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types of perfections are not specifically drawn out, Leibniz highlights the one thing that, to him, does certify imperfections and proves that God is perfect: "that one acts imperfectly if he acts with less perfection than he is capable of", and since God is a perfect being, he cannot act imperfectly (III). Because God cannot act imperfectly, the decisions he makes pertaining to the world must be perfect. Leibniz also comforts readers, stating that because he has done everything to the most perfect degree; those who love him cannot be injured. However, to love God is a subject of difficulty as
Leibniz believes that we are "not disposed to wish for that which God desires" because we have the ability to alter our disposition (IV). In accordance with this, many act as rebels, but Leibniz says that the only way we can truly love God is by being content "with all that comes to us according to his will" (IV).
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and his followers have also a very odd opinion concerning the work of God. According to their doctrine, God
Almighty wants to wind up his watch from time to time; otherwise it would cease to move." (Leibniz 1715, 675) Leibniz argues that any scientific theory that relies on God to perform miracles after He had first made the universe indicates that God lacked sufficient foresight or power to establish adequate natural laws in the first place. In defense of Newton's theism, Clarke is unapologetic: "'tis not a diminution but the true glory of his workmanship that nothing is done without his continual government and inspection"' (Leibniz 1715, 676â677). Clarke is believed to have consulted closely with Newton on how to respond to Leibniz. He asserts that Leibniz's deism leads to "the notion of materialism and fate" (1715, 677), because it excludes God from the daily workings of nature.
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God and his will. Leibniz states that, in lieu of God's will, we have to understand that God "is the best of all masters" and he will know when his good succeeds, so we, therefore, must act in conformity to his good willâor as much of it as we understand (IV). In our view of God, Leibniz declares that we cannot admire the work solely because of the maker, lest we mar the glory and love God in doing so. Instead, we must admire the maker for the work he has done (II). Effectively, Leibniz states that if we say the earth is good because of the will of God, and not good according to some standards of goodness, then how can we praise God for what he has done if contrary actions are also praiseworthy by this definition (II). Leibniz then asserts that different principles and geometry cannot simply be from the will of God, but must follow from his understanding.
3522:) in a way that also applied for himâviewpoints that "supplement one another, while also being able to appear as opposites that only resolve themselves when considered more deeply." Much of Leibniz's work went on to have a great impact on the field of psychology. Leibniz thought that there are many petites perceptions, or small perceptions of which we perceive but of which we are unaware. He believed that by the principle that phenomena found in nature were continuous by default, it was likely that the transition between conscious and unconscious states had intermediary steps. For this to be true, there must also be a portion of the mind of which we are unaware at any given time. His theory regarding consciousness in relation to the principle of continuity can be seen as an early theory regarding the
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1801:, under the terms of the 1701 Act of Settlement. Even though Leibniz had done much to bring about this happy event, it was not to be his hour of glory. Despite the intercession of the Princess of Wales, Caroline of Ansbach, George I forbade Leibniz to join him in London until he completed at least one volume of the history of the Brunswick family his father had commissioned nearly 30 years earlier. Moreover, for George I to include Leibniz in his London court would have been deemed insulting to Newton, who was seen as having won the calculus priority dispute and whose standing in British official circles could not have been higher. Finally, his dear friend and defender, the Dowager Electress Sophia, died in 1714. In 1716, while traveling in northern Europe, the Russian
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but it was a clumsy attempt. At this library, Leibniz focused more on advancing the library than on the cataloging. For instance, within a month of taking the new position, he developed a comprehensive plan to expand the library. He was one of the first to consider developing a core collection for a library and felt "that a library for display and ostentation is a luxury and indeed superfluous, but a well-stocked and organized library is important and useful for all areas of human endeavor and is to be regarded on the same level as schools and churches". Leibniz lacked the funds to develop the library in this manner. After working at this library, by the end of 1690 Leibniz was appointed as privy-councilor and librarian of the
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3212:. We also see that when Leibniz wrote, in a metaphysical vein, that "the straight line is a curve, any part of which is similar to the whole", he was anticipating topology by more than two centuries. As for "packing", Leibniz told his friend and correspondent Des Bosses to imagine a circle, then to inscribe within it three congruent circles with maximum radius; the latter smaller circles could be filled with three even smaller circles by the same procedure. This process can be continued infinitely, from which arises a good idea of self-similarity. Leibniz's improvement of Euclid's axiom contains the same concept.
2176:. Using the principle of reasoning, Leibniz concluded that the first reason of all things is God. All that we see and experience is subject to change, and the fact that this world is contingent can be explained by the possibility of the world being arranged differently in space and time. The contingent world must have some necessary reason for its existence. Leibniz uses a geometry book as an example to explain his reasoning. If this book was copied from an infinite chain of copies, there must be some reason for the content of the book. Leibniz concluded that there must be the "
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3695:, who independently developed the binary system, as he was familiar with their works on the binary system. Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz worked extensively on logarithms including logarithms with base 2. Thomas Harriot's manuscripts contained a table of binary numbers and their notation, which demonstrated that any number could be written on a base 2 system. Regardless, Leibniz simplified the binary system and articulated logical properties such as conjunction, disjunction, negation, identity, inclusion, and the empty set. He anticipated
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1491:. Von Boyneburg hired Leibniz as an assistant, and shortly thereafter reconciled with the Elector and introduced Leibniz to him. Leibniz then dedicated an essay on law to the Elector in the hope of obtaining employment. The stratagem worked; the Elector asked Leibniz to assist with the redrafting of the legal code for the Electorate. In 1669, Leibniz was appointed assessor in the Court of Appeal. Although von Boyneburg died late in 1672, Leibniz remained under the employment of his widow until she dismissed him in 1674.
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3926:, that one ought to obey as a rule, the evil of revolution being greater beyond comparison than the evils causing it. Yet I recognize that a prince can go to such excess, and place the well-being of the state in such danger, that the obligation to endure ceases. This is most rare, however, and the theologian who authorizes violence under this pretext should take care against excess; excess being infinitely more dangerous than deficiency.
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3518:, introduced by Leibniz, into an experimental psychologically based apperception psychology that included neuropsychological modelling â an excellent example of how a concept created by a great philosopher could stimulate a psychological research program. One principle in the thinking of Leibniz played a fundamental role: "the principle of equality of separate but corresponding viewpoints." Wundt characterized this style of thought (
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2264:, in the rational and enlightened nature of the Christian religion. It was also shaped by Leibniz's belief in the perfectibility of human nature (if humanity relied on correct philosophy and religion as a guide), and by his belief that metaphysical necessity must have a rational or logical foundation, even if this metaphysical causality seemed inexplicable in terms of physical necessity (the natural laws identified by science).
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2251:. It must be the best possible and most balanced world, because it was created by an all powerful and all knowing God, who would not choose to create an imperfect world if a better world could be known to him or possible to exist. In effect, apparent flaws that can be identified in this world must exist in every possible world, because otherwise God would have chosen to create the world that excluded those flaws.
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justice. As
Leibniz's so-called Elementa Juris Naturalis advanced, he built in modal notions of right (possibility) and obligation (necessity) in which we see perhaps the earliest elaboration of his possible worlds doctrine within a deontic frame. While ultimately the Elementa remained unpublished, Leibniz continued to work on his drafts and promote their ideas to correspondents up until his death.
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forever, and hence we carry on after our deaths, but then everythingâevery individual substanceâcarries on forever. Nonetheless, Leibniz is a theist. His system is generated from, and needs, the postulate of a creative god. In fact, though, despite
Leibniz's protestations, his God is more the architect and engineer of the vast complex world-system than the embodiment of love of Christian orthodoxy.
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3753:. In 1679, while mulling over his binary arithmetic, Leibniz imagined a machine in which binary numbers were represented by marbles, governed by a rudimentary sort of punched cards. Modern electronic digital computers replace Leibniz's marbles moving by gravity with shift registers, voltage gradients, and pulses of electrons, but otherwise they run roughly as Leibniz envisioned in 1679.
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3495:)âwas made clear: "Nihil est in intellectu quod non fuerit in sensu, nisi intellectu ipse." â "Nothing is in the intellect that was not first in the senses, except the intellect itself." Principles that are not present in sensory impressions can be recognised in human perception and consciousness: logical inferences, categories of thought, the principle of
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annoyed at
Leibniz's apparent dilatoriness. Leibniz never finished the project, in part because of his huge output on many other fronts, but also because he insisted on writing a meticulously researched and erudite book based on archival sources, when his patrons would have been quite happy with a short popular book, one perhaps little more than a
2192:, each monad follows a pre-programmed set of "instructions" peculiar to itself, so that a monad "knows" what to do at each moment. By virtue of these intrinsic instructions, each monad is like a little mirror of the universe. Monads need not be "small"; e.g., each human being constitutes a monad, in which case
2146:, and motion are completely relative: "As for my own opinion, I have said more than once, that I hold space to be something merely relative, as time is, that I hold it to be an order of coexistences, as time is an order of successions." Einstein, who called himself a "Leibnizian", wrote in the introduction to
4453:'s writings. Nevertheless, the secondary literature on Leibniz did not really blossom until after World War II. This is especially true of English speaking countries; in Gregory Brown's bibliography fewer than 30 of the English language entries were published before 1946. American Leibniz studies owe much to
1941:. The paper is undated; that he wrote it while in Vienna in 1689 was determined only in 1999, when the ongoing critical edition finally published Leibniz's philosophical writings for the period 1677â1690. Couturat's reading of this paper influenced much 20th-century thinking about Leibniz, especially among
2284:? The answer (according to Leibniz) is that, while God is indeed unlimited in wisdom and power, his human creations, as creations, are limited both in their wisdom and in their will (power to act). This predisposes humans to false beliefs, wrong decisions, and ineffective actions in the exercise of their
3194: ..., which is an attempt to tighten Euclid's axioms, he states ...: "I have diverse definitions for the straight line. The straight line is a curve, any part of which is similar to the whole, and it alone has this property, not only among curves but among sets." This claim can be proved today.
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In advancing his system of mechanics, Newton claimed that collisions of celestial objects would cause a loss of energy that would require God to intervene from time to time to maintain order in the solar system (Vailati 1997, 37â42). In criticizing this implication, Leibniz remarks: "Sir Isaac Newton
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become clear: about 15,000 letters to more than 1000 recipients plus more than 40,000 other items. Moreover, quite a few of these letters are of essay length. Much of his vast correspondence, especially the letters dated after 1700, remains unpublished, and much of what is published has appeared only
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and used some of his ideas. In any event, philosophical fashion was moving away from the rationalism and system building of the 17th century, of which
Leibniz had been such an ardent proponent. His work on law, diplomacy, and history was seen as of ephemeral interest. The vastness and richness of his
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from 000000 to 111111, and concluded that this mapping was evidence of major
Chinese accomplishments in the sort of philosophical mathematics he admired. Leibniz communicated his ideas of the binary system representing Christianity to the Emperor of China, hoping it would convert him. Leibniz was one
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For
Leibniz, "God is an absolutely perfect being". He describes this perfection later in section VI as the simplest form of something with the most substantial outcome (VI). Along these lines, he declares that every type of perfection "pertains to him (God) in the highest degree" (I). Even though his
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which darkened the remainder of
Leibniz's life. A formal investigation by the Royal Society (in which Newton was an unacknowledged participant), undertaken in response to Leibniz's demand for a retraction, upheld Keill's charge. Historians of mathematics writing since 1900 or so have tended to acquit
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to visit
Hanover proved to have been fateful. Leibniz had declined the invitation, but had begun corresponding with the duke in 1671. In 1673, the duke offered Leibniz the post of counsellor. Leibniz very reluctantly accepted the position two years later, only after it became clear that no employment
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we already see an attempt to solve legal problems by rationalist mathematical methods (Weigel's influence being most explicit in the Specimen Quaestionum Philosophicarum ex Jure collectarum (An Essay of Collected Philosophical Problems of Right)). For example, the Inaugural Disputation on Perplexing
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at WolfenbĂŒttel. It was an extensive library with at least 25,946 printed volumes. At this library, Leibniz sought to improve the catalog. He was not allowed to make complete changes to the existing closed catalog, but was allowed to improve upon it so he started on that task immediately. He created
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Later in Leibniz's career (after the death of von Boyneburg), Leibniz moved to Paris and accepted a position as a librarian in the Hanoverian court of Johann Friedrich, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg. Leibniz's predecessor, Tobias Fleischer, had already created a cataloging system for the Duke's library
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from the point of view of causality and of purpose: "Souls act according to the laws of final causes, through aspirations, ends and means. Bodies act according to the laws of efficient causes, i.e. the laws of motion. And these two realms, that of efficient causes and that of final causes, harmonize
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To sample Leibniz' scientific works is a sobering experience. Next to calculus, and to other thoughts that have been carried out to completion, the number and variety of premonitory thrusts is overwhelming. We saw examples in "packing", ... My Leibniz mania is further reinforced by finding that
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Because God is "an absolutely perfect being" (I), Leibniz argues that God would be acting imperfectly if he acted with any less perfection than what he is able of (III). His syllogism then ends with the statement that God has made the world perfectly in all ways. This also affects how we should view
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of René Descartes and others. These simple substances or monads are the "ultimate units of existence in nature". Monads have no parts but still exist by the qualities that they have. These qualities are continuously changing over time, and each monad is unique. They are also not affected by time and
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with commentary, to be completed in three years or less. They never knew that he had in fact carried out a fair part of his assigned task: when the material Leibniz had written and collected for his history of the House of Brunswick was finally published in the 19th century, it filled three volumes.
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The answer is unknowable, but it may not be unreasonable to see him, at least in theological terms, as essentially a deist. He is a determinist: there are no miracles (the events so called being merely instances of infrequently occurring natural laws); Christ has no real role in the system; we live
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Leibniz penned The New Method of Teaching and Learning the Law, by way of application. The text proposed a reform of legal education and is characteristically syncretic, integrating aspects of Thomism, Hobbesianism, Cartesianism and traditional jurisprudence. Leibniz's argument that the function of
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are identical; to suppose two things indiscernible is to suppose the same thing under two names. Frequently invoked in modern logic and philosophy, the "identity of indiscernibles" is. It has attracted the most controversy and criticism, especially from corpuscular philosophy and quantum mechanics.
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Leibniz managed to delay his arrival in Hanover until the end of 1676 after making one more short journey to London, where Newton accused him of having seen his unpublished work on calculus in advance. This was alleged to be evidence supporting the accusation, made decades later, that he had stolen
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I cannot tell you how extraordinarily distracted and spread out I am. I am trying to find various things in the archives; I look at old papers and hunt up unpublished documents. From these I hope to shed some light on the history of the Brunswick. I receive and answer a huge number of letters. At
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Further, although human actions flow from prior causes that ultimately arise in God and therefore are known to God as metaphysical certainties, an individual's free will is exercised within natural laws, where choices are merely contingently necessary and to be decided in the event by a "wonderful
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Consistent with the liberal views of the Enlightenment, Leibniz was an optimist with respect to human reasoning and scientific progress (Popper 1963, p. 69). Although he was a great reader and admirer of Spinoza, Leibniz, being a confirmed deist, rejected emphatically Spinoza's pantheism: God and
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began in 1901. It was hampered by two world wars and then by decades of German division into two states with the Cold War's "iron curtain" in between, separating scholars, and also scattering portions of his literary estates. The ambitious project has had to deal with writings in seven languages,
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In 1906, Garland published a volume of Leibniz's writings bearing on his many practical inventions and engineering work. To date, few of these writings have been translated into English. Nevertheless, it is well understood that Leibniz was a serious inventor, engineer, and applied scientist, with
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The Brunswicks tolerated the enormous effort Leibniz devoted to intellectual pursuits unrelated to his duties as a courtier, pursuits such as perfecting calculus, writing about other mathematics, logic, physics, and philosophy, and keeping up a vast correspondence. He began working on calculus in
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Otivm Hanoveranvm Sive Miscellanea Ex ore & schedis Illustris Viri, piĂŠ memoriĂŠ, Godofr. Gvilielmi Leibnitii ... / Quondam notata & descripta, Cum ipsi in collendis & excerpendis rebus ad Historiam Brunsvicensem pertinentibus operam navaret, Joachimvs Fridericvs Fellervs, Secretarius
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often rely on everyday observations such as the behaviour of a dog or the noise of the sea, and he develops intuitive analogies (the synchronous running of clocks or the balance spring of a clock). He also devised postulates and principles that apply to psychology: the continuum of the unnoticed
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Leibniz never married. He proposed to an unknown woman at age 50, but changed his mind when she took too long to decide. He complained on occasion about money, but the fair sum he left to his sole heir, his sister's stepson, proved that the Brunswicks had paid him fairly well. In his diplomatic
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or earlier, hoping that the resulting book would advance his dynastic ambitions. From 1687 to 1690, Leibniz traveled extensively in Germany, Austria, and Italy, seeking and finding archival materials bearing on this project. Decades went by but no history appeared; the next Elector became quite
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Leibniz's next major attempt to find a universal rational core to law and so found a legal "science of right", came when Leibniz worked in Mainz from 1667â72. Starting initially from Hobbes' mechanistic doctrine of power, Leibniz reverted to logico-combinatorial methods in an attempt to define
1877:
Leibniz's philosophical thinking appears fragmented because his philosophical writings consist mainly of a multitude of short pieces: journal articles, manuscripts published long after his death, and letters to correspondents. He wrote two book-length philosophical treatises, of which only the
3779:. Seemingly, Leibniz paid a good deal of attention to the classification of subject matter, favoring a well-balanced library covering a host of numerous subjects and interests. Leibniz, for example, proposed the following classification system in the Otivm Hanoveranvm Sive Miscellanea (1737):
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in such a sense that the situs remains unchanged under topological deformations. He mistakenly credits Leibniz with originating this concept. ... is sometimes not realized that Leibniz used the term in an entirely different sense and hence can hardly be considered the founder of that part of
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His next goal was to earn his license and Doctorate in Law, which normally required three years of study. In 1666, the University of Leipzig turned down Leibniz's doctoral application and refused to grant him a Doctorate in Law, most likely due to his relative youth. Leibniz subsequently left
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Von Boyneburg did much to promote Leibniz's reputation, and the latter's memoranda and letters began to attract favorable notice. After Leibniz's service to the Elector there soon followed a diplomatic role. He published an essay, under the pseudonym of a fictitious Polish nobleman, arguing
1024:. Leibniz has been called the "last universal genius" due to his knowledge and skills in different fields and because such people became much less common after his lifetime with the coming of the Industrial Revolution and the spread of specialized labor. He is a prominent figure in both the
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But at the same time, he arrived to propose an interreligious and multicultural project to create a universal system of justice, which required from him a broad interdisciplinary perspective. In order to propose it, he combined linguistics (especially sinology), moral and legal philosophy,
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and calculus ratiocinator, and the extent to which modern formal logic does justice to calculus, may never be established. Leibniz's idea of reasoning through a universal language of symbols and calculations remarkably foreshadows great 20th-century developments in formal systems, such as
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in 1676, read some of his unpublished writings, and had since been influenced by some of Spinoza's ideas. While Leibniz befriended him and admired Spinoza's powerful intellect, he was also dismayed by Spinoza's conclusions, especially when these were inconsistent with Christian orthodoxy.
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The mission ended abruptly when news of the Elector's death (12 February 1673) reached them. Leibniz promptly returned to Paris and not, as had been planned, to Mainz. The sudden deaths of his two patrons in the same winter meant that Leibniz had to find a new basis for his career.
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as any written sign, he then defined a "real" character as one that represents an idea directly and not simply as the word embodying the idea. Some real characters, such as the notation of logic, serve only to facilitate reasoning. Many characters well known in his day, including
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essence of a monad is its irreducible simplicity. Unlike atoms, monads possess no material or spatial character. They also differ from atoms by their complete mutual independence, so that interactions among monads are only apparent. Instead, by virtue of the principle of
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edited the first multi-volume edition of Leibniz's writings, followed in the 19th century by a number of editions, including those edited by Erdmann, Foucher de Careil, Gerhardt, Gerland, Klopp, and Mollat. Publication of Leibniz's correspondence with notables such as
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1674; the earliest evidence of its use in his surviving notebooks is 1675. By 1677 he had a coherent system in hand, but did not publish it until 1684. Leibniz's most important mathematical papers were published between 1682 and 1692, usually in a journal which he and
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Leibniz wrote that circles "can most simply be expressed by this series, that is, the aggregate of fractions alternately added and subtracted". However this formula is only accurate with a large number of terms, using 10,000,000 terms to obtain the correct value of
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in 1716. At the time, he was so out of favor that neither George I (who happened to be near Hanover at that time) nor any fellow courtier other than his personal secretary attended the funeral. Even though Leibniz was a life member of the Royal Society and the
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where he demonstrated a calculating machine that he had designed and had been building since 1670. The machine was able to execute all four basic operations (adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing), and the society quickly made him an external member.
1515:. In return, France would agree to leave Germany and the Netherlands undisturbed. This plan obtained the Elector's cautious support. In 1672, the French government invited Leibniz to Paris for discussion, but the plan was soon overtaken by the outbreak of the
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In 1677, he was promoted, at his request, to Privy Counselor of Justice, a post he held for the rest of his life. Leibniz served three consecutive rulers of the House of Brunswick as historian, political adviser, and most consequentially, as librarian of the
1709:, were dead. Leibniz played a role in the initiatives and negotiations leading up to that Act, but not always an effective one. For example, something he published anonymously in England, thinking to promote the Brunswick cause, was formally censured by the
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The only way to rectify our reasonings is to make them as tangible as those of the Mathematicians, so that we can find our error at a glance, and when there are disputes among persons, we can simply say: Let us calculate, without further ado, to see who is
1311:, where he also served as dean of philosophy. The boy inherited his father's personal library. He was given free access to it from the age of seven, shortly after his father's death. While Leibniz's schoolwork was largely confined to the study of a small
3826:. He also called on publishers to distribute abstracts of all new titles they produced each year, in a standard form that would facilitate indexing. He hoped that this abstracting project would eventually include everything printed from his day back to
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When it became clear that France would not implement its part of Leibniz's Egyptian plan, the Elector sent his nephew, escorted by Leibniz, on a related mission to the English government in London, early in 1673. There Leibniz came into acquaintance of
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of authorities, his father's library enabled him to study a wide variety of advanced philosophical and theological worksâones that he would not have otherwise been able to read until his college years. Access to his father's library, largely written in
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4543:, central propaedeutic institution of the university, which aims to enable high school graduates to make a well-founded study decision through a ten-month, comprehensive general course of study and at the same time to introduce them to academic work
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was the primeval language of the human race. At the same time, he rejected the idea of unrelated language groups and considered them all to have a common source. He also refuted the argument, advanced by Swedish scholars in his day, that a form of
3286:, time and motion are relative, not absolute: "As for my own opinion, I have said more than once, that I hold space to be something merely relative, as time is, that I hold it to be an order of coexistences, as time is an order of successions."
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in quantum mechanics, a field some even credit him with having anticipated in some sense. In addition to his theories about the nature of reality, Leibniz's contributions to the development of calculus have also had a major impact on physics.
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Six important collections of English translations are Wiener (1951), Parkinson (1966), Loemker (1969), Ariew and Garber (1989), Woolhouse and Francks (1998), and Strickland (2006). The ongoing critical edition of all of Leibniz's writings is
4369:" (it is not clear), a term that was applied during the Roman Republic to a legal verdict of "not proven". Voltaire's depiction of Leibniz's ideas was so influential that many believed it to be an accurate description. Thus Voltaire and his
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In the view of Leibniz, because reason and faith must be entirely reconciled, any tenet of faith which could not be defended by reason must be rejected. Leibniz then approached one of the central criticisms of Christian theism: if God is
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were not published until the 19th century. In 1695, Leibniz made his public entrée into European philosophy with a journal article titled "New System of the Nature and Communication of Substances". Between 1695 and 1705, he composed his
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endeavors, he at times verged on the unscrupulous, as was often the case with professional diplomats of his day. On several occasions, Leibniz backdated and altered personal manuscripts, actions which put him in a bad light during the
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is Leibniz's attempt to reconcile his personal philosophical system with his interpretation of the tenets of Christianity. This project was motivated in part by Leibniz's belief, shared by many philosophers and theologians during the
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was created. Leibniz drew up its first statutes, and served as its first President for the remainder of his life. That Academy evolved into the German Academy of Sciences, the publisher of the ongoing critical edition of his works.
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3363:. He realized that the total energy would be conserved in certain mechanical systems, so he considered it an innate motive characteristic of matter. Here too his thinking gave rise to another regrettable nationalistic dispute. His
3417:. In medicine, he exhorted the physicians of his timeâwith some resultsâto ground their theories in detailed comparative observations and verified experiments, and to distinguish firmly scientific and metaphysical points of view.
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In 1677, Leibniz called for a European confederation, governed by a council or senate, whose members would represent entire nations and would be free to vote their consciences; this is sometimes considered an anticipation of the
1436:). Leibniz earned his license to practice law and his Doctorate in Law in November 1666. He next declined the offer of an academic appointment at Altdorf, saying that "my thoughts were turned in an entirely different direction".
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of space and time, against Newton's substantivalist views. According to Newton's substantivalism, space and time are entities in their own right, existing independently of things. Leibniz's relationalism, in contrast, describes
2914:(differential and integral calculus). According to Leibniz's notebooks, a critical breakthrough occurred on 11 November 1675, when he employed integral calculus for the first time to find the area under the graph of a function
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between May 1688 and February 1689, where he did much legal and diplomatic work for the Brunswicks. He visited mines, talked with mine engineers, and tried to negotiate export contracts for lead from the ducal mines in the
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Leibniz's writings are currently discussed, not only for their anticipations and possible discoveries not yet recognized, but as ways of advancing present knowledge. Much of his writing on physics is included in Gerhardt's
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that Leibnizianism was superior to Newtonianism, and his ideas would have dominated over Newton's had it not been for the poor technological tools of the time; Joseph Agassi argues that Leibniz paved the way for Einstein's
3914:, views invoked in support of liberalism, in 18th-century America and later elsewhere. The following excerpt from a 1695 letter to Baron J. C. Boyneburg's son Philipp is very revealing of Leibniz's political sentiments:
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was implicit in trigonometric and logarithmic tables, which existed in his day, Leibniz was the first, in 1692 and 1694, to employ it explicitly, to denote any of several geometric concepts derived from a curve, such as
1370:), arguing for both a theoretical and a pedagogical relationship between philosophy and law. After one year of legal studies, he was awarded his bachelor's degree in Law on 28 September 1665. His dissertation was titled
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Leibniz asserted that the truths of theology (religion) and philosophy cannot contradict each other, since reason and faith are both "gifts of God" so that their conflict would imply God contending against himself. The
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with one another." This idea refers to the mind-body problem, stating that the mind and brain do not act upon each other, but act alongside each other separately but in harmony. Leibniz, however, did not use the term
4563:, Honor given since 1997 by the Hannover Press Club to personalities or institutions âwho have drawn attention to themselves through an outstanding performance or have made a special mark through their lifeâs work.â
262:
3738:. Couturat reported finding an unpublished note by Leibniz, dated 1674, describing a machine capable of performing some algebraic operations. Leibniz also devised a (now reproduced) cipher machine, recovered by
3620:. He worked to set up a coherent medical training program, oriented towards public health and preventive measures. In economic policy, he proposed tax reforms and a national insurance program, and discussed the
4752:
cover almost all of his known writings and the letters from him and to him. The amount, variety, and disorder of Leibniz's writings are a predictable result of a situation he described in a letter as follows:
2425:
It is obvious that if we could find characters or signs suited for expressing all our thoughts as clearly and as exactly as arithmetic expresses numbers or geometry expresses lines, we could do in all matters
1662:
Leibniz began promoting a project to use windmills to improve the mining operations in the Harz Mountains. This project did little to improve mining operations and was shut down by Duke Ernst August in 1685.
10450:
4508:, one of the largest regional and academic libraries in Germany and, alongside the Oldenburg State Library and the Herzog August Library in WolfenbĂŒttel, one of the three state libraries in Lower Saxony
9160:
Smith, Daniel W. (2005). Deleuze on Leibniz : Difference, Continuity, and the Calculus. In Stephen H. Daniel (ed.), Current Continental Theory and Modern Philosophy. Northwestern University Press.
2383:
is an example of his skill in this regard. Leibniz's passion for symbols and notation, as well as his belief that these are essential to a well-running logic and mathematics, made him a precursor of
6403:
See Wir IV.6 and Loemker §50. Also see a curious passage titled "Leibniz's Philosophical Dream", first published by Bodemann in 1895 and translated on p. 253 of Morris, Mary, ed. and trans., 1934.
5363:
3918:
As for ... the great question of the power of sovereigns and the obedience their peoples owe them, I usually say that it would be good for princes to be persuaded that their people have the
1693:
was quite an honor, especially in light of the meteoric rise in the prestige of that House during Leibniz's association with it. In 1692, the Duke of Brunswick became a hereditary Elector of the
4533:, Association of scientists founded in Berlin in 1993 with the legal form of a registered association; It continues the activities of the Academy of Sciences of the GDR with personnel continuity
4073:âboth cradle Lutherans who converted to Catholicism as adultsâwho did what they could to encourage the reunion of the two faiths, and who warmly welcomed such endeavors by others. (The House of
3974:
announced a review of the legal system and made available a position to support his current law commissioner. Leibniz left Franconia and made for Mainz before even winning the role. On reaching
12352:
7242:
A good introductory discussion of the "characteristic" is Jolley (1995: 226â240). An early, yet still classic, discussion of the "characteristic" and "calculus" is Couturat (1901: chpts. 3, 4).
2046:. "he appropriate nature of each substance brings it about that what happens to one corresponds to what happens to all the others, without, however, their acting upon one another directly." (
7221:
Loemker, however, who translated some of Leibniz's works into English, said that the symbols of chemistry were real characters, so there is disagreement among Leibniz scholars on this point.
6645:
2898:. While most mathematicians defined a straight line as the shortest line between two points, Leibniz believed that this was merely a property of a straight line rather than the definition.
1244:
tradition, notably the assumption that some substantive knowledge of reality can be achieved by reasoning from first principles or prior definitions. The work of Leibniz anticipated modern
2379:
were important for human understanding. He attached so much importance to the development of good notations that he attributed all his discoveries in mathematics to this. His notation for
1945:. After a meticulous study (informed by the 1999 additions to the critical edition) of all of Leibniz's philosophical writings up to 1688, Mercer (2001) disagreed with Couturat's reading.
4465:
has surmised that Leibniz's reputation as a philosopher is now perhaps higher than at any time since he was alive. Analytic and contemporary philosophy continue to invoke his notions of
3979:
legal teaching was not to impress rules as one might train a dog, but to aid the student in discovering their own public reason, evidently impressed von Schönborn as he secured the job.
3858:, and a "community of minds"âintended, among other things, to bring political and religious unity to Europeâcan be seen as distant unwitting anticipations of artificial languages (e.g.,
2975:
2723:. This method for solving systems of linear equations based on determinants was found in 1684 by Leibniz (Cramer published his findings in 1750). Although Gaussian elimination requires
4758:
the same time, I have so many mathematical results, philosophical thoughts, and other literary innovations that should not be allowed to vanish that I often do not know where to begin.
9061:, and binary numbers, see Aiton (1985: 245â248). Leibniz's writings on Chinese civilization are collected and translated in Cook and Rosemont (1994), and discussed in Perkins (2004).
4431:
published an important study of Leibniz, and edited a volume of Leibniz's heretofore unpublished writings, mainly on logic. They made Leibniz somewhat respectable among 20th-century
6320:
For a study of Leibniz's correspondence with Sophia Charlotte, see MacDonald Ross, George, 1990, "Leibniz's Exposition of His System to Queen Sophie Charlotte and Other Ladies." In
3830:. Neither proposal met with success at the time, but something like them became standard practice among English language publishers during the 20th century, under the aegis of the
10494:
3425:
Psychology had been a central interest of Leibniz. He appears to be an "underappreciated pioneer of psychology" He wrote on topics which are now regarded as fields of psychology:
2784:
8778:
Ducalis Saxo-Vinariensis. AdditĂŠ sunt coronidis loco EpistolĂŠ GallicĂŠ amĆbeĂŠ Leibnitii & Pellissonii de Tolerantia Religionum & de controversiis quibusdam Theologicis ...
2430:
all that we can do in arithmetic and geometry. For all investigations which depend on reasoning would be carried out by transposing these characters and by a species of calculus.
18150:
1523:
can be seen as an unwitting, late implementation of Leibniz's plan, after the Eastern hemisphere colonial supremacy in Europe had already passed from the Dutch to the British.
9179:
3024:
1727:. That journal played a key role in advancing his mathematical and scientific reputation, which in turn enhanced his eminence in diplomacy, history, theology, and philosophy.
6720:
For a precis of what Leibniz meant by these and other Principles, see Mercer (2001: 473â484). For a classic discussion of Sufficient Reason and Plenitude, see Lovejoy (1957).
3313:. However, his project went beyond vortex theory, since at its heart there was an attempt to explain one of the most difficult problems in physics, that of the origin of the
13257:
11733:
4176:
Leibniz was perhaps the first major European intellectual to take a close interest in Chinese civilization, which he knew by corresponding with, and reading other works by,
2707:
also discovered determinants independently of Leibniz. His works show calculating the determinants using cofactors. Calculating the determinant using cofactors is named the
9251:
3399:, he was a preformationist, but also proposed that organisms are the outcome of a combination of an infinite number of possible microstructures and of their powers. In the
4488:
In Germany, various important institutions were named after Leibniz. In Hanover in particular, he is the namesake for some of the most important institutions in the town:
4457:(1904â1985) through his translations and his interpretive essays in LeClerc (1973). Leibniz's philosophy was also highly regarded by Gilles Deleuze, who in 1988 published
3677:
2), then revisited that system throughout his career. While Leibniz was examining other cultures to compare his metaphysical views, he encountered an ancient Chinese book
3538:
can be traced back to his theory of small perceptions. Leibniz's ideas regarding music and tonal perception went on to influence the laboratory studies of Wilhelm Wundt.
