifically to gluten or rather relates to other components of grains.
5173:
4969:
4916:
Di Sabatino A, Volta U, Salvatore C, Biancheri P, Caio G, De Giorgio R, Di Stefano M, Corazza GR (2015).
4824:"Effect of gluten free diet on immune response to gliadin in patients with non-celiac gluten sensitivity"
3764:
are the triggers of gastrointestinal symptoms in patients that fit most of the proposed NCGS definitions
3564:"Diagnosis of gluten related disorders: Celiac disease, wheat allergy and non-celiac gluten sensitivity"
3618:"Wheat amylase trypsin inhibitors drive intestinal inflammation via activation of toll-like receptor 4"
1310:
989:
895:(Marsh 1 lesions) and who respond to a gluten-free diet with histological and symptomatic improvement.
212:
effects of gluten and probably other wheat components, are implicated. There is evidence that not only
4873:
Branchi F, Aziz I, Conte D, Sanders DS (2015). "Noncoeliac gluten sensitivity: a diagnostic dilemma".
3267:
Mitoma H, Adhikari K, Aeschlimann D, Chattopadhyay P, Hadjivassiliou M, Hampe CS, et al. (2016).
3126:
Tonutti E, Bizzaro N (2014). "Diagnosis and classification of celiac disease and gluten sensitivity".
1078:
non-specific, placebo response. The recovery of the nervous system is slow and sometimes incomplete.
747:(GFD), assessed through a rating scale, is needed to make a clinical diagnosis of NCGS. To exclude a
4917:
3498:
2847:"The Overlap between Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: A Clinical Dilemma"
2392:
5071:
1364:
1314:
1247:. The gluten-free diet has been advocated and followed by many celebrities to lose weight, such as
1026:
993:
846:
822:
752:
737:
301:
288:
194:
187:
71:
3562:
Elli L, Branchi F, Tomba C, Villalta D, Norsa L, Ferretti F, Roncoroni L, Bardella MT (Jun 2015).
1862:
Aziz I, Hadjivassiliou M, Sanders DS (Sep 2015). "The spectrum of noncoeliac gluten sensitivity".
883:, which can be associated with celiac disease and occurs in as many as one in 40 celiac patients.
631:
ATIs are part of the plant's natural defence against insects and may cause toll-like receptor 4 (
5093:
1006:
984:
If an allergic reaction can not be clearly identified, the diagnosis should be confirmed by food
432:
A man with gluten ataxia: previous situation and evolution after three months of gluten-free diet
4091:
Hadjivassiliou M, Sanders DD, Aeschlimann DP (2015). "Gluten-related disorders: gluten ataxia".
3778:"Evidence-based dietary management of functional gastrointestinal symptoms: The FODMAP approach"
2993:"Between celiac disease and irritable bowel syndrome: the "no man's land" of gluten sensitivity"
2928:
The new syndrome has been named non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) or gluten sensitivity (GS).
5137:
3493:
1267:
1009:(AGA) can be a useful complementary diagnostic test. Up to 50% NCGS patients may have elevated
927:
892:
807:
489:
409:
272:
91:
5147:
1233:
Grain Brain: The Surprising Truth about Wheat, Carbs, and Sugar β Your Brain's Silent Killers
1030:
1029:, and some may eliminate gluten before seeking medical attention. This fact can diminish the
908:
872:
857:
784:
755:
678:
651:
601:
457:
437:
249:
3907:
Fasano A (Apr 2005). "Clinical presentation of celiac disease in the pediatric population".
2554:
2019:"Non-celiac gluten sensitivity: questions still to be answered despite increasing awareness"
1906:
1263:
1094:
observe any reaction after one to two years of strict gluten-free diet might be performed.
1060:
1034:
943:
931:
904:
861:
842:
710:
703:
621:
229:
208:
of NCGS is not well understood, but the activation of the innate immune system, the direct
198:
3671:"A Grounded Guide to Gluten: How Modern Genotypes and Processing Impact Wheat Sensitivity"
3669:
Kucek, Lisa Kissing; Veenstra, Lynn D.; Amnuaycheewa, Plaimein; Sorrells, Mark E. (2015).
935:
795:
8:
1166:
1122:
1082:
818:
564:
2350:"Spectrum of gluten-related disorders: consensus on new nomenclature and classification"
1957:"Nonceliac Wheat Sensitivity: An Immune-Mediated Condition with Systemic Manifestations"
4992:
4898:
4850:
4823:
4804:
4761:
4568:
4543:
4519:
4494:
4467:
4442:
4413:
4388:
4366:
4233:
4182:
4155:
4116:
4068:
4043:
4016:
3989:
3970:
3849:
3822:
3746:
3719:
3642:
3617:
3590:
3563:
3461:
3434:
3405:
3378:
3354:
3327:
3293:
3268:
3093:
3017:
2992:
2968:
2941:
2873:
2846:
2772:
2715:
2688:
2582:
2525:
2498:
2470:
2376:
2349:
2277:
2252:
2228:
2152:
2043:
2018:
1981:
1956:
1887:
1694:
1669:
1632:
1605:
1424:
814:
417:
66:
4714:
4221:
3885:
4947:
4890:
4855:
4796:
4765:
4753:
4670:
4573:
4524:
4472:
4418:
4358:
4274:
4269:
4252:
4225:
4187:
4138:
4120:
4108:
4073:
4021:
3962:
3924:
3889:
3854:
3799:
3794:
3777:
3751:
3700:
3692:
3647:
3595:
3511:
3466:
3410:
3359:
3298:
3246:
3219:
3175:
3143:
3085:
3022:
2973:
2919:
2878:
2820:
2764:
2720:
2650:
2586:
2574:
2530:
2474:
2462:
2423:
2381:
2323:
2282:
2232:
2220:
2144:
2098:
2048:
1986:
1926:
1879:
1793:
1699:
1637:
1554:
1464:
1416:
1087:
888:
803:
788:
644:
directly compare modern wheat versus ancient cultivars with low ATI content (such as
521:
501:
485:
413:
401:
361:
134:
75:
55:
46:
4902:
4808:
4370:
4237:
3974:
3097:
3051:
Mansueto, Pasquale; Seidita, Aurelio; D'Alcamo, Alberto; Carroccio, Antonio (2014).