7822:
Supplementum geometriae dimensoriae, seu generalissima omnium tetragonismorum effectio per motum: similiterque multiplex constructio lineae ex data tangentium conditione
4081:, and involved Leibniz in some theological controversy. He evidently thought that the thoroughgoing application of reason would suffice to heal the breach caused by the
3952:
Cases uses early combinatorics to solve some legal disputes, while the 1666 Dissertation on the Combinatorial Art includes simple legal problems by way of illustration.
10245:
3164:
Although for Leibniz the situs of a sequence of points is completely determined by the distance between them and is altered if those distances are altered, his admirer
21201:
2757:
10507:
5945:
3267:, which posited space as relative, whereas Newton was thoroughly convinced that space was absolute. An important example of Leibniz's mature physical thinking is his
1507:
exhausted, fragmented, and economically backward. Leibniz proposed to protect German-speaking Europe by distracting Louis as follows: France would be invited to take
2679:: "For it is unworthy of excellent men to lose hours like slaves in the labor of calculation which could safely be relegated to anyone else if machines were used."
2117:. He proposes his theory that the universe is made of an infinite number of simple substances known as monads. Monads can also be compared to the corpuscles of the
2356:, can be viewed as a way of making such calculations feasible. Leibniz wrote memoranda that can now be read as groping attempts to get symbolic logicâand thus his
1119:, Germany, that would have served as a guide for many of Europe's largest libraries. Leibniz's contributions to a wide range of subjects were scattered in various
954:
4216:
originates from his perception that Chinese philosophy was similar to his own. The historian E.R. Hughes suggests that Leibniz's ideas of "simple substance" and "
3657:. He even proposed a method for desalinating water. From 1680 to 1685, he struggled to overcome the chronic flooding that afflicted the ducal silver mines in the
3278:
governing them, many of Leibniz's speculative ideas about aspects of nature not reducible to statics and dynamics made little sense. For instance, he anticipated
13197:
8527:
295:
10524:
2339:
Leibniz believed that much of human reasoning could be reduced to calculations of a sort, and that such calculations could resolve many differences of opinion:
3878:
Leibniz emphasized that research was a collaborative endeavor. Hence he warmly advocated the formation of national scientific societies along the lines of the
3090:, criticized these. A recent study argues that Leibnizian calculus was free of contradictions, and was better grounded than Berkeley's empiricist criticisms.
3030:. Leibniz did not publish anything about his calculus until 1684. Leibniz expressed the inverse relation of integration and differentiation, later called the
1612:
as a foreign honorary member, but it was considered that there were already enough foreigners there and so no invitation came. He left Paris in October 1676.
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3767:
an alphabetical author catalog and had also created other cataloging methods that were not implemented. While serving as librarian of the ducal libraries in
2078:
that this best of all possible worlds will contain all possibilities, with our finite experience of eternity giving no reason to dispute nature's perfection.
7903:
Dauben, Joseph W (December 2003). "Mathematics, ideology, and the politics of infinitesimals: mathematical logic and nonstandard analysis in modern China".
21186:
15443:
1777:, writing in the journal of the Royal Society and with Newton's presumed blessing, accused Leibniz of having plagiarised Newton's calculus. Thus began the
90:
7857:; Sherry, David (2012), "Leibniz's Infinitesimals: Their Fictionality, Their Modern Implementations, and Their Foes from Berkeley to Russell and Beyond",
1689:
The population of Hanover was only about 10,000, and its provinciality eventually grated on Leibniz. Nevertheless, to be a major courtier to the House of
1682:. To each of these women he was correspondent, adviser, and friend. In turn, they all approved of Leibniz more than did their spouses and the future king
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2465:
or script. Only in 1676 did he conceive of a kind of "algebra of thought", modeled on and including conventional algebra and its notation. The resulting
5050:. University of Pittsburgh Press. Ariew and Garber 213, Loemker §67, Wiener III.13, Woolhouse and Francks 19. An English translation by Robert Latta is
1495:(unsuccessfully) for the German candidate for the Polish crown. The main force in European geopolitics during Leibniz's adult life was the ambition of
267:
4097:
was an avid student of languages, eagerly latching on to any information about vocabulary and grammar that came his way. In 1710, he applied ideas of
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and the French Académie Royale des Sciences. More specifically, in his correspondence and travels he urged the creation of such societies in Dresden,
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15431:
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9349:
The two chief collections which were issued by the philosopher are the Accessiones historicae (1698â1700) and the Scriptores rerum Brunsvicensium....
6380:
The Early Mathematical Manuscripts of Leibniz: Translated from the Latin Texts Published by Carl Immanuel Gerhardt with Critical and Historical Notes
4462:
3407:, he revealed an amazing transformist intuition, fueled by his study of comparative anatomy and fossils. One of his principal works on this subject,
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1742:
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In 1671, Leibniz began to invent a machine that could execute all four arithmetic operations, gradually improving it over a number of years. This "
2574:
Russell's principal work on Leibniz found that many of Leibniz's most startling philosophical ideas and claims (e.g., that each of the fundamental
6517:
Leibniz on the Trinity and the Incarnation: Reason and Revelation in the Seventeenth Century (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007, pp. xixâxx).
2050:, XIV) A dropped glass shatters because it "knows" it has hit the ground, and not because the impact with the ground "compels" the glass to split.
15699:
4454:
3742:
in 2010. In 1693, Leibniz described a design of a machine which could, in theory, integrate differential equations, which he called "integraph".
3967:
attempted to solve ecumenical disputes through recourse to a combinatorial mode of reasoning he regarded as universal (a mathesis universalis).
2593:
only): For him, "Mary is the mother of John" describes separate qualities of Mary and of John. This view contrasts with the relational logic of
1857:
He was charming, well-mannered, and not without humor and imagination. He had many friends and admirers all over Europe. He was identified as a
21196:
19052:
12357:
11113:
10851:
9765:
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See (in order of difficulty) Jolley (2005: ch. 7), Gregory Brown's chapter in Jolley (1995), Hostler (1975), Connelly (2021), and Riley (1996).
7796:
For an English translation of this paper, see Struik (1969: 271â284), who also translates parts of two other key papers by Leibniz on calculus.
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The collection of manuscript papers of Leibniz at the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Bibliothek â NiedersĂ€chische Landesbibliothek was inscribed on
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11224:
8614:
3649:. He designed wind-driven propellers and water pumps, mining machines to extract ore, hydraulic presses, lamps, submarines, clocks, etc. With
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5051:
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contained in some 200,000 written and printed pages. In 1985 it was reorganized and included in a joint program of German federal and state (
4591:
3719:. Wiener is quoted with "Indeed, the general idea of a computing machine is nothing but a mechanization of Leibniz's Calculus Ratiocinator."
10083:
4315:
and in subsequent memoranda, he advocated reorganizing the Austrian economy, reforming the coinage of much of central Europe, negotiating a
4070:
1593:
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5233:
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1694. "De primae philosophiae Emendatione, et de Notione Substantiae" ("On the Correction of First Philosophy and the Notion of Substance")
3379:
in those countries tended to neglect Leibniz's idea. Leibniz knew of the validity of conservation of momentum. In reality, both energy and
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for experimental results and 770,000 euros for theoretical ones. It was the world's largest prize for scientific achievement prior to the
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21211:
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is still called "Leibniz's law". In addition, the theorem that tells how and when to differentiate under the integral sign is called the
1447:
G. W. von Leibniz." However, no document has ever been found from any contemporary government that stated his appointment to any form of
9343:
4741:. Only in 1895, when Bodemann completed his catalogue of Leibniz's manuscripts and correspondence, did the enormous extent of Leibniz's
2571:
went so far as to claim that Leibniz had developed logic in his unpublished writings to a level which was reached only 200 years later.
1534:
that soon pushed him to making major contributions to both subjects, including discovering his version of the differential and integral
1123:, in tens of thousands of letters and in unpublished manuscripts. He wrote in several languages, primarily in Latin, French and German.
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19483:
18240:
15616:
15421:
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4327:, and creating an imperial research library, official archive, and public insurance fund. He wrote and published an important paper on
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4018:
3573:
8627:
4713:, French and German. During his lifetime, he published many pamphlets and scholarly articles, but only two "philosophical" books, the
4298:
While making his grand tour of European archives to research the Brunswick family history that he never completed, Leibniz stopped in
3683:. Leibniz interpreted a diagram which showed yin and yang and corresponded it to a zero and one. More information can be found in the
3514:(Contributions on the Theory of Sensory Perception) and published a detailed and aspiring monograph on Leibniz. Wundt shaped the term
2327:
The sufficient reason ... is found in a substance which ... is a necessary being bearing the reason for its existence within itself."
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remained Lutheran, because the Duke's children did not follow their father.) These efforts included corresponding with French bishop
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10145:
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3104:, but survived in science and engineering, and even in rigorous mathematics, via the fundamental computational device known as the
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Leibniz published nothing on formal logic in his lifetime; most of what he wrote on the subject consists of working drafts. In his
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4921:
2360:âoff the ground. These writings remained unpublished until the appearance of a selection edited by Carl Immanuel Gerhardt (1859).
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Leibniz's writings on law, ethics, and politics were long overlooked by English-speaking scholars, but this has changed of late.
3094:
2539:
Complex ideas proceed from these simple ideas by a uniform and symmetrical combination, analogous to arithmetical multiplication.
2324:
1916:
1829:, neither organization saw fit to honor his death. His grave went unmarked for more than 50 years. He was, however, eulogized by
1139:
692:
7999:
Ariew and Garber 117, Loemker §46, W II.5. On Leibniz and physics, see the chapter by Garber in Jolley (1995) and Wilson (1989).
4220:" were directly influenced by Confucianism, pointing to the fact that they were conceived during the period when he was reading
3050:
developed supporting theory. The concept became more transparent as developed through Leibniz's formalism and new notation. The
1659:
matters involving the House of Brunswick; the resulting documents form a valuable part of the historical record for the period.
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21111:
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21101:
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15759:
15754:
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11304:
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bear some of the blame for the lingering failure to appreciate and understand Leibniz's ideas. Leibniz had an ardent disciple,
3310:
2300:(imperfection), as a means by which humans can identify and correct their erroneous decisions, and as a contrast to true good.
1851:
1838:
1778:
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10041:
in Just the Arguments: 100 of the Most Important Arguments in Western Philosophy edited by M Bruce & S Barbone. Blackwell.
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products and the number of n-permutations. He also solved systems of linear equations using determinants, which is now called
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21171:
21126:
20044:
19019:
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15023:
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and realised that his own knowledge of mathematics and physics was patchy. With Huygens as his mentor, he began a program of
520:
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Algorithms and Computation: 18th International Symposium, ISAAC 2007, Sendai, Japan, December 17â19, 2007 : proceedings
6789:
3922:
them, and for the people, on the other hand, to be persuaded to obey them passively. I am, however, quite of the opinion of
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by a craftsman working under his supervision. They were not an unambiguous success because they did not fully mechanize the
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The Best of All Possible Worlds: Nicholas Rescher Talks About Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz's "Versatility and Creativity"
1320:, also led to his proficiency in the Latin language, which he achieved by the age of 12. At the age of 13 he composed 300
39:
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20655:
18706:
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15641:
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14124:
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3510:, founder of psychology as a discipline. Wundt used the "⊠nisi intellectu ipse" quotation 1862 on the title page of his
20770:
11344:
6644:, Translated and Edited by Courtney D. Fugate and John Hymers, Bloomsbury, 2013, "Preface of the Third Edition (1750)",
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9180:"Letters from and to Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz within the collection of manuscript papers of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz"
7021:
6711:. Harvard University Press, 1936, Chapter V "Plenitude and Sufficient Reason in Leibniz and Spinoza", pp. 144â182.
2434:
Complex thoughts would be represented by combining characters for simpler thoughts. Leibniz saw that the uniqueness of
1555:
1520:
1135:
961:
8800:
See, for example, Ariew and Garber 19, 94, 111, 193; Riley 1988; Loemker §§2, 7, 20, 29, 44, 59, 62, 65; W I.1, IV.1â3
8571:
1428:
and quickly submitted a thesis, which he had probably been working on earlier in Leipzig. The title of his thesis was
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of the western philosophers of the time who attempted to accommodate Confucian ideas to prevailing European beliefs.
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3137:
1906:
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9956:. Mit Selbstzeugnissen und Bilddokumenten. 4. Auflage. Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg (Rowohlts Monographien, 50481),
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Gottfried Leibniz, "Brevis designatio meditationum de originibus gentium, ductis potissimum ex indicio linguarum",
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2708:
555:
9619:
The Leibniz-De Volder Correspondence: With Selections from the Correspondence Between Leibniz and Johann Bernoulli
3526:. In this way, Leibniz's theory of perception can be viewed as one of many theories leading up to the idea of the
1976:
universities. Leibniz was deeply interested in the new methods and conclusions of Descartes, Huygens, Newton, and
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Davis (2000) discusses Leibniz's prophetic role in the emergence of calculating machines and of formal languages.
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4599:
3413:, unpublished in his lifetime, has recently been published in English for the first time. He worked out a primal
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2939:
2658:
2563:
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Leibniz would on occasion give a rational defense of a specific principle, but more often took them for granted.
2074:. Leibniz believed that the best of all possible worlds would actualize every genuine possibility, and argued in
95:
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have jointly published 57 volumes of the critical edition, with an average of 870 pages, and prepared index and
4654:, published in 1759. Leibniz was lampooned as Professor Pangloss, described as "the greatest philosopher of the
4439:
philosophers in the English-speaking world (Leibniz had already been of great influence to many Germans such as
3971:
2894:
to 8 decimal places. Leibniz attempted to create a definition for a straight line while attempting to prove the
2661:). In the 18th century, "function" lost these geometrical associations. Leibniz was also one of the pioneers in
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2037:
1476:
682:
636:
213:
11249:
8617:(commentary, pp. 60â61), translated by Pierre Beaudry, amatterofmind.org, Leesburg, Va., September 2000. (pdf)
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Leibniz may have been the first computer scientist and information theorist. Early in life, he documented the
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Connelly, Stephen, 2021. ââLeibniz: A Contribution to the Archaeology of Powerââ, Edinburgh University Press
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3910:, or for tyranny in any form, neither did he echo the political and constitutional views of his contemporary
3039:
2865:{\displaystyle 1\,-\,{\frac {1}{3}}\,+\,{\frac {1}{5}}\,-\,{\frac {1}{7}}\,+\,\cdots \,=\,{\frac {\pi }{4}}.}
2040:. "There must be a sufficient reason for anything to exist, for any event to occur, for any truth to obtain."
1410:
1352:
1331:
In April 1661 he enrolled in his father's former university at age 14. There he was guided, among others, by
982:
323:
175:
11390:
9308:
7414:
4981:
1703. "Explication de l'Arithmétique Binaire" ("Explanation of Binary Arithmetic"); Carl Immanuel Gerhardt,
4105:
to linguistics in a short essay. He refuted the belief, widely held by Christian scholars of the time, that
1475:. He knew fairly little about the subject at that time but presented himself as deeply learned. He soon met
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9205:
7671:
The Good Life in the Scientific Revolution : Descartes, Pascal, Leibniz, and the Cultivation of Virtue
7287:
4618:
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3105:
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in Paris, which had admitted him as a foreign member in 1700. The eulogy was composed at the behest of the
1826:
1706:
1577:
1286:
15548:
10455:
8369:
Ares, J.; Lara, J.; Lizcano, D.; MartĂnez, M. (2017). "Who Discovered the Binary System and Arithmetic?".
5482:
5022:; Farrer, A. M., and Huggard, E. M., trans., 1985 (1952). Wiener III.11 (part). An English translation is
4069:
churches. In this respect, he followed the example of his early patrons, Baron von Boyneburg and the Duke
3645:, he urged that theory be combined with practical application, and thus has been claimed as the father of
3243:
Leibniz contributed a fair amount to the statics and dynamics emerging around him, often disagreeing with
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18001:
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15684:
15533:
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14482:
13899:
13805:
13715:
13237:
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11446:
11294:
10608:
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8516:(2nd edition with revisions and two additional chapters), The MIT Press and Wiley, New York, 1961, p. 12.
5250:
5063:
4927:
Oct. 1684. "Meditationes de cognitione, veritate et ideis" ("Meditations on Knowledge, Truth, and Ideas")
4493:
4413:
4195:
4186:
in the first year of its publication. He came to the conclusion that Europeans could learn much from the
3850:
3534:, who is credited with originally coining the term UnbewuĂtseyn (unconscious). Additionally, the idea of
2413:
2248:
2232:
1956:
Unlike Descartes and Spinoza, Leibniz had a university education in philosophy. He was influenced by his
1671:
1257:
1201:
803:
664:
495:
9939:
Wilhelm Wundt (1832â1920). Introduction, Quotations, Reception, Commentaries, Attempts at Reconstruction
6057:
were produced as requested for the habilitation procedure; it was reprinted without his consent in 1690.
4671:. Stephenson credits readings and discussions concerning Leibniz for inspiring him to write the series.
3097:
with John Keill, Newton and others, over whether Leibniz had invented calculus independently of Newton.
1443:
Leibniz". Many posthumously published editions of his writings presented his name on the title page as "
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15898:
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13423:
13342:
12808:
12423:
12214:
11881:
11491:
11416:
11354:
11219:
10629:
10436:
10192:
9743:
9694:
9107:
8205:"The influence of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz on the Psychology, philosophy, and Ethics of Wilhelm Wundt"
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3329:
2473:(geometry of situation), a universal concept language, and more. What Leibniz actually intended by his
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2002:
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1679:
1609:
1348:
505:
19807:
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The influence of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz on the Psychology, Philosophy, and Ethics of Wilhelm Wundt.
9347:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 828â901, see page 899, para two.
8272:
Klempe, SH (2011). "The role of tone sensation and musical stimuli in early experimental psychology".
7365:
Automated Deduction â CADE 25: Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Automated Deduction
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2992:
2364:
published a selection in 1901; by this time the main developments of modern logic had been created by
1980:, but the established philosophical ideas in which he was educated influenced his view of their work.
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19797:
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18903:
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18548:
18275:
17875:
17782:
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15284:
14412:
14337:
14119:
14040:
13841:
13833:
13730:
13575:
13078:
12533:
12388:
11143:
11064:
9379:
Der Briefwechsel des Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in der Königlichen öffentlichen Bibliothek zu Hannover
7484:
The Good Life in the Scientific Revolution: Descartes, Pascal, Leibniz, and the Cultivation of Virtue
7415:"Leibniz on the Foundations of the Calculus: The Question of the Reality of Infinitesimal Magnitudes"
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4607:
3688:
2621:
2533:
2418:
1798:
1683:
1504:
717:
657:
607:
540:
14745:
9732:
Philosophische Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Aus dem Jahr 1856
7129:
6239:
5458:, Oxford University Press, 2017, p. 207 n. 25: "Leibniz's conceptualism the Ockhamist tradition..."
4540:
4481:
has revealed more clearly the 17th-century "Intellectual Revolution" that preceded the better-known
1812:
and met Leibniz, who took interest in Russian matters since 1708 and was appointed advisor in 1711.
246:
Disputatio Inauguralis de Casibus Perplexis in Jure (Inaugural Disputation on Ambiguous Legal Cases)
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18200:
17126:
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16571:
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16265:
15782:
15689:
15453:
15224:
14772:
14511:
14310:
14002:
13914:
13810:
13775:
13535:
13352:
13287:
12143:
11476:
11441:
11010:
10749:
10398:
9859:(1974). "Differentials, higher-order differentials and the derivative in the Leibnizian calculus".
8971:, eds. Tullio De Mauro & Lia Formigari (AmsterdamâPhiladelphia: John Benjamins, 1990), 119â134.
5989:
5356:
5337:
5083:
4857:
4248:
4007:
3708:
3562:
3442:
3368:
2462:
1887:
1866:
20:
8498:
Lande, Daniel. "Development of the Binary Number System and the Foundations of Computer Science".
7776:
6298:
On the encounter between Newton and Leibniz and a review of the evidence, see Alfred Rupert Hall,
4947:; Martin and Brown (1988), Ariew and Garber 35, Loemker §35, Wiener III.3, Woolhouse and Francks 1
3156:. There are two takes on this situation. On the one hand, Mates, citing a 1954 paper in German by
2772:
2005:. Two distinct things cannot have all their properties in common. If every predicate possessed by
1526:
Thus Leibniz went to Paris in 1672. Soon after arriving, he met Dutch physicist and mathematician
550:
20675:
20595:
20012:
19601:
19512:
18861:
18686:
17845:
17772:
17627:
17323:
17038:
16978:
16970:
16667:
16662:
16449:
16434:
16299:
15219:
14891:
14394:
13982:
13815:
13691:
13625:
13447:
13217:
13147:
13028:
12813:
12493:
12072:
11697:
11674:
11639:
11421:
11385:
11309:
11244:
10722:
10673:
10619:
10585:
10388:
9819:
9679:
Lovejoy, Arthur O., 1957 (1936). "Plenitude and Sufficient Reason in Leibniz and Spinoza" in his
8682:
7419:
6418:"Christian Mathematicians â Leibniz â God & Math â Thinking Christianly About Math Education"
4868:
The year given is usually that in which the work was completed, not of its eventual publication.
4502:, Institution for academic and non-academic training and further education in the business sector
4252:
4217:
4011:
3935:. He believed that Europe would adopt a uniform religion. He reiterated these proposals in 1715.
3612:
In public health, he advocated establishing a medical administrative authority, with powers over
3566:
3454:
3208:
2500:
Leibniz has been noted as one of the most important logicians between the times of Aristotle and
2189:
2058:
2043:
1405:
1312:
734:
500:
158:
154:
20409:
5658:
5487:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
4377:, whose dogmatic and facile outlook did Leibniz's reputation much harm. Leibniz also influenced
1782:
Leibniz, pointing to important differences between Leibniz's and Newton's versions of calculus.
20002:
19982:
19832:
19502:
19130:
18938:
18933:
18841:
18091:
17935:
17870:
17532:
16920:
16739:
16356:
16351:
16060:
15808:
15674:
15347:
15229:
15050:
14998:
14804:
14782:
14650:
13929:
13849:
13089:
12983:
12963:
12840:
12768:
12713:
12636:
12418:
12245:
11989:
11891:
11848:
11707:
11588:
10995:
10940:
10678:
10624:
9333:
7645:
5551:
5255:
4082:
4057:
Leibniz devoted considerable intellectual and diplomatic effort to what would now be called an
3815:
3234:
3133:
2633:
2551:
2548:
2517:
2396:
2365:
2236:
2071:
2065:
1992:
1702:
1701:
designated the Electress Sophia and her descent as the royal family of England, once both King
1698:
1197:
1170:
1029:
702:
601:
515:
480:
19869:
10290:
8154:
The German scholar Johann Thomas Freigius was the first to use this Latin term 1574 in print:
8081:
Gottfried W. Leibniz (transl. and ed., by Leroy E. Loemker). Dordrecht: Riedel (2nd ed. 1969).
7095:
6764:
6680:
6182:
5868:
5807:
2726:
21246:
21116:
20156:
20111:
19922:
19517:
18923:
18913:
18851:
18801:
18775:
18681:
18676:
18563:
18538:
18413:
18066:
18046:
17981:
17865:
17647:
17455:
17410:
17348:
17338:
16677:
16541:
16386:
16376:
16361:
16309:
15608:
15473:
15332:
15244:
14901:
14836:
14809:
14799:
14720:
14708:
14693:
14665:
14448:
14030:
14007:
13987:
13869:
13740:
13680:
13416:
13277:
13187:
13058:
12748:
12693:
12688:
12646:
12574:
12508:
12438:
12331:
12114:
11774:
11560:
11499:
11395:
10906:
10654:
10601:
10440:
9967:
9794:
7038:
Discourse on Metaphysics. The Rationalists: Rene Descartes â Discourse on Method, Meditations
6151:
5898:
5838:
5245:
4482:
4466:
4436:
4177:
3855:
3763:
3704:
3670:
3121:
3059:
3055:
2555:
2349:
2118:
1830:
1759:
1745:
commissioned Leibniz to write a history of the House of Brunswick, going back to the time of
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1112:
1025:
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525:
131:
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5023:
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1690:
1597:
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20314:
20121:
19962:
19889:
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19527:
19061:
18958:
18691:
18230:
18140:
17939:
17900:
17632:
17445:
16890:
16822:
16765:
16749:
16734:
16714:
16672:
16546:
16391:
16381:
16366:
16331:
16326:
16294:
15289:
14908:
14755:
14367:
14213:
13939:
13924:
13385:
13322:
12783:
12758:
12683:
12381:
12173:
12168:
12039:
11899:
11861:
11812:
11456:
11426:
11254:
10969:
10860:
10739:
10667:
9984:
Hamza, Gabor, 2005. "Le développement du droit privé européen". ELTE Eotvos Kiado Budapest.
9645:
8635:
8539:
7367:(Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence: Volume 9195), Berlin: Springer, 2015, pp. 73â97.
6707:
6637:
6624:
5430:
5239:
5208:
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4347:
When Leibniz died, his reputation was in decline. He was remembered for only one book, the
4142:
3629:
3314:
3256:
2696:
2692:
2528:. The principles of Leibniz's logic and, arguably, of his whole philosophy, reduce to two:
2261:
2156:
1862:
1500:
1414:
1383:
1336:
798:
697:
652:
510:
485:
188:
20136:
17088:
13555:
11833:
11712:
2665:, calculating the purchase price of life annuities and the liquidation of a state's debt.
1933:
Leibniz also wrote a short paper, "Primae veritates" ("First Truths"), first published by
1637:, the discoverer of microorganisms. He also spent several days in intense discussion with
1355:
30 May], presenting an early version of monadic substance theory. Leibniz earned his
244:
8:
20855:
20735:
20705:
20625:
20151:
20091:
19412:
19332:
18638:
18468:
18280:
18270:
18120:
18076:
17910:
17687:
17602:
17430:
17131:
17003:
16882:
16551:
16474:
16464:
16341:
16225:
16220:
15309:
15234:
15121:
15078:
14829:
14814:
14645:
14633:
14620:
14580:
14560:
14322:
14305:
14285:
14248:
14197:
14192:
14134:
14071:
14017:
14012:
13992:
13894:
13879:
13874:
13675:
13167:
13003:
12968:
12948:
12903:
12718:
12708:
12678:
12178:
11782:
11466:
11234:
11203:
10519:
Leibniz's binary numeral system, 'De progressione dyadica', 1679, online and analyzed on
10445:
10384:
9270:
7969:
5719:
5213:
4762:
The extant parts of the critical edition of Leibniz's writings are organized as follows:
4523:
4432:
3831:
3696:
3617:
2505:
2479:
2435:
1942:
1892:
1675:
1539:
1496:
1249:
1174:
913:
590:
560:
367:
19899:
12883:
11339:
11314:
8543:
7770:
5732:
2695:, in order to find a solution to the system if it existed. This method was later called
2668:
Leibniz's research into formal logic, also relevant to mathematics, is discussed in the
2288:. God does not arbitrarily inflict pain and suffering on humans; rather he permits both
1988:
Leibniz variously invoked one or another of seven fundamental philosophical Principles:
1965:
20957:
20867:
20862:
20845:
20840:
20309:
19817:
19754:
18991:
18866:
18716:
18387:
18130:
18026:
18021:
17945:
17920:
17722:
17707:
17672:
17420:
17378:
17288:
17253:
17028:
16993:
16895:
16837:
16799:
16794:
16630:
16620:
16424:
16396:
16346:
16137:
16097:
15848:
15803:
15398:
15373:
15204:
15157:
15098:
15063:
15058:
15038:
15033:
15028:
14993:
14940:
14923:
14824:
14698:
14683:
14628:
14595:
14258:
14187:
14144:
13670:
13460:
13357:
13347:
13117:
13107:
12611:
12523:
12362:
12250:
11792:
11654:
11644:
11629:
11619:
11573:
11461:
11284:
11005:
10488:
10470:
10211:
Philosophiegeschichte und Logische Analyse / Logical Analysis and History of Philosophy
10005:
9876:
9690:
9088:
9040:
8858:
8775:
8757:
8723:
8563:
8551:
8480:
8404:
8351:
7928:
7886:
7868:
7432:
7323:
Philosophiegeschichte und logische Analyse / Logical Analysis and History of Philosophy
6972:
6855:
6227:
6085:
5685:
5144:
4312:
4213:
4191:
4147:
4115:
3956:
3863:
3827:
3735:
3535:
3303:
3299:
3125:
2895:
2594:
2578:
mirrors the whole universe) follow logically from Leibniz's conscious choice to reject
2575:
2353:
2108:
1710:
1655:
library. He thenceforth employed his pen on all the various political, historical, and
1527:
1356:
1077:
873:
828:
808:
439:
301:
236:
168:
124:
102:
20299:
17183:
17136:
11764:
10933:
10161:
9988:
Hoeflich, M. H. (1986). "Law & Geometry: Legal Science from Leibniz to Langdell".
9407:
8145:
Larry M. Jorgensen, The Principle of Continuity and Leibniz's Theory of Consciousness.
7536:
7387:
2759:
arithmetic operations, linear algebra textbooks still teach cofactor expansion before
2711:. Finding the determinant of a matrix using this method proves impractical with large
2532:
All our ideas are compounded from a very small number of simple ideas, which form the
2443:
1920:, but upon learning of Locke's 1704 death, lost the desire to publish it, so that the
21005:
20969:
20952:
20830:
20775:
20615:
20404:
20066:
19992:
19967:
19769:
19571:
18928:
18785:
18403:
18096:
18016:
17855:
17737:
17480:
17476:
17358:
17343:
17013:
16960:
16940:
16842:
16832:
16759:
16588:
16578:
16371:
16159:
16079:
15968:
15853:
15538:
15362:
15294:
15116:
15093:
14967:
14960:
14863:
14678:
14570:
14472:
14443:
14438:
14428:
14362:
14290:
14175:
13919:
13397:
13127:
13043:
12998:
12584:
12553:
12285:
12275:
12260:
11997:
11802:
11797:
11759:
11749:
11598:
11514:
11509:
11451:
11299:
11289:
11054:
10911:
10710:
10639:
10240:
10099:
10054:
10047:
9957:
9942:
9934:
9925:
9895:
9880:
9833:
9823:
9759:
9092:
8989:
8862:
8662:
8555:
8484:
8472:
8396:
8289:
7932:
7920:
7890:
7749:
7724:
7699:
7674:
7649:
7638:
7616:
7591:
7567:
7542:
7512:
7487:
7462:
7436:
7393:
7101:
7017:
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6906:
6881:
6795:
6768:
6757:
6735:
6669:
6494:
6465:
6436:
6384:
6357:
6279:
6188:
6143:
6042:
Leibniz' Weg ins perspektivische Universum: Eine Harmonie im Zeitalter der Berechnung
5951:
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5857:
5827:
5796:
5769:
5695:
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5600:
5575:
5200:
5158:
5138:
5027:
4667:
4655:
4409:
4123:
4102:
3975:
3947:
Leibniz trained as a legal academic, but under the tutelage of Cartesian-sympathiser
3903:
3823:
3414:
3290:
3275:
3182:
3157:
3129:
3124:
can be seen as a belated vindication of Leibniz's mathematical reasoning. Robinson's
2662:
2654:
2598:
2421:
in which each fundamental concept would be represented by a unique "real" character:
2400:
2053:
1805:
1730:
1694:
1667:
1512:
1282:
1209:
1154:
1134:. As a mathematician, his major achievement was the development of the main ideas of
947:
928:
908:
833:
818:
767:
707:
641:
545:
443:
218:
19884:
18498:
16983:
13500:
12888:
11838:
11259:
10152:
Schulte-Albert, H. G. (1971). Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Library Classification.
8567:
8408:
4339:
3745:
Leibniz was groping towards hardware and software concepts worked out much later by
2304:
spontaneity" that provides individuals with an escape from rigorous predestination.
1229:
20945:
20835:
20765:
20535:
20454:
20449:
20374:
20349:
20294:
20284:
20274:
20244:
20224:
20214:
20081:
20076:
20034:
19977:
19774:
19457:
19452:
19427:
19372:
19347:
18770:
18763:
18728:
18696:
18518:
18160:
18071:
17895:
17890:
17692:
17383:
17246:
17216:
17206:
17201:
17098:
17083:
16729:
16625:
16459:
16279:
16250:
16189:
16127:
15953:
15938:
15883:
15666:
15496:
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13008:
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2543:
The formal logic that emerged early in the 20th century also requires, at minimum,
2328:
2135:
2023:
1969:
1643:
1565:
1516:
1304:. His father died when he was six years old, and Leibniz was raised by his mother.
1101:
619:
585:
257:
208:
106:
20439:
18711:
13770:
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8866:
8130:
7769:
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm Freiherr von; Gerhardt, Carl Immanuel (trans.) (1920).
6957:
6940:
5390:
There is no complete gathering of the writings of Leibniz translated into English.
4449:, meaning interchangeability without loss of or compromising the truth, recurs in
2672:. The best overview of Leibniz's writings on calculus may be found in Bos (1974).
1601:
was forthcoming in Paris, whose intellectual stimulation he relished, or with the
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20359:
20329:
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19591:
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17390:
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17263:
17236:
17173:
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17153:
17078:
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16804:
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16230:
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16003:
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15928:
15903:
15893:
15868:
15858:
15813:
15558:
15543:
15327:
15182:
15162:
15131:
15108:
15088:
14982:
14638:
14585:
14223:
14165:
13889:
13755:
13750:
13645:
13600:
13480:
13137:
13068:
13053:
12973:
12953:
12928:
12738:
12548:
12483:
12295:
12280:
12119:
11807:
11692:
11568:
11530:
11349:
11193:
11188:
10990:
10896:
10528:
10511:
10484:
10462:
10294:
10275:
10199:
9809:
9683:. Harvard University Press: 144â182. Reprinted in Frankfurt, H. G., (ed.), 1972.
9527:
7916:
7805:
7356:
7314:
7298:
7233:, 1677. Revision of Rutherford's translation in Jolley 1995: 234. Also Wiener I.4
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6663:
6506:
nature, for Leibniz, were not simply two different "labels" for the same "thing".
5881:
5851:
5821:
5790:
5739:
5377:
5369:
4990:
4662:
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4401:
4106:
3919:
3835:
3776:
3746:
3646:
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3395:
By proposing that the earth has a molten core, he anticipated modern geology. In
3279:
3203:
3077:
2688:
2617:
2606:
2495:
2281:
2269:
1961:
1896:
1723:
1634:
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1543:
1332:
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1285:(1597â1652) and Catharina Schmuck (1621â1664). He was baptized two days later at
1120:
1108:
923:
918:
853:
793:
535:
465:
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289:
193:
11856:
10069:
New Essays on Leibniz Reception: In Science and Philosophy of Science 1800-2000.
7318:
6633:
4701:
3772:
2247:
tries to justify the apparent imperfections of the world by claiming that it is
1763:
1629:
calculus from Newton. On the journey from London to Hanover, Leibniz stopped in
1116:
20981:
20882:
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20509:
20384:
20369:
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19407:
19220:
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18618:
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18011:
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17637:
17363:
17353:
17293:
17241:
17178:
17073:
16998:
16955:
16935:
16724:
16600:
16561:
16255:
16245:
16240:
16164:
15983:
15963:
15958:
15948:
15933:
15923:
15468:
15367:
15214:
15167:
15068:
14871:
14477:
14170:
14149:
14064:
13665:
13660:
13650:
13560:
13525:
13515:
13490:
13465:
13455:
13267:
13048:
13038:
12893:
12878:
12823:
12594:
12453:
12336:
12229:
11979:
11929:
11787:
11664:
11659:
11649:
11545:
11471:
11380:
11375:
11198:
11173:
11153:
11138:
11123:
11108:
10769:
10689:
10614:
10236:
10222:
10203:
10084:"Mathesis and Analysis: Finitude and the Infinite in the Monadology of Leibniz"
9915:
9856:
9805:
9659:
7837:
6701:
5260:
5172:
5018:
4934:" ("New method for maximums and minimums"); translated in Struik, D. J., 1969.
4727:, most notably the "De jure suprematum" a major consideration of the nature of
4723:. (He published numerous pamphlets, often anonymous, on behalf of the House of
4719:
4445:
4428:
4383:
4349:
4304:
4169:
4062:
3932:
3867:
3712:
3692:
3658:
3384:
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3260:
2587:
2544:
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2164:
1949:
1934:
1638:
1480:
1359:
in Philosophy on 7 February 1664. In December 1664 he published and defended a
1253:
1233:
878:
677:
624:
613:
118:
110:
17642:
14886:
10271:
9850:
https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691260747/leibniz-in-his-world
8382:
7882:
5921:
Sariel, Aviram. "Diabolic Philosophy." Studia Leibnitiana H. 1 (2019): 99â118.
3964:
3955:
The use of combinatorial methods to solve legal and moral problems seems, via
21015:
20815:
20645:
20555:
20504:
20474:
20464:
20394:
20389:
20379:
20239:
20229:
20219:
20194:
20061:
20039:
19957:
19864:
19837:
19822:
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18953:
18878:
18831:
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18643:
18598:
18593:
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18533:
18513:
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17333:
17258:
17141:
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17033:
16988:
16199:
16013:
16008:
15908:
15342:
15197:
15083:
14787:
14762:
14327:
14268:
13780:
13720:
13685:
13620:
13595:
13590:
13550:
13520:
13337:
13063:
13013:
12978:
12958:
12938:
12503:
12095:
12007:
11964:
11934:
11914:
11578:
11504:
11431:
11334:
11264:
11178:
11133:
11118:
11015:
10964:
10644:
10634:
9738:
9372:
Die Leibniz-Handschriften der Königlichen öffentlichen Bibliothek zu Hannover
9338:
8854:
8839:"Are Humanism and Mixed Methods Related? Leibniz's Universal (Chinese) Dream"
8791:
On Leibniz's projects for scientific societies, see Couturat (1901), App. IV.
8476:
8440:
8423:
8119:, Vol. V. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, 2003, pp. 1â17.
7924:
7360:
5714:
Palumbo, Margherita, 'Leibniz as Librarian', in Maria Rosa Antognazza (ed.),
5692:
4682:
4630:
4450:
4405:
4205:
3948:
3879:
3727:
3531:
3519:
3507:
3450:
3430:
3400:
3066:
2930:
2704:
2609:. Notably, Leibniz also declared space and time to be inherently relational.
2501:
2483:
2439:
2369:
1996:
1581:
1551:
1241:
1178:
990:
729:
580:
570:
383:
283:
198:
10816:
10536:
10404:
9553:
The Labyrinth of the Continuum: Writings on the Continuum Problem, 1672â1686
7696:
The Universal Computer : The Road from Leibniz to Turing, Third Edition
6592:
See Jolley (1995: 129â131), Woolhouse and Francks (1998), and Mercer (2001).
6491:
Controversy in Marketing Theory: For Reason, Realism, Truth, and Objectivity
5510:
3238:
20795:
20479:
20469:
20459:
20324:
20319:
20259:
20234:
20204:
20199:
20106:
20101:
19947:
19827:
19561:
19497:
19367:
19357:
19352:
19271:
19261:
19205:
19095:
18908:
18898:
18893:
18856:
18806:
18603:
18583:
18573:
18503:
18423:
18041:
18036:
17991:
17950:
17860:
17762:
17717:
17712:
17682:
17667:
17662:
17278:
17268:
17231:
17221:
17211:
17103:
17018:
16950:
16847:
16511:
16235:
16184:
15978:
15918:
15913:
15878:
15843:
15828:
15352:
15322:
15187:
14750:
14317:
14139:
13864:
13795:
13640:
13510:
13495:
13439:
13317:
13083:
13018:
12908:
12818:
12668:
12538:
12448:
12428:
12270:
12255:
12017:
12012:
11959:
11949:
11924:
11904:
11624:
11593:
11540:
11535:
11319:
11229:
11168:
11148:
11035:
10959:
10424:, the exchanges with Bayle, Arnauld and Clarke, and about 15 shorter works.
10106:
9288:
9252:"Sunday's Google Doodle Celebrates Mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz"
9023:
Mungello, David E. (1971). "Leibniz's Interpretation of Neo-Confucianism".
8559:
8468:
8400:
8391:
8293:
7854:
5751:
4396:
4308:
4187:
3886:, Vienna, and Berlin. Only one such project came to fruition; in 1700, the
3750:
3654:
3613:
3515:
3471:
3404:
3248:
3113:
3069:
in developing calculus, manipulating them in ways suggesting that they had
3051:
3047:
3043:
2907:
2700:
2482:, where computation was used to define equivalent universal languages (see
1977:
1790:
1767:
1666:
Among the few people in north Germany to accept Leibniz were the Electress
1392:
1360:
1325:
1182:
1143:
1009:
848:
712:
575:
423:
371:
363:
9752:
9084:
8334:
Ryan, James A. (1996). "Leibniz' Binary System and Shao Yong's "Yijing"".
8092:
Contributions to the history of psychology: III. G. W. Leibniz (1646â1716)
3100:
The use of infinitesimals in mathematics was frowned upon by followers of
2675:
Leibniz, who invented one of the earliest mechanical calculators, said of
1554:, unpublished as well as published. He befriended a German mathematician,
1546:, the leading French philosophers of the day, and studied the writings of
1146:'s contemporaneous developments. Mathematicians have consistently favored
20494:
20489:
20424:
20419:
20269:
20141:
20096:
20086:
19879:
19874:
19812:
19749:
19532:
19507:
19432:
19392:
19362:
19337:
19317:
19296:
19276:
19256:
19246:
19215:
19080:
18974:
18948:
18758:
18671:
18648:
18623:
18608:
18508:
18483:
18458:
18453:
18285:
18250:
18170:
17996:
17787:
17727:
17612:
17597:
17501:
17298:
17283:
17163:
17158:
16704:
16637:
16556:
16521:
16501:
16169:
16029:
16018:
15988:
15823:
15818:
15569:
14600:
14542:
14352:
14347:
14300:
13944:
13800:
13790:
13735:
13710:
13655:
13630:
13615:
13585:
13565:
13540:
13470:
13073:
12993:
12923:
12873:
12651:
12579:
12558:
12513:
12478:
12433:
12404:
12224:
12130:
11969:
11754:
11550:
11324:
11163:
11042:
11025:
11020:
10705:
8605:(Pittsburgh, University Library Systems, University of Pittsburgh, 2012).
7428:
5623:(in German) (1st ed.). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG.
5038:
5006:
Langley translation 1896. Cambridge University Press. Wiener III.6 (part)
4728:
4424:
4094:
3716:
3650:
3625:
3082:
2676:
2509:
2277:
2273:
2104:
1973:
1938:
1930:, composed in 1714 and published posthumously, consists of 90 aphorisms.
1891:, which he composed in 1686 as a commentary on a running dispute between
1809:
1746:
1718:
1656:
1561:
1400:
1237:
1127:
1097:
1017:
994:
933:
470:
399:
387:
379:
339:
183:
18578:
16090:
10984:
9071:
Cook, Daniel (2015). "Leibniz, China, and the Problem of Pagan Wisdom".
8761:
8745:
8727:
8711:
7156:""Let us Calculate!": Leibniz, Llull, and the Computational Imagination"
6791:
Einstein's Space-Time: An Introduction to Special and General Relativity
4506:
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Bibliothek â NiedersĂ€chsische Landesbibliothek
2453:
Because Leibniz was a mathematical novice when he first wrote about the
20993:
20877:
20685:
20585:
20434:
20354:
20126:
20017:
19859:
19802:
19779:
19744:
19693:
19683:
19651:
19596:
19422:
19402:
19327:
19291:
19195:
19180:
19105:
19030:
18811:
18733:
18633:
18553:
18523:
18478:
18290:
18081:
17925:
17880:
17757:
17732:
17657:
17592:
17226:
17023:
16945:
16930:
16719:
16689:
16652:
16610:
16605:
16536:
16174:
15998:
15993:
15863:
15317:
15249:
15003:
14876:
14740:
14730:
14673:
14295:
14263:
14228:
13954:
13934:
13785:
13760:
13725:
13580:
13545:
13530:
13505:
13475:
13207:
12933:
12898:
12848:
12733:
12631:
12518:
12443:
12109:
11974:
11954:
11939:
11909:
11158:
11069:
10926:
10901:
10891:
10829:
10779:
9872:
9044:
8355:
8285:
7859:
7050:
6859:
6835:
6324:, ed. H. Poser and A. Heinekamp, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1990, 61â69.
5574:(in German) (7th ed.). Mannheim: Bibliographisches Institut GmbH.
5186:
4738:
4391:
Leibniz's reputation began to recover with the 1765 publication of the
4378:
4365:
4098:
3911:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3446:
3396:
2334:
2147:
2113:
2096:
2090:
1926:
1911:
1858:
1797:. On the death of Queen Anne in 1714, Elector George Louis became King
1774:
1531:
1321:
1189:
1093:
1073:
1033:
1021:
893:
843:
838:
565:
490:
375:
359:
20976:
10354:
10009:
9567:
Confessio Philosophi: Papers Concerning the Problem of Evil, 1671â1678
9388:, Paris: Alcan, 1937 (anastatic reprint Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1966).
9332:
8167:
Leibniz, Nouveaux essais, 1765, Livre II, Des Idées, Chapitre 1, § 6.
5718:, Oxford Handbooks (2018; online edn, Oxford Academic, 28 Jan. 2013),
5166:
5002:. Translated in: Remnant, Peter, and Bennett, Jonathan, trans., 1996.
4845:
4514:, Society for the cultivation and dissemination of Leibniz's teachings
2450:
way to number any set of elementary concepts using the prime numbers.
1999:. If a proposition is true, then its negation is false and vice versa.
1624:
Portrait of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Public Library of Hanover, 1703
20575:
20514:
20071:
19714:
19641:
19626:
19547:
19467:
19462:
19387:
19342:
19322:
19301:
19286:
19266:
19251:
19115:
19075:
18883:
18816:
18780:
18443:
18408:
18356:
18322:
18031:
17971:
17850:
17830:
17582:
17577:
17557:
17368:
17093:
16915:
16744:
16709:
16694:
16657:
16074:
15833:
15511:
15259:
15254:
14565:
14357:
14218:
14129:
13909:
13367:
13332:
13312:
12858:
12743:
12673:
12626:
12589:
12528:
12458:
12290:
11000:
10921:
10135:
Leibniz's Universal Jurisprudence: Justice as the Charity of the Wise
9400:
Leibniz-Bibliographie. Die Literatur ĂŒber Leibniz. Band II: 1981â1990
7136:(Winter 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
6871:
6869:
5090:
4749:
4328:
4316:
4058:
3859:
3842:
3500:
3496:
3426:
3409:
3372:
3325:
3244:
3190:
for one moment its hero attached importance to geometric scaling. In
3112:
worked out a rigorous foundation for Leibniz's infinitesimals, using
2929:. He introduced several notations used to this day, for instance the
2525:
2408:
2404:
2384:
2285:
2208:
2193:
2122:
are subject to only creation and annihilation. Monads are centers of
1964:, who also supervised his BA thesis in philosophy. Leibniz also read
1751:
1641:, who had just completed, but had not published, his masterwork, the
1630:
1547:
1472:
1274:
1057:
998:
888:
823:
813:
754:
687:
411:
407:
395:
391:
9730:, 1857, "Ăber Leibnizens Entwurf einer allgemeinen Charakteristik,"
9036:
8347:
6851:
4644:
One of the earliest popular but indirect expositions of Leibniz was
4307:. His proposal that the streets of Vienna be lit with lamps burning
4237:
3996:
3818:
in ignorance of the only other such system then extant, that of the
3726:" attracted fair attention and was the basis of his election to the
3551:
20850:
20429:
20166:
19759:
19724:
19698:
19678:
19631:
19442:
19397:
19281:
19185:
19175:
19140:
19110:
18295:
17986:
17607:
17567:
17435:
17425:
16910:
16905:
16900:
16852:
16699:
16615:
16583:
16496:
16488:
16179:
16154:
16122:
16117:
15769:
15709:
15506:
15008:
14534:
14278:
13765:
13307:
12868:
12723:
12498:
12463:
11359:
10954:
10947:
10716:
10695:
10413:
10258:
10254:
10001:
9406:
An updated bibliography of more than 25.000 titles is available at
9182:. UNESCO Memory of the World Programme. 16 May 2008. Archived from
6926:
6462:
Owen's Ape & Darwin's Bulldog: Beyond Darwinism and Creationism
4798:
4789:
4743:
4645:
4354:
4324:
4320:
4127:
4066:
3845:
3438:
3380:
3376:
3346:
3153:
2911:
2642:
2638:
2513:
2447:
2391:
2380:
2184:
1899:. This led to an extensive correspondence with Arnauld; it and the
1794:
1620:
1602:
1535:
1448:
1444:
1290:
1213:
1200:, i.e. his conclusion that our world is, in a qualified sense, the
1193:
1169:. While working on adding automatic multiplication and division to
1131:
1085:
1045:
1037:
1013:
1002:
986:
898:
883:
777:
630:
596:
475:
435:
419:
351:
203:
136:
12153:
10369:
10324:
10309:
8182:
Leibniz zu seinem zweihundertjÀhrigen Todestag, 14. November 1916.
7873:
7336:
6866:
6618:
is the Latin translation of the phrase (originally put forward by
4966:
SystĂšme nouveau de la nature et de la communication des substances
3152:, later used in the 19th century to refer to what is now known as
2504:. Leibniz enunciated the principal properties of what we now call
1126:
As a philosopher, he was a leading representative of 17th-century
20988:
20887:
20800:
19688:
19656:
19646:
19417:
19377:
19210:
19135:
19120:
19100:
18826:
18006:
17562:
16684:
16595:
16516:
16506:
16149:
16102:
15357:
14610:
14342:
14273:
13745:
13157:
12863:
12793:
12763:
12728:
12663:
12621:
12606:
12473:
12064:
9624:
Artosi, Alberto, Pieri, Bernardo, Sartor, Giovanni (eds.), 2014.
9312:
9233:"Google Doodle celebrates mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibni"
8615:"The discoveries of principle of the calculus in Acta Eruditorum"
7746:
Leibniz on the Parallel Postulate and the Foundations of Geometry
7721:
Leibniz on the Parallel Postulate and the Foundations of Geometry
6565:
Ariew & Garber, 272â284; Loemker, §§14, 20, 21; Wiener, III.8
5180:
4849:
4841:
4737:, which Leibniz had withheld from publication after the death of
4690:
4686:
4650:
4359:
4200:
4164:
3923:
3768:
3731:
3730:
in 1673. A number of such machines were made during his years in
3679:
3199:
3073:
3070:
2646:
2620:) and the associated metaphysics, are of interest in present-day
2458:
2219:
1957:
1821:
1468:
1307:
Leibniz's father had been a Professor of Moral Philosophy at the
1278:
1224:
1220:
1089:
1081:
1069:
1053:
415:
355:
347:
343:
75:
56:
9837:
7535:
Gowers, Timothy; Barrow-Green, June; Leader, Imre, eds. (2008).
5621:
Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch (German Pronunciation Dictionary)
3715:
suggested that Leibniz should be considered the patron saint of
3624:. He even proposed something akin to what much later emerged as
3298:
as systems of relations that exist between objects. The rise of
2331:
called this question "the fundamental question of metaphysics".
19636:
19437:
19225:
19200:
19190:
19160:
19145:
18943:
18151:
An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language
18086:
16754:
16647:
16526:
15526:
14590:
14180:
13859:
13408:
12753:
12703:
12616:
12488:
11030:
10446:
Philosophical Works of Leibniz translated by G.M. Duncan (1890)
4853:
4614:
4299:
3907:
3434:
2582:
between things as unreal. He regarded such relations as (real)
2521:
2376:
2131:
1786:
1674:(1668â1705), the Queen of Prussia and his avowed disciple, and
1499:, backed by French military and economic might. Meanwhile, the
1217:
1041:
427:
403:
228:
12373:
9633:
Leibniz: The New Method of Learning and Teaching Jurisprudence
9520:
Remnant, Peter, & Bennett, Jonathan, (eds.), 1996 (1981).
8965:"Descent, Perfection and the Comparative Method since Leibniz"
8079:
Introduction to Philosophical papers and letters: A selection.
7530:
7528:
5033:
1714. "Principes de la nature et de la Grùce fondés en raison"
4956:
General Inquiries About the Analysis of Concepts and of Truths
4661:
Leibniz also appears as one of the main historical figures in
2469:
included a logical calculus, some combinatorics, algebra, his
1068:, and other studies. Leibniz also made major contributions to
19666:
19155:
19090:
18588:
17572:
16531:
16084:
14605:
14372:
14087:
13959:
13605:
13258:
Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments
12853:
12803:
10916:
10502:
Leibniz's arithmetical machine, 1710, online and analyzed on
10173:
9612:
Leibniz and the two Sophies. The Philosophical Correspondence
6925:
Rutherford (1998) is a detailed scholarly study of Leibniz's
6276:
The Universal Computer : The Road from Leibniz to Turing
4710:
4638:
4634:
4633:
for 1 July 2018 celebrated Leibniz's 372nd birthday. Using a
3674:
3309:
One of Leibniz's projects was to recast Newton's theory as a
3283:
3165:
2411:, he deemed not real. Instead, he proposed the creation of a
2222:, which represents individual creatures as merely accidental.
2139:
2127:
2123:
1508:
1484:
1317:
1245:
1065:
1061:
431:
9426:
Schrecker, Paul & Schrecker, Anne Martin, (eds.), 1965.
7673:( ed.). Chicago : Univ. of Chicago Press. p. 169.
7206:
Leibniz. Language, Signs and Thought: A Collection of Essays
6941:"The global/local distinction vindicates Leibniz's theodicy"
6662:
Britton, Andrew; Sedgwick, Peter H.; Bock, Burghard (2008).
6642:
Metaphysics: A Critical Translation with Kant's Elucidations
6544:
Later translated as Loemker 267 and Woolhouse and Francks 30
5856:(illustrated ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 172.
2442:
in the universal characteristic, a striking anticipation of
2199:
Monads are purported to have gotten rid of the problematic:
1439:
As an adult, Leibniz often introduced himself as "Gottfried
19661:
19085:
18918:
18846:
16112:
14503:
14332:
12798:
12778:
12773:
12698:
12656:
12641:
10431:
9979:
Philosophers at War: The Quarrel between Newton and Leibniz
9584:
The Shorter Leibniz Texts: A Collection of New Translations
9268:
Stephenson, Neal. "How the Baroque Cycle Began" in P.S. of
8242:
Thinking the Unconscious: Nineteenth-Century German Thought
8111:
R. E. Fancher & H. Schmidt: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz:
7525:
7016:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 20.
6356:(2nd ed.). Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield. p. 1.
6300:
Philosophers at War: The Quarrel Between Newton and Leibniz
5572:
Duden-Aussprachewörterbuch (Duden Pronunciation Dictionary)
5301:
4603:
4485:
and commercial revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries.
4190:
ethical tradition. He mulled over the possibility that the
3042:
is credited for the theorem's discovery in geometric form,
2390:
But Leibniz took his speculations much further. Defining a
2204:
2143:
1802:
1652:
1467:
Leibniz's first position was as a salaried secretary to an
1335:, previously a student of Friedrich. Leibniz completed his
1150:
as the conventional and more exact expression of calculus.
10162:"Legal and political thought of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz"
9393:
Leibniz-Bibliographie. Die Literatur ĂŒber Leibniz bis 1980
9381:, 1889, (anastatic reprint: Hildesheim, Georg Olms, 1966).
9374:, 1895, (anastatic reprint: Hildesheim, Georg Olms, 1966).
7386:
Gowers, Timothy; Barrow-Green, June; Leader, Imre (2008).
6730:
O'Leary-Hawthorne, John; Cover, J. A. (4 September 2008).
6729:
6181:
Benaroya, Haym; Han, Seon Mi; Nagurka, Mark (2 May 2013).
5932:
Leben und Werk von Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: Eine Chronik
5417:
The Mental as Fundamental: New Perspectives on Panpsychism
4882:); partially translated in Loemker §1 and Parkinson (1966)
1345:
Metaphysical Disputation on the Principle of Individuation
19230:
19125:
16194:
10189:
Leibniz's Metaphysics: A Historical and Comparative Study
7406:
6459:
6430:
5768:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
5750:(one of the three Official Libraries of the German state
5310:
3970:
In the late 1660s the enlightened Prince-Bishop of Mainz
1440:
1205:
1049:
1006:
114:
14056:
9532:
Leibniz's 'New System' and Associated Contemporary Texts
8455:
Booth, Michael (2003). "Thomas Harriot's Translations".
7534:
7385:
7212:
series), John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1987, p. 42.
6431:
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (2012). Loptson, Peter (ed.).
4952:
Generales inquisitiones de analysi notionum et veritatum
3128:
is a mathematical implementation of Leibniz's heuristic
1511:
as a stepping stone towards an eventual conquest of the
1381:
In early 1666, at age 19, Leibniz wrote his first book,
1364:
Specimen Quaestionum Philosophicarum ex Jure collectarum
1212:, a view sometimes lampooned by other thinkers, such as
1161:
found a consistent mathematical formulation by means of
13198:
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
9910:
The Universal Computer: The Road from Leibniz to Turing
9506:
Cook, Daniel, & Rosemont, Henry Jr., (eds.), 1994.
9471:
Niall, R. Martin, D. & Brown, Stuart (eds.), 1988.
9413:
8368:
8059:
See Ariew and Garber 155â86, Loemker §§53â55, W II.6â7a
4748:
in recent decades. The more than 67,000 records of the
2138:
are merely phenomenal. He argued, against Newton, that
1395:
thesis in Philosophy, which he defended in March 1666.
1111:
by devising a cataloguing system whilst working at the
8746:"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Library Classification"
8712:"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Library Classification"
7541:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 744.
7392:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 745.
6763:. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. p.
6222:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2017.
6142:, ed. by N. Jolley, Cambridge University Press, 1994,
5720:
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199744725.013.008
5481:
David, Marian (10 July 2022). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
4782:
Mathematical, Scientific, and Technical Correspondence
4363:, which concludes with the character Candide saying, "
3641:
great respect for practical life. Following the motto
2296:(pain and suffering) as the necessary consequences of
1076:, and anticipated notions that surfaced much later in
20929:
9737:
9723:. New York and London: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.
9650:
Leibnizsche Gedanken in der neueren Naturwissenschaft
9496:, (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2013).
9457:
Morris, Mary & Parkinson, G. H. R. (eds.), 1973.
9443:
Mason, H. T. & Parkinson, G. H. R. (eds.), 1967.
7259:, Amsterdam et al.: Elsevier-North-Holland, pp. 1â83.
6824:, Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 25â26.
5431:"Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification"
5325:
5316:
5307:
5070:(1745), a collection of letters between Leibnitz and
4571:
Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities
2995:
2943:
2942:
2787:
2729:
1368:
An Essay of Collected Philosophical Problems of Right
9596:
Cohen, Claudine and Wakefield, Andre, (eds.), 2008.
7590:. V&S Publishers. April 2012. pp. 113â114.
7461:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 8.
6628:, 1st ed., 1751, Chapter III, § 77, p. 27; see also
6087:
Calculus Gems: Brief Lives and Memorable Mathematics
5456:
The Problem of Universals in Early Modern Philosophy
5313:
5304:
5298:
5120:
4891:
A New Method for Learning and Teaching Jurisprudence
4709:
Leibniz mainly wrote in three languages: scholastic
4573:, established in 1906 and awarded previously by the
3775:, Leibniz effectively became one of the founders of
3306:
has put Leibniz's stance in a more favorable light.
3202:
promoted by Mandelbrot drew on Leibniz's notions of
3093:
From 1711 until his death, Leibniz was engaged in a
2977:), representing an elongated S, from the Latin word
2335:
Symbolic thought and rational resolution of disputes
1937:
in 1903 (pp. 518â523) summarizing his views on
1885:
Leibniz dated his beginning as a philosopher to his
10111:
The Philosophy of Leibniz: Metaphysics and Language
9952:Finster, Reinhard & van den Heuvel, Gerd 2000.
9589:Look, Brandon and Rutherford, Donald (eds.), 2007.
9487:
G. W. Leibniz's Monadology. An Edition for Students
8986:
Creators of Mathematical and Computational Sciences
8969:
Leibniz, Humboldt, and the Origins of Comparativism
8683:"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz | Biography & Facts"
8659:
Creators of Mathematical and Computational Sciences
7509:
Creators of Mathematical and Computational Sciences
7097:
Wittgenstein und Heidegger: Die letzten Philosophen
6759:
G. W. Leibniz's Monadology: an edition for students
6661:
6535:
Ariew & Garber, 138; Loemker, §47; Wiener, II.4
5947:
The Philosophy of Leibniz: Metaphysics and Language
5886:. The Facts on File Calculus Handbook. p. 58.
5295:
4887:
Nova Methodus Discendae Docendaeque Iurisprudentiae
4731:.) One substantial book appeared posthumously, his
4592:
Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur Mainz
4311:was implemented. During a formal audience with the
3873:
3274:Until the discovery of subatomic particles and the
1647:. Spinoza died very shortly after Leibniz's visit.
1430:
Disputatio Inauguralis de Casibus Perplexis in Jure
1328:in a single morning for a special event at school.
10118:Leibniz's Metaphysics: Its Origins and Development
10049:Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal
10046:
9744:Leibniz as a Politician: The Adamson Lecture, 1910
9716:
9709:A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz
9676:. Indiana University Press (lecture course, 1928).
9639:
8979:
8977:
8068:On Leibniz and biology, see Loemker (1969a: VIII).
7271:A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz
6813:
6811:
6180:
6084:
5684:
5643:See inscription of the engraving depicted in the "
3018:
2969:
2864:
2751:
2699:. Leibniz laid down the foundations and theory of
1240:. His philosophy also assimilates elements of the
1185:, the first mass-produced mechanical calculator.
21202:People educated at the St. Thomas School, Leipzig
10428:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: Texts and Translations
10382:
10182:Divine Machines. Leibniz and the Sciences of Life
9774:
9537:Woolhouse, R. S., and Francks, R., (eds.), 1998.
8274:Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences
8171:Book 2. p. 36; transl. by Jonathan Bennett, 2009.
7486:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 237â239.
7292:"A Study in the Calculus of Real Addition" (1690)
6138:Ariew R., G.W. Leibniz, life and works, p. 21 in
5792:History of Western Philosophy: Collectors Edition
5428:
4896:1667. "Dialogus de connexione inter res et verba"
4768:Political, Historical, and General Correspondence
4674:Leibniz also stars in Adam Ehrlich Sachs's novel
3046:proved a more generalized geometric version, and
2687:Leibniz arranged the coefficients of a system of
1558:; they corresponded for the rest of their lives.
1479:(1622â1672), the dismissed chief minister of the
21013:
9626:Leibniz: Logico-Philosophical Puzzles in the Law
8628:"The Reality Club: Wake Up Call for Europe Tech"
8132:The Principles of Philosophy known as Monadology
8046:
8044:
7990:Mandelbrot (1977), 419. Quoted in Hirano (1997).
7564:Leibniz's Theory of Elimination and Determinants
7011:
6377:Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm Freiherr von (1920).
5820:Handley, Lindsey D.; Foster, Stephen R. (2020).
4602:, offering an annual award of 1.55 million
4477:. Work in the history of 17th- and 18th-century
3506:Leibniz found his most important interpreter in
2162:Leibniz's proof of God can be summarized in the
1339:in Philosophy in December 1662. He defended his
1236:, was one of the three influential early modern
16:German mathematician and philosopher (1646â1716)
10439:, links and resources edited by Gregory Brown,
9972:The Norton History of the Mathematical Sciences
9546:G. W. Leibniz and Samuel Clarke: Correspondence
9478:Ariew, Roger and Garber, Daniel. (eds.), 1989.
9326:
9324:
9322:
8974:
8905:Connelly, 2018, ch.5; Artosi et al. 2013, pref.
8115:. In: G. A. Kimble & M. Wertheimer (Eds.).
7768:
7257:The Rise of Modern Logic: From Leibniz to Frege
6808:
6553:A VI, 4, n. 324, pp. 1643â1649 with the title:
5618:
5499:Leibniz: Der Philosoph der universalen Harmonie
4831:The systematic cataloguing of all of Leibniz's
4637:, his hand is shown writing "Google" in binary
3181:But Hideaki Hirano argues differently, quoting
1785:In 1712, Leibniz began a two-year residence in
985:21 June] â 14 November 1716) was a German
238:De Arte Combinatoria (On the Combinatorial Art)
10076:The Philosophy of Leibniz and the Modern World
9889:The Young Leibniz and His Philosophy (1646â76)
9501:De Summa Rerum. Metaphysical Papers, 1675â1676
8836:
8743:
8709:
8227:D. Brett King, Wayne Viney and William Woody.
7966:"Leibniz's Cultural Pluralism And Natural Law"
6660:" (literally, "Nature does not make a jump") (
6464:. Indiana University Press. pp. 102â103.
6027:
6025:
6023:
6021:
6019:
5538:
5536:
5526:
5524:
5522:
4629:Leibniz still receives popular attention. The
1615:
1434:Inaugural Disputation on Ambiguous Legal Cases
1153:In the 20th century, Leibniz's notions of the
19:"Leibniz" redirects here. For other uses, see
19046:
18372:
17517:
16045:
15585:
14519:
14072:
13424:
12389:
12080:
10845:
10821:
10566:
10552:
10487:(1749, German) â full digital facsimile from
9734:, Berlin: Commission DĂŒmmler, pp. 36â69.
9473:Discourse on Metaphysics and Related Writings
8528:"Time, Communication, and the Nervous System"
8421:
8135:. Translated by Jonathan Bennett. p. 11.
8041:
7772:The Early Mathematical Manuscripts of Leibniz
7127:
6354:Historical Dictionary of Leibniz's Philosophy
5819:
5763:
4685:is named after Leibniz, a famous resident of
4531:Leibniz-SozietÀt der Wissenschaften zu Berlin
4461:, an important part of Deleuze's own corpus.
3483:. Leibniz's epistemological positionâagainst
1413:, cast in geometrical form, and based on the
1341:Disputatio Metaphysica de Principio Individui
955:
19552:
10974:
10945:
10931:
9941:. Pabst Science Publishers, Lengerich 2020,
9846:Leibniz in His World: The Making of a Savant
9804:
9784:. New York: Oxford, Oxford University Press.
9319:
9206:"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's 372nd Birthday"
9018:
9016:
9014:
8424:"The Introductions of Logarithms into Spain"
7762:
6269:
6267:
5823:Don't Teach Coding: Until You Read This Book
5795:(revised ed.). Routledge. p. 469.
5764:Baird, Forrest E.; Kaufmann, Walter (2008).
5659:"Gottfried W. Leibniz: The Last True Genius"
5234:List of things named after Gottfried Leibniz
4172:. The Arabic numerals were added by Leibniz.
3795:Philosophy of the Imagination or Mathematics
1592:In this regard, a 1669 invitation from Duke
1107:In addition, he contributed to the field of
21187:Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
19488:
11040:
10291:"Leibniz's Influence on 19th Century Logic"
10246:Works by or about Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
10071:1st ed. 2012. Heidelberg: Birkhauser, 2012.
7255:by D. M. Gabbay/J. Woods (eds.), volume 3:
6836:"Leibniz's Place in the History of Physics"
6665:Ăkonomische Theorie und christlicher Glaube
6433:Discourse on Metaphysics and Other Writings
6016:
5619:Eva-Maria Krech; et al., eds. (2010).
5533:
5519:
4825:Scientific, Medical, and Technical Writings
4696:
4598:In 1985, the German government created the
4266:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4025:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3580:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2970:{\displaystyle \displaystyle \int f(x)\,dx}
2417:or "universal characteristic", built on an
2325:Why is there something rather than nothing?