2156:
1428:
1395:"Treatment of Neurological Manifestations of Gluten Sensitivity and Coeliac Disease"
5142:
4937:
4929:
4882:
4845:
4835:
4788:
4745:
4660:
4563:
4555:
4514:
4506:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4408:
4400:
4350:
4264:
4217:
4177:
4167:
4100:
4063:
4055:
4011:
4001:
3954:
3916:
3881:
3844:
3834:
3789:
3741:
3731:
3682:
3637:
3629:
3585:
3575:
3503:
3456:
3446:
3400:
3390:
3349:
3339:
3288:
3280:
3211:
3135:
3075:
3067:
3012:
3004:
2963:
2953:
2909:
2868:
2858:
2810:
2776:
2756:
2710:
2700:
2640:
2566:
2520:
2510:
2454:
2415:
2371:
2361:
2313:
2272:
2264:
2212:
2136:
2090:
2038:
2030:
1976:
1968:
1918:
1891:
1871:
1785:
1689:
1681:
1627:
1617:
1544:
1454:
1406:
1332:
1236:
1225:
1162:
1098:
1072:
1049:
985:
971:
959:
876:
744:
714:
560:
284:
159:
148:
51:
4354:
3328:"Diagnosis of Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity (NCGS): The Salerno Experts' Criteria"
5050:
5018:
4886:
3920:
3139:
3071:
2815:
2798:
2645:
2628:
2318:
2301:
1549:
1532:
1252:
1127:
1063:, but this test is only available at selected specialized tertiary-care centers.
981:
for wheat allergy. Nevertheless, these tests are not always completely reliable.
690:
469:
441:
279:. Many people have not been diagnosed following strict criteria, and there is a "
140:
95:
4665:
4648:
2202:
3507:
2914:
2897:
2592:
tight junctions. This process takes place in all individuals who ingest gluten.
2268:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2140:
1241:
Wheat Belly: Lose the Wheat, Lose the Weight, and Find Your Path Back to Health
1102:
955:
954:
intestinal deposits, might be specific markers for celiac disease. Catassi and
625:
461:
317:
4933:
4792:
3958:
3839:
3284:
2958:
2458:
2419:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2094:
1972:
1922:
1875:
1789:
1411:
1394:
5167:
5013:
4749:
3696:
3580:
3395:
2760:
2515:
1606:"Non-celiac gluten sensitivity: the new frontier of gluten related disorders"
1146:
1138:
1106:
916:
645:
481:
449:
445:
276:
144:
4840:
3687:
3670:
2942:"Diagnostic management of patients reporting symptoms after wheat ingestion"
2366:
817:
in people with NCGS suggests the possibility of undiagnosed celiac disease.
4951:
4894:
4859:
4800:
4757:
4674:
4577:
4528:
4476:
4422:
4362:
4112:
4077:
4025:
3966:
3928:
3893:
3858:
3803:
3755:
3704:
3651:
3599:
3515:
3470:
3414:
3363:
3302:
3250:
3223:
3202:
Fasano, A; Catassi, C (Dec 20, 2012). "Clinical practice. Celiac disease".
3179:
3147:
3089:
3026:
2977:
2923:
2882:
2824:
2768:
2724:
2654:
2578:
2570:
2534:
2466:
2427:
2385:
2327:
2286:
2224:
2163:
2148:
2102:
2052:
1990:
1930:
1883:
1797:
1703:
1641:
1558:
1468:
1420:
1154:
1134:
682:
636:
593:
576:
497:
369:
365:
329:
253:
209:
205:
83:
4278:
4251:
Cooper BT, Holmes GK, Ferguson R, Thompson RA, Allan RN, Cooke WT (1980).
4191:
4059:
4006:
3736:
3215:
2705:
4942:
4736:
Volta U, De Giorgio R (2012). "New understanding of gluten sensitivity".
4172:
3633:
3008:
1248:
1239:, published in September 2013. Another book that has had great impact is
1161:
to one or more foods. It has been estimated that around 35% suffer other
826:
726:
373:
305:
4229:
3432:
2898:"Non coeliac gluten sensitivity β A new disease with gluten intolerance"
2034:
1955:
Volta U, De Giorgio R, Caio G, Uhde M, Manfredini R, Alaedini A (2019).
1181:
689:. FODMAPs cause digestive symptoms when the person is hypersensitive to
4624:
3451:
3435:"Movement Disorders Related to Gluten Sensitivity: A Systematic Review"
3080:
978:
864:
are required while the person is still on a diet that includes gluten.
686:
548:
525:
377:
341:
337:
257:
4559:
4510:
4404:
4104:
3344:
3266:
2863:
2216:
1685:
1622:
1459:
1446:
4961:
4620:"An increasing number of Australians are choosing a gluten-free diet"
4596:
1298:
920:
834:
597:
596:
and causes direct intestinal damage. Gluten and gliadin promote cell
552:
509:
268:
59:
3050:
5085:
4041:
1348:
1340:
1053:
974:
912:
838:
780:
666:
654:
is also considered to be a possible trigger of NCGS-like symptoms.
533:
513:
465:
453:
393:
357:
353:
325:
321:
280:
241:
237:
79:
4915:
2080:
5121:
5116:
3668:
1344:
1158:
1150:
1142:
1056:
1038:
791:
748:
617:
613:
544:
405:
397:
213:
4154:
Cooper BT, Holmes GK, Ferguson R, Thompson RA, Cooke WT (1976).