2307:
19053:
19039:
18379:
18365:
18241:Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language
17531:
17524:
17510:
16059:
16052:
16038:
15599:
15592:
15578:
14526:
14512:
14079:
14065:
13431:
13417:
12396:
12382:
12087:
12073:
10852:
10838:
10559:
10545:
10025:Leibniz's Philosophy of Logic and Language
9764:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9522:Leibniz: New Essays on Human Understanding
9108:Irenaean theodicy § Gottfried Leibniz
8983:
8656:
8532:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
8229:A History of Psychology: Ideas and Context
8202:
7853:
7506:
6734:. Cambridge University Press. p. 65.
6184:Probabilistic Models for Dynamical Systems
5471:, Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 85.
5454:Stefano Di Bella, Tad M. Schmaltz (eds.),
3512:BeitrÀge zur Theorie der Sinneswahrnehmung
3215:
2068:. "God assuredly always chooses the best."
2062:(literally, "Nature does not make jumps").
1678:, the consort of her grandson, the future
1273:Gottfried Leibniz was born on July 1 [
962:
948:
263:BartholomÀus Leonhard von Schwendendörffer
78:, Electorate of Hanover, Holy Roman Empire
38:
17451:Relationship between religion and science
15554:Regiomontanus' angle maximization problem
9631:De Iuliis, Carmelo Massimo, (ed.), 2017.
9452:Leibniz: Philosophical Papers and Letters
9428:Monadology and other Philosophical Essays
9293:Gothofridi Guillemi Leibnitii Opera Omnia
9011:
8439:
8390:
7872:
7456:
7361:"Automating Leibniz's Theory of Concepts"
6966:
6956:
6600:
6598:
6526:Ariew & Garber, 69; Loemker, §§36, 38
6264:
5934:. Frankfurt a.M., Klostermann 1969, p. 3.
5687:The library : an illustrated history
4286:Learn how and when to remove this message
4045:Learn how and when to remove this message
3600:Learn how and when to remove this message
3034:, by means of a figure in his 1693 paper
2959:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2825:
2821:
2810:
2806:
2795:
2791:
59:, Electorate of Saxony, Holy Roman Empire
19060:
15397:
10859:
10146:Leibniz and the Rational Order of Nature
10044:
9987:
9685:Leibniz: A Collection of Critical Essays
9605:Dissertation on Predestination and Grace
9402:, Frankfurt: Vittorio Klostermann, 1996.
9395:, Frankfurt: Vittorio Klostermann, 1984.
9022:
8818:Loemker: 59, fn 16. Translation revised.
8096:On the Association of Ideas and Learning
7635:
7615:(4th ed.). Boston: Addison-Wesley.
7561:
7363:, in A. Felty and A. Middeldorp (eds.),
7251:Lenzen, W., 2004, "Leibniz's Logic," in
7191:Many of his memoranda are translated in
7128:Kulstad, Mark; Carlin, Laurence (2020),
6938:
5224:List of German inventors and discoverers
5068:Commercium philosophicum et mathematicum
5062:
4999:Nouveaux essais sur l'entendement humain
4840:) academies. Since then the branches in
4811:Nouveaux essais sur l'entendement humain
4734:Nouveaux essais sur l'entendement humain
4700:
4423:published a critical study of Leibniz's
4338:
4334:
4157:
3798:Philosophy of Sensible Things or Physics
3390:
2457:, at first he did not conceive it as an
2428:insofar as they are subject to reasoning
2226:
2094:A page from Leibniz's manuscript of the
2089:
1729:
1619:
1608:In 1675 he tried to get admitted to the
1560:
1458:
1391:), the first part of which was also his
1165:. He was also a pioneer in the field of
20636:Reflections on the Revolution in France
14902:Differentiating under the integral sign
10394:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
9574:G. W. Leibniz. The Art of Controversies
9398:Heinekamp, Albert and Mertens, Marlen.
9391:Heinekamp, Albert and Mertens, Marlen.
9330:
8984:Agarwal, Ravi P; Sen, Syamal K (2014).
8657:Agarwal, Ravi P; Sen, Syamal K (2014).
8128:
8010:Leibniz's Metaphysics of Time and Space
7743:
7718:
7636:Tokuyama, Takeshi; et al. (2007).
7507:Agarwal, Ravi P; Sen, Syamal K (2014).
7459:The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann
7412:
7268:
7134:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
7060:The Monadology: An Edition for Students
7012:Anderson Csiszar, Sean (26 July 2015).
6900:
6875:
6787:
6781:
6754:
6376:
6082:
5849:
5788:
5731:Roughly 40%, 35% and 25%, respectively.
5569:
5484:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5048:The Monadology: An Edition for Students
4936:A Source Book in Mathematics, 1200â1800
3687:section. Leibniz had similarities with
3453:, the general dynamics of development (
3371:championed by Newton in England and by
3172:and its generalizations, used the term
3168:, in the famous 1736 paper solving the
1917:An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
1882:of 1710 was published in his lifetime.
1758:Leibniz was appointed Librarian of the
1252:, such as its adopted use of the term "
693:Problem of why there is anything at all
21014:
18386:
16377:Proper basis and Reformed epistemology
10159:
10125:Leibniz and China: A Commerce of Light
10081:
10067:Kromer, Ralf, and Yannick Chin-Drian.
9782:Leibniz: Determinist, Theist, Idealist
9652:, Berlin: Dummler, 1871 (reprinted in
9303:
9301:
8739:
8737:
8705:
8703:
8525:
8271:
8113:Underappreciated pioneer of psychology
7902:
7744:De Risi, Vincenzo (10 February 2016).
7538:The Princeton Companion to Mathematics
7389:The Princeton Companion to Mathematics
7284:Leibniz: Die philosophischen Schriften
6833:
6732:Substance and Individuation in Leibniz
6656:IV, 16)."). A variant translation is "
6648:: " must also have in mind Leibniz's "
6595:
6066:
5682:
5469:Kant on Representation and Objectivity
5429:Fumerton, Richard (21 February 2000).
5422:
5271:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz bibliography
4624:
4512:Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz-Gesellschaft
3848:as a way to further all sciences. His
3628:. In sociology he laid the ground for
3148:Leibniz was the first to use the term
3036:Supplementum geometriae dimensoriae...
2703:, although the Japanese mathematician
1016:in addition to many other branches of
21197:People associated with Baruch Spinoza
19034:
18980:Philosophy of artificial intelligence
18360:
17505:
16033:
15573:
14778:Inverse functions and differentiation
14507:
14060:
13412:
13228:Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics
12377:
12199:Infinitesimal strain theory (physics)
12068:
11090:
10871:
10833:
10820:
10540:
10198:
9861:Archive for History of Exact Sciences
9674:The Metaphysical Foundations of Logic
9591:The Leibniz-Des Bosses Correspondence
9249:
9230:
8454:
7693:
7668:
7481:
7303:Leibniz: Logical Papers â A Selection
7093:
6351:
6273:
5943:
5826:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 29.
5656:
5594:
5480:
5376:
5355:
5336:
5082:, edited by the secretary of Leibniz
4552:more than 20 schools all over Germany
4118:. He puzzled over the origins of the
3939:management, economics, and politics.
2605:and Russell himself, now standard in
2103:Leibniz's best known contribution to
1705:and his sister-in-law and successor,
21207:People from the Electorate of Saxony
13328:Interpretations of quantum mechanics
13248:The World as Will and Representation
10288:
9815:The Anthropic Cosmological Principle
9699:Life of Godfrey William von Leibnitz
9414:Primary literature (chronologically)
9172:
9070:
8333:
7562:Knobloch, Eberhard (13 March 2013).
7482:Jones, Matthew L. (1 October 2006).
6488:
5879:
5748:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Bibliothek
5338:[ËÉĄÉtfÊiËtËvÉȘlhÉlmËlaÉȘbnÉȘts]
5266:Outline of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
5229:List of pioneers in computer science
4932:Nova methodus pro maximis et minimis
4579:German Academy of Sciences at Berlin
4264:adding citations to reliable sources
4231:
4180:posted in China. He apparently read
4126:. Leibniz was also an expert in the
4023:adding citations to reliable sources
3990:
3578:adding citations to reliable sources
3545:
3530:. Leibniz was a direct influence on
2632:Although the mathematical notion of
2446:. Granted, there is no intuitive or
2207:and matter arising in the system of
20746:The End of History and the Last Man
20656:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
15700:Quantum computing and communication
14254:Analytic and synthetic propositions
14125:Formal semantics (natural language)
10375:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
10360:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
10345:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
10330:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
10315:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
10307:
10300:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
10281:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
10204:"A (Leibnizian) Theory of Concepts"
9855:
9565:Robert C. Sleigh Jr., (ed.), 2005.
9551:Richard T. W. Arthur, (ed.), 2001.
9386:Bibliographie des Ćuvres de Leibniz
9298:
8734:
8700:
8184:Alfred Kröner Verlag, Leipzig 1917.
8117:Portraits of pioneers in psychology
7613:Linear algebra and its applications
7610:
7342:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
7319:"A (Leibnizian) Theory of Concepts"
7094:Geier, Manfred (17 February 2017).
7062:. Uni. of Pittsburgh Press, p. 135.
6905:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 23.
6880:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 22.
6668:. LIT Verlag MĂŒnster. p. 289.
6630:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
6435:. Broadview Press. pp. 23â24.
6342:Ayton, Leibniz, a biography, p. 308
5883:The Facts on File Calculus Handbook
5789:Russell, Bertrand (15 April 2013).
5435:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5058:
4985:VII.223. An English translation by
4938:. Harvard University Press: 271â81.
4061:endeavor, seeking to reconcile the
3902:While Leibniz was no apologist for
3894:
1924:were not published until 1765. The
1841:, a niece of the Electress Sophia.
1734:Pages from Leibniz's papers in the
13:
21262:Writers about religion and science
21212:People of the Age of Enlightenment
21072:18th-century German mathematicians
21037:17th-century German mathematicians
14576:Free variables and bound variables
12094:
10367:
10322:
10255:Works by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
10237:Works by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
10039:Leibniz' Argument for Innate Ideas
10032:The Cambridge Companion to Leibniz
9799:Leibniz: An Intellectual Biography
9711:, Cambridge: The University Press.
9445:The Leibniz-Arnauld Correspondence
8552:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1948.tb39853.x
7963:
7694:Davis, Martin (28 February 2018).
7355:Jesse Alama, Paul E. Oppenheimer,
7334:
7273:. The University Press, Cambridge.
6993:. New York: Harper Collins (1990).
6903:Leibniz: A Guide for the Perplexed
6901:Perkins, Franklin (10 July 2007).
6878:Leibniz: A Guide for the Perplexed
6876:Perkins, Franklin (10 July 2007).
6612:la nature ne fait jamais des sauts
6460:Christopher Ernest Cosans (2009).
6140:The Cambridge Companion to Leibniz
6069:The Cambridge Companion to Leibniz
5419:, Walter de Gruyter, 2013, p. 111.
4799:Historical and Linguistic Writings
4705:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, c. 1710
4584:Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz-Medaille
4388:correspondence went unrecognized.
4353:, whose supposed central argument
3449:(the act of "striving"), emergent
2034:, which is mostly uncontroversial.
1556:Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus
1519:and became irrelevant. Napoleon's
1248:and still influences contemporary
1136:differential and integral calculus
14:
21278:
15381:The Method of Mechanical Theorems
12301:Transcendental law of homogeneity
12194:Constructive nonstandard analysis
12138:The Method of Mechanical Theorems
12125:Criticism of nonstandard analysis
10760:New Essays on Human Understanding
10701:Transcendental law of homogeneity
10430:, compiled by Donald Rutherford,
10230:
9990:American Journal of Legal History
9920:The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque
9530:, and Francks, R., (eds.), 1997.
9489:, University of Pittsburgh Press.
9364:
8843:Journal of Mixed Methods Research
8710:Schulte-Albert, H. (April 1971).
8497:
8169:New Essays on Human Understanding
8036:Symmetry, Structure and Spacetime
7775:. Open Court Publishing. p.
7588:Concise Dictionary of Mathematics
6834:Agassi, Joseph (September 1969).
6383:. Open court publishing Company.
5004:New Essays on Human Understanding
4863:
4459:The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque
4443:). For example, Leibniz's phrase
4343:Leibnizstrasse street sign Berlin
3841:He called for the creation of an
3541:
3387:), so both approaches are valid.
3282:by arguing, against Newton, that
3206:and the principle of continuity:
3138:transcendental law of homogeneity
2682:
2669:
2249:optimal among all possible worlds
1907:New Essays on Human Understanding
1173:, he was the first to describe a
1159:transcendental law of homogeneity
1020:, such as binary arithmetic, and
647:Transcendental law of homogeneity
21097:18th-century German male writers
21077:18th-century German philosophers
21057:17th-century German male writers
21042:17th-century German philosophers
20999:
20987:
20975:
20963:
20951:
20939:
20716:The Open Society and Its Enemies
17486:
17485:
17475:
14936:Partial fractions in integration
14852:Stochastic differential equation
14466:
13438:
13391:
13381:
13380:
12152:
12048:
12047:
10803:
10802:
10310:"Gottfried Leibniz: Metaphysics"
10269:
10262:
10100:10.1111/j.1468-2265.2006.00296.x
9922:. University of Minnesota Press.
9499:Parkinson, G. H. R. (ed.) 1992.
9461:. Everyman's University Library.
9331:Holland, Arthur William (1911).
9277:
9262:
9250:Smith, Kiona N. (30 June 2018).
9243:
9224:
9198:
9163:
9154:
9145:
9113:
9099:
9064:
9051:
9002:
8957:
8944:
8935:
8926:
8917:
8908:
8899:
8890:
8881:
8830:
8821:
8812:
8803:
8794:
8785:
8768:
8675:
8650:
8620:
8608:
8595:
8586:
8519:
8506:
8491:
8448:
8422:Navarro-Loidi, Juan (May 2008).
8415:
8362:
8327:
8318:
8309:
8300:
8265:
8256:
8247:
8234:
8221:
8196:
8187:
8174:
8161:
8148:
8139:
8122:
8105:
8084:
8071:
8062:
8053:
8028:
8015:
8002:
7993:
7984:
7957:
7948:
7939:
7896:
7847:
7831:
7815:
7799:
7790:
7748:. BirkhÀuser, Cham. p. 58.
7737:
7712:
7687:
7662:
7629:
7604:
7580:
7555:
7500:
7475:
7450:
7379:
7370:
7349:
7328:
7308:
7277:
7262:
7253:Handbook of the History of Logic
7245:
7236:
7153:
6991:Masterpieces of World Philosophy
5657:Dunne, Luke (21 December 2022).
5597:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
5291:
5193:
5179:
5165:
5151:
5137:
5123:
4236:
3995:
3874:Advocate of scientific societies
3684:
3550:
3019:{\displaystyle {\frac {dy}{dx}}}
2906:Leibniz is credited, along with
2612:Leibniz's 1690 discovery of his
1865:. Leibniz remained committed to
1844:
1521:failed invasion of Egypt in 1798
1196:, Leibniz is most noted for his
753:
556:Leibniz formula for determinants
21217:German philosophers of language
19523:Family as a model for the state
15074:Jacobian matrix and determinant
14929:Tangent half-angle substitution
14897:Fundamental theorem of calculus
13178:Meditations on First Philosophy
12403:
12184:Synthetic differential geometry
10030:Jolley, Nicholas, (ed.), 1995.
9848:. Princeton University Press. (
9640:Secondary literature up to 1950
9485:Rescher, Nicholas (ed.), 1991.
8988:. Springer, Cham. p. 186.
7905:History and Philosophy of Logic
7511:. Springer, Cham. p. 180.
7224:
7215:
7198:
7185:
7173:
7147:
7121:
7087:
7065:
7043:
7030:
7005:
6996:
6983:
6932:
6919:
6894:
6840:Journal of the History of Ideas
6827:
6748:
6723:
6714:
6695:
6686:
6634:"Continuity and Infinitesimals"
6586:
6577:
6568:
6559:
6547:
6538:
6529:
6520:
6511:
6482:
6453:
6424:
6410:
6397:
6370:
6345:
6336:
6327:
6314:
6305:
6302:, (Cambridge, 2002), pp. 44â69.
6292:
6255:
6246:
6210:
6201:
6174:
6165:
6156:
6132:
6123:
6114:
6105:
6096:
6076:
6060:
6047:
6034:
6007:
5982:
5973:
5964:
5937:
5924:
5915:
5903:
5873:
5843:
5813:
5782:
5757:
5725:
5708:
5676:
5650:
5637:
5612:
5588:
5563:
5545:
5384:
5283:
5011:Scriptores rerum Brunsvicensium
4178:European Christian missionaries
4168:hexagrams sent to Leibniz from
3963:to be of Llullist inspiration:
3336:
3116:, in the context of a field of
3032:fundamental theorem of calculus
2659:History of the function concept
2616:(deductively equivalent to the
2489:
21087:18th-century German scientists
21082:18th-century German physicists
21047:17th-century German scientists
20873:Separation of church and state
20771:Collectivism and individualism
20726:The Origins of Totalitarianism
18181:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
15150:Arithmetico-geometric sequence
14842:Ordinary differential equation
13855:Analyticâsynthetic distinction
10325:"Gottfried Leibniz: Causation"
10154:The Journal of Library History
10078:. Vanderbilt University Press.
9780:Adams, Robert Merrihew. 1994.
9775:Secondary literature post-1950
9610:Strickand, Lloyd (ed.), 2011.
9600:. University of Chicago Press.
9475:. Manchester University Press.
9450:Loemker, Leroy, (ed.), 1969 .
9447:. Manchester University Press.
8750:The Journal of Library History
8744:Schulte-Albert, H. G. (1971).
8716:The Journal of Library History
8661:. Springer, Cham. p. 28.
8371:Science and Engineering Ethics
8253:Nicholls and Leibscher (2010).
8156:Quaestiones logicae et ethicae
7566:. Springer. pp. 230â237.
7231:Preface to the General Science
7130:"Leibniz's Philosophy of Mind"
6044:, Meiner Verlag, 1997, p. 120.
5716:The Oxford Handbook of Leibniz
5644:
5504:
5501:, Severus Verlag, 2014, p. 29.
5491:
5474:
5461:
5448:
5409:
5111:SĂ€mtliche Schriften und Briefe
5103:
4357:lampooned in his popular book
4194:were an unwitting form of his
4153:
4137:(first modern edition) of the
3807:Literary History and Libraries
3701:algorithmic information theory
3664:
3499:and the principle of purpose (
3375:and Voltaire in France; hence
3350:(Latin for "living force") is
3322:principle of sufficient reason
2956:
2950:
2746:
2733:
2627:
2174:principle of sufficient reason
2032:indiscernibility of identicals
2013:and vice versa, then entities
1477:Johann Christian von Boyneburg
683:Partial fraction decomposition
637:Principle of sufficient reason
214:Correspondence theory of truth
1:
21177:Mathematics of infinitesimals
21152:German political philosophers
21112:Constructed language creators
21107:18th-century German inventors
21102:18th-century writers in Latin
21067:17th-century German inventors
21062:17th-century writers in Latin
20913:Category:Political philosophy
20786:Critique of political economy
18837:Hard problem of consciousness
18062:Principle of compositionality
15718:Free and open-source software
14973:Integro-differential equation
14847:Partial differential equation
12353:Analyse des Infiniment Petits
12189:Smooth infinitesimal analysis
10789:LeibnizâClarke correspondence
10409:Mathematics Genealogy Project
10355:"Leibniz: Philosophy of Mind"
10184:, Princeton University Press.
10149:. Cambridge University Press.
10127:. Cambridge University Press.
10120:. Cambridge University Press.
10034:. Cambridge University Press.
10027:. Cambridge University Press.
9981:. Cambridge University Press.
9701:. Gould, Kendall and Lincoln.
9603:Murray, Michael, (ed.) 2011.
9572:Dascal, Marcelo (ed.), 2006.
9524:. Cambridge University Press.
9480:Leibniz: Philosophical Essays
9468:. Cambridge University Press.
9464:Riley, Patrick, (ed.), 1988.
9419:Wiener, Philip, (ed.), 1951.
9231:Musil, Steven (1 July 2018).
8837:Andrés-Gallego, José (2015).
8457:The Yale Journal of Criticism
8324:See Couturat (1901): 473â478.
7644:. Berlin : Springer. p.
7457:Goldstine, Herman H. (1972).
7132:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
7100:(in German). Rowohlt Verlag.
7040:. N.Y.: Dolphin., n.d., n.p.,
7014:The Golden Book About Leibniz
6958:10.1080/14746700.2022.2124481
6821:Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence
6071:. Cambridge University Press.
5930:Kurt MĂŒller, Gisela Krönert,
5515:Mathematics Genealogy Project
5397:
5378:[ÉĄÉdfÊwaÉĄijomlÉbnits]
4920:); an English translation is
4547:Leibniz Supercomputing Centre
4222:Confucius Sinarum Philosophus
4183:Confucius Sinarum Philosophus
3635:
3420:
3251:. He devised a new theory of
2564:History of Western Philosophy
1983:
1872:
1424:Leibniz then enrolled in the
1411:proof of the existence of God
1268:
21252:University of Altdorf alumni
21172:German mathematical analysts
21127:Fellows of the Royal Society
20811:Institutional discrimination
20806:History of political thought
19538:Negative and positive rights
18211:Philosophical Investigations
17416:Desacralization of knowledge
14533:
13363:Philosophy of space and time
11091:
10977:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
10340:"Leibniz: Modal Metaphysics"
9747:(1st ed.), Manchester,
9719:A Source Book in Mathematics
9715:Smith, David Eugene (1929).
9558:Richard T. W. Arthur, 2014.
9539:Leibniz: Philosophical Texts
9513:Farrer, Austin (ed.), 1995.
9295:, vol. 6.1, 1768, pp. 59â60.
8262:King et al. (2009), 150â153.
7917:10.1080/01445340310001599560
7810:A Source Book in Mathematics
7413:Jesseph, Douglas M. (1998).
7036:Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm.
6555:Principia Logico-Metaphysica
6493:. M. E. Sharpe. p. 33.
5994:history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk
5683:Murray, Stuart A.P. (2009).
5402:
4775:Philosophical Correspondence
4619:Memory of the World Register
4575:Prussian Academy of Sciences
4204:hexagrams correspond to the
4088:
3986:
3972:Johann Philipp von Schönborn
3756:
3470:to the distinct, self-aware
2691:into an array, now called a
2586:of things (Leibniz admitted
2438:suggests a central role for
2168:. Reason is governed by the
2126:; substance is force, while
1489:Johann Philipp von Schönborn
1454:
1287:St. Nicholas Church, Leipzig
1263:
277:Other academic advisors
7:
21232:German philosophers of mind
21092:18th-century German writers
21052:17th-century German writers
20821:Justification for the state
20606:Two Treatises of Government
18052:Modality (natural language)
16828:Best of all possible worlds
16785:Eschatological verification
16342:Fine-tuning of the universe
15127:Generalized Stokes' theorem
14914:Integration by substitution
13900:Internalism and externalism
13238:The Phenomenology of Spirit
10946:
10609:Characteristica universalis
10591:Best of all possible worlds
10493:Leibniz's (1768, 6-volume)
10389:"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz"
10272:"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz"
10261:(public domain audiobooks)
10180:Smith, Justin E. H., 2011.
10137:. Harvard University Press.
10074:LeClerc, Ivor (ed.), 1973.
9887:Brown, Stuart (ed.), 1999.
9695:Guhrauer, Gottschalk Eduard
9544:Ariew, Roger, (ed.), 2000.
9466:Leibniz: Political Writings
9311:(in German). Archived from
8538:(4 Teleological): 197â220.
8203:Fahrenberg, Jochen (2017).
8012:. New York: Springer, 2008.
7842:Mathematics and its History
7305:, Oxford 1966, pp. 131â144.
6574:Mates (1986), chpts. 7.3, 9
5950:. Oxford University Press.
5374:Godefroi Guillaume Leibnitz
5251:Leibniz University Hannover
5116:
4750:Leibniz Edition's Catalogue
4494:Leibniz University Hannover
4414:Sophia Charlotte of Hanover
4227:
4146:, a Latin chronicle of the
3851:characteristica universalis
3707:anticipated aspects of the
3324:has been invoked in recent
3302:and subsequent work in the
3143:
2901:
2766:
2475:characteristica universalis
2414:characteristica universalis
2233:Best of all possible worlds
1672:Sophia Charlotte of Hanover
1616:House of Hanover, 1676â1716
804:Best of all possible worlds
665:Characteristica universalis
496:Best of all possible worlds
10:
21283:
21122:Enlightenment philosophers
19491:Bellum omnium contra omnes
18191:Language, Truth, and Logic
17931:Theological noncognitivism
17816:Contrast theory of meaning
17811:Causal theory of reference
17542:Index of language articles
15755:Virtualization development
14656:(Δ, Ύ)-definition of limit
10872:
10630:Identity of indiscernibles
10223:10.30965/26664275-00301008
10193:Princeton University Press
10156:(1966â1972), (2). 133â152.
10113:. Oxford University Press.
10045:Karabell, Zachary (2003).
10018:Leibniz's Moral Philosophy
9714:
9541:. Oxford University Press.
9534:. Oxford University Press.
9508:Leibniz: Writings on China
9359:
9105:
8500:The Mathematics Enthusiast
8306:Aiton (1985), 107â114, 136
8025:. London: Routledge, 1991.
8023:Time, Space and Philosophy
7719:De Risi, Vincenzo (2016).
7669:Jones, Matthew L. (2006).
7269:Russell, Bertrand (1900).
7073:"The Fundamental Question"
7002:Magill, Frank (ed.) (1990)
6817:See H. G. Alexander, ed.,
6755:Rescher, Nicholas (1991).
5909:
5746:(i.e. Legacy of Leibniz),
5570:Mangold, Max, ed. (2005).
5557:Collins English Dictionary
3888:Berlin Academy of Sciences
3476:psychophysical parallelism
3457:). His discussions in the
3330:identity of indiscernibles
3232:
3228:
3136:implements the Leibnizian
2493:
2230:
2218:inherent to the system of
2170:principle of contradiction
2003:Identity of indiscernibles
1910:, a lengthy commentary on
1835:French Academy of Sciences
1827:Berlin Academy of Sciences
1736:National Library of Poland
1670:(1630â1714), her daughter
1610:French Academy of Sciences
1349:principle of individuation
506:Identity of indiscernibles
326:(epistolary correspondent)
320:(epistolary correspondent)
18:
21167:Leipzig University alumni
21022:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
20908:
20758:
20527:
20175:
19908:
19788:
19707:
19619:
19610:
19476:
19310:
19239:
19068:
19000:
18967:
18794:
18664:
18559:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
18549:David Lewis (philosopher)
18394:
18331:
18276:Philosophy of information
18263:
18112:
17964:
17876:Mediated reference theory
17801:
17548:
17539:
17471:
17403:
17307:
17192:
17112:
17047:
16969:
16876:
16861:
16813:
16775:
16487:
16412:
16287:
16278:
16208:
16145:
16136:
16067:
15796:
15768:
15708:
15665:
15607:
15549:Proof that 22/7 exceeds Ï
15486:
15464:
15390:
15338:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
15308:
15285:e (mathematical constant)
15270:
15142:
15049:
14981:
14862:
14664:
14619:
14541:
14461:
14421:
14393:
14386:
14338:Necessity and sufficiency
14241:
14206:
14158:
14112:
14094:
14086:
14026:
13975:
13824:
13731:Evolutionary epistemology
13701:
13446:
13376:
13300:
13099:
12839:
12567:
12411:
12345:
12317:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
12309:
12238:
12207:
12161:
12150:
12102:
12034:
11988:
11890:
11847:
11826:
11773:
11742:
11726:
11673:
11607:
11559:
11523:
11490:
11409:
11368:
11212:
11101:
11097:
11086:
10991:Methodological skepticism
10882:
10878:
10867:
10827:
10822:Links to related articles
10800:
10731:
10574:
10568:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
10405:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
10187:Wilson, Catherine, 1989.
10160:SepioĆ, Zbigniew (2003).
10123:Perkins, Franklin, 2004.
9954:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
9656:, Leipzig: Veit, vol. 1).
9617:Lodge, Paul (ed.), 2013.
8932:(Akademie Ed VI ii 35â93)
8383:10.1007/s11948-017-9890-6
8038:. Oxford: Elsevier, 2008.
7883:10.1007/s10670-012-9370-y
7723:. BirkhÀuser. p. 4.
7423:. 6.1&2 (1â2): 6â40.
6219:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
6067:Jolley, Nicholas (1995).
5599:(3rd ed.), Longman,
5511:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
4880:On the Art of Combination
4608:Fundamental Physics Prize
3810:General and Miscellaneous
3689:Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz
3367:was seen as rivaling the
3239:Conatus § In Leibniz
3170:Königsberg Bridge Problem
2715:, requiring to calculate
2622:computational metaphysics
2534:alphabet of human thought
2419:alphabet of human thought
2085:
1799:George I of Great Britain
1791:Imperial Court Councillor
1789:, where he was appointed
1779:calculus priority dispute
1684:George I of Great Britain
1463:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
1277:: June 21], 1646, in
1177:in 1685 and invented the
975:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
752:
747:
743:
658:alphabet of human thought
608:Principle of least action
541:Leibniz harmonic triangle
449:
333:
310:
276:
272:(Dr. jur. thesis advisor)
256:
227:
174:
164:
150:
146:
83:
64:
49:
37:
32:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
30:
21162:German writers in French
20696:The Revolt of the Masses
18201:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
17057:Friedrich Schleiermacher
16643:Theories about religions
16445:Inconsistent revelations
15300:Stirling's approximation
14773:Implicit differentiation
14721:Rules of differentiation
14003:Philosophy of perception
13806:Representational realism
13776:Naturalized epistemology
13353:Philosophy of psychology
13288:Simulacra and Simulation
10750:Discourse on Metaphysics
10399:University of St Andrews
10116:Mercer, Christia, 2001.
9844:Borowski, Audrey, 2024.
9801:. Cambridge Univ. Press.
9681:The Great Chain of Being
9621:, Yale University Press.
9607:, Yale University Press.
9593:, Yale University Press.
9569:. Yale University Press.
9562:. John Wiley & Sons.
9555:. Yale University Press.
9503:. Yale University Press.
9287:, 15 September 1695, in
9073:Philosophy East and West
9025:Philosophy East and West
8952:Miscellanea Berolinensia
8855:10.1177/1558689813515332
8603:Leibniz and Cryptography
8526:Wiener, Norbert (1948).
8441:10.1016/j.hm.2007.09.002
8336:Philosophy East and West
8129:Leibniz, G. W. (2007) .
8102:, 1967, Vol. 20, 11â116.
7698:. CRC Press. p. 7.
7210:Foundations of Semiotics
7160:The Public Domain Review
6939:Franklin, James (2022).
6788:Ferraro, Rafael (2007).
6489:Hunt, Shelby D. (2003).
6278:. CRC Press. p. 9.
6083:Simmons, George (2007).
5850:Apostol, Tom M. (1991).
5722:, accessed 25 Aug. 2024.
5415:Michael Blamauer (ed.),
5276:
5084:Johann Georg von Eckhart
4944:Discours de métaphysique
4809:. 7 vols., 1663â90, and
4697:Writings and publication
4212:Leibniz's attraction to
4196:universal characteristic
4114:was the ancestor of the
3814:He also designed a book
3709:universal Turing machine
3697:Lagrangian interpolation
3369:conservation of momentum
2910:, with the discovery of
2752:{\displaystyle O(n^{3})}
2309:Discourse on Metaphysics
2282:evil come into the world
2048:Discourse on Metaphysics
2026:of this is often called
1888:Discourse on Metaphysics
1867:Trinitarian Christianity
1815:
1389:On the Combinatorial Art
1289:; his godfather was the
21:Leibniz (disambiguation)
20676:The Communist Manifesto
19602:Tyranny of the majority
19513:Consent of the governed
18687:Eliminative materialism
18002:Useâmention distinction
17846:Direct reference theory
15680:Artificial intelligence
15534:EulerâMaclaurin formula
15439:trigonometric functions
14892:Constant of integration
13983:Outline of epistemology
13816:Transcendental idealism
13218:Critique of Pure Reason
10723:Well-founded phenomenon
10674:Pre-established harmony
10586:Alternating series test
9820:Oxford University Press
9344:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
9334:"Germany/History"
8941:Connelly, 2021, chs.6â8
8923:Christopher Johns, 2018
8687:Encyclopedia Britannica
8240:Nicholls and Leibscher
7828:(Sep. 1693) pp. 385â392
7812:(1969) pp. 282â284
7420:Perspectives on Science
7301:by G. H. R. Parkinson,
6794:. Springer. p. 1.
6658:natura non-saltum facit
6650:natura non-facit saltus
6616:Natura non-facit saltus
5595:Wells, John C. (2008),
5080:Collectanea Etymologica
4905:New Physical Hypothesis
4901:Hypothesis Physica Nova
4689:where the manufacturer
4586:of the Leibniz-SozietÀt
4218:pre-established harmony
4079:Jacques-BĂ©nigne Bossuet
3792:Intellectual Philosophy
3661:, but did not succeed.
3455:evolutionary psychology
3216:Science and engineering
3209:Natura non facit saltus
3026:), from the Latin word
2190:pre-established harmony
2059:Natura non facit saltus
2044:Pre-established harmony
1351:, on 9 June 1663 [
1347:), which addressed the
735:Well-founded phenomenon
501:Pre-established harmony
159:18th-century philosophy
19553:
19503:Clash of civilizations
19489:
18939:Propositional attitude
18934:Problem of other minds
18842:Hypostatic abstraction
17936:Theory of descriptions
17871:Linguistic determinism
17533:Philosophy of language
16921:Gaunilo of Marmoutiers
16061:Philosophy of religion
15809:John Vincent Atanasoff
15601:Timelines of computing
15503:Differential geometry
15348:Infinitesimal calculus
15051:Multivariable calculus
14999:Directional derivative
14805:Second derivative test
14783:Logarithmic derivative
14756:General Leibniz's rule
14651:Order of approximation
13930:Problem of other minds
12809:Typeâtoken distinction
12637:Hypostatic abstraction
12419:Abstract object theory
12246:Standard part function
11041:
10975:
10941:Enlightened absolutism
10932:
10172:: 227â250 – via
10082:Luchte, James (2006).
9968:Grattan-Guinness, Ivor
9795:Antognazza, Maria Rosa
9787:Aiton, Eric J., 1985.
9459:Philosophical Writings
8469:10.1353/yale.2003.0013
7611:Lay, David C. (2012).
6407:. Dent & Sons Ltd.
6405:Philosophical Writings
6352:Brown, Stuart (2023).
6311:Mackie (1845), 117â118
6274:Davis, Martin (2018).
5944:Mates, Benson (1989).
5373:
5256:Bartholomew Des Bosses
5074:
4977:Accessiones historicae
4907:); Loemker §8.I (part)
4807:Philosophical Writings
4770:. 25 vols., 1666â1706.
4760:
4706:
4427:. Shortly thereafter,
4344:
4173:
4122:and was fascinated by
3942:
3928:
3235:Dynamism (metaphysics)
3196:
3179:
3134:standard part function
3020:
2971:
2866:
2753:
2432:
2397:Egyptian hieroglyphics
2366:Charles Sanders Peirce
2346:
2237:Philosophical optimism
2100:
1738:
1699:Act of Settlement 1701
1625:
1568:
1505:German-speaking Europe
1464:
1228:. Leibniz, along with
1167:mechanical calculators
1030:history of mathematics
602:conservation of energy
481:Differential equations
21237:Philosophical theists
21227:Philosophers of logic
19518:Divine right of kings
19010:Philosophers category
18914:Mental representation
18677:Biological naturalism
18564:Maurice Merleau-Ponty
18539:Frank Cameron Jackson
18047:Mental representation
17982:Linguistic relativity
17866:Inquisitive semantics
17456:Faith and rationality
17411:Criticism of religion
17349:Robert Merrihew Adams
17339:Nicholas Wolterstorff
16542:Divine command theory
15944:KlĂĄra DĂĄn von Neumann
15750:Programming languages
15422:logarithmic functions
15417:exponential functions
15333:Generality of algebra
15211:Tests of convergence
14837:Differential equation
14821:Further applications
14810:Extreme value theorem
14800:First derivative test
14694:Differential operator
14666:Differential calculus
14473:Philosophy portal
14008:Philosophy of science
13988:Faith and rationality
13870:Descriptive knowledge
13741:Feminist epistemology
13681:Nicholas Wolterstorff
13398:Philosophy portal
13278:Being and Nothingness
12694:Mental representation
12332:Augustin-Louis Cauchy
12144:Cavalieri's principle
10907:Counter-Enlightenment
10602:Calculus ratiocinator
10483:1 August 2020 at the
10461:1 August 2020 at the
10441:University of Houston
10037:Kaldis, Byron, 2011.
10023:Ishiguro, Hidé 1990.
10016:Hostler, John, 1975.
9739:Adolphus William Ward
9666:. Paris: Felix Alcan.
9664:La Logique de Leibniz
9646:Du Bois-Reymond, Emil
9408:Leibniz Bibliographie
9210:Google Doodle Archive
9085:10.1353/pew.2015.0074
8193:Wundt (1917), p. 117.
8158:, Basel, Henricpetri.
6989:Magill, Frank (ed.).
6968:1959.4/unsworks_80586
5766:From Plato to Derrida
5246:Scientific Revolution
5066:
4983:Mathematical Writings
4918:A Philosopher's Creed
4818:Mathematical Writings
4793:. 9 vols., 1667â1702.
4784:. 8 vols., 1672â1698.
4777:. 3 vols., 1663â1700.
4755:
4704:
4590:Leibniz-Medaille der
4561:Leibniz-Ring-Hannover
4342:
4335:Posthumous reputation
4161:
3916:
3880:British Royal Society
3856:calculus ratiocinator
3801:Philology or Language
3705:calculus ratiocinator
3671:binary numeral system
3391:Other natural science
3223:Mathematical Writings
3187:
3162:
3122:non-standard analysis
3108:. Beginning in 1960,
3060:Leibniz integral rule
3056:differential calculus
3021:
2972:
2867:
2754:
2556:universe of discourse
2423:
2403:, and the symbols of
2350:calculus ratiocinator
2341:
2231:Further information:
2227:Theodicy and optimism
2119:mechanical philosophy
2093:
2009:is also possessed by
1943:analytic philosophers
1869:throughout his life.
1760:Herzog August Library
1733:
1721:founded in 1682, the
1623:
1564:
1462:
1426:University of Altdorf
1309:University of Leipzig
1163:non-standard analysis
1113:Herzog August Library
1026:history of philosophy
1005:who is disputed with
703:Metaphysical dynamism
672:Calculus ratiocinator
561:Fractional derivative
551:Leibniz formula for Ï
531:Leibniz integral rule
516:Mathematical function
296:Johann Adam Schertzer
249: (November 1666)
132:University of Altdorf
21257:Writers from Leipzig
20666:Democracy in America
20045:political philosophy
20028:political philosophy
19843:political philosophy
19672:political philosophy
19582:Separation of powers
19543:Night-watchman state
19528:Monopoly on violence
19062:Political philosophy
18692:Emergent materialism
18231:Naming and Necessity
18141:De Arte Combinatoria
17940:Definite description
17901:Semantic externalism
17446:Religious philosophy
16926:Pico della Mirandola
16891:Anselm of Canterbury
16823:Augustinian theodicy
16735:Religious skepticism
16068:Concepts in religion
15723:Hypertext technology
15487:Miscellaneous topics
15427:hyperbolic functions
15412:irrational functions
15290:Exponential function
15143:Sequences and series
14909:Integration by parts
13940:Procedural knowledge
13925:Problem of induction
13323:Feminist metaphysics
12174:Nonstandard calculus
12169:Nonstandard analysis
10861:Age of Enlightenment
10740:De Arte Combinatoria
10668:Mathesis universalis
10596:Calculus controversy
10527:24 July 2017 at the
10510:24 July 2017 at the
10385:Robertson, Edmund F.
9928:, 2017. PsyDok ZPID
9891:, Dordrecht, Kluwer.
9789:Leibniz: A Biography
9728:Trendelenburg, F. A.
9687:. Anchor Books 1972.
8914:Connelly, 2021, ch.6
8592:Couturat (1901), 115
8428:Historia Mathematica
8100:Psychological Report
7429:10.1162/posc_a_00543
7325:, 3 (2000): 137â183.
7297:19 July 2021 at the
7290:â247; translated as
7180:The Art of Discovery
6945:Theology and Science
6708:Great Chain of Being
6638:Alexander Baumgarten
6625:Philosophia Botanica
6261:Mackie (1845), 73â74
6252:Mackie (1845), 69â70
6207:Mackie (1845), 58â61
6171:Mackie (1845), 44â45
6055:De Arte Combinatoria
5912:, pp. 173â181 (1929)
5240:Mathesis universalis
5209:General Leibniz rule
4970:New System of Nature
4913:Confessio philosophi
4875:De Arte Combinatoria
4665:'s series of novels
4518:outside of Hanover:
4260:improve this section
4143:Chronicon Holtzatiae
4019:improve this section
3630:communication theory
3574:improve this section
3080:, in a tract called
2993:
2940:
2785:
2773:Leibniz formula for
2727:
2697:Gaussian elimination
2203:interaction between
2157:theory of relativity
1863:philosophical theist
1852:calculus controversy
1415:argument from motion
1397:De Arte Combinatoria
1384:De Arte Combinatoria
1181:, later used in the
1032:. He wrote works on
799:Augustinian theodicy
698:Pluralistic idealism
521:NewtonâLeibniz axiom
486:Mathesis universalis
189:Pluralistic idealism
21222:Philosophers of law
21147:German philologists
20856:Right-wing politics
20736:A Theory of Justice
20706:The Road to Serfdom
20626:The Social Contract
19333:Christian democracy
18889:Language of thought
18639:Ludwig Wittgenstein
18469:Patricia Churchland
18281:Philosophical logic
18271:Analytic philosophy
18077:Sense and reference
17956:Verification theory
17911:Situation semantics
17431:History of religion
17132:Friedrich Nietzsche
17009:Gottfried W Leibniz
17004:Nicolas Malebranche
16936:King James VI and I
16216:Abrahamic religions
15474:List of derivatives
15310:History of calculus
15225:Cauchy condensation
15122:Exterior derivative
15079:Lagrange multiplier
14815:Maximum and minimum
14646:Limit of a sequence
14634:Limit of a function
14581:Graph of a function
14561:Continuous function
14135:Philosophy of logic
14018:Virtue epistemology
14013:Social epistemology
13993:Formal epistemology
13880:Epistemic injustice
13875:Exploratory thought
13676:Ludwig Wittgenstein
13168:Daneshnameh-ye Alai
12679:Linguistic modality
12358:Elementary Calculus
12239:Individual concepts
12179:Internal set theory
11867:FeijĂło y Montenegro
11818:Vorontsova-Dashkova
10499:â digital facsimile
10383:O'Connor, John J.;
10053:. Alfred A. Knopf.
9977:Hall, A. R., 1980.
9691:Mackie, John Milton
9635:, Talbot, Clark NJ.
9492:Rescher, Nicholas,
9434:Parkinson, G. H. R.
9421:Leibniz: Selections
9274:Perennial ed. 2004.
9133:on 23 February 2011
9008:Perkins (2004), 117
8963:Henry Hoenigswald,
8638:on 28 December 2005
8544:1948NYASA..50..197W
8050:Arthur 2014, p. 56.
6681:Extract of page 289
6604:Gottfried Leibniz,
5990:"Leibniz biography"
5869:Extract of page 172
5808:Extract of page 469
5738:7 July 2011 at the
5542:Arthur 2014, p. 13.
5530:Arthur 2014, p. 16.
5357:[ËlaÉȘpnÉȘts]
5214:Leibniz Association
4996:1704 (publ. 1765).
4872:1666 (publ. 1690).
4820:. 6 vols., 1672â76.
4681:The German biscuit
4676:The Organs of Sense
4625:Cultural references
4541:TĂŒbingen University
4524:Leibniz Association
4412:, and her daughter
4198:. He noted how the
3832:Library of Congress
3764:Bibliotheca Augusta
3618:veterinary medicine
3468:petites perceptions
3359:, twice the modern
2614:algebra of concepts
2480:Turing completeness
2436:prime factorization
1893:Nicolas Malebranche
1676:Caroline of Ansbach
1540:Nicolas Malebranche
1497:Louis XIV of France
1250:analytic philosophy
1202:best possible world
1175:pinwheel calculator
1171:Pascal's calculator
981:(1 July 1646 [
591:Algebra of concepts
511:Mathematical matrix
368:veterinary medicine
21267:Critics of atheism
21242:Philosophy writers
21182:Linear algebraists
21157:German Protestants
20868:Political violence
20863:Political theology
20846:Left-wing politics
20841:Political spectrum
18717:Neurophenomenology
18388:Philosophy of mind
18131:Port-Royal Grammar
18027:Family resemblance
17946:Theory of language
17921:Supposition theory
17441:Religious language
17421:Ethics in religion
17379:William Lane Craig
17254:Charles Hartshorne
16994:Desiderius Erasmus
16896:Augustine of Hippo
16838:Inconsistent triad
16800:Apophatic theology
16795:Logical positivism
16777:Religious language
16397:Watchmaker analogy
16362:Necessary existent
16138:Conceptions of God
16098:Intelligent design
15849:Edsger W. Dijkstra
15804:Kathleen Antonelli
15788:Web search engines
15778:Internet conflicts
15657:Women in computing
15407:rational functions
15374:Method of Fluxions
15220:Alternating series
15117:Differential forms
15099:Partial derivative
15059:Divergence theorem
14941:Quadratic integral
14709:Leibniz's notation
14699:Mean value theorem
14684:Partial derivative
14629:Indeterminate form
14434:Rules of inference
14403:Mathematical logic
14145:Semantics of logic
13671:Timothy Williamson
13461:Augustine of Hippo
13358:Philosophy of self
13348:Philosophy of mind
12612:Embodied cognition
12524:Scientific realism
12251:Transfer principle
12115:Leibniz's notation
11006:Natural philosophy
10655:Leibniz's notation
10489:Linda Hall Library
10471:Linda Hall Library
10368:Lenzen, Wolfgang.
10323:Carlin, Laurence.
10308:Burnham, Douglas.
10289:Peckhaus, Volker.
10141:Rutherford, Donald
9935:Fahrenberg, Jochen
9926:Fahrenberg, Jochen
9873:10.1007/bf00327456
9440:. Clarendon Press.
9377:Bodemann, Eduard,
9370:Bodemann, Eduard,
9315:on 7 January 2008.
8286:10.1002/jhbs.20495
8021:Ray, Christopher.
7844:(1989, 2002) p.159
7376:Struik (1969), 367
7335:Lenzen, Wolfgang.
6420:. 31 January 2012.
6333:Mackie (1845), 109
6152:Extract of page 21
6031:Arthur 2014, p. x.
5899:Extract of page 58
5880:Maor, Eli (2003).
5853:Calculus, Volume 1
5839:Extract of page 29
5145:Mathematics portal
5098:Origines Guelficae
5075:
4827:. 1 vol., 1668â76.
4790:Political Writings
4725:Brunswick-LĂŒneburg
4707:
4345:
4214:Chinese philosophy
4192:Chinese characters
4174:
4148:County of Holstein
4116:Germanic languages
3957:Athanasius Kircher
3536:subliminal stimuli
3383:are conserved (in
3315:cohesion of matter
3304:history of physics
3300:general relativity
3269:Specimen Dynamicum
3126:transfer principle
3065:Leibniz exploited
3016:
2967:
2966:
2896:parallel postulate
2862:
2749:
2554:ranging over some
2463:universal language
2401:Chinese characters
2352:, which resembles
2111:, as exposited in
2101:
1972:respected even in
1839:Duchess of Orleans
1739:
1711:British Parliament
1626:
1580:. He met with the
1569:
1528:Christiaan Huygens
1465:
1148:Leibniz's notation
1078:probability theory
829:Inconsistent triad
809:Divine retribution
526:Leibniz's notation
440:universal language
302:Christiaan Huygens
241: (March 1666)
169:Western philosophy
125:University of Jena
103:Leipzig University
91:Alte Nikolaischule
21132:German librarians
20927:
20926:
20921:
20920:
20831:Philosophy of law
20776:Conflict theories
20616:The Spirit of Law
20523:
20522:
19572:Original position
19028:
19027:
18924:Mindâbody problem
18822:Cognitive closure
18786:Substance dualism
18404:G. E. M. Anscombe
18354:
18353:
17856:Dynamic semantics
17499:
17498:
17399:
17398:
17359:Peter van Inwagen
17344:Richard Swinburne
17289:George I Mavrodes
17149:Vladimir Solovyov
17089:SĂžren Kierkegaard
17014:William Wollaston
16961:William of Ockham
16941:Marcion of Sinope
16843:Irenaean theodicy
16833:Euthyphro dilemma
16760:Transcendentalism
16589:Womanist theology
16579:Feminist theology
16483:
16482:
16274:
16273:
16160:Divine simplicity
16080:Euthyphro dilemma
16027:
16026:
15969:Bjarne Stroustrup
15874:Margaret Hamilton
15854:J. Presper Eckert
15728:Operating systems
15567:
15566:
15493:Complex calculus
15482:
15481:
15363:Law of Continuity
15295:Natural logarithm
15280:Bernoulli numbers
15271:Special functions
15230:Direct comparison
15094:Multiple integral
14968:Integral equation
14864:Integral calculus
14795:Stationary points
14769:Other techniques
14714:Newton's notation
14679:Second derivative
14571:Finite difference
14501:
14500:
14457:
14456:
14291:Deductive closure
14237:
14236:
14176:Critical thinking
14054:
14053:
13920:Privileged access
13556:SĂžren Kierkegaard
13406:
13405:
12585:Category of being
12554:Truthmaker theory
12371:
12370:
12286:Law of continuity
12276:Levi-Civita field
12261:Increment theorem
12220:Hyperreal numbers
12062:
12061:
12030:
12029:
12026:
12025:
11082:
11081:
11078:
11077:
11055:Scientific method
10912:Critical thinking
10814:
10813:
10792:(1715–1716)
10711:Universal science
10684:Sufficient reason
10640:Law of continuity
10533:
10516:
10465:(1693, Latin, in
10270:Look, Brandon C.
10241:Project Gutenberg
10060:978-0-375-40883-0
9947:978-3-95853-574-9
9900:978-1-4744-1808-9
9829:978-0-19-282147-8
9705:Russell, Bertrand
9670:Heidegger, Martin
9580:Strickland, Lloyd
9309:"Leibniz-Edition"
8995:978-3-319-10870-4
8869:on 27 August 2016
8827:Loemker: 58, fn 9
8668:978-3-319-10870-4
7964:Hirano, Hideaki.
7954:Mates (1986), 240
7755:978-3-319-19862-0
7730:978-3-319-19863-7
7705:978-1-138-50208-6
7680:978-0-226-40954-2
7655:978-3-540-77120-3
7622:978-0-321-38517-8
7597:978-93-81588-83-3
7573:978-4-431-54272-8
7548:978-0-691-11880-2
7518:978-3-319-10870-4
7493:978-0-226-40955-9
7399:978-0-691-11880-2
7107:978-3-644-04511-8
6912:978-0-8264-8921-0
6887:978-0-8264-8921-0
6801:978-0-387-69946-2
6774:978-0-8229-5449-1
6741:978-0-521-07303-5
6675:978-3-8258-0162-5
6500:978-0-7656-0931-1
6471:978-0-253-22051-6
6442:978-1-55481-011-6
6322:Leibniz in Berlin
6285:978-1-138-50208-6
6194:978-1-4398-5015-2
6162:Mackie (1845), 43
6120:Mackie (1845), 40
6111:Mackie (1845), 39
6102:Mackie (1845), 38
6040:Hubertus Busche,
6013:Mackie (1845), 26
5979:Mackie (1845), 22
5970:Mackie (1845), 21
5957:978-0-19-505946-5
5802:978-1-135-69284-1
5775:978-0-13-158591-1
5701:978-1-60239-706-4
5630:978-3-11-018203-3
5581:978-3-411-04066-7
5467:A. B. Dickerson,
5351:
5201:Literature portal
5159:Philosophy portal
5028:Project Gutenberg
4802:. In preparation.
4715:Combinatorial Art
4668:The Baroque Cycle
4656:Holy Roman Empire
4410:Sophia of Hanover
4296:
4295:
4288:
4133:He published the
4124:classical Chinese
4103:uniformitarianism
4055:
4054:
4047:
3976:Frankfurt am Main
3904:absolute monarchy
3862:and its rivals),
3824:Oxford University
3643:theoria cum praxi
3610:
3609:
3602:
3415:organismic theory
3291:relational notion
3276:quantum mechanics
3158:Jacob Freudenthal
3130:law of continuity
3118:hyperreal numbers
3014:
2857:
2834:
2819:
2804:
2670:preceding section
2663:actuarial science
2298:metaphysical evil
2152:Concepts of Space
2107:is his theory of
2054:Law of continuity
2038:Sufficient reason
1695:Holy Roman Empire
1668:Sophia of Hanover
1513:Dutch East Indies
1501:Thirty Years' War
1337:bachelor's degree
1283:Friedrich Leibniz
1155:law of continuity
1012:to have invented
972:
971:
834:Irenaean theodicy
819:Epicurean paradox
761:
760:
642:Law of continuity
444:universal science
21274:
21142:German Lutherans
21137:German logicians
21004:
21003:
21002:
20992:
20991:
20980:
20979:
20968:
20967:
20966:
20956:
20955:
20944:
20943:
20942:
20935:
20836:Political ethics
20826:Machiavellianism
20766:Authoritarianism
20751:
20741:
20731:
20721:
20711:
20701:
20691:
20681:
20671:
20661:
20651:
20641:
20631:
20621:
20611:
20601:
20591:
20581:
20571:
20561:
20551:
20541:
19617:
19616:
19558:
19494:
19484:Balance of power
19458:Social democracy
19453:Social Darwinism
19428:Multiculturalism
19373:Environmentalism
19348:Communitarianism
19055:
19048:
19041:
19032:
19031:
18776:Representational
18771:Property dualism
18764:Type physicalism
18729:New mysterianism
18697:Epiphenomenalism
18519:Martin Heidegger
18381:
18374:
18367:
18358:
18357:
18316:Formal semantics
18264:Related articles
18256:
18246:
18236:
18226:
18216:
18206:
18196:
18186:
18176:
18166:
18156:
18146:
18136:
18126:
17896:Relevance theory
17891:Phallogocentrism
17526:
17519:
17512:
17503:
17502:
17489:
17488:
17479:
17384:Ali Akbar Rashad
17247:Reinhold Niebuhr
17207:Bertrand Russell
17202:George Santayana
17099:Albrecht Ritschl
17084:Ludwig Feuerbach
16874:
16873:
16870:(by date active)
16730:Process theology
16475:Russell's teapot
16285:
16284:
16280:Existence of God
16190:Process theology
16143:
16142:
16128:Theological veto
16091:religious belief
16054:
16047:
16040:
16031:
16030:
15954:Guido van Rossum
15939:John von Neumann
15884:David A. Huffman
15695:Machine learning
15667:Computer science
15594:
15587:
15580:
15571:
15570:
15497:Contour integral
15395:
15394:
15245:Limit comparison
15154:Types of series
15113:Advanced topics
15104:Surface integral
14948:Trapezoidal rule
14887:Basic properties
14882:Riemann integral
14830:Taylor's theorem
14556:Concave function
14551:Binomial theorem
14528:
14521:
14514:
14505:
14504:
14471:
14470:
14469:
14391:
14390:
14156:
14155:
14120:Computer science
14081:
14074:
14067:
14058:
14057:
13998:Metaepistemology
13976:Related articles
13950:Regress argument
13885:Epistemic virtue
13636:Bertrand Russell
13611:Duncan Pritchard
13571:Hilary Kornblith
13486:Laurence BonJour
13433:
13426:
13419:
13410:
13409:
13396:
13395:
13394:
13384:
13383:
13293:
13283:
13273:
13263:
13253:
13243:
13233:
13223:
13213:
13203:
13193:
13183:
13173:
13163:
13153:
13143:
13133:
13123:
13113:
12789:Substantial form
12601:Cogito, ergo sum
12544:Substance theory
12398:
12391:
12384:
12375:
12374:
12327:Pierre de Fermat
12322:Abraham Robinson
12162:Related branches
12156:
12089:
12082:
12075:
12066:
12065:
12051:
12050:
11099:
11098:
11088:
11087:
11046:
10980:
10951:
10937:
10880:
10879:
10869:
10868:
10854:
10847:
10840:
10831:
10830:
10818:
10817:
10806:
10805:
10793:
10785:
10775:
10765:
10755:
10745:
10661:Lingua generalis
10561:
10554:
10547:
10538:
10537:
10532:
10515:
10418:Jonathan Bennett
10401:
10379:
10370:"Leibniz: Logic"
10364:
10352:Jorarti, Julia.
10349:
10334:
10319:
10304:
10295:Zalta, Edward N.
10285:
10276:Zalta, Edward N.
10266:
10265:
10250:Internet Archive
10226:
10208:
10177:
10103:
10088:Heythrop Journal
10064:
10052:
10020:. UK: Duckworth.
10013:
9884:
9841:
9818:(1st ed.).
9810:Tipler, Frank J.
9769:
9763:
9755:
9724:
9722:
9528:Woolhouse, R. S.
9430:. Prentice-Hall.
9353:
9351:
9336:
9328:
9317:
9316:
9305:
9296:
9285:Vincent Placcius
9281:
9275:
9266:
9260:
9259:
9247:
9241:
9240:
9228:
9222:
9221:
9219:
9217:
9202:
9196:
9195:
9193:
9191:
9176:
9170:
9167:
9161:
9158:
9152:
9149:
9143:
9142:
9140:
9138:
9132:
9126:. Archived from
9125:
9121:"Vasilyev, 1993"
9117:
9111:
9103:
9097:
9096:
9068:
9062:
9057:On Leibniz, the
9055:
9049:
9048:
9020:
9009:
9006:
9000:
8999:
8981:
8972:
8961:
8955:
8948:
8942:
8939:
8933:
8930:
8924:
8921:
8915:
8912:
8906:
8903:
8897:
8894:
8888:
8887:Artosi ed.(2013)
8885:
8879:
8878:
8876:
8874:
8865:. Archived from
8834:
8828:
8825:
8819:
8816:
8810:
8807:
8801:
8798:
8792:
8789:
8783:
8782:
8772:
8766:
8765:
8741:
8732:
8731:
8707:
8698:
8697:
8695:
8693:
8679:
8673:
8672:
8654:
8648:
8647:
8645:
8643:
8634:. Archived from
8624:
8618:
8612:
8606:
8601:See N. Rescher,
8599:
8593:
8590:
8584:
8583:
8581:
8579:
8570:. Archived from
8523:
8517:
8510:
8504:
8503:
8495:
8489:
8488:
8452:
8446:
8445:
8443:
8419:
8413:
8412:
8394:
8366:
8360:
8359:
8331:
8325:
8322:
8316:
8313:
8307:
8304:
8298:
8297:
8269:
8263:
8260:
8254:
8251:
8245:
8238:
8232:
8231:(2009), 150â153.
8225:
8219:
8218:
8216:
8214:
8209:
8200:
8194:
8191:
8185:
8178:
8172:
8165:
8159:
8152:
8146:
8143:
8137:
8136:
8126:
8120:
8109:
8103:
8088:
8082:
8075:
8069:
8066:
8060:
8057:
8051:
8048:
8039:
8032:
8026:
8019:
8013:
8008:Futch, Michael.
8006:
8000:
7997:
7991:
7988:
7982:
7981:
7979:
7977:
7968:. Archived from
7961:
7955:
7952:
7946:
7943:
7937:
7936:
7900:
7894:
7893:
7876:
7851:
7845:
7835:
7829:
7826:Acta Euriditorum
7819:
7813:
7803:
7797:
7794:
7788:
7787:
7785:
7783:
7766:
7760:
7759:
7741:
7735:
7734:
7716:
7710:
7709:
7691:
7685:
7684:
7666:
7660:
7659:
7643:
7633:
7627:
7626:
7608:
7602:
7601:
7584:
7578:
7577:
7559:
7553:
7552:
7532:
7523:
7522:
7504:
7498:
7497:
7479:
7473:
7472:
7454:
7448:
7447:
7445:
7443:
7410:
7404:
7403:
7383:
7377:
7374:
7368:
7353:
7347:
7346:
7337:"Leibniz: Logic"
7332:
7326:
7312:
7306:
7281:
7275:
7274:
7266:
7260:
7249:
7243:
7240:
7234:
7228:
7222:
7219:
7213:
7204:Marcelo Dascal,
7202:
7196:
7189:
7183:
7177:
7171:
7170:
7168:
7166:
7154:Gray, Jonathan.
7151:
7145:
7144:
7143:
7141:
7125:
7119:
7118:
7116:
7114:
7091:
7085:
7084:
7082:
7080:
7069:
7063:
7058:, trans., 1991.
7056:Nicholas Rescher
7047:
7041:
7034:
7028:
7027:
7009:
7003:
7000:
6994:
6987:
6981:
6980:
6970:
6960:
6936:
6930:
6923:
6917:
6916:
6898:
6892:
6891:
6873:
6864:
6863:
6831:
6825:
6815:
6806:
6805:
6785:
6779:
6778:
6762:
6752:
6746:
6745:
6727:
6721:
6718:
6712:
6699:
6693:
6690:
6684:
6679:
6602:
6593:
6590:
6584:
6581:
6575:
6572:
6566:
6563:
6557:
6551:
6545:
6542:
6536:
6533:
6527:
6524:
6518:
6515:
6509:
6508:
6486:
6480:
6479:
6457:
6451:
6450:
6428:
6422:
6421:
6414:
6408:
6401:
6395:
6394:
6374:
6368:
6367:
6349:
6343:
6340:
6334:
6331:
6325:
6318:
6312:
6309:
6303:
6296:
6290:
6289:
6271:
6262:
6259:
6253:
6250:
6244:
6243:
6237:
6233:
6231:
6223:
6214:
6208:
6205:
6199:
6198:
6178:
6172:
6169:
6163:
6160:
6154:
6136:
6130:
6127:
6121:
6118:
6112:
6109:
6103:
6100:
6094:
6092:
6090:
6080:
6074:
6072:
6064:
6058:
6053:A few copies of
6051:
6045:
6038:
6032:
6029:
6014:
6011:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5986:
5980:
5977:
5971:
5968:
5962:
5961:
5941:
5935:
5928:
5922:
5919:
5913:
5907:
5901:
5897:
5877:
5871:
5867:
5847:
5841:
5837:
5817:
5811:
5806:
5786:
5780:
5779:
5761:
5755:
5744:Leibniz-Nachlass
5729:
5723:
5712:
5706:
5705:
5691:. New York, NY:
5690:
5680:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5654:
5648:
5641:
5635:
5634:
5616:
5610:
5609:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5567:
5561:
5549:
5543:
5540:
5531:
5528:
5517:
5508:
5502:
5495:
5489:
5488:
5478:
5472:
5465:
5459:
5452:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5426:
5420:
5413:
5391:
5388:
5382:
5380:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5346:
5340:
5335:
5328:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5315:
5312:
5309:
5306:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5287:
5219:Leibniz operator
5203:
5198:
5197:
5196:
5189:
5184:
5183:
5175:
5170:
5169:
5161:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5147:
5142:
5141:
5133:
5131:Biography portal
5128:
5127:
5126:
5072:Johann Bernoulli
5059:Posthumous works
5044:Nicholas Rescher
5042:; translated by
4987:Lloyd Strickland
4567:Leibniz-Medaille
4500:Leibniz-Akademie
4441:Bernhard Riemann
4421:Bertrand Russell
4313:Austrian Emperor
4291:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4271:
4240:
4232:
4120:Slavic languages
4050:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4030:
3999:
3991:
3961:Daniel Schwenter
3895:Law and Morality
3884:Saint Petersburg
3820:Bodleian Library
3740:Nicholas Rescher
3724:stepped reckoner
3622:balance of trade
3605:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3585:
3554:
3546:
3358:
3265:potential energy
3200:fractal geometry
3120:. The resulting
3110:Abraham Robinson
3102:Karl Weierstrass
3025:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2984:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2935:
2928:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2850:
2835:
2827:
2820:
2812:
2805:
2797:
2776:
2761:LU factorization
2758:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2689:linear equations
2569:Bertrand Russell
2461:but rather as a
2375:Leibniz thought
2329:Martin Heidegger
2323:Leibniz wrote: "
2196:is problematic.
1966:Francisco SuĂĄrez
1820:Leibniz died in
1605:imperial court.
1566:Stepped reckoner
1517:Franco-Dutch War
1409:and contained a
1399:was inspired by
1372:De conditionibus
1303:
1121:learned journals
1102:computer science
964:
957:
950:
763:
762:
757:
653:Ars combinatoria
620:Stepped reckoner
460:
311:Notable students
271:
258:Doctoral advisor
209:Indirect realism
99:
71:
68:14 November 1716
42:
28:
27:
21282:
21281:
21277:
21276:
21275:
21273:
21272:
21271:
21012:
21011:
21010:
21000:
20998:
20986:
20974:
20964:
20962:
20950:
20940:
20938:
20930:
20928:
20923:
20922:
20917:
20904:
20893:Totalitarianism
20754:
20749:
20739:
20729:
20719:
20709:
20699:
20689:
20679:
20669:
20659:
20649:
20639:
20629:
20619:
20609:
20599:
20589:
20579:
20569:
20566:Treatise on Law
20559:
20549:
20539:
20519:
20177:
20171:
19910:
19904:
19790:
19784:
19703:
19606:
19592:State of nature
19587:Social contract
19567:Ordered liberty
19555:Noblesse oblige
19472:
19306:
19235:
19064:
19059:
19029:
19024:
18996:
18963:
18909:Mental property
18802:Abstract object
18790:
18660:
18614:Wilfrid Sellars
18489:Donald Davidson
18474:Paul Churchland
18434:George Berkeley
18390:
18385:
18355:
18350:
18327:
18306:School of Names
18259:
18254:
18244:
18234:
18224:
18221:Of Grammatology
18214:
18204:
18194:
18184:
18174:
18164:
18154:
18144:
18134:
18124:
18108:
17960:
17906:Semantic holism
17886:Non-cognitivism
17826:Conventionalism
17797:
17544:
17535:
17530:
17500:
17495:
17467:
17395:
17391:Alexander Pruss
17374:Jean-Luc Marion
17329:Alvin Plantinga
17324:Dewi Z Phillips
17311:
17309:
17303:
17274:Walter Kaufmann
17264:Frithjof Schuon
17237:Rudolf Bultmann
17194:
17188:
17184:Joseph Maréchal
17174:Pavel Florensky
17169:Sergei Bulgakov
17154:Ernst Troeltsch
17137:Harald HĂžffding
17114:
17108:
17079:William Whewell
17067:Georg W F Hegel
17062:Karl C F Krause
17049:
17043:
17039:Johann G Herder
17029:Baron d'Holbach
16979:Augustin Calmet
16965:
16881:
16869:
16868:
16865:
16857:
16815:Problem of evil
16809:
16805:Verificationism
16771:
16479:
16425:Atheist's Wager
16408:
16270:
16204:
16132:
16108:Problem of evil
16063:
16058:
16028:
16023:
16004:Stephen Wolfram
15974:Ruth Teitelbaum
15929:Douglas McIlroy
15904:Semyon Korsakov
15894:Brian Kernighan
15869:Betty Holberton
15859:Adele Goldstine
15814:Charles Babbage
15792:
15764:
15704:
15685:Binary prefixes
15661:
15603:
15598:
15568:
15563:
15559:Steinmetz solid
15544:Integration Bee
15478:
15460:
15386:
15328:Colin Maclaurin
15304:
15272:
15266:
15138:
15132:Tensor calculus
15109:Volume integral
15045:
15020:Basic theorems
14983:Vector calculus
14977:
14858:
14825:Newton's method
14660:
14639:One-sided limit
14615:
14596:Rolle's theorem
14586:Linear function
14537:
14532:
14502:
14497:
14467:
14465:
14453:
14417:
14408:Boolean algebra
14382:
14233:
14224:Metamathematics
14202:
14154:
14108:
14090:
14085:
14055:
14050:
14022:
13971:
13890:Gettier problem
13820:
13751:Foundationalism
13697:
13646:Wilfrid Sellars
13601:Alvin Plantinga
13481:George Berkeley
13448:Epistemologists
13442:
13437:
13407:
13402:
13392:
13390:
13372:
13296:
13291:
13281:
13271:
13261:
13251:
13241:
13231:
13221:
13211:
13201:
13191:
13181:
13171:
13161:
13151:
13141:
13138:De rerum natura
13131:
13121:
13111:
13095:
12835:
12739:Physical object
12575:Abstract object
12563:
12549:Theory of forms
12484:Meaning of life
12407:
12402:
12372:
12367:
12363:Cours d'Analyse
12341:
12305:
12296:Microcontinuity
12281:Hyperfinite set
12234:
12230:Surreal numbers
12203:
12157:
12148:
12120:Integral symbol
12098:
12093:
12063:
12058:
12057:
12044:
12022:
11984:
11886:
11843:
11822:
11769:
11738:
11734:Carvalho e Melo
11722:
11669:
11603:
11555:
11519:
11486:
11405:
11364:
11208:
11093:
11074:
11060:Spanish America
10934:Encyclopédistes
10897:Civil liberties
10874:
10863:
10858:
10823:
10815:
10810:
10796:
10791:
10783:
10773:
10763:
10753:
10743:
10727:
10579:
10577:
10576:Mathematics and
10570:
10565:
10529:Wayback Machine
10512:Wayback Machine
10485:Wayback Machine
10467:Acta eruditorum
10463:Wayback Machine
10353:
10338:
10263:
10233:
10206:
10166:Studia Iuridica
10061:
9916:Deleuze, Gilles
9830:
9806:Barrow, John D.