4090:
3433:
Vinagre-AragΓ³n A, Zis P, Grunewald RA, Hadjivassiliou M (2018).
977:
to gluten proteins and wheat fractions, and no skin reaction to
5108:
4208:
Ellis A, Linaker BD (1978). "Non-coeliac gluten sensitivity?".
3269:"Consensus Paper: Neuroimmune Mechanisms of Cerebellar Ataxias"
2939:
2127:
Green PH, Lebwohl B, Greywoode R (May 2015). "Celiac disease".
1336:
1327:
830:
718:
662:
589:
556:
505:
493:
473:
389:
333:
233:
225:
126:
122:
4253:"Gluten-sensitive diarrhea without evidence of celiac disease"
4037:
4035:
3990:"Gluten Sensitivity Presenting as a Neuropsychiatric Disorder"
3720:"Assessing of Celiac Disease and Nonceliac Gluten Sensitivity"
2746:
2689:"Assessing of Celiac Disease and Nonceliac Gluten Sensitivity"
907:
to exclude celiac disease in symptomatic people with negative
4690:"For many, gluten isn't the villain it gets cracked up to be"
2792:
2790:
620:. They have been identified as the possible activator of the
385:
275:
of other gluten-related disorders such as celiac disease and
217:
87:
4340:
4250:
4153:
3717:
3236:
2796:
2686:
2405:
2299:
2253:"The Oslo definitions for coeliac disease and related terms"
1775:
1530:
316:
Gastrointestinal symptoms may include any of the following:
4032:
2555:"Celiac Disease and Nonceliac Gluten Sensitivity: A Review"
2499:"Non-celiac gluten sensitivity: Time for sifting the grain"
1323:
632:
540:
381:
4649:"The Gluten-Free Diet: Recognizing Fact, Fiction, and Fad"
3165:
2787:
2552:
2293:
919:. Even in the same biopsy fragments, different degrees of
4821:
4382:
4380:
4084:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2250:
2016:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
221:
4875:
Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
4772:
4042:
Hadjivassiliou M, GrΓΌnewald RA, Davies-Jones GA (2002).
3615:
3561:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
928:
increased number of duodenal intraepithelial lymphocytes
694:
to eat fruits and vegetables with high FODMAPs content.
4872:
4778:
3711:
2844:
2797:
Fasano A, Sapone A, Zevallos V, Schuppan D (May 2015).
2347:
2300:
Fasano A, Sapone A, Zevallos V, Schuppan D (May 2015).
1954:
1531:
Fasano A, Sapone A, Zevallos V, Schuppan D (May 2015).
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1020:
4386:
4377:
4156:"Proceeding: Chronic diarrhoea and gluten sensitivity"
3820:
2731:
2444:
2399:
1667:
1274:, or a better response to a low-FODMAP diet obtained.
3675:
Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety
3611:
3609:
3324:
3262:
3260:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
2496:
2126:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1804:
856:
To evaluate the possible presence of celiac disease,
3760:
The literature suggests that FODMAPs and not gluten
2990:
2629:"Nonceliac Gluten Sensitivity: What Is the Culprit?"
2548:
2546:
2544:
2492:
2490:
2488:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1602:
1377:
4729:
3900:
3872:Rodrigo L, Garrote JA, Vivas S (Sep 6, 2008). " ".
3871:
3428:
3426:
3424:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1035:
inflammatory changes found in the duodenal biopsies
4436:
4434:
4432:
4389:"Celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity"
3769:
3606:
3257:
3154:
3104:
3053:"Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: Literature Review"
3033:
2984:
2553:Leonard MM, Sapone A, Catassi C, Fasano A (2017).
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
1997:
1670:"Celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity"
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1255:, and some elite athletes to improve performance.
938:, is celiac disease, with a prevalence of 16-43%.
4317:"Are gluten-free diets healthier, or is it hype?"
3940:
3938:
3662:
3379:"Bread and Other Edible Agents of Mental Disease"
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2541:
2485:
1937:
1907:"Celiac Disease and Nonceliac Gluten Sensitivity"
1898:
1652:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1392:
879:levels. IgG tTGA antibodies should be checked in
740:(IBS), and (less likely) intolerance to FODMAPs.
186:is a controversial disorder which can cause both
5165:
4822:Caio G, Volta U, Tovoli F, De Giorgio R (2014).
4738:Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
4488:
4486:
3823:"Celiac disease: a comprehensive current review"
3718:Ontiveros N, Hardy MY, Cabrera-Chavez F (2015).
3421:
2687:Ontiveros N, Hardy MY, Cabrera-Chavez F (2015).
2017:Volta U, Caio G, Tovoli F, De Giorgio R (2013).
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
271:for diagnosing this condition is available, its
4735:
4443:"Gluten sensitivity: new epidemic or new myth?"
4429:
4387:Lebwohl B, Ludvigsson JF, Green PH (Oct 2015).
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3545:
2840:
2838:
2622:
2620:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2059:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1668:Lebwohl B, Ludvigsson JF, Green PH (Oct 2015).
1475:
962:, could support a diagnosis of celiac disease.
946:assessment of biopsies, or the presence of IgA
4044:"Gluten sensitivity as a neurological illness"
3981:
3944:
3935:
3865:
3775:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3168:Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases
3125:
2661:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
1904:
930:(IELs) (β₯25/100 enterocytes), which represent
559:. Approximately 35% of patients suffer other
5153:List of people diagnosed with coeliac disease
4977:
4815:
4612:
4592:"Is gluten-free a lifestyle or a diet craze?"
4483:
4334:
3376:
3201:
2895:
1569:
1440:
1438:
1110:both gluten-free diet and immunosuppression.
821:typically associated with celiac disease are
484:(so-called "gluten psychosis"), and various
4866:
4584:
4294:"Is non-celiac gluten sensitivity for real?"
4207:
3230:
3060:Journal of the American College of Nutrition
2835:
2343:
2341:
2239:
2109:
1710:
1393:Zis P, Hadjivassiliou M (26 February 2019).