9777:
9757:
9756:
9660:Couturat, Louis
9642:
9416:
9384:Ravier, Ămile,
9367:
9362:
9357:
9356:
9329:
9320:
9307:
9306:
9299:
9282:
9278:
9267:
9263:
9248:
9244:
9229:
9225:
9215:
9213:
9204:
9203:
9199:
9189:
9187:
9186:on 19 July 2010
9178:
9177:
9173:
9169:Jolley, 217â219
9168:
9164:
9159:
9155:
9150:
9146:
9136:
9134:
9130:
9123:
9119:
9118:
9114:
9110:
9104:
9100:
9069:
9065:
9056:
9052:
9037:10.2307/1397760
9021:
9012:
9007:
9003:
8996:
8982:
8975:
8962:
8958:
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8945:
8940:
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8931:
8927:
8922:
8918:
8913:
8909:
8904:
8900:
8895:
8891:
8886:
8882:
8872:
8870:
8835:
8831:
8826:
8822:
8817:
8813:
8808:
8804:
8799:
8795:
8790:
8786:
8774:
8773:
8769:
8742:
8735:
8708:
8701:
8691:
8689:
8681:
8680:
8676:
8669:
8655:
8651:
8641:
8639:
8626:
8625:
8621:
8613:
8609:
8600:
8596:
8591:
8587:
8577:
8575:
8574:on 23 July 2021
8524:
8520:
8511:
8507:
8496:
8492:
8453:
8449:
8420:
8416:
8392:20.500.12226/69
8367:
8363:
8348:10.2307/1399337
8332:
8328:
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8305:
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8270:
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8166:
8162:
8153:
8149:
8144:
8140:
8127:
8123:
8110:
8106:
8089:
8085:
8077:L. E. Loemker:
8076:
8072:
8067:
8063:
8058:
8054:
8049:
8042:
8034:Rickles, Dean.
8033:
8029:
8020:
8016:
8007:
8003:
7998:
7994:
7989:
7985:
7975:
7973:
7962:
7958:
7953:
7949:
7944:
7940:
7901:
7897:
7852:
7848:
7836:
7832:
7820:
7816:
7806:Dirk Jan Struik
7804:
7800:
7795:
7791:
7781:
7779:
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7756:
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7609:
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7598:
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7560:
7556:
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7533:
7526:
7519:
7505:
7501:
7494:
7480:
7476:
7469:
7455:
7451:
7441:
7439:
7411:
7407:
7400:
7384:
7380:
7375:
7371:
7357:Edward N. Zalta
7354:
7350:
7333:
7329:
7315:Edward N. Zalta
7313:
7309:
7299:Wayback Machine
7282:
7278:
7267:
7263:
7250:
7246:
7241:
7237:
7229:
7225:
7220:
7216:
7203:
7199:
7190:
7186:
7182:1685, Wiener 51
7178:
7174:
7164:
7162:
7152:
7148:
7139:
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7126:
7122:
7112:
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7108:
7092:
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7071:
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7048:
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7024:
7010:
7006:
7001:
6997:
6988:
6984:
6937:
6933:
6924:
6920:
6913:
6899:
6895:
6888:
6874:
6867:
6852:10.2307/2708561
6832:
6828:
6816:
6809:
6802:
6786:
6782:
6775:
6753:
6749:
6742:
6728:
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6700:
6696:
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6603:
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6425:
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6398:
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6375:
6371:
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6350:
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6319:
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6310:
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6260:
6256:
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6235:
6234:
6225:
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6215:
6211:
6206:
6202:
6195:
6179:
6175:
6170:
6166:
6161:
6157:
6137:
6133:
6129:Aiton 1985: 312
6128:
6124:
6119:
6115:
6110:
6106:
6101:
6097:
6081:
6077:
6065:
6061:
6052:
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5998:
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5983:
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5958:
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5908:
5904:
5894:
5878:
5874:
5864:
5848:
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5834:
5818:
5814:
5803:
5787:
5783:
5776:
5762:
5758:
5740:Wayback Machine
5730:
5726:
5713:
5709:
5702:
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5529:
5520:
5509:
5505:
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5492:
5479:
5475:
5466:
5462:
5453:
5449:
5439:
5437:
5427:
5423:
5414:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5385:
5361:
5360:
5352:
5342:
5341:
5333:
5326:
5294:
5290:
5289:Pronunciation:
5288:
5284:
5279:
5199:
5194:
5192:
5185:
5178:
5171:
5164:
5157:
5152:
5150:
5143:
5136:
5129:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5106:
5061:
4866:
4699:
4663:Neal Stephenson
4627:
4475:possible worlds
4463:Nicholas Jolley
4402:Antoine Arnauld
4393:Nouveaux Essais
4381:, who read his
4375:Christian Wolff
4337:
4292:
4281:
4275:
4272:
4257:
4241:
4230:
4156:
4135:princeps editio
4091:
4051:
4040:
4034:
4031:
4016:
4000:
3989:
3945:
3920:right to resist
3897:
3876:
3836:British Library
3816:indexing system
3777:library science
3759:
3747:Charles Babbage
3736:carry operation
3667:
3653:, he created a
3647:applied science
3638:
3606:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3571:
3555:
3544:
3524:stages of sleep
3423:
3393:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3342:
3289:Leibniz held a
3280:Albert Einstein
3241:
3231:
3218:
3204:self-similarity
3174:geometria situs
3146:
3078:George Berkeley
3006:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2982:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2904:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2849:
2826:
2811:
2796:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2774:
2769:
2740:
2736:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2709:Leibniz formula
2685:
2630:
2618:Boolean algebra
2607:predicate logic
2498:
2496:Algebraic logic
2492:
2444:Gödel numbering
2337:
2322:
2312:
2280:, then how did
2239:
2229:
2088:
1986:
1962:Jakob Thomasius
1897:Antoine Arnauld
1875:
1847:
1818:
1806:Peter the Great
1743:Ernest Augustus
1724:Acta Eruditorum
1635:van Leeuwenhoek
1618:
1574:Henry Oldenburg
1544:Antoine Arnauld
1457:
1357:master's degree
1333:Jakob Thomasius
1297:
1271:
1266:
1109:library science
968:
939:
938:
874:Saint Augustine
869:
868:
867:Notable figures
859:
858:
854:Problem of evil
794:Absence of good
789:
788:
739:
536:Integral symbol
466:Algebraic logic
462:
461:
458:
452:
336:
329:
324:Christian Wolff
318:Jacob Bernoulli
306:
290:Jakob Thomasius
265:
252:
223:
194:Foundationalism
142:
134:
127:
93:
79:
73:
69:
60:
54:
45:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
21280:
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21209:
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21199:
21194:
21189:
21184:
21179:
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21169:
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21159:
21154:
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21134:
21129:
21124:
21119:
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21109:
21104:
21099:
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21079:
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21069:
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21039:
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21024:
21009:
21008:
20996:
20984:
20972:
20960:
20948:
20925:
20924:
20919:
20918:
20916:
20915:
20909:
20906:
20905:
20903:
20902:
20895:
20890:
20885:
20883:Social justice
20880:
20875:
20870:
20865:
20860:
20859:
20858:
20853:
20848:
20838:
20833:
20828:
20823:
20818:
20813:
20808:
20803:
20798:
20793:
20791:Egalitarianism
20788:
20783:
20781:Contractualism
20778:
20773:
20768:
20762:
20760:
20756:
20755:
20753:
20752:
20742:
20732:
20722:
20712:
20702:
20692:
20682:
20672:
20662:
20652:
20642:
20632:
20622:
20612:
20602:
20592:
20582:
20572:
20562:
20552:
20542:
20531:
20529:
20525:
20524:
20521:
20520:
20518:
20517:
20512:
20507:
20502:
20497:
20492:
20487:
20482:
20477:
20472:
20467:
20462:
20457:
20452:
20447:
20442:
20437:
20432:
20427:
20422:
20417:
20412:
20407:
20402:
20397:
20392:
20387:
20382:
20377:
20372:
20367:
20362:
20357:
20352:
20347:
20342:
20337:
20332:
20327:
20322:
20317:
20312:
20307:
20302:
20297:
20292:
20287:
20282:
20277:
20272:
20267:
20262:
20257:
20252:
20247:
20242:
20237:
20232:
20227:
20222:
20217:
20212:
20207:
20202:
20197:
20192:
20187:
20181:
20179:
20173:
20172:
20170:
20169:
20164:
20159:
20154:
20149:
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20139:
20134:
20129:
20124:
20119:
20114:
20109:
20104:
20099:
20094:
20089:
20084:
20079:
20074:
20069:
20064:
20059:
20054:
20049:
20048:
20047:
20037:
20032:
20031:
20030:
20020:
20015:
20010:
20005:
20000:
19995:
19990:
19985:
19980:
19975:
19970:
19965:
19960:
19955:
19950:
19945:
19940:
19935:
19930:
19925:
19920:
19914:
19912:
19906:
19905:
19903:
19902:
19897:
19892:
19887:
19882:
19877:
19872:
19867:
19862:
19857:
19852:
19847:
19846:
19845:
19835:
19830:
19825:
19820:
19815:
19810:
19805:
19800:
19794:
19792:
19786:
19785:
19783:
19782:
19777:
19772:
19767:
19762:
19757:
19752:
19747:
19742:
19737:
19732:
19727:
19722:
19717:
19711:
19709:
19705:
19704:
19702:
19701:
19696:
19691:
19686:
19681:
19676:
19675:
19674:
19664:
19659:
19654:
19649:
19644:
19639:
19634:
19629:
19623:
19621:
19614:
19608:
19607:
19605:
19604:
19599:
19594:
19589:
19584:
19579:
19577:Overton window
19574:
19569:
19564:
19559:
19550:
19545:
19540:
19535:
19530:
19525:
19520:
19515:
19510:
19505:
19500:
19495:
19486:
19480:
19478:
19474:
19473:
19471:
19470:
19465:
19460:
19455:
19450:
19445:
19440:
19435:
19430:
19425:
19420:
19415:
19410:
19408:Libertarianism
19405:
19400:
19395:
19390:
19385:
19380:
19375:
19370:
19365:
19360:
19355:
19350:
19345:
19340:
19335:
19330:
19325:
19320:
19314:
19312:
19308:
19307:
19305:
19304:
19299:
19294:
19289:
19284:
19279:
19274:
19269:
19264:
19259:
19254:
19249:
19243:
19241:
19237:
19236:
19234:
19233:
19228:
19223:
19218:
19213:
19208:
19203:
19198:
19193:
19188:
19183:
19178:
19173:
19168:
19163:
19158:
19153:
19148:
19143:
19138:
19133:
19128:
19123:
19118:
19113:
19108:
19103:
19098:
19093:
19088:
19083:
19078:
19072:
19070:
19066:
19065:
19058:
19057:
19050:
19043:
19035:
19026:
19025:
19023:
19022:
19017:
19012:
19007:
19001:
18998:
18997:
18995:
18994:
18977:
18971:
18969:
18965:
18964:
18962:
18961:
18956:
18951:
18946:
18941:
18936:
18931:
18926:
18921:
18916:
18911:
18906:
18904:Mental process
18901:
18896:
18891:
18886:
18881:
18876:
18874:Intentionality
18871:
18870:
18869:
18864:
18854:
18849:
18844:
18839:
18834:
18829:
18824:
18819:
18814:
18809:
18804:
18798:
18796:
18792:
18791:
18789:
18788:
18783:
18778:
18773:
18768:
18767:
18766:
18756:
18751:
18746:
18741:
18736:
18731:
18726:
18724:Neutral monism
18721:
18720:
18719:
18709:
18707:Interactionism
18704:
18699:
18694:
18689:
18684:
18679:
18674:
18668:
18666:
18662:
18661:
18659:
18658:
18651:
18646:
18641:
18636:
18631:
18626:
18621:
18619:Baruch Spinoza
18616:
18611:
18606:
18601:
18596:
18591:
18586:
18581:
18576:
18571:
18566:
18561:
18556:
18551:
18546:
18541:
18536:
18531:
18529:Edmund Husserl
18526:
18521:
18516:
18511:
18506:
18501:
18499:René Descartes
18496:
18494:Daniel Dennett
18491:
18486:
18481:
18476:
18471:
18466:
18464:David Chalmers
18461:
18456:
18451:
18449:Franz Brentano
18446:
18441:
18436:
18431:
18429:Alexander Bain
18426:
18421:
18419:Thomas Aquinas
18416:
18411:
18406:
18400:
18398:
18392:
18391:
18384:
18383:
18376:
18369:
18361:
18352:
18351:
18349:
18348:
18343:
18338:
18332:
18329:
18328:
18326:
18325:
18320:
18319:
18318:
18308:
18303:
18298:
18293:
18288:
18283:
18278:
18273:
18267:
18265:
18261:
18260:
18258:
18257:
18247:
18237:
18227:
18217:
18207:
18197:
18187:
18177:
18167:
18157:
18147:
18137:
18127:
18116:
18114:
18110:
18109:
18107:
18106:
18099:
18094:
18089:
18084:
18079:
18074:
18069:
18064:
18059:
18057:Presupposition
18054:
18049:
18044:
18039:
18034:
18029:
18024:
18019:
18014:
18009:
18004:
17999:
17994:
17989:
17984:
17979:
17974:
17968:
17966:
17962:
17961:
17959:
17958:
17953:
17948:
17943:
17933:
17928:
17923:
17918:
17913:
17908:
17903:
17898:
17893:
17888:
17883:
17878:
17873:
17868:
17863:
17858:
17853:
17848:
17843:
17838:
17836:Deconstruction
17833:
17828:
17823:
17818:
17813:
17807:
17805:
17799:
17798:
17796:
17795:
17790:
17785:
17780:
17775:
17770:
17765:
17760:
17755:
17750:
17745:
17740:
17735:
17730:
17725:
17720:
17715:
17710:
17705:
17700:
17695:
17690:
17685:
17680:
17675:
17670:
17665:
17660:
17655:
17650:
17645:
17640:
17635:
17630:
17625:
17620:
17615:
17610:
17605:
17600:
17595:
17590:
17585:
17580:
17575:
17570:
17565:
17560:
17554:
17552:
17546:
17545:
17540:
17537:
17536:
17529:
17528:
17521:
17514:
17506:
17497:
17496:
17494:
17493:
17483:
17472:
17469:
17468:
17466:
17465:
17458:
17453:
17448:
17443:
17438:
17433:
17428:
17423:
17418:
17413:
17407:
17405:
17404:Related topics
17401:
17400:
17397:
17396:
17394:
17393:
17387:
17386:
17381:
17376:
17371:
17366:
17364:Daniel Dennett
17361:
17356:
17354:Ravi Zacharias
17351:
17346:
17341:
17336:
17331:
17326:
17321:
17319:William L Rowe
17315:
17313:
17305:
17304:
17302:
17301:
17296:
17294:William Alston
17291:
17286:
17281:
17276:
17271:
17266:
17261:
17256:
17250:
17249:
17244:
17242:Gabriel Marcel
17239:
17234:
17229:
17224:
17219:
17214:
17209:
17204:
17198:
17196:
17190:
17189:
17187:
17186:
17181:
17179:Ernst Cassirer
17176:
17171:
17166:
17161:
17156:
17151:
17145:
17144:
17139:
17134:
17129:
17124:
17118:
17116:
17110:
17109:
17107:
17106:
17101:
17096:
17091:
17086:
17081:
17076:
17074:Thomas Carlyle
17070:
17069:
17064:
17059:
17053:
17051:
17045:
17044:
17042:
17041:
17036:
17031:
17026:
17021:
17016:
17011:
17006:
17001:
16999:Baruch Spinoza
16996:
16991:
16986:
16984:René Descartes
16981:
16975:
16973:
16967:
16966:
16964:
16963:
16958:
16956:Thomas Aquinas
16953:
16948:
16943:
16938:
16933:
16928:
16923:
16918:
16913:
16908:
16903:
16898:
16893:
16887:
16885:
16871:
16862:
16859:
16858:
16856:
16855:
16850:
16845:
16840:
16835:
16830:
16825:
16819:
16817:
16811:
16810:
16808:
16807:
16802:
16797:
16792:
16787:
16781:
16779:
16773:
16772:
16770:
16769:
16762:
16757:
16752:
16747:
16742:
16737:
16732:
16727:
16725:Possibilianism
16722:
16717:
16712:
16707:
16702:
16697:
16692:
16687:
16682:
16681:
16680:
16675:
16670:
16660:
16655:
16650:
16645:
16640:
16635:
16634:
16633:
16628:
16623:
16613:
16608:
16603:
16601:Fundamentalism
16598:
16593:
16592:
16591:
16586:
16576:
16575:
16574:
16569:
16562:Existentialism
16559:
16554:
16549:
16544:
16539:
16534:
16529:
16524:
16519:
16514:
16509:
16504:
16499:
16493:
16491:
16485:
16484:
16481:
16480:
16478:
16477:
16472:
16467:
16462:
16457:
16455:Noncognitivism
16452:
16447:
16442:
16437:
16432:
16427:
16422:
16416:
16414:
16410:
16409:
16407:
16406:
16404:Transcendental
16401:
16400:
16399:
16394:
16384:
16379:
16374:
16372:Pascal's wager
16369:
16364:
16359:
16354:
16349:
16344:
16339:
16334:
16329:
16324:
16323:
16322:
16317:
16307:
16302:
16300:Christological
16297:
16291:
16289:
16282:
16276:
16275:
16272:
16271:
16269:
16268:
16263:
16258:
16253:
16248:
16243:
16238:
16233:
16228:
16223:
16218:
16212:
16210:
16206:
16205:
16203:
16202:
16197:
16192:
16187:
16182:
16177:
16172:
16167:
16162:
16157:
16152:
16146:
16140:
16134:
16133:
16131:
16130:
16125:
16120:
16115:
16110:
16105:
16100:
16095:
16094:
16093:
16082:
16077:
16071:
16069:
16065:
16064:
16057:
16056:
16049:
16042:
16034:
16025:
16024:
16022:
16021:
16016:
16011:
16006:
16001:
15996:
15991:
15986:
15984:Linus Torvalds
15981:
15976:
15971:
15966:
15964:Frances Spence
15961:
15959:Claude Shannon
15956:
15951:
15949:Dennis Ritchie
15946:
15941:
15936:
15934:Marlyn Meltzer
15931:
15926:
15924:Joseph Kruskal
15921:
15916:
15911:
15906:
15901:
15896:
15891:
15886:
15881:
15876:
15871:
15866:
15861:
15856:
15851:
15846:
15841:
15836:
15831:
15826:
15821:
15816:
15811:
15806:
15800:
15798:
15797:Notable people
15794:
15793:
15791:
15790:
15785:
15780:
15774:
15772:
15766:
15765:
15763:
15762:
15757:
15752:
15747:
15746:
15745:
15740:
15735:
15725:
15720:
15714:
15712:
15706:
15705:
15703:
15702:
15697:
15692:
15687:
15682:
15677:
15671:
15669:
15663:
15662:
15660:
15659:
15654:
15649:
15644:
15639:
15634:
15629:
15624:
15619:
15613:
15611:
15605:
15604:
15597:
15596:
15589:
15582:
15574:
15565:
15564:
15562:
15561:
15556:
15551:
15546:
15541:
15539:Gabriel's horn
15536:
15531:
15530:
15529:
15524:
15519:
15514:
15509:
15501:
15500:
15499:
15490:
15488:
15484:
15483:
15480:
15479:
15477:
15476:
15471:
15469:List of limits
15465:
15462:
15461:
15459:
15458:
15457:
15456:
15451:
15446:
15436:
15435:
15434:
15424:
15419:
15414:
15409:
15403:
15401:
15392:
15388:
15387:
15385:
15384:
15377:
15370:
15368:Leonhard Euler
15365:
15360:
15355:
15350:
15345:
15340:
15335:
15330:
15325:
15320:
15314:
15312:
15306:
15305:
15303:
15302:
15297:
15292:
15287:
15282:
15276:
15274:
15268:
15267:
15265:
15264:
15263:
15262:
15257:
15252:
15247:
15242:
15237:
15232:
15227:
15222:
15217:
15209:
15208:
15207:
15202:
15201:
15200:
15195:
15185:
15180:
15175:
15170:
15165:
15160:
15152:
15146:
15144:
15140:
15139:
15137:
15136:
15135:
15134:
15129:
15124:
15119:
15111:
15106:
15101:
15096:
15091:
15086:
15081:
15076:
15071:
15069:Hessian matrix
15066:
15061:
15055:
15053:
15047:
15046:
15044:
15043:
15042:
15041:
15036:
15031:
15026:
15024:Line integrals
15018:
15017:
15016:
15011:
15006:
15001:
14996:
14987:
14985:
14979:
14978:
14976:
14975:
14970:
14965:
14964:
14963:
14958:
14950:
14945:
14944:
14943:
14933:
14932:
14931:
14926:
14921:
14911:
14906:
14905:
14904:
14894:
14889:
14884:
14879:
14874:
14872:Antiderivative
14868:
14866:
14860:
14859:
14857:
14856:
14855:
14854:
14849:
14844:
14834:
14833:
14832:
14827:
14819:
14818:
14817:
14812:
14807:
14802:
14792:
14791:
14790:
14785:
14780:
14775:
14767:
14766:
14765:
14760:
14759:
14758:
14748:
14743:
14738:
14733:
14728:
14718:
14717:
14716:
14711:
14701:
14696:
14691:
14686:
14681:
14676:
14670:
14668:
14662:
14661:
14659:
14658:
14653:
14648:
14643:
14642:
14641:
14631:
14625:
14623:
14617:
14616:
14614:
14613:
14608:
14603:
14598:
14593:
14588:
14583:
14578:
14573:
14568:
14563:
14558:
14553:
14547:
14545:
14539:
14538:
14531:
14530:
14523:
14516:
14508:
14499:
14498:
14496:
14495:
14490:
14480:
14475:
14462:
14459:
14458:
14455:
14454:
14452:
14451:
14446:
14441:
14436:
14431:
14425:
14423:
14419:
14418:
14416:
14415:
14410:
14405:
14399:
14397:
14388:
14384:
14383:
14381:
14380:
14375:
14370:
14365:
14360:
14355:
14350:
14345:
14340:
14335:
14330:
14325:
14320:
14315:
14314:
14313:
14303:
14298:
14293:
14288:
14283:
14282:
14281:
14276:
14266:
14261:
14256:
14251:
14245:
14243:
14239:
14238:
14235:
14234:
14232:
14231:
14226:
14221:
14216:
14210:
14208:
14204:
14203:
14201:
14200:
14195:
14190:
14185:
14184:
14183:
14178:
14168:
14162:
14160:
14153:
14152:
14147:
14142:
14137:
14132:
14127:
14122:
14116:
14114:
14110:
14109:
14107:
14106:
14101:
14095:
14092:
14091:
14084:
14083:
14076:
14069:
14061:
14052:
14051:
14049:
14048:
14043:
14038:
14033:
14027:
14024:
14023:
14021:
14020:
14015:
14010:
14005:
14000:
13995:
13990:
13985:
13979:
13977:
13973:
13972:
13970:
13969:
13962:
13957:
13952:
13947:
13942:
13937:
13932:
13927:
13922:
13917:
13912:
13907:
13902:
13897:
13892:
13887:
13882:
13877:
13872:
13867:
13862:
13857:
13852:
13847:
13839:
13830:
13828:
13822:
13821:
13819:
13818:
13813:
13808:
13803:
13798:
13793:
13788:
13783:
13778:
13773:
13768:
13763:
13758:
13753:
13748:
13743:
13738:
13733:
13728:
13723:
13718:
13716:Constructivism
13713:
13707:
13705:
13699:
13698:
13696:
13695:
13688:
13683:
13678:
13673:
13668:
13666:Baruch Spinoza
13663:
13661:P. F. Strawson
13658:
13653:
13651:Susanna Siegel
13648:
13643:
13638:
13633:
13628:
13626:W. V. O. Quine
13623:
13618:
13613:
13608:
13603:
13598:
13593:
13588:
13583:
13578:
13573:
13568:
13563:
13558:
13553:
13548:
13543:
13538:
13533:
13528:
13526:Nelson Goodman
13523:
13518:
13516:Edmund Gettier
13513:
13508:
13503:
13501:René Descartes
13498:
13493:
13491:Gilles Deleuze
13488:
13483:
13478:
13473:
13468:
13466:William Alston
13463:
13458:
13456:Thomas Aquinas
13452:
13450:
13444:
13443:
13436:
13435:
13428:
13421:
13413:
13404:
13403:
13401:
13400:
13388:
13377:
13374:
13373:
13371:
13370:
13365:
13360:
13355:
13350:
13345:
13340:
13335:
13330:
13325:
13320:
13315:
13310:
13304:
13302:
13301:Related topics
13298:
13297:
13295:
13294:
13284:
13274:
13268:Being and Time
13264:
13254:
13244:
13234:
13224:
13214:
13204:
13194:
13184:
13174:
13164:
13154:
13144:
13134:
13124:
13114:
13103:
13101:
13097:
13096:
13094:
13093:
13086:
13081:
13076:
13071:
13066:
13061:
13056:
13051:
13046:
13041:
13036:
13031:
13026:
13021:
13016:
13011:
13006:
13001:
12996:
12991:
12986:
12981:
12976:
12971:
12966:
12961:
12956:
12951:
12946:
12941:
12936:
12931:
12926:
12921:
12916:
12911:
12906:
12901:
12896:
12891:
12886:
12881:
12876:
12871:
12866:
12861:
12856:
12851:
12845:
12843:
12841:Metaphysicians
12837:
12836:
12834:
12833:
12826:
12821:
12816:
12811:
12806:
12801:
12796:
12791:
12786:
12781:
12776:
12771:
12766:
12761:
12756:
12751:
12746:
12741:
12736:
12731:
12726:
12721:
12716:
12711:
12706:
12701:
12696:
12691:
12686:
12681:
12676:
12671:
12666:
12661:
12660:
12659:
12649:
12644:
12639:
12634:
12629:
12624:
12619:
12614:
12609:
12604:
12597:
12595:Causal closure
12592:
12587:
12582:
12577:
12571:
12569:
12565:
12564:
12562:
12561:
12556:
12551:
12546:
12541:
12536:
12531:
12526:
12521:
12516:
12511:
12506:
12501:
12496:
12491:
12486:
12481:
12476:
12471:
12469:Libertarianism
12466:
12461:
12456:
12454:Existentialism
12451:
12446:
12441:
12436:
12431:
12426:
12421:
12415:
12413:
12409:
12408:
12401:
12400:
12393:
12386:
12378:
12369:
12368:
12366:
12365:
12360:
12355:
12349:
12347:
12343:
12342:
12340:
12339:
12337:Leonhard Euler
12334:
12329:
12324:
12319:
12313:
12311:
12310:Mathematicians
12307:
12306:
12304:
12303:
12298:
12293:
12288:
12283:
12278:
12273:
12268:
12263:
12258:
12253:
12248:
12242:
12240:
12236:
12235:
12233:
12232:
12227:
12222:
12217:
12211:
12209:
12208:Formalizations
12205:
12204:
12202:
12201:
12196:
12191:
12186:
12181:
12176:
12171:
12165:
12163:
12159:
12158:
12151:
12149:
12147:
12146:
12141:
12134:
12127:
12122:
12117:
12112:
12106:
12104:
12100:
12099:
12096:Infinitesimals
12092:
12091:
12084:
12077:
12069:
12060:
12059:
12056:
12055:
12037:
12036:
12035:
12032:
12031:
12028:
12027:
12024:
12023:
12021:
12020:
12015:
12010:
12005:
12000:
11994:
11992:
11986:
11985:
11983:
11982:
11977:
11972:
11967:
11962:
11957:
11952:
11947:
11942:
11937:
11932:
11927:
11922:
11917:
11912:
11907:
11902:
11896:
11894:
11888:
11887:
11885:
11884:
11879:
11874:
11869:
11864:
11859:
11853:
11851:
11845:
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11474:
11469:
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11407:
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11398:
11393:
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11242:
11237:
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11227:
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11214:
11210:
11209:
11207:
11206:
11204:Wollstonecraft
11201:
11196:
11191:
11186:
11181:
11176:
11171:
11166:
11161:
11156:
11151:
11146:
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11095:
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11067:
11062:
11057:
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11033:
11028:
11023:
11018:
11013:
11008:
11003:
10998:
10993:
10988:
10981:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10952:
10943:
10938:
10929:
10924:
10919:
10914:
10909:
10904:
10899:
10894:
10889:
10883:
10876:
10875:
10865:
10864:
10857:
10856:
10849:
10842:
10834:
10828:
10825:
10824:
10812:
10811:
10801:
10798:
10797:
10795:
10794:
10786:
10776:
10766:
10756:
10746:
10735:
10733:
10729:
10728:
10726:
10725:
10720:
10713:
10708:
10703:
10698:
10693:
10690:Salva veritate
10686:
10681:
10676:
10671:
10664:
10657:
10652:
10647:
10642:
10637:
10632:
10627:
10622:
10617:
10615:Compossibility
10612:
10605:
10598:
10593:
10588:
10582:
10580:
10575:
10572:
10571:
10564:
10563:
10556:
10549:
10541:
10535:
10534:
10517:
10500:
10491:
10473:
10453:
10448:
10443:
10434:
10425:
10411:
10402:
10380:
10365:
10350:
10337:Horn, Joshua.
10335:
10320:
10305:
10286:
10267:
10252:
10243:
10232:
10231:External links
10229:
10228:
10227:
10196:
10185:
10178:
10157:
10150:
10138:
10131:Riley, Patrick
10128:
10121:
10114:
10104:
10094:(4): 519â543.
10079:
10072:
10065:
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10042:
10035:
10028:
10021:
10014:
10002:10.2307/845705
9985:
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9932:
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9885:
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9828:
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9791:. Hilger (UK).
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9594:
9587:
9582:, 2006 (ed.).
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9504:
9497:
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9455:
9448:
9441:
9438:Logical Papers
9431:
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9403:
9396:
9389:
9382:
9375:
9366:
9365:Bibliographies
9363:
9361:
9358:
9355:
9354:
9339:Chisholm, Hugh
9318:
9297:
9276:
9261:
9242:
9223:
9197:
9171:
9162:
9153:
9144:
9112:
9098:
9079:(3): 936â947.
9063:
9050:
9010:
9001:
8994:
8973:
8956:
8943:
8934:
8925:
8916:
8907:
8898:
8889:
8880:
8849:(2): 118â132.
8829:
8820:
8811:
8802:
8793:
8784:
8767:
8756:(2): 133â152.
8733:
8722:(2): 133â152.
8699:
8674:
8667:
8649:
8619:
8607:
8594:
8585:
8518:
8505:
8490:
8463:(2): 345â361.
8447:
8414:
8377:(1): 173â188.
8361:
8326:
8317:
8308:
8299:
8280:(2): 187â199.
8264:
8255:
8246:
8233:
8220:
8195:
8186:
8173:
8160:
8147:
8138:
8121:
8104:
8083:
8070:
8061:
8052:
8040:
8027:
8014:
8001:
7992:
7983:
7972:on 22 May 2009
7956:
7947:
7938:
7911:(4): 327â363.
7895:
7867:(3): 571â625,
7846:
7838:John Stillwell
7830:
7814:
7798:
7789:
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7754:
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7704:
7686:
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7307:
7276:
7261:
7244:
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7223:
7214:
7197:
7184:
7172:
7146:
7120:
7106:
7086:
7064:
7042:
7029:
7023:978-1515243915
7022:
7004:
6995:
6982:
6951:(4): 445â462.
6931:
6918:
6911:
6893:
6886:
6865:
6846:(3): 331â344.