4440:
4244:
3522:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3189:
2845:Makharia A, Catassi C, Makharia GK (2015).
2597:
1305:Research has also attempted to discern, by
1294:is usually low or absent in NCGS patients.
785:specific celiac disease antibodies in serum
677:that people with NCGS may develop, such as
248:that people with NCGS may develop, such as
4984:
4970:
4640:
3987:
3782:Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
3477:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
2889:
1435:
436:NCGS is also linked to a wide spectrum of
283:" to the recent rise in popularity of the
4941:
4849:
4839:
4664:
4646:
4567:
4544:"The Gluten-Free Diet: Fad or Necessity?"
4535:
4518:
4495:"Do we need to worry about eating wheat?"
4492:
4466:
4412:
4268:
4201:
4181:
4171:
4067:
4015:
4005:
3848:
3838:
3793:
3745:
3735:
3686:
3641:
3589:
3579:
3497:
3460:
3450:
3404:
3394:
3353:
3343:
3292:
3079:
3016:
2991:Verdu EF, Armstrong D, Murray JA (2009).
2967:
2957:
2913:
2872:
2862:
2814:
2714:
2704:
2644:
2524:
2514:
2497:Elli L, Roncoroni L, Bardella MT (2015).
2375:
2365:
2338:
2317:
2276:
2042:
1980:
1693:
1631:
1621:
1548:
1458:
1444:
1410:
765:
4922:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
4541:
3906:
3776:Gibson PR, Shepherd SJ (February 2010).
3483:
3186:
478:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
422:
3309:
2626:
14:
5166:
4991:
3994:Gastroenterology Research and Practice
3724:Gastroenterology Research and Practice
3377:Bressan, Paola; Kramer, Peter (2016).
2693:Gastroenterology Research and Practice
1307:double-blind placebo-controlled trials
1219:
1113:
867:
734:related extraintestinal manifestations
151:and worsening after gluten consumption
72:Irritable bowel syndrome-like symptoms
4965:
1272:small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
294:
4830:(Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't).
4314:
4291:
4133:Richard Mackarness (January, 1976),
1347:, intestinal symptoms (specifically
1176:
1021:People already on a gluten-free diet
898:
674:
368:, joint and muscle pain, leg or arm
324:, bowel habit abnormalities (either
245:
193:NCGS is included in the spectrum of
4687:
3204:The New England Journal of Medicine
1317:challenge (DBPC) by Biesiekierski
1235:, by the American celebrity doctor
311:
24:
4781:Current Allergy and Asthma Reports
909:specific celiac disease antibodies
685:, psychological disturbances, and
347:
256:, psychological disturbances, and
25:
5190:
2408:Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol
2083:Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol
2023:Cellular and Molecular Immunology
1778:Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol
1453:(Review). 67 Suppl 2 (2): 16β26.
796:HLA-DQ2 and/or HLA-DQ8 haplotypes
773:
607:
5099:Anti-transglutaminase antibodies
4343:Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol
3795:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.06149.x
3622:Journal of Experimental Medicine
2391:
1180:
965:
376:of the extremities, dermatitis (
129:S from gluten-containing cereals
4909:
4707:
4681:
4308:
4285:
4147:
4127:
3814:
3383:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
3370:
2933:
2438:
753:double-blind placebo-controlled
4459:10.1080/08998280.2014.11929164
2799:"Nonceliac gluten sensitivity"
2302:"Nonceliac gluten sensitivity"
1905:Watkins RD, Zawahir S (2017).
1533:"Nonceliac gluten sensitivity"
1000:
851:primary sclerosing cholangitis
273:diagnosis is made by exclusion
13:
1:
4355:10.1080/17474124.2017.1260003
4222:10.1016/s0140-6736(78)92427-3
4048:J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry
3947:Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol
3886:10.1016/S0025-7753(08)72247-4
2749:Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol
1864:Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol
1370:
1033:titers and may attenuate the
936:HLA DQ2 and/or DQ8 haplotypes
518:opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome
176:Non-celiac gluten sensitivity
33:Non-celiac gluten sensitivity
4887:10.1097/MCO.0000000000000207
4715:"Fad or fact β gluten-free?"
4441:Nash DT, Slutzky AR (2014).
4270:10.1016/0016-5085(80)90432-1
3921:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.02.015
3140:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.043
3072:10.1080/07315724.2014.869996
2816:10.1053/j.gastro.2014.12.049
2646:10.1053/j.gastro.2018.01.013
2627:Verbeke, K (February 2018).
2319:10.1053/j.gastro.2014.12.049
1550:10.1053/j.gastro.2014.12.049
1066:
915:, and at least one from the
697:
7:
4666:10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.04.014
3988:Genuis SJ, Lobo RA (2014).
1961:Gastroenterol Clin North Am
1358:
1277:
1005:Evaluating the presence of
10:
5195:
5035:GS idiopathic neuropathies
4493:Shewry PR, Hey SJ (2016).
3508:10.1152/physrev.00003.2008
2915:10.1016/j.clnu.2014.08.012
2896:Czaja-Bulsa G (Apr 2015).
2447:Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol
2269:10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301346
2141:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.01.044
1223:
1172:
1070:
733:
657:
5130:
5107:
5084:
5064:
5056:GSE associated conditions
5043:
5027:
5006:
4999:
4934:10.1016/j.cgh.2015.01.029
4793:10.1007/s11882-013-0386-4
4447:Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent)
3959:10.1038/nrgastro.2015.136
3840:10.1186/s12916-019-1380-z
3285:10.1007/s12311-015-0664-x
2959:10.3389/fnut.2022.1007007
2459:10.1016/j.cgh.2019.04.009
2420:10.1016/j.bpg.2015.04.006
2095:10.1016/j.bpg.2015.04.002
1973:10.1016/j.gtc.2018.09.012
1923:10.1016/j.pcl.2017.01.013
1876:10.1038/nrgastro.2015.107
1790:10.1016/j.bpg.2015.04.006
1412:10.1007/s11940-019-0552-7
1399:Curr Treat Options Neurol
1103:neurons in the cerebellum
988:, ideally performed in a
588:It was hypothesized that
583:
570:
165:
155:
133:
117:
109:
101:
65:
45:
37:
32:
5072:Dermatitis herpetiformis
4750:10.1038/nrgastro.2012.15
3581:10.3748/wjg.v21.i23.7110
3396:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00130
2761:10.1038/nrgastro.2015.98
2516:10.3748/wjg.v21.i27.8221
1365:Gluten-related disorders
1297:The need for developing
1027:irritable bowel syndrome
881:selective IgA deficiency
847:dermatitis herpetiformis
823:diabetes mellitus type 1
738:irritable bowel syndrome
302:irritable bowel syndrome
289:irritable bowel syndrome
246:extra-digestive symptoms
195:gluten-related disorders
5094:Anti-gliadin antibodies
4841:10.1186/1471-230X-14-26
3688:10.1111/1541-4337.12129
3245:(1 Suppl 88): S117β25.
2367:10.1186/1741-7015-10-13
675:extradigestive symptoms
648:) in people with NCGS.
5138:Gluten immunochemistry
2571:10.1001/jama.2017.9730
2205:Aliment Pharmacol Ther
2129:J Allergy Clin Immunol
1286:Studies indicate that
1031:CD serological markers
1007:antigliadin antibodies
893:duodenal lymphocytosis
891:atrophy who only have
873:Serological CD markers
808:duodenal lymphocytosis
766:Differential diagnosis
679:neurological disorders
635:)-mediated intestinal
490:restless legs syndrome
444:disorders, including
433:
410:iron-deficiency anemia
250:neurological disorders
5179:Alternative diagnoses
5148:Gluten challenge test
4296:. Scientific American
4060:10.1136/jnnp.72.5.560
3915:(4 Suppl 1): S68β73.
3568:World J Gastroenterol
3441:(Systematic Review).
3216:10.1056/NEJMcp1113994
2503:World J Gastroenterol
1911:Pediatr Clin North Am
1353:P = 0.049
652:Wheat germ agglutinin
602:programmed cell death
458:peripheral neuropathy
431:
125:, other proteins and
92:neurological diseases
5065:integumentary system
4828:BMC Gastroenterology
4173:10.1136/gut.17.5.385
3634:10.1084/jem.20102660
3009:10.1038/ajg.2009.188
1447:"Gluten Sensitivity"
1268:fructose intolerance
1061:small bowel biopsies
843:autoimmune hepatitis
810:had celiac disease.
702:Absence of reliable
622:innate immune system
230:innate immune system
190:and other problems.
96:psychiatric problems
4135:Not All in the Mind
4007:10.1155/2014/293206
3737:10.1155/2015/723954
2706:10.1155/2015/723954
2035:10.1038/cmi.2013.28
1335:with challenges of
1220:Society and culture
1167:lactose intolerance
1123:cross contamination
1114:Persistent symptoms
1083:cross contamination
944:immunohistochemical
868:Serological markers
819:Autoimmune diseases
815:autoimmune symptoms
565:lactose intolerance
551:, cat or dog hair,
418:autoimmune diseases
147:, improvement with
5174:Gluten sensitivity
4993:Gluten sensitivity
4647:Reilly NR (2016).
4628:. 18 November 2014
4292:Reinagel, Monica.
3452:10.3390/nu10081034
3239:Clin Exp Rheumatol
2997:Am J Gastroenterol
1445:Catassi C (2015).
1315:placebo-controlled
1264:alternative health
1243:, by cardiologist
1192:. You can help by
1088:movement disorders
1015:AGA IgA antibodies
1011:AGA IgG antibodies
994:placebo-controlled
486:movement disorders
434:
295:Signs and symptoms
184:gluten sensitivity
41:Gluten sensitivity
18:Gluten sensitivity
5161:
5160:
5080:
5079:
4560:10.2337/ds16-0022
4548:Diabetes Spectrum
4542:Jones AL (2017).
4511:10.1111/nbu.12186
4405:10.1136/bmj.h4347
4315:Springen, Karen.
4263:(5 Pt 1): 801β6.
4105:10.1159/000369509
3628:(13): 2395β2408.
3345:10.3390/nu7064966
2864:10.3390/nu7125541
2453:(9): 1913β22.e1.
2217:10.1111/apt.13155
1686:10.1136/bmj.h4347
1623:10.3390/nu5103839
1460:10.1159/000440990
1210:
1209:
1163:food intolerances
986:provocation tests
905:duodenal biopsies
899:Duodenal biopsies
862:duodenal biopsies
858:specific serology
804:systematic review
717:and worsen after
715:gluten withdrawal
561:food intolerances
502:Tourette syndrome
429:
414:folate deficiency
173:
172:
149:gluten withdrawal
135:Diagnostic method
56:internal medicine
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
5186:
5143:Gluten-free diet
5044:digestive system
5004:
5003:
4986:
4979:
4972:
4963:
4962:
4956:
4955:
4945:
4913:
4907:
4906:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4853:
4843:
4819:
4813:
4812:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4688:Zaraska, Marta.
4685:
4679:
4678:
4668:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4571:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4522:
4490:
4481:
4480:
4470:
4438:
4427:
4426:
4416:
4384:
4375:
4374:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4272:
4257:Gastroenterology
4248:
4242:
4241:
4216:(8078): 1358β9.