6826:
6807:
6800:
6780:
6773:
6747:
6740:
6722:
6713:
6702:Arthur Lovejoy
6694:
6685:
6674:
6594:
6585:
6576:
6567:
6558:
6546:
6537:
6528:
6519:
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6423:
6409:
6396:
6389:
6369:
6362:
6344:
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6326:
6313:
6304:
6291:
6284:
6263:
6254:
6245:
6236:|website=
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5649:
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5611:
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5473:
5460:
5447:
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5407:
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5404:
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5396:
5393:
5392:
5383:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5261:Joachim Bouvet
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5190:
5176:
5173:Science portal
5162:
5148:
5134:
5118:
5115:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5094:
5086:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5034:
5031:
5014:
5007:
4994:
4979:
4973:
4962:
4959:
4948:
4939:
4928:
4925:
4908:
4897:
4894:
4883:
4865:
4864:Selected works
4862:
4829:
4828:
4821:
4814:
4803:
4794:
4785:
4778:
4771:
4698:
4695:
4626:
4623:
4596:
4595:
4587:
4581:
4577:and later the
4564:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4544:
4537:Leibniz Kolleg
4534:
4528:
4516:
4515:
4509:
4503:
4497:
4446:salva veritate
4429:Louis Couturat
4336:
4333:
4305:Harz mountains
4294:
4293:
4276:September 2021
4244:
4242:
4235:
4229:
4226:
4206:binary numbers
4170:Joachim Bouvet
4155:
4152:
4090:
4087:
4071:John Frederick
4063:Roman Catholic
4053:
4052:
4035:September 2021
4003:
4001:
3994:
3988:
3985:
3944:
3941:
3933:European Union
3896:
3893:
3875:
3872:
3868:World Wide Web
3864:symbolic logic
3812:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3758:
3755:
3713:Norbert Wiener
3693:Thomas Harriot
3666:
3663:
3659:Harz Mountains
3637:
3634:
3608:
3607:
3590:September 2021
3558:
3556:
3549:
3543:
3542:Social science
3540:
3422:
3419:
3392:
3389:
3385:closed systems
3361:kinetic energy
3355:
3352:
3341:
3335:
3296:space and time
3261:kinetic energy
3230:
3227:
3217:
3214:
3192:Euclidis Prota
3150:analysis situs
3145:
3142:
3067:infinitesimals
3012:
3009:
3004:
3001:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
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2800:
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2790:
2768:
2765:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2684:
2683:Linear systems
2681:
2629:
2626:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2494:Main article:
2491:
2488:
2471:analysis situs
2467:characteristic
2455:characteristic
2362:Louis Couturat
2354:symbolic logic
2336:
2333:
2311:
2306:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2212:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2069:
2063:
2051:
2041:
2035:
2000:
1985:
1982:
1950:Baruch Spinoza
1935:Louis Couturat
1874:
1871:
1846:
1843:
1817:
1814:
1697:. The British
1617:
1614:
1594:John Frederick
1456:
1453:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1254:possible world
1234:Baruch Spinoza
1230:René Descartes
970:
969:
967:
966:
959:
952:
944:
941:
940:
937:
936:
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926:
921:
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901:
899:Saint Irenaeus
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881:
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737:
732:
727:
715:
710:
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695:
690:
685:
680:
678:Compossibility
675:
668:
661:
649:
644:
639:
634:
631:Analysis situs
627:
625:Symbolic logic
622:
617:
614:Salva veritate
610:
605:
600:(principle of
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
546:Leibniz's test
543:
538:
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523:
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508:
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493:
488:
483:
478:
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337:
335:Main interests
334:
331:
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328:
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314:
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299:
298:(B.A. advisor)
293:
292:(B.A. advisor)
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129:
122:
119:Dr. phil. hab.
100:
87:
85:
81:
80:
74:
72:(aged 70)
66:
62:
61:
55:
51:
47:
46:
44:Portrait, 1695
43:
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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20907:
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20879:
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20871:
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20843:
20842:
20839:
20837:
20834:
20832:
20829:
20827:
20824:
20822:
20819:
20817:
20816:Jurisprudence
20814:
20812:
20809:
20807:
20804:
20802:
20799:
20797:
20794:
20792:
20789:
20787:
20784:
20782:
20779:
20777:
20774:
20772:
20769:
20767:
20764:
20763:
20761:
20757:
20748:
20747:
20743:
20738:
20737:
20733:
20728:
20727:
20723:
20718:
20717:
20713:
20708:
20707:
20703:
20698:
20697:
20693:
20688:
20687:
20683:
20678:
20677:
20673:
20668:
20667:
20663:
20658:
20657:
20653:
20648:
20647:
20646:Rights of Man
20643:
20638:
20637:
20633:
20628:
20627:
20623:
20618:
20617:
20613:
20608:
20607:
20603:
20598:
20597:
20593:
20588:
20587:
20583:
20578:
20577:
20573:
20568:
20567:
20563:
20558:
20557:
20556:De re publica
20553:
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20513:
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20488:
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20466:
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20443:
20441:
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20408:
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20398:
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20393:
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20381:
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20371:
20368:
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20321:
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20313:
20311:
20308:
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20286:
20283:
20281:
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20273:
20271:
20268:
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20261:
20258:
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20246:
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20238:
20236:
20233:
20231:
20228:
20226:
20223:
20221:
20218:
20216:
20213:
20211:
20208:
20206:
20203:
20201:
20198:
20196:
20193:
20191:
20188:
20186:
20183:
20182:
20180:
20176:20th and 21st
20174:
20168:
20165:
20163:
20160:
20158:
20155:
20153:
20150:
20148:
20145:
20143:
20140:
20138:
20135:
20133:
20130:
20128:
20125:
20123:
20120:
20118:
20115:
20113:
20110:
20108:
20105:
20103:
20100:
20098:
20095:
20093:
20090:
20088:
20085:
20083:
20080:
20078:
20075:
20073:
20070:
20068:
20065:
20063:
20060:
20058:
20055:
20053:
20050:
20046:
20043:
20042:
20041:
20038:
20036:
20033:
20029:
20026:
20025:
20024:
20021:
20019:
20016:
20014:
20011:
20009:
20006:
20004:
20001:
19999:
19996:
19994:
19991:
19989:
19986:
19984:
19981:
19979:
19976:
19974:
19971:
19969:
19966:
19964:
19961:
19959:
19956:
19954:
19951:
19949:
19946:
19944:
19941:
19939:
19936:
19934:
19931:
19929:
19926:
19924:
19921:
19919:
19916:
19915:
19913:
19909:18th and 19th
19907:
19901:
19898:
19896:
19893:
19891:
19888:
19886:
19883:
19881:
19878:
19876:
19873:
19871:
19868:
19866:
19863:
19861:
19858:
19856:
19853:
19851:
19848:
19844:
19841:
19840:
19839:
19836:
19834:
19831:
19829:
19826:
19824:
19821:
19819:
19816:
19814:
19811:
19809:
19806:
19804:
19801:
19799:
19796:
19795:
19793:
19787:
19781:
19778:
19776:
19773:
19771:
19768:
19766:
19765:Nizam al-Mulk
19763:
19761:
19758:
19756:
19753:
19751:
19748:
19746:
19743:
19741:
19738:
19736:
19733:
19731:
19728:
19726:
19723:
19721:
19718:
19716:
19713:
19712:
19710:
19706:
19700:
19697:
19695:
19692:
19690:
19687:
19685:
19682:
19680:
19677:
19673:
19670:
19669:
19668:
19665:
19663:
19660:
19658:
19655:
19653:
19650:
19648:
19645:
19643:
19640:
19638:
19635:
19633:
19630:
19628:
19625:
19624:
19622:
19618:
19615:
19613:
19609:
19603:
19600:
19598:
19595:
19593:
19590:
19588:
19585:
19583:
19580:
19578:
19575:
19573:
19570:
19568:
19565:
19563:
19560:
19557:
19556:
19551:
19549:
19546:
19544:
19541:
19539:
19536:
19534:
19531:
19529:
19526:
19524:
19521:
19519:
19516:
19514:
19511:
19509:
19506:
19504:
19501:
19499:
19496:
19493:
19492:
19487:
19485:
19482:
19481:
19479:
19475:
19469:
19466:
19464:
19461:
19459:
19456:
19454:
19451:
19449:
19448:Republicanism
19446:
19444:
19441:
19439:
19436:
19434:
19431:
19429:
19426:
19424:
19421:
19419:
19416:
19414:
19411:
19409:
19406:
19404:
19401:
19399:
19396:
19394:
19391:
19389:
19386:
19384:
19381:
19379:
19376:
19374:
19371:
19369:
19366:
19364:
19361:
19359:
19356:
19354:
19351:
19349:
19346:
19344:
19341:
19339:
19336:
19334:
19331:
19329:
19326:
19324:
19321:
19319:
19316:
19315:
19313:
19309:
19303:
19300:
19298:
19295:
19293:
19290:
19288:
19285:
19283:
19280:
19278:
19275:
19273:
19270:
19268:
19265:
19263:
19260:
19258:
19255:
19253:
19250:
19248:
19245:
19244:
19242:
19238:
19232:
19229:
19227:
19224:
19222:
19219:
19217:
19214:
19212:
19209:
19207:
19204:
19202:
19199:
19197:
19194:
19192:
19189:
19187:
19184:
19182:
19179:
19177:
19174:
19172:
19169:
19167:
19164:
19162:
19159:
19157:
19154:
19152:
19149:
19147:
19144:
19142:
19139:
19137:
19134:
19132:
19129:
19127:
19124:
19122:
19119:
19117:
19114:
19112:
19109:
19107:
19104:
19102:
19099:
19097:
19094:
19092:
19089:
19087:
19084:
19082:
19079:
19077:
19074:
19073:
19071:
19067:
19063:
19056:
19051:
19049:
19044:
19042:
19037:
19036:
19033:
19021:
19018:
19016:
19013:
19011:
19008:
19006:
19003:
19002:
18999:
18993:
18989:
18985:
18981:
18978:
18976:
18973:
18972:
18970:
18966:
18960:
18957:
18955:
18954:Understanding
18952:
18950:
18947:
18945:
18942:
18940:
18937:
18935:
18932:
18930:
18927:
18925:
18922:
18920:
18917:
18915:
18912:
18910:
18907:
18905:
18902:
18900:
18897:
18895:
18892:
18890:
18887:
18885:
18882:
18880:
18879:Introspection
18877:
18875:
18872:
18868:
18865:
18863:
18860:
18859:
18858:
18855:
18853:
18850:
18848:
18845:
18843:
18840:
18838:
18835:
18833:
18832:Consciousness
18830:
18828:
18825:
18823:
18820:
18818:
18815:
18813:
18810:
18808:
18805:
18803:
18800:
18799:
18797:
18793:
18787:
18784:
18782:
18779:
18777:
18774:
18772:
18769:
18765:
18762:
18761:
18760:
18757:
18755:
18754:Phenomenology
18752:
18750:
18749:Phenomenalism
18747:
18745:
18742:
18740:
18739:Occasionalism
18737:
18735:
18732:
18730:
18727:
18725:
18722:
18718:
18715:
18714:
18713:
18712:NaĂŻve realism
18710:
18708:
18705:
18703:
18702:Functionalism
18700:
18698:
18695:
18693:
18690:
18688:
18685:
18683:
18680:
18678:
18675:
18673:
18670:
18669:
18667:
18663:
18657:
18656:
18652:
18650:
18647:
18645:
18644:Stephen Yablo
18642:
18640:
18637:
18635:
18632:
18630:
18627:
18625:
18622:
18620:
18617:
18615:
18612:
18610:
18607:
18605:
18602:
18600:
18599:Richard Rorty
18597:
18595:
18594:Hilary Putnam
18592:
18590:
18587:
18585:
18582:
18580:
18577:
18575:
18572:
18570:
18569:Marvin Minsky
18567:
18565:
18562:
18560:
18557:
18555:
18552:
18550:
18547:
18545:
18544:Immanuel Kant
18542:
18540:
18537:
18535:
18534:William James
18532:
18530:
18527:
18525:
18522:
18520:
18517:
18515:
18512:
18510:
18507:
18505:
18502:
18500:
18497:
18495:
18492:
18490:
18487:
18485:
18482:
18480:
18477:
18475:
18472:
18470:
18467:
18465:
18462:
18460:
18457:
18455:
18452:
18450:
18447:
18445:
18442:
18440:
18439:Henri Bergson
18437:
18435:
18432:
18430:
18427:
18425:
18422:
18420:
18417:
18415:
18412:
18410:
18407:
18405:
18402:
18401:
18399:
18397:
18393:
18389:
18382:
18377:
18375:
18370:
18368:
18363:
18362:
18359:
18347:
18344:
18342:
18339:
18337:
18334:
18333:
18330:
18324:
18321:
18317:
18314:
18313:
18312:
18309:
18307:
18304:
18302:
18301:Scholasticism
18299:
18297:
18294:
18292:
18289:
18287:
18284:
18282:
18279:
18277:
18274:
18272:
18269:
18268:
18266:
18262:
18253:
18252:
18248:
18243:
18242:
18238:
18233:
18232:
18228:
18223:
18222:
18218:
18213:
18212:
18208:
18203:
18202:
18198:
18193:
18192:
18188:
18183:
18182:
18178:
18172:
18168:
18163:
18162:
18158:
18153:
18152:
18148:
18143:
18142:
18138:
18133:
18132:
18128:
18123:
18122:
18118:
18117:
18115:
18111:
18105:
18104:
18100:
18098:
18095:
18093:
18090:
18088:
18085:
18083:
18080:
18078:
18075:
18073:
18070:
18068:
18065:
18063:
18060:
18058:
18055:
18053:
18050:
18048:
18045:
18043:
18040:
18038:
18035:
18033:
18030:
18028:
18025:
18023:
18020:
18018:
18015:
18013:
18010:
18008:
18005:
18003:
18000:
17998:
17995:
17993:
17990:
17988:
17985:
17983:
17980:
17978:
17975:
17973:
17970:
17969:
17967:
17963:
17957:
17954:
17952:
17949:
17947:
17944:
17941:
17937:
17934:
17932:
17929:
17927:
17924:
17922:
17919:
17917:
17916:Structuralism
17914:
17912:
17909:
17907:
17904:
17902:
17899:
17897:
17894:
17892:
17889:
17887:
17884:
17882:
17879:
17877:
17874:
17872:
17869:
17867:
17864:
17862:
17859:
17857:
17854:
17852:
17849:
17847:
17844:
17842:
17841:Descriptivism
17839:
17837:
17834:
17832:
17829:
17827:
17824:
17822:
17821:Contrastivism
17819:
17817:
17814:
17812:
17809:
17808:
17806:
17804:
17800:
17794:
17791:
17789:
17786:
17784:
17781:
17779:
17776:
17774:
17771:
17769:
17766:
17764:
17761:
17759:
17756:
17754:
17751:
17749:
17746:
17744:
17741:
17739:
17736:
17734:
17731:
17729:
17726:
17724:
17721:
17719:
17716:
17714:
17711:
17709:
17706:
17704:
17701:
17699:
17696:
17694:
17691:
17689:
17686:
17684:
17681:
17679:
17676:
17674:
17671:
17669:
17666:
17664:
17661:
17659:
17656:
17654:
17651:
17649:
17646:
17644:
17641:
17639:
17636:
17634:
17631:
17629:
17626:
17624:
17621:
17619:
17616:
17614:
17611:
17609:
17606:
17604:
17601:
17599:
17596:
17594:
17591:
17589:
17586:
17584:
17581:
17579:
17576:
17574:
17571:
17569:
17566:
17564:
17561:
17559:
17556:
17555:
17553:
17551:
17547:
17543:
17538:
17534:
17527:
17522:
17520:
17515:
17513:
17508:
17507:
17504:
17492:
17484:
17482:
17478:
17474:
17473:
17470:
17464:
17463:
17459:
17457:
17454:
17452:
17449:
17447:
17444:
17442:
17439:
17437:
17434:
17432:
17429:
17427:
17424:
17422:
17419:
17417:
17414:
17412:
17409:
17408:
17406:
17402:
17392:
17389:
17388:
17385:
17382:
17380:
17377:
17375:
17372:
17370:
17367:
17365:
17362:
17360:
17357:
17355:
17352:
17350:
17347:
17345:
17342:
17340:
17337:
17335:
17334:Anthony Kenny
17332:
17330:
17327:
17325:
17322:
17320:
17317:
17316:
17314:
17306:
17300:
17297:
17295:
17292:
17290:
17287:
17285:
17282:
17280:
17277:
17275:
17272:
17270:
17267:
17265:
17262:
17260:
17259:Mircea Eliade
17257:
17255:
17252:
17251:
17248:
17245:
17243:
17240:
17238:
17235:
17233:
17230:
17228:
17225:
17223:
17220:
17218:
17215:
17213:
17210:
17208:
17205:
17203:
17200:
17199:
17197:
17191:
17185:
17182:
17180:
17177:
17175:
17172:
17170:
17167:
17165:
17162:
17160:
17157:
17155:
17152:
17150:
17147:
17146:
17143:
17142:William James
17140:
17138:
17135:
17133:
17130:
17128:
17125:
17123:
17122:Ernst Haeckel
17120:
17119:
17117:
17111:
17105:
17102:
17100:
17097:
17095:
17092:
17090:
17087:
17085:
17082:
17080:
17077:
17075:
17072:
17071:
17068:
17065:
17063:
17060:
17058:
17055:
17054:
17052:
17046:
17040:
17037:
17035:
17034:Immanuel Kant
17032:
17030:
17027:
17025:
17022:
17020:
17017:
17015:
17012:
17010:
17007:
17005:
17002:
17000:
16997:
16995:
16992:
16990:
16989:Blaise Pascal
16987:
16985:
16982:
16980:
16977:
16976:
16974:
16972:
16968:
16962:
16959:
16957:
16954:
16952:
16949:
16947:
16944:
16942:
16939:
16937:
16934:
16932:
16929:
16927:
16924:
16922:
16919:
16917:
16914:
16912:
16909:
16907:
16904:
16902:
16899:
16897:
16894:
16892:
16889:
16888:
16886:
16884:
16879:
16875:
16872:
16867:
16860:
16854:
16851:
16849:
16846:
16844:
16841:
16839:
16836:
16834:
16831:
16829:
16826:
16824:
16821:
16820:
16818:
16816:
16812:
16806:
16803:
16801:
16798:
16796:
16793:
16791:
16790:Language game
16788:
16786:
16783:
16782:
16780:
16778:
16774:
16768:
16767:
16763:
16761:
16758:
16756:
16753:
16751:
16748:
16746:
16743:
16741:
16738:
16736:
16733:
16731:
16728:
16726:
16723:
16721:
16718:
16716:
16713:
16711:
16708:
16706:
16703:
16701:
16698:
16696:
16693:
16691:
16688:
16686:
16683:
16679:
16676:
16674:
16671:
16669:
16666:
16665:
16664:
16661:
16659:
16656:
16654:
16651:
16649:
16646:
16644:
16641:
16639:
16636:
16632:
16629:
16627:
16624:
16622:
16619:
16618:
16617:
16614:
16612:
16609:
16607:
16604:
16602:
16599:
16597:
16594:
16590:
16587:
16585:
16582:
16581:
16580:
16577:
16573:
16570:
16568:
16565:
16564:
16563:
16560:
16558:
16555:
16553:
16550:
16548:
16545:
16543:
16540:
16538:
16535:
16533:
16530:
16528:
16525:
16523:
16520:
16518:
16515:
16513:
16510:
16508:
16505:
16503:
16500:
16498:
16495:
16494:
16492:
16490:
16486:
16476:
16473:
16471:
16468:
16466:
16463:
16461:
16460:Occam's razor
16458:
16456:
16453:
16451:
16448:
16446:
16443:
16441:
16438:
16436:
16433:
16431:
16428:
16426:
16423:
16421:
16418:
16417:
16415:
16411:
16405:
16402:
16398:
16395:
16393:
16390:
16389:
16388:
16385:
16383:
16380:
16378:
16375:
16373:
16370:
16368:
16365:
16363:
16360:
16358:
16355:
16353:
16350:
16348:
16345:
16343:
16340:
16338:
16335:
16333:
16330:
16328:
16325:
16321:
16318:
16316:
16313:
16312:
16311:
16308:
16306:
16305:Consciousness
16303:
16301:
16298:
16296:
16293:
16292:
16290:
16286:
16283:
16281:
16277:
16267:
16264:
16262:
16259:
16257:
16254:
16252:
16249:
16247:
16244:
16242:
16239:
16237:
16234:
16232:
16229:
16227:
16224:
16222:
16219:
16217:
16214:
16213:
16211:
16207:
16201:
16200:Unmoved mover
16198:
16196:
16195:Supreme Being
16193:
16191:
16188:
16186:
16183:
16181:
16178:
16176:
16173:
16171:
16168:
16166:
16163:
16161:
16158:
16156:
16153:
16151:
16148:
16147:
16144:
16141:
16139:
16135:
16129:
16126:
16124:
16121:
16119:
16116:
16114:
16111:
16109:
16106:
16104:
16101:
16099:
16096:
16092:
16088:
16087:
16086:
16083:
16081:
16078:
16076:
16073:
16072:
16070:
16066:
16062:
16055:
16050:
16048:
16043:
16041:
16036:
16035:
16032:
16020:
16017:
16015:
16014:Steve Wozniak
16012:
16010:
16009:Niklaus Wirth
16007:
16005:
16002:
16000:
15997:
15995:
15992:
15990:
15987:
15985:
15982:
15980:
15977:
15975:
15972:
15970:
15967:
15965:
15962:
15960:
15957:
15955:
15952:
15950:
15947:
15945:
15942:
15940:
15937:
15935:
15932:
15930:
15927:
15925:
15922:
15920:
15917:
15915:
15912:
15910:
15909:Nancy Leveson
15907:
15905:
15902:
15900:
15899:Andrew Koenig
15897:
15895:
15892:
15890:
15887:
15885:
15882:
15880:
15877:
15875:
15872:
15870:
15867:
15865:
15862:
15860:
15857:
15855:
15852:
15850:
15847:
15845:
15842:
15840:
15837:
15835:
15832:
15830:
15827:
15825:
15822:
15820:
15817:
15815:
15812:
15810:
15807:
15805:
15802:
15801:
15799:
15795:
15789:
15786:
15784:
15781:
15779:
15776:
15775:
15773:
15771:
15767:
15761:
15758:
15756:
15753:
15751:
15748:
15744:
15741:
15739:
15736:
15734:
15731:
15730:
15729:
15726:
15724:
15721:
15719:
15716:
15715:
15713:
15711:
15707:
15701:
15698:
15696:
15693:
15691:
15688:
15686:
15683:
15681:
15678:
15676:
15673:
15672:
15670:
15668:
15664:
15658:
15655:
15653:
15650:
15648:
15645:
15643:
15640:
15638:
15635:
15633:
15630:
15628:
15625:
15623:
15620:
15618:
15615:
15614:
15612:
15610:
15606:
15602:
15595:
15590:
15588:
15583:
15581:
15576:
15575:
15572:
15560:
15557:
15555:
15552:
15550:
15547:
15545:
15542:
15540:
15537:
15535:
15532:
15528:
15525:
15523:
15520:
15518:
15515:
15513:
15510:
15508:
15505:
15504:
15502:
15498:
15495:
15494:
15492:
15491:
15489:
15485:
15475:
15472:
15470:
15467:
15466:
15463:
15455:
15452:
15450:
15447:
15445:
15442:
15441:
15440:
15437:
15433:
15430:
15429:
15428:
15425:
15423:
15420:
15418:
15415:
15413:
15410:
15408:
15405:
15404:
15402:
15400:
15396:
15393:
15389:
15383:
15382:
15378:
15376:
15375:
15371:
15369:
15366:
15364:
15361:
15359:
15356:
15354:
15351:
15349:
15346:
15344:
15343:Infinitesimal
15341:
15339:
15336:
15334:
15331:
15329:
15326:
15324:
15321:
15319:
15316:
15315:
15313:
15311:
15307:
15301:
15298:
15296:
15293:
15291:
15288:
15286:
15283:
15281:
15278:
15277:
15275:
15269:
15261:
15258:
15256:
15253:
15251:
15248:
15246:
15243:
15241:
15238:
15236:
15233:
15231:
15228:
15226:
15223:
15221:
15218:
15216:
15213:
15212:
15210:
15206:
15203:
15199:
15196:
15194:
15191:
15190:
15189:
15186:
15184:
15181:
15179:
15176:
15174:
15171:
15169:
15166:
15164:
15161:
15159:
15156:
15155:
15153:
15151:
15148:
15147:
15145:
15141:
15133:
15130:
15128:
15125:
15123:
15120:
15118:
15115:
15114:
15112:
15110:
15107:
15105:
15102:
15100:
15097:
15095:
15092:
15090:
15087:
15085:
15084:Line integral
15082:
15080:
15077:
15075:
15072:
15070:
15067:
15065:
15062:
15060:
15057:
15056:
15054:
15052:
15048:
15040:
15037:
15035:
15032:
15030:
15027:
15025:
15022:
15021:
15019:
15015:
15012:
15010:
15007:
15005:
15002:
15000:
14997:
14995:
14992:
14991:
14989:
14988:
14986:
14984:
14980:
14974:
14971:
14969:
14966:
14962:
14959:
14957:
14956:Washer method
14954:
14953:
14951:
14949:
14946:
14942:
14939:
14938:
14937:
14934:
14930:
14927:
14925:
14922:
14920:
14919:trigonometric
14917:
14916:
14915:
14912:
14910:
14907:
14903:
14900:
14899:
14898:
14895:
14893:
14890:
14888:
14885:
14883:
14880:
14878:
14875:
14873:
14870:
14869:
14867:
14865:
14861:
14853:
14850:
14848:
14845:
14843:
14840:
14839:
14838:
14835:
14831:
14828:
14826:
14823:
14822:
14820:
14816:
14813:
14811:
14808:
14806:
14803:
14801:
14798:
14797:
14796:
14793:
14789:
14788:Related rates
14786:
14784:
14781:
14779:
14776:
14774:
14771:
14770:
14768:
14764:
14761:
14757:
14754:
14753:
14752:
14749:
14747:
14744:
14742:
14739:
14737:
14734:
14732:
14729:
14727:
14724:
14723:
14722:
14719:
14715:
14712:
14710:
14707:
14706:
14705:
14702:
14700:
14697:
14695:
14692:
14690:
14687:
14685:
14682:
14680:
14677:
14675:
14672:
14671:
14669:
14667:
14663:
14657:
14654:
14652:
14649:
14647:
14644:
14640:
14637:
14636:
14635:
14632:
14630:
14627:
14626:
14624:
14622:
14618:
14612:
14609:
14607:
14604:
14602:
14599:
14597:
14594:
14592:
14589:
14587:
14584:
14582:
14579:
14577:
14574:
14572:
14569:
14567:
14564:
14562:
14559:
14557:
14554:
14552:
14549:
14548:
14546:
14544:
14540:
14536:
14529:
14524:
14522:
14517:
14515:
14510:
14509:
14506:
14494:
14491:
14488:
14484:
14481:
14479:
14476:
14474:
14464:
14463:
14460:
14450:
14449:Logic symbols
14447:
14445:
14442:
14440:
14437:
14435:
14432:
14430:
14427:
14426:
14424:
14420:
14414:
14411:
14409:
14406:
14404:
14401:
14400:
14398:
14396:
14392:
14389:
14385:
14379:
14376:
14374:
14371:
14369:
14366:
14364:
14361:
14359:
14356:
14354:
14351:
14349:
14346:
14344:
14341:
14339:
14336:
14334:
14331:
14329:
14328:Logical truth
14326:
14324:
14321:
14319:
14316:
14312:
14309:
14308:
14307:
14304:
14302:
14299:
14297:
14294:
14292:
14289:
14287:
14284:
14280:
14277:
14275:
14272:
14271:
14270:
14269:Contradiction
14267:
14265:
14262:
14260:
14257:
14255:
14252:
14250:
14247:
14246:
14244:
14240:
14230:
14227:
14225:
14222:
14220:
14217:
14215:
14214:Argumentation
14212:
14211:
14209:
14205:
14199:
14198:Philosophical
14196:
14194:
14193:Non-classical
14191:
14189:
14186:
14182:
14179:
14177:
14174:
14173:
14172:
14169:
14167:
14164:
14163:
14161:
14157:
14151:
14148:
14146:
14143:
14141:
14138:
14136:
14133:
14131:
14128:
14126:
14123:
14121:
14118:
14117:
14115:
14111:
14105:
14102:
14100:
14097:
14096:
14093:
14089:
14082:
14077:
14075:
14070:
14068:
14063:
14062:
14059:
14047:
14044:
14042:
14039:
14037:
14034:
14032:
14029:
14028:
14025:
14019:
14016:
14014:
14011:
14009:
14006:
14004:
14001:
13999:
13996:
13994:
13991:
13989:
13986:
13984:
13981:
13980:
13978:
13974:
13968:
13967:
13963:
13961:
13958:
13956:
13953:
13951:
13948:
13946:
13943:
13941:
13938:
13936:
13933:
13931:
13928:
13926:
13923:
13921:
13918:
13916:
13913:
13911:
13908:
13906:
13905:Justification
13903:
13901:
13898:
13896:
13893:
13891:
13888:
13886:
13883:
13881:
13878:
13876:
13873:
13871:
13868:
13866:
13863:
13861:
13858:
13856:
13853:
13851:
13848:
13846:
13844:
13840:
13838:
13836:
13832:
13831:
13829:
13827:
13823:
13817:
13814:
13812:
13809:
13807:
13804:
13802:
13799:
13797:
13794:
13792:
13789:
13787:
13784:
13782:
13781:Phenomenalism
13779:
13777:
13774:
13772:
13771:NaĂŻve realism
13769:
13767:
13764:
13762:
13759:
13757:
13754:
13752:
13749:
13747:
13744:
13742:
13739:
13737:
13734:
13732:
13729:
13727:
13724:
13722:
13721:Contextualism
13719:
13717:
13714:
13712:
13709:
13708:
13706:
13704:
13700:
13694:
13693:
13689:
13687:
13686:Vienna Circle
13684:
13682:
13679:
13677:
13674:
13672:
13669:
13667:
13664:
13662:
13659:
13657:
13654:
13652:
13649:
13647:
13644:
13642:
13639:
13637:
13634:
13632:
13629:
13627:
13624:
13622:
13621:Hilary Putnam
13619:
13617:
13614:
13612:
13609:
13607:
13604:
13602:
13599:
13597:
13596:Robert Nozick
13594:
13592:
13591:John McDowell
13589:
13587:
13584:
13582:
13579:
13577:
13574:
13572:
13569:
13567:
13564:
13562:
13559:
13557:
13554:
13552:
13551:Immanuel Kant
13549:
13547:
13544:
13542:
13539:
13537:
13534:
13532:
13529:
13527:
13524:
13522:
13521:Alvin Goldman
13519:
13517:
13514:
13512:
13509:
13507:
13504:
13502:
13499:
13497:
13494:
13492:
13489:
13487:
13484:
13482:
13479:
13477:
13474:
13472:
13469:
13467:
13464:
13462:
13459:
13457:
13454:
13453:
13451:
13449:
13445:
13441:
13434:
13429:
13427:
13422:
13420:
13415:
13414:
13411:
13399:
13389:
13387:
13379:
13378:
13375:
13369:
13366:
13364:
13361:
13359:
13356:
13354:
13351:
13349:
13346:
13344:
13343:Phenomenology
13341:
13339:
13336:
13334:
13331:
13329:
13326:
13324:
13321:
13319:
13316:
13314:
13311:
13309:
13306:
13305:
13303:
13299:
13290:
13289:
13285:
13280:
13279:
13275:
13270:
13269:
13265:
13260:
13259:
13255:
13250:
13249:
13245:
13240:
13239:
13235:
13230:
13229:
13225:
13220:
13219:
13215:
13210:
13209:
13205:
13200:
13199:
13195:
13190:
13189:
13185:
13180:
13179:
13175:
13170:
13169:
13165:
13160:
13159:
13155:
13150:
13149:
13145:
13140:
13139:
13135:
13130:
13129:
13125:
13120:
13119:
13115:
13110:
13109:
13105:
13104:
13102:
13100:Notable works
13098:
13092:
13091:
13087:
13085:
13082:
13080:
13077:
13075:
13072:
13070:
13067:
13065:
13062:
13060:
13057:
13055:
13052:
13050:
13047:
13045:
13042:
13040:
13037:
13035:
13032:
13030:
13027:
13025:
13022:
13020:
13017:
13015:
13012:
13010:
13007:
13005:
13002:
13000:
12997:
12995:
12992:
12990:
12987:
12985:
12982:
12980:
12977:
12975:
12972:
12970:
12967:
12965:
12962:
12960:
12957:
12955:
12952:
12950:
12947:
12945:
12942:
12940:
12937:
12935:
12932:
12930:
12927:
12925:
12922:
12920:
12917:
12915:
12912:
12910:
12907:
12905:
12902:
12900:
12897:
12895:
12892:
12890:
12887:
12885:
12882:
12880:
12877:
12875:
12872:
12870:
12867:
12865:
12862:
12860:
12857:
12855:
12852:
12850:
12847:
12846:
12844:
12842:
12838:
12832:
12831:
12827:
12825:
12822:
12820:
12817:
12815:
12812:
12810:
12807:
12805:
12802:
12800:
12797:
12795:
12792:
12790:
12787:
12785:
12782:
12780:
12777:
12775:
12772:
12770:
12767:
12765:
12762:
12760:
12757:
12755:
12752:
12750:
12747:
12745:
12742:
12740:
12737:
12735:
12732:
12730:
12727:
12725:
12722:
12720:
12717:
12715:
12712:
12710:
12707:
12705:
12702:
12700:
12697:
12695:
12692:
12690:
12687:
12685:
12682:
12680:
12677:
12675:
12672:
12670:
12667:
12665:
12662:
12658:
12655:
12654:
12653:
12650:
12648:
12645:
12643:
12640:
12638:
12635:
12633:
12630:
12628:
12625:
12623:
12620:
12618:
12615:
12613:
12610:
12608:
12605:
12603:
12602:
12598:
12596:
12593:
12591:
12588:
12586:
12583:
12581:
12578:
12576:
12573:
12572:
12570:
12566:
12560:
12557:
12555:
12552:
12550:
12547:
12545:
12542:
12540:
12537:
12535:
12532:
12530:
12527:
12525:
12522:
12520:
12517:
12515:
12512:
12510:
12507:
12505:
12504:Phenomenalism
12502:
12500:
12497:
12495:
12492:
12490:
12487:
12485:
12482:
12480:
12477:
12475:
12472:
12470:
12467:
12465:
12462:
12460:
12457:
12455:
12452:
12450:
12447:
12445:
12442:
12440:
12437:
12435:
12432:
12430:
12427:
12425:
12424:Action theory
12422:
12420:
12417:
12416:
12414:
12410:
12406:
12399:
12394:
12392:
12387:
12385:
12380:
12379:
12376:
12364:
12361:
12359:
12356:
12354:
12351:
12350:
12348:
12344:
12338:
12335:
12333:
12330:
12328:
12325:
12323:
12320:
12318:
12315:
12314:
12312:
12308:
12302:
12299:
12297:
12294:
12292:
12289:
12287:
12284:
12282:
12279:
12277:
12274:
12272:
12269:
12267:
12264:
12262:
12259:
12257:
12254:
12252:
12249:
12247:
12244:
12243:
12241:
12237:
12231:
12228:
12226:
12223:
12221:
12218:
12216:
12215:Differentials
12213:
12212:
12210:
12206:
12200:
12197:
12195:
12192:
12190:
12187:
12185:
12182:
12180:
12177:
12175:
12172:
12170:
12167:
12166:
12164:
12160:
12155:
12145:
12142:
12140:
12139:
12135:
12133:
12132:
12128:
12126:
12123:
12121:
12118:
12116:
12113:
12111:
12108:
12107:
12105:
12101:
12097:
12090:
12085:
12083:
12078:
12076:
12071:
12070:
12067:
12054:
12046:
12045:
12043:
12041:
12033:
12019:
12016:
12014:
12011:
12009:
12006:
12004:
12001:
11999:
11996:
11995:
11993:
11991:
11990:United States
11987:
11981:
11978:
11976:
11973:
11971:
11968:
11966:
11963:
11961:
11958:
11956:
11953:
11951:
11948:
11946:
11943:
11941:
11938:
11936:
11933:
11931:
11928:
11926:
11923:
11921:
11918:
11916:
11913:
11911:
11908:
11906:
11903:
11901:
11898:
11897:
11895:
11893:
11889:
11883:
11880:
11878:
11875:
11873:
11870:
11868:
11865:
11863:
11860:
11858:
11855:
11854:
11852:
11850:
11846:
11840:
11837:
11835:
11832:
11831:
11829:
11825:
11819:
11816:
11814:
11811:
11809:
11806:
11804:
11801:
11799:
11796:
11794:
11791:
11789:
11786:
11784:
11781:
11780:
11778:
11776:
11772:
11766:
11763:
11761:
11758:
11756:
11753:
11751:
11750:Budai-Deleanu
11748:
11747:
11745:
11741:
11735:
11732:
11731:
11729:
11725:
11719:
11716:
11714:
11711:
11709:
11706:
11704:
11701:
11699:
11696:
11694:
11691:
11689:
11686:
11684:
11681:
11680:
11678:
11676:
11672:
11666:
11663:
11661:
11658:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11648:
11646:
11643:
11641:
11638:
11636:
11633:
11631:
11628:
11626:
11623:
11621:
11618:
11616:
11613:
11612:
11610:
11606:
11600:
11597:
11595:
11592:
11590:
11587:
11585:
11582:
11580:
11577:
11575:
11572:
11570:
11567:
11566:
11564:
11562:
11558:
11552:
11549:
11547:
11544:
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11114:Ashley-Cooper
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11016:Progressivism
11014:
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10992:
10989:
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10965:Individualism
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10650:Leibniz's gap
10648:
10646:
10645:Leibniz wheel
10643:
10641:
10638:
10636:
10635:Individuation
10633:
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10168:(in Polish).