4205:
4199:
4198:
4185:
4175:
4151:
4145:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4071:
4039:
4030:
4029:
4019:
4009:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3942:
3933:
3932:
3909:Gastroenterology
3904:
3898:
3897:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3852:
3842:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3797:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3749:
3739:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3690:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3645:
3613:
3604:
3603:
3593:
3583:
3559:
3520:
3519:
3501:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3464:
3454:
3430:
3419:
3418:
3408:
3398:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3357:
3347:
3322:
3307:
3306:
3296:
3264:
3255:
3254:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3199:
3184:
3183:
3163:
3152:
3151:
3123:
3102:
3101:
3083:
3057:
3048:
3031:
3030:
3020:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2971:
2961:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2917:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2876:
2866:
2857:(12): 10417β26.
2842:
2833:
2832:
2818:
2803:Gastroenterology
2794:
2785:
2784:
2744:
2729:
2728:
2718:
2708:
2684:
2659:
2658:
2648:
2633:Gastroenterology
2624:
2595:
2594:
2550:
2539:
2538:
2528:
2518:
2494:
2483:
2482:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2389:
2379:
2369:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2321:
2306:Gastroenterology
2297:
2291:
2290:
2280:
2248:
2237:
2236:
2200:
2161:
2160:
2124:
2107:
2106:
2078:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2014:
1995:
1994:
1984:
1952:
1935:
1934:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1859:
1802:
1801:
1773:
1708:
1707:
1697:
1665:
1650:
1649:
1635:
1625:
1600:
1567:
1566:
1552:
1537:Gastroenterology
1528:
1473:
1472:
1462:
1442:
1433:
1432:
1414:
1390:
1354:
1333:gluten-free diet
1237:David Perlmutter
1226:Gluten-free diet
1205:
1202:
1184:
1177:
1099:gluten-free diet
1073:Gluten-free diet
1050:gluten-free diet
1048:For people on a
960:gluten-free diet
813:The presence of
756:gluten challenge
745:gluten-free diet
732:The presence of
470:eating disorders
430:
386:atopic disorders
360:, "foggy mind",
312:Gastrointestinal
285:gluten-free diet
188:gastrointestinal
160:Gluten-free diet
88:atopic disorders
52:Gastroenterology
30:
29:
21:
5194:
5193:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5126:
5103:
5076:
5060:
5051:Coeliac disease
5039:
5023:
5019:Oat sensitivity
4995:
4990:
4960:
4959:
4914:
4910:
4871:
4867:
4820:
4816:
4777:
4773:
4734:
4730:
4720:
4718:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4698:
4696:
4694:Washington Post
4686:
4682:
4645:
4641:
4631:
4629:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4603:
4601:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4540:
4536:
4491:
4484:
4439:
4430:
4385:
4378:
4339:
4335:
4325:
4323:
4313:
4309:
4299:
4297:
4290:
4286:
4249:
4245:
4206:
4202:
4152:
4148:
4132:
4128:
4089:
4085:
4040:
4033:
3986:
3982:
3943:
3936:
3905:
3901:
3874:Med Clin (Barc)
3870:
3866:
3819:
3815:
3774:
3770:
3716:
3712:
3667:
3663:
3614:
3607:
3560:
3523:
3499:10.1.1.653.3967
3482:
3478:
3431:
3422:
3375:
3371:
3323:
3310:
3265:
3258:
3235:
3231:
3210:(25): 2419β26.
3200:
3187:
3164:
3155:
3124:
3105:
3055:
3049:
3034:
2989:
2985:
2938:
2934:
2894:
2890:
2843:
2836:
2809:(6): 1195β204.
2795:
2788:
2745:
2732:
2685:
2662:
2625:
2598:
2551:
2542:
2495:
2486:
2443:
2439:
2404:
2400:
2390:
2346:
2339:
2312:(6): 1195β204.
2298:
2294:
2249:
2240:
2201:
2164:
2135:(5): 1099β106.
2125:
2110:
2079:
2060:
2015:
1998:
1953:
1938:
1903:
1899:
1860:
1805:
1774:
1711:
1666:
1653:
1616:(10): 3839β53.
1601:
1570:
1543:(6): 1195β204.
1529:
1476:
1443:
1436:
1391:
1378:
1373:
1361:
1352:
1280:
1253:Gwyneth Paltrow
1228:
1222:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1190:needs expansion
1175:
1128:low-FODMAP diet
1116:
1075:
1069:
1023:
1003:
968:
952:anti-endomysial
932:Marsh I lesions
901:
870:
776:
768:
700:
660:
610:
586:
573:
423:
350:
348:Extraintestinal
314:
297:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5192:
5182:
5181:
5176:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5119:
5113:
5111:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5101:
5096:
5090:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5047:
5045:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5031:
5029:
5028:nervous system
5025:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5016:
5010:
5008:
5001:
4997:
4996:
4989:
4988:
4981:
4974:
4966:
4958:
4957:
4928:(9): 1604β12.
4908:
4865:
4814:
4771:
4728:
4706:
4680:
4639:
4611:
4600:. 5 March 2013
4583:
4554:(2): 118β123.
4534:
4482:
4428:
4376:
4333:
4307:
4284:
4243:
4200:
4166:(5): 385β402.
4146:
4143:978-0330245920
4126:
4083:
4031:
3980:
3934:
3899:
3864:
3813:
3768:
3710:
3681:(3): 285β302.
3661:
3605:
3574:(23): 7110β9.
3521:
3476:
3420:
3369:
3338:(6): 4966β77.
3308:
3256:
3229:
3185:
3153:
3134:(4β5): 472β6.
3103:
3032:
3003:(6): 1587β94.
2983:
2932:
2888:
2834:
2786:
2730:
2660:
2596:
2565:(7): 647β656.
2540:
2509:(27): 8221β6.
2484:
2437:
2398:
2337:
2292:
2238:
2162:
2108:
2058:
2029:(5): 383β392.
1996:
1967:(1): 165β182.
1936:
1917:(3): 563β576.
1897:
1803:
1709:
1651:
1568:
1474:
1451:Ann Nutr Metab
1434:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1326:protein had a
1279:
1276:
1221:
1218:
1208:
1207:
1187:
1185:
1174:
1171:
1115:
1112:
1071:Main article:
1068:
1065:
1022:
1019:
1002:
999:
990:double-blinded
967:
964:
900:
897:
869:
866:
853:, and others.
775:
774:Celiac disease
772:
767:
764:
699:
696:
659:
656:
626:celiac disease
609:
608:Other proteins
606:
585:
582:
572:
569:
506:palatal tremor
482:hallucinations
462:encephalopathy
349:
346:
342:and flatulence
318:abdominal pain
313:
310:
296:
293:
244:, but not the
171:
170:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
141:celiac disease
137:
131:
130:
119:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
69:
63:
62:
49:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5191:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5014:Wheat allergy
5012:
5011:
5009:
5005:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4987:
4982:
4980:
4975:
4973:
4968:
4967:
4964:
4953:
4949:
4944:
4943:11392/2375087
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4912:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4881:(5): 508β14.
4880:
4876:
4869:
4861:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4818:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4775:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4732:
4717:. Core health
4716:
4710:
4695:
4691:
4684:
4676:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4643:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4615:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4587:
4579:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4538:
4530:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4489:
4487:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4424:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4399:: 351:h4347.
4398:
4394:
4390:
4383:
4381:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4337:
4322:
4318:
4311:
4295:
4288:
4280:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4247:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4150:
4144:
4140:
4137:, Macmillan,
4136:
4130:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4087:
4079:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4038:
4036:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3984:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3953:(9): 507β15.
3952:
3948:
3941:
3939:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3903:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3880:(7): 264β70.
3879:
3875:
3868:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3763:
3757:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3612:
3610:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3492:(1): 151β75.
3491:
3487:
3486:Physiol. Rev.
3480:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3279:(2): 213β32.
3278:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3261:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3181:
3177:
3174:(4): 435β40.
3173:
3169:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3128:Autoimmun Rev
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2908:(2): 189β94.
2907:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2839:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2791:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2755:(9): 527β36.
2754:
2750:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2414:(3): 477β91.
2413:
2409:
2402:
2394:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2342:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2211:(9): 807β20.
2210:
2206:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2089:(3): 469β76.
2088:
2084:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1870:(9): 516β26.
1869:
1865:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1784:(3): 477β91.
1783:
1779:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1648:
1647:allergy (WA).
1643:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1439:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:William Davis
1242:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1217:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1191:
1188:This section
1186:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:preservatives
1131:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1064:
1062:
1059:challenge of
1058:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1013:, but rarely
1012:
1008:
998:
995:
991:
987:
982:
980:
976:
973:
966:Wheat allergy
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
939:
937:
933:
929:
924:
922:
918:
917:duodenal bulb
914:
910:
906:
896:
894:
890:
884:
882:
878:
874:
865:
863:
859:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
831:gluten ataxia
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
809:
805:
799:
797:
793:
790:
787:) or without
786:
782:
771:
763:
759:
757:
754:
750:
746:
741:
739:
735:
730:
728:
722:
721:consumption.
720:
716:
712:
707:
705:
695:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
670:
668:
664:
655:
653:
649:
647:
646:einkorn wheat
641:
638:
634:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
581:
578:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
450:schizophrenia
447:
443:
439:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
309:
307:
303:
292:
290:
286:
282:
281:fad component
278:
277:wheat allergy
274:
270:
265:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
236:, especially
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
168:
164:
161:
158:
154:
150:
146:
145:wheat allergy
142:
139:Exclusion of
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:
68:
64:
61:
57:
53:
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
4925:
4921:
4911:
4878:
4874:
4868:
4831:
4827:
4817:
4787:(6): 631β8.
4784:
4780:
4774:
4744:(5): 295β9.
4741:
4737:
4731:
4719:. Retrieved
4709:
4697:. Retrieved
4693:
4683:
4656:
4652:
4642:
4630:. Retrieved
4623:
4614:
4602:. Retrieved
4595:
4586:
4551:
4547:
4537:
4502:
4498:
4453:(4): 377β8.
4450:
4446:
4396:
4392:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4324:. Retrieved
4320:
4310:
4298:. Retrieved
4287:
4260:
4256:
4246:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4195:
4163:
4159:
4149:
4134:
4129:
4099:(2): 264β8.
4096:
4092:
4086:
4054:(5): 560β3.
4051:
4047:
3997:
3993:
3983:
3950:
3946:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3830:
3827:BMC Medicine
3826:
3816:
3807:
3788:(2): 252β8.
3785:
3781:
3771:
3761:
3759:
3727:
3723:
3713:
3678:
3674:
3664:
3655:
3625:
3621:
3571:
3567:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3442:
3438:
3386:
3382:
3372:
3335:
3331:
3276:
3272:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3207:
3203:
3171:
3167:
3131:
3127:
3066:(1): 39β54.
3063:
3059:
3000:
2996:
2986:
2949:
2945:
2935:
2927:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2854:
2850:
2828:
2806:
2802:
2780:
2752:
2748:
2696:
2692:
2639:(3): 471β3.
2636:
2632:
2590:
2562:
2558:
2506:
2502:
2478:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2431:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2357:
2354:BMC Medicine
2353:
2331:
2309:
2305:
2295:
2263:(1): 43β52.
2260:
2256:
2208:
2204:
2132:
2128:
2086:
2082:
2026:
2022:
1964:
1960:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1867:
1863:
1781:
1777:
1677:
1673:
1645:
1613:
1609:
1562:
1540:
1536:
1450:
1402:
1398:
1318:
1311:double-blind
1304:
1296:
1285:
1281:
1261:
1257:
1240:
1232:
1229:
1214:
1211:
1198:
1194:adding to it
1189:
1132:
1120:
1117:
1096:
1092:
1080:
1076:
1047:
1043:
1024:
1004:
983:
969:
940:
925:
902:
885:
871:
855:
812:
800:
783:(absence of
777:
769:
760:
742:
731:
723:
708:
701:
683:fibromyalgia
671:
661:
650:
642:
637:inflammation
630:
611:
587:
574:
538:
498:parkinsonism
438:neurological
435:
366:fibromyalgia
351:
330:constipation
315:
298:
266:
262:
254:fibromyalgia
206:pathogenesis
203:
192:
183:
179:
175:
174:
121:Reaction to
84:fibromyalgia
4505:(1): 6β13.
4349:(1): 9β18.
3445:(8): 1034.
3081:10447/90208
2952:: 1007007.
1249:Miley Cyrus
1001:Other tests
979:prick tests
923:may exist.
827:thyroiditis
727:anaphylaxis
600:(a form of
545:graminaceae
530:myorhythmia
464:, vascular
442:psychiatric
306:anaphylaxic
102:Usual onset
38:Other names
5168:Categories
5086:Antibodies
5000:Conditions
4877:(Review).
4783:(Review).
4740:(Review).
4659:: 206β10.
4625:Herald Sun
4395:(Review).
4345:(Review).
4095:(Review).
4050:(Review).
3996:(Review).
3833:(1): 142.
3726:(Review).
3488:(Review).
3275:(Review).
3273:Cerebellum
3241:(Review).
3206:(Review).
3170:(Review).
3130:(Review).
3062:(Review).
2999:(Review).
2946:Front Nutr
2904:(Review).
2805:(Review).
2751:(Review).
2695:(Review).
2561:(Review).
2410:(Review).
2356:(Review).
2308:(Review).
2207:(Review).
2085:(Review).
2025:(Review).
1963:(Review).
1913:(Review).
1866:(Review).
1780:(Review).
1676:(Review).
1612:(Review).
1539:(Review).
1401:(Review).
1371:References
1299:biomarkers
1224:See also:
1201:April 2024
1147:glutamates
975:antibodies
751:effect, a
704:biomarkers
687:dermatitis
628:and NCGS.
549:parietaria
526:dyskinesia
402:depression
338:aerophagia
258:dermatitis
4834:(1): 26.
4766:205487297
4653:J Pediatr
4597:USA Today
4499:Nutr Bull
4121:207673823
3809:biscuits)
3697:1541-4337
3494:CiteSeerX
3439:Nutrients
3332:Nutrients
2902:Clin Nutr
2851:Nutrients
2587:205094729
2480:diagnosis
2475:195661537
2233:207050854
1680:: h4347.
1610:Nutrients
1564:biscuits)
1405:(3): 10.
1165:, mainly
1159:allergies
1155:benzoates
1139:additives
1097:A strict
1067:Treatment
921:pathology
835:psoriasis
711:consensus
698:Diagnosis
598:apoptosis
594:cytotoxic
577:cytotoxic
563:, mainly
553:shellfish
522:paroxysms
510:myoclonus
398:allergies
382:skin rash
269:biomarker
210:cytotoxic
199:consensus
166:Frequency
156:Treatment
60:neurology
47:Specialty
4952:25701700
4903:22402914
4895:26147528
4860:24524388
4809:41014087
4801:24026574
4758:22371218
4675:27185419
4578:28588378
4529:26941586
4477:25484517
4423:26438584
4371:34881689
4363:27852116
4321:Newsweek
4238:53267087
4113:25925933
4078:11971034
4026:24693281
3975:24533103
3967:26303674
3929:15825129
3894:18775218
3859:31331324
3804:20136989
3756:26064097
3730:: 1β13.
3705:33401796
3652:23209313
3600:26109797
3516:21248165
3471:30096784
3415:27065833
3364:26096570
3303:25823827
3251:25786053
3224:23252527
3180:24369326
3148:24440147
3098:22521576
3090:24533607
3027:19455131
2978:36276818
2924:25245857
2883:26690475
2825:25583468
2769:26100369
2725:26064097
2699:: 1β13.
2655:29337156
2579:28810029
2535:26217073
2467:30978535
2428:26060112
2386:22313950
2328:25583468
2287:22345659
2225:25753138
2157:21552589
2149:25956012
2103:26060111
2053:23934026
1991:30711208
1931:28502438
1884:26122473
1798:26060112
1704:26438584
1642:24077239
1559:25583468
1469:26605537
1429:73466457
1421:30806821
1359:See also
1349:bloating
1341:fructans
1278:Research
1151:nitrates
1143:sulfites
1141:such as
1054:in vitro
1041:growth.
1039:pubertal
948:anti-TG2
913:duodenum
839:vitiligo
781:serology
667:fructans
534:myokymia
514:dystonia
480:(ADHD),
466:dementia
454:epilepsy
396:, other
394:rhinitis
388:such as
374:tingling
370:numbness
358:migraine
354:headache
326:diarrhea
322:bloating
242:bloating
238:fructans
113:lifelong
110:Duration
80:headache
67:Symptoms
5122:HLA-DQ8
5117:HLA-DQ2
5007:general
4851:3926852
4721:9 April
4699:9 April
4632:4 April
4604:4 April
4569:5439366
4520:4760426
4468:4255872
4414:4596973
4326:9 April
4300:9 April
4279:7419003
4192:1278762
4183:1411128
4093:Dig Dis
4069:1737870
4017:3944951
4000:: 1β6.
3850:6647104
3747:4429206
3643:3526354
3591:4476872
3462:6115931
3406:4809873
3389:: 130.
3355:4488826
3294:4591117
3018:3480312
2969:9582535
2874:4690093
2777:2023530
2716:4429206
2526:4507091
2377:3292448
2278:3440559
2044:4003198
1982:6364564
1892:2867448
1695:4596973
1633:3820047
1345:placebo
1292:AGA IgA
1288:AGA IgG
1173:History
1057:gliadin
950:and/or
889:villous
792:atrophy
749:placebo
691:luminal
663:FODMAPs
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