10167:
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10107:Mates, Benson
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10007:
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9999:
9996:(2): 95â121.
9995:
9991:
9986:
9983:
9980:
9976:
9974:. W W Norton.
9973:
9969:
9966:
9963:
9962:3-499-50481-2
9959:
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9907:
9906:Davis, Martin
9904:
9901:
9897:
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9857:Bos, H. J. M.
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9554:
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9547:
9543:
9540:
9536:
9533:
9529:
9526:
9523:
9519:
9517:, Open Court.
9516:
9512:
9510:. Open Court.
9509:
9505:
9502:
9498:
9495:
9491:
9488:
9484:
9481:
9477:
9474:
9470:
9467:
9463:
9460:
9456:
9453:
9449:
9446:
9442:
9439:
9436:(ed.), 1966.
9435:
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9409:
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9227:
9212:. 1 July 2018
9211:
9207:
9201:
9185:
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9175:
9166:
9157:
9151:Russell, 1900
9148:
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8486:
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8470:
8466:
8462:
8458:
8451:
8442:
8437:
8434:(2): 83â101.
8433:
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7862:
7861:
7856:
7855:Katz, Mikhail
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7468:0-691-08104-2
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6390:9780598818461
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6363:9781538178447
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6204:
6196:
6190:
6187:. CRC Press.
6186:
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6148:0-521-36588-0
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5893:9781438109541
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5863:9780471000051
5859:
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5833:9781119602620
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5703:
5697:
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5693:Skyhorse Pub.
5689:
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4703:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4683:Choco Leibniz
4679:
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4670:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4631:Google Doodle
4622:
4620:
4616:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4600:Leibniz Prize
4594:
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4480:
4476:
4472:
4471:individuation
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4455:Leroy Loemker
4452:
4451:Willard Quine
4448:
4447:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4406:Samuel Clarke
4403:
4398:
4394:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4341:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4290:
4287:
4279:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4245:This section
4243:
4239:
4234:
4233:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4162:A diagram of
4160:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4139:late medieval
4136:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4049:
4046:
4038:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4004:This section
4002:
3998:
3993:
3992:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3953:
3950:
3949:Erhard Weigel
3940:
3936:
3934:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3900:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3844:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3809:
3806:
3804:Civil History
3803:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3786:Jurisprudence
3785:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3728:Royal Society
3725:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3604:
3601:
3593:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3559:This section
3557:
3553:
3548:
3547:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3532:Ernst Platner
3529:
3525:
3521:
3520:perspectivism
3517:
3513:
3509:
3508:Wilhelm Wundt
3504:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3451:individuality
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3431:consciousness
3428:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3401:life sciences
3398:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3349:
3348:
3340:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3311:vortex theory
3307:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3236:
3226:
3224:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3186:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3096:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3040:James Gregory
3037:
3033:
3029:
3010:
3007:
3002:
2999:
2988:
2987:differentials
2980:
2963:
2960:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2932:
2931:integral sign
2913:
2909:
2899:
2897:
2859:
2854:
2851:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2764:
2762:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2722:
2721:Cramer's rule
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2705:Seki Takakazu
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2680:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2655:perpendicular
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2547:negation and
2546:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2502:Gottlob Frege
2497:
2487:
2485:
2484:Turing degree
2481:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2440:prime numbers
2437:
2431:
2429:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2370:Gottlob Frege
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2340:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2294:physical evil
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2262:Enlightenment
2258:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2238:
2234:
2221:
2217:
2216:individuation
2213:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2178:monas monadum
2175:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2098:
2092:
2083:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2028:Leibniz's law
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1997:contradiction
1994:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1845:Personal life
1842:
1840:
1836:
1833:, before the
1832:
1828:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1633:where he met
1632:
1622:
1613:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1582:Royal Society
1579:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1461:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1379:
1377:
1376:On Conditions
1373:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1281:, Saxony, to
1280:
1276:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1179:Leibniz wheel
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1140:independently
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
991:mathematician
988:
984:
980:
976:
965:
960:
958:
953:
951:
946:
945:
943:
942:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
863:
862:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
791:
783:
782:
779:
776:
775:
771:
770:
765:
764:
756:
751:
746:
742:
736:
733:
731:
730:Deontic logic
728:
726:
724:
720:
716:
714:
711:
709:
708:Relationalism
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
673:
669:
667:
666:
662:
659:
655:
654:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
632:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
615:
611:
609:
606:
603:
599:
598:
594:
592:
589:
587:
586:Leibniz's gap
584:
582:
581:Leibniz wheel
579:
577:
574:
572:
571:Quotient rule
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
463:
454:
451:Notable ideas
448:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:librarianship
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
338:
332:
325:
322:
319:
316:
315:
313:
309:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
284:Erhard Weigel
282:
281:
279:
275:
269:
264:
261:
259:
255:
248:
247:
243:
240:
239:
235:
234:
232:
230:
226:
220:
219:Relationalism
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
199:Conceptualism
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
181:
179:
177:
173:
170:
167:
163:
160:
156:
153:
149:
145:
138:
133:
130:
126:
123:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
101:
97:
92:
89:
88:
86:
82:
77:
67:
63:
58:
52:
48:
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
21247:Rationalists
21117:Determinists
20897:
20796:Elite theory
20744:
20734:
20724:
20714:
20704:
20694:
20684:
20674:
20664:
20654:
20644:
20634:
20624:
20614:
20604:
20594:
20584:
20574:
20564:
20554:
20544:
20534:
19854:
19833:Guicciardini
19789:Early modern
19612:Philosophers
19562:Open society
19498:Body politic
19368:Distributism
19358:Conservatism
19353:Confucianism
19272:Gerontocracy
19262:Dictatorship
19216:Sovereigntyâ
19206:Ruling class
19096:Emancipation
19081:Citizenshipâ
18990: /
18986: /
18982: /
18899:Mental image
18894:Mental event
18857:Intelligence
18807:Chinese room
18653:
18604:Gilbert Ryle
18584:Derek Parfit
18574:Thomas Nagel
18558:
18504:Fred Dretske
18424:J. L. Austin
18396:Philosophers
18249:
18239:
18229:
18219:
18209:
18199:
18189:
18179:
18159:
18149:
18139:
18129:
18119:
18101:
18042:Metalanguage
18037:Logical form
17992:Truth-bearer
17951:Unilalianism
17861:Expressivism
17688:Wittgenstein
17633:von Humboldt
17622:
17550:Philosophers
17460:
17279:Martin Lings
17232:Emil Brunner
17222:Paul Tillich
17212:Martin Buber
17127:W K Clifford
17104:Afrikan Spir
17019:Thomas Chubb
17008:
16971:Early modern
16951:Adi Shankara
16864:Philosophers
16848:Natural evil
16764:
16740:Spiritualism
16715:Perennialism
16668:Metaphysical
16512:Antireligion
16387:Teleological
16310:Cosmological
16261:BahĂĄÊŒĂ Faith
16226:Christianity
16185:Personal god
15979:Ken Thompson
15919:Donald Knuth
15914:Ada Lovelace
15879:Grace Hopper
15844:Stephen Cook
15829:George Boole
15783:Web browsers
15690:Cryptography
15454:Secant cubed
15379:
15372:
15353:Isaac Newton
15337:
15323:Brook Taylor
14990:Derivatives
14961:Shell method
14689:Differential
14368:Substitution
14188:Mathematical
14113:Major fields
13964:
13865:Common sense
13843:A posteriori
13842:
13834:
13796:Reductionism
13690:
13641:Gilbert Ryle
13511:Fred Dretske
13496:Keith DeRose
13440:Epistemology
13318:Epistemology
13286:
13276:
13266:
13256:
13246:
13236:
13226:
13216:
13206:
13196:
13186:
13176:
13166:
13156:
13146:
13136:
13128:NyÄya SĆ«tras
13126:
13116:
13106:
13088:
13004:Wittgenstein
12949:Schopenhauer
12913:
12828:
12819:Unobservable
12669:Intelligence
12599:
12539:Subjectivism
12534:Spiritualism
12449:Essentialism
12429:Anti-realism
12316:
12271:Internal set
12256:Hyperinteger
12225:Dual numbers
12136:
12129:
12038:
11783:Catherine II
11436:
11235:Beaumarchais
11065:Universality
11036:Reductionism
10983:
10960:Human rights
10778:
10768:
10758:
10748:
10738:
10715:
10688:
10666:
10659:
10607:
10600:
10567:
10520:
10503:
10495:
10476:
10466:
10421:
10414:Translations
10392:
10373:
10358:
10343:
10328:
10313:
10298:
10279:
10214:
10210:
10200:Zalta, E. N.
10188:
10181:
10169:
10165:
10153:
10144:
10134:
10124:
10117:
10110:
10091:
10087:
10075:
10068:
10048:
10038:
10031:
10024:
10017:
9993:
9989:
9978:
9971:
9953:
9938:
9919:
9912:. WW Norton.
9909:
9888:
9864:
9860:
9845:
9813:
9798:
9788:
9781:
9742:
9731:
9718:
9708:
9698:
9684:
9680:
9673:
9663:
9653:
9649:
9632:
9625:
9618:
9611:
9604:
9597:
9590:
9586:. Continuum.
9583:
9573:
9566:
9559:
9552:
9545:
9538:
9531:
9521:
9514:
9507:
9500:
9493:
9486:
9479:
9472:
9465:
9458:
9451:
9444:
9437:
9427:
9420:
9405:
9399:
9392:
9385:
9378:
9371:
9348:
9342:
9313:the original
9292:
9289:Louis Dutens
9279:
9269:
9264:
9255:
9245:
9236:
9226:
9214:. Retrieved
9209:
9200:
9188:. Retrieved
9184:the original
9174:
9165:
9156:
9147:
9135:. Retrieved
9128:the original
9115:
9101:
9076:
9072:
9066:
9058:
9053:
9028:
9024:
9004:
8985:
8968:
8959:
8951:
8946:
8937:
8928:
8919:
8910:
8901:
8892:
8883:
8871:. Retrieved
8867:the original
8846:
8842:
8832:
8823:
8814:
8805:
8796:
8787:
8776:
8770:
8753:
8749:
8719:
8715:
8690:. Retrieved
8686:
8677:
8658:
8652:
8640:. Retrieved
8636:the original
8632:www.edge.org
8631:
8622:
8610:
8602:
8597:
8588:
8576:. Retrieved
8572:the original
8535:
8531:
8521:
8513:
8512:Wiener, N.,
8508:
8499:
8493:
8460:
8456:
8450:
8431:
8427:
8417:
8374:
8370:
8364:
8342:(1): 59â90.
8339:
8335:
8329:
8320:
8311:
8302:
8277:
8273:
8267:
8258:
8249:
8241:
8236:
8228:
8223:
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8198:
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7970:the original
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7159:
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7096:
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7075:. hedweb.com
7067:
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5663:TheCollector
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4309:rapeseed oil
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4258:Please help
4246:
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4092:
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4017:Please help
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3751:Ada Lovelace
3744:
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3655:steam engine
3642:
3639:
3614:epidemiology
3611:
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3587:
3572:Please help
3560:
3516:apperception
3511:
3505:
3487:and English
3480:
3472:apperception
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3273:
3268:
3242:
3222:
3219:
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3191:
3188:
3180:
3177:mathematics.
3173:
3163:
3149:
3147:
3132:, while the
3114:model theory
3106:differential
3099:
3092:
3087:
3086:and also in
3081:
3076:properties.
3064:
3052:product rule
3044:Isaac Barrow
3035:
3027:
2978:
2908:Isaac Newton
2905:
2874:
2778:states that
2770:
2716:
2712:
2701:determinants
2686:
2674:
2667:
2631:
2613:
2611:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2562:
2560:
2542:
2499:
2490:Formal logic
2474:
2470:
2466:
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2433:
2427:
2424:
2412:
2389:
2374:
2357:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2278:all powerful
2266:
2256:
2253:
2242:
2240:
2198:
2182:
2177:
2163:
2161:
2151:
2112:
2102:
2095:
2081:
2075:
2057:
2047:
2031:
2027:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1987:
1968:, a Spanish
1955:
1948:Leibniz met
1947:
1932:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1905:
1900:
1886:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1856:
1848:
1819:
1784:
1772:
1768:Lower Saxony
1764:WolfenbĂŒttel
1757:
1741:The Elector
1740:
1722:
1715:
1688:
1665:
1661:
1649:
1642:
1627:
1607:
1591:
1587:
1578:John Collins
1570:
1525:
1493:
1466:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1419:
1404:
1396:
1393:habilitation
1388:
1382:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1361:dissertation
1344:
1340:
1330:
1306:
1295:Martin Geier
1272:
1256:" to define
1238:rationalists
1223:
1187:
1183:arithmometer
1152:
1144:Isaac Newton
1125:
1117:WolfenbĂŒttel
1106:
1010:Isaac Newton
989:active as a
978:
974:
973:
903:
849:Natural evil
787:Key concepts
768:
723:a posteriori
722:
718:
713:Apperception
670:
663:
651:
629:
612:
595:
576:Product rule
424:music theory
372:paleontology
364:epidemiology
245:
237:
70:(1716-11-14)
25:
21192:Panpsychism
21032:1716 deaths
21027:1646 births
20958:Mathematics
20670:(1835â1840)
20550:(c. 350 BC)
20540:(c. 375 BC)
20157:Tocqueville
20122:Saint-Simon
20087:Montesquieu
19938:Bolingbroke
19870:Machiavelli
19750:Ibn Khaldun
19715:Alpharabius
19708:Middle Ages
19533:Natural law
19508:Common good
19433:Nationalism
19393:Imperialism
19363:Corporatism
19338:Colonialism
19318:Agrarianism
19297:Technocracy
19277:Meritocracy
19257:Bureaucracy
19247:Aristocracy
18984:information
18975:Metaphysics
18949:Tabula rasa
18759:Physicalism
18744:Parallelism
18672:Behaviorism
18629:Michael Tye
18624:Alan Turing
18609:John Searle
18484:Dharmakirti
18459:Tyler Burge
18454:C. D. Broad
18286:Linguistics
18251:Limited Inc
18171:On Denoting
17997:Proposition
17648:de Saussure
17613:Ibn Khaldun
17299:Antony Flew
17284:Peter Geach
17217:René Guénon
17164:Lev Shestov
17159:Rudolf Otto
16866:of religion
16705:Panentheism
16638:Inclusivism
16557:Exclusivism
16552:Esotericism
16522:Creationism
16502:Agnosticism
16470:Poor design
16465:Omnipotence
16392:Natural law
16367:Ontological
16320:Contingency
16170:Holy Spirit
16019:Konrad Zuse
15989:Alan Turing
15824:Jean Bartik
15819:John Backus
15617:Before 1950
15522:of surfaces
15273:and numbers
15235:Dirichlet's
15205:Telescoping
15158:Alternating
14746:L'HĂŽpital's
14543:Precalculus
14483:WikiProject
14353:Proposition
14348:Probability
14301:Description
14242:Foundations
13945:Proposition
13915:Objectivity
13801:Reliabilism
13791:Rationalism
13736:Fallibilism
13711:Coherentism
13656:Ernest Sosa
13631:Thomas Reid
13616:James Pryor
13586:G. E. Moore
13576:David Lewis
13566:Saul Kripke
13561:Peter Klein
13541:Susan Haack
13471:Robert Audi
13148:Metaphysics
13132:(c. 200 BC)
13122:(c. 350 BC)
13112:(c. 350 BC)
12999:Collingwood
12904:Malebranche
12652:Information
12580:Anima mundi
12559:Type theory
12514:Physicalism
12479:Materialism
12434:Determinism
12405:Metaphysics
12131:The Analyst
12040:Romanticism
11862:Charles III
11703:Poniatowski
11640:Leeuwenhoek
11620:de la Court
11608:Netherlands
11452:Mendelssohn
11447:Lichtenberg
11325:Montesquieu
11043:Sapere aude
11026:Rationalism
11021:Rationality
11011:Objectivity
10706:Rationalism
10496:Opera omnia
10437:Leibnitiana
10217:: 137â183.
9628:, Springer.
9576:, Springer.
9423:. Scribner.
9271:Quicksilver
9190:15 December
9031:(1): 3â22.
8692:18 February
8514:Cybernetics
7945:Loemker §27
7782:10 November
7442:31 December
7286:VII, 1890,
7051:Monadologie
6692:Loemker 311
6610:, IV, 16: "
6583:Loemker 717
5910:David Smith
5733:www.gwlb.de
5104:Collections
5039:Monadologie
5009:1707â1710.
4858:concordance
4729:sovereignty
4425:metaphysics
4395:. In 1768,
4154:Sinophology
4095:philologist
4083:Reformation
3965:RamĂłn Llull
3866:, even the
3717:cybernetics
3711:. In 1961,
3685:Sinophology
3665:Computation
3651:Denis Papin
3626:game theory
3528:unconscious
3481:psychologia
3443:association
3259:) based on
3083:The Analyst
3071:paradoxical
3038:. However,
3028:differentia
2677:calculation
2628:Mathematics
2510:disjunction
2506:conjunction
2185:ontological
2114:Monadologie
2105:metaphysics
1939:metaphysics
1927:Monadologie
1810:Bad Pyrmont
1808:stopped in
1770:, in 1691.
1747:Charlemagne
1719:Otto Mencke
1703:William III
1657:theological
1471:society in
1401:Ramon Llull
1326:Latin verse
1298: [
1293:theologian
1208:could have
1128:rationalism
1098:linguistics
1018:mathematics
995:philosopher
725:distinction
471:Binary code
400:metaphysics
388:linguistics
380:engineering
340:Mathematics
266: [
184:Rationalism
94: [
53:1 July 1646
21016:Categories
21006:Literature
20970:Philosophy
20878:Separatism
20686:On Liberty
20586:The Prince
20315:Huntington
19818:Campanella
19745:al-Ghazali
19694:Thucydides
19652:Lactantius
19597:Statolatry
19423:Monarchism
19403:Liberalism
19328:Capitalism
19311:Ideologies
19292:Plutocracy
19240:Government
19196:Revolution
19181:Propaganda
19131:Legitimacy
19106:Government
19020:Task Force
18988:perception
18862:Artificial
18812:Creativity
18734:Nondualism
18634:Vasubandhu
18554:John Locke
18524:David Hume
18479:Andy Clark
18346:Discussion
18341:Task Force
18291:Pragmatics
18082:Speech act
18012:Categories
17926:Symbiosism
17881:Nominalism
17793:Watzlawick
17673:Bloomfield
17593:Chrysippus
17269:J L Mackie
17227:Karl Barth
17024:David Hume
16946:Maimonides
16931:Heraclitus
16720:Polytheism
16690:Nondualism
16678:Humanistic
16663:Naturalism
16653:Monotheism
16611:Henotheism
16606:Gnosticism
16537:Demonology
16420:747 gambit
16337:Experience
16175:Misotheism
15999:Larry Wall
15994:Paul Vixie
15864:Lois Haibt
15839:John Cocke
15733:DOS family
15675:Algorithms
15652:Scientific
15318:Adequality
15004:Divergence
14877:Arc length
14674:Derivative
14413:Set theory
14311:Linguistic
14306:Entailment
14296:Definition
14264:Consequent
14259:Antecedent
14046:Discussion
14036:Task Force
13955:Simplicity
13935:Perception
13811:Skepticism
13786:Positivism
13761:Infinitism
13726:Empiricism
13581:John Locke
13546:David Hume
13536:Anil Gupta
13531:Paul Grice
13506:John Dewey
13476:A. J. Ayer
13208:Monadology
13142:(c. 80 BC)
12849:Parmenides
12734:Perception
12632:Experience
12519:Relativism
12494:Naturalism
12444:Enactivism
12110:Adequality
11882:Villarroel
11877:Jovellanos
11813:Radishchev
11760:Micu-Klein
11698:Niemcewicz
11665:Swammerdam
11655:Nieuwentyt
11645:Mandeville
11500:Farmakidis
11386:Burlamaqui
11295:La Mettrie
11270:Fontenelle
11225:d'Argenson
11220:d'Alembert
11144:Harrington
11070:Utopianism
10970:Liberalism
10927:Empiricism
10902:Classicism
10892:Capitalism
10780:Monadology
10620:Difference
10578:philosophy
10456:"ProtogĂŠa"
10422:New Essays
9614:, Toronto.
9548:. Hackett.
9494:On Leibniz
9482:. Hackett.
9283:Letter to
9106:See also:
8896:Loemker, 1
8642:11 January
8502:: 513â540.
8244:(2010), 6.
7860:Erkenntnis
6646:p. 79 n.d.
6607:New Essays
5647:" section.
5398:References
5187:Art portal
5026:online at
4823:Series 8.
4816:Series 7.
4805:Series 6.
4796:Series 5.
4787:Series 4.
4780:Series 3.
4773:Series 2.
4766:Series 1.
4739:John Locke
4693:is based.
4648:'s satire
4483:Industrial
4437:linguistic
4433:analytical
4379:David Hume
4366:Non liquet
4130:language.
4099:gradualism
4059:ecumenical
3912:John Locke
3636:Technology
3493:sensualism
3489:empiricism
3485:John Locke
3463:Monadology
3459:New Essays
3447:motivation
3421:Psychology
3397:embryology
3344:Leibniz's
3328:, and his
3233:See also:
3183:Mandelbrot
3160:, argues:
2981:, and the
2653:, and the
2591:predicates
2549:quantified
2524:, and the
2348:Leibniz's
2292:(sin) and
2290:moral evil
2180:" or God.
2148:Max Jammer
2097:Monadology
1984:Principles
1960:professor
1922:New Essays
1912:John Locke
1873:Philosophy
1859:Protestant
1831:Fontenelle
1775:John Keill
1707:Queen Anne
1532:self-study
1469:alchemical
1322:hexameters
1269:Early life
1242:scholastic
1190:philosophy
1094:psychology
1074:technology
1034:philosophy
1022:statistics
844:Moral evil
839:Misotheism
566:Chain rule
376:psychology
360:embryology
20946:Biography
20596:Leviathan
20576:Monarchia
20570:(c. 1274)
20405:Oakeshott
20350:Mansfield
20345:Luxemburg
20330:Kropotkin
20225:Bernstein
20178:centuries
20092:Nietzsche
20035:Jefferson
19963:Condorcet
19911:centuries
19890:Pufendorf
19755:Marsilius
19642:Confucius
19627:Aristotle
19620:Antiquity
19548:Noble lie
19468:Third Way
19463:Socialism
19388:Feudalism
19343:Communism
19323:Anarchism
19302:Theocracy
19287:Oligarchy
19267:Democracy
19252:Autocracy
19166:Pluralism
19151:Obedience
19116:Hierarchy
19076:Authority
18884:Intuition
18817:Cognition
18781:Solipsism
18444:Ned Block
18414:Armstrong
18409:Aristotle
18323:Semiotics
18311:Semantics
18161:Alciphron
18097:Statement
18032:Intension
17972:Ambiguity
17851:Dramatism
17831:Cratylism
17583:Eubulides
17578:Aristotle
17558:Confucius
17369:Loyal Rue
17094:Karl Marx
16916:Gaudapada
16745:Shamanism
16710:Pantheism
16695:Nontheism
16673:Religious
16658:Mysticism
16631:Christian
16621:Religious
16572:Atheistic
16567:Christian
16450:Nonbelief
16435:Free will
16251:Mormonism
16075:Afterlife
15834:Vint Cerf
15622:1950â1979
15609:Computing
15517:of curves
15512:Curvature
15399:Integrals
15193:Maclaurin
15173:Geometric
15064:Geometric
15014:Laplacian
14726:linearity
14566:Factorial
14444:Fallacies
14439:Paradoxes
14429:Logicians
14363:Statement
14358:Reference
14323:Induction
14286:Deduction
14249:Abduction
14219:Metalogic
14166:Classical
14130:Inference
13910:Knowledge
13895:Induction
13845:knowledge
13837:knowledge
13368:Teleology
13333:Mereology
13313:Cosmology
13172:(c. 1000)
13069:Plantinga
13059:Armstrong
13009:Heidegger
12984:Whitehead
12969:Nietzsche
12889:Descartes
12859:Aristotle
12814:Universal
12744:Principle
12714:Necessity
12674:Intention
12627:Existence
12590:Causality
12529:Solipsism
12459:Free will
12346:Textbooks
12291:Overspill
12003:Jefferson
11945:Hutcheson
11834:ObradoviÄ
11803:Lomonosov
11798:Kheraskov
11708:Ćniadecki
11472:Weishaupt
11467:Thomasius
11457:Pufendorf
11300:Lavoisier
11285:d'Holbach
11280:Helvétius
11260:Descartes
11255:Condorcet
11250:Condillac
11184:Priestley
11001:Modernity
10922:Democracy
10770:Théodicée
10679:Plenitude
10477:Protogaea
10420:, of the
9881:120779114
9770:(lecture)
9753:Q19095295
9598:Protogaea
9454:. Reidel.
9093:170208696
8863:147266697
8485:161603159
8477:0893-5378
7933:120089173
7925:0144-5340
7891:119329569
7874:1205.0174
7437:118227996
7193:Parkinson
6977:252979403
6238:ignored (
6228:cite book
5668:1 October
5645:1666â1676
5554:entry in
5552:"Leibniz"
5440:19 August
5403:Citations
5091:Protogaea
5052:available
5024:available
5019:Théodicée
5013:(3 Vols.)
4991:available
4922:available
4720:Théodicée
4621:in 2007.
4419:In 1900,
4416:, began.
4384:Théodicée
4350:Théodicée
4329:mechanics
4321:Habsburgs
4317:Concordat
4247:does not
4188:Confucian
4089:Philology
4075:Brunswick
4006:does not
3987:Ecumenism
3860:Esperanto
3843:empirical
3828:Gutenberg
3757:Librarian
3561:does not
3501:teleology
3497:causality
3427:attention
3410:Protogaea
3377:academics
3373:Descartes
3326:cosmology
3271:of 1695.
3245:Descartes
3198:Thus the
3074:algebraic
2985:used for
2945:∫
2852:π
2842:⋯
2823:−
2793:−
2595:De Morgan
2584:qualities
2580:relations
2552:variables
2526:empty set
2522:inclusion
2409:chemistry
2405:astronomy
2392:character
2385:semiotics
2286:free will
2209:Descartes
2194:free will
2165:Théodicée
2076:Théodicée
2072:Plenitude
2030:, or the
1901:Discourse
1880:Théodicée
1795:Habsburgs
1773:In 1708,
1752:genealogy
1691:Brunswick
1680:George II
1631:The Hague
1598:Brunswick
1548:Descartes
1538:. He met
1503:had left
1473:Nuremberg
1455:1666â1676
1421:Leipzig.
1406:Ars Magna
1264:Biography
1260:notions.
1218:satirical
1058:philology
999:scientist
929:Swinburne
919:Plantinga
914:Nietzsche
824:Free will
814:Dystheism
748:Signature
688:Protogaea
412:diplomacy
408:economics
396:sociology
392:philology
84:Education
20851:Centrism
20546:Politics
20536:Republic
20505:Voegelin
20485:Spengler
20470:Shariati
20445:Rothbard
20400:Nussbaum
20300:Habermas
20275:Fukuyama
20265:Foucault
20190:Ambedkar
20167:Voltaire
20137:de Staël
20112:Rousseau
19993:Franklin
19968:Constant
19928:Beccaria
19760:Muhammad
19740:Gelasius
19725:Averroes
19699:Xenophon
19679:Polybius
19632:Chanakya
19477:Concepts
19443:Populism
19413:Localism
19398:Islamism
19383:Feminism
19282:Monarchy
19186:Property
19176:Progress
19141:Monopoly
19111:Hegemony
19005:Category
18852:Identity
18795:Concepts
18665:Theories
18649:Zhuangzi
18579:Alva Noë
18336:Category
18296:Rhetoric
18121:Cratylus
18092:Sentence
18067:Property
17987:Language
17965:Concepts
17803:Theories
17768:Strawson
17753:Davidson
17743:Hintikka
17738:Anscombe
17683:Vygotsky
17638:Mauthner
17608:Averroes
17598:Zhuangzi
17588:Diodorus
17568:Cratylus
17491:Category
17436:Religion
17426:Exegesis
16911:Boethius
16906:Averroes
16901:Avicenna
16883:medieval
16853:Theodicy
16700:Pandeism
16616:Humanism
16584:Thealogy
16527:Dharmism
16497:Acosmism
16489:Theology
16357:Morality
16352:Miracles
16231:Hinduism
16221:Buddhism
16180:Pandeism
16155:Demiurge
16123:Theodicy
15889:Bob Kahn
15770:Internet
15710:Software
15507:Manifold
15240:Integral
15183:Infinite
15178:Harmonic
15163:Binomial
15009:Gradient
14952:Volumes
14763:Quotient
14704:Notation
14535:Calculus
14478:Category
14378:Validity
14279:Antinomy
14207:Theories
14171:Informal
14031:Category
13850:Analysis
13835:A priori
13826:Concepts
13766:Innatism
13703:Theories
13386:Category
13308:Axiology
13162:(c.â270)
13090:more ...
13044:Anscombe
13039:Strawson
13034:Davidson
12929:Berkeley
12869:Plotinus
12830:more ...
12769:Relation
12749:Property
12724:Ontology
12647:Identity
12568:Concepts
12499:Nihilism
12464:Idealism
12412:Theories
12053:Category
11998:Franklin
11965:Playfair
11935:Ferguson
11892:Scotland
11839:MrazoviÄ
11793:Kantemir
11788:Fonvizin
11727:Portugal
11693:Krasicki
11688:Konarski
11683:KoĆĆÄ
taj
11635:Koerbagh
11584:Genovesi
11569:Beccaria
11531:Berkeley
11462:Schiller
11427:Humboldt
11401:Saussure
11396:Rousseau
11360:Voltaire
11315:Maréchal
11290:Jaucourt
11245:ChĂątelet
11240:Chamfort
11189:Reynolds
11092:Thinkers
10996:Midlands
10985:LumiĂšres
10955:Humanism
10948:Haskalah
10808:Category
10717:Vis viva
10696:Theodicy
10625:Dynamism
10525:Archived
10508:Archived
10481:Archived
10459:Archived
10259:LibriVox
10202:(2000).
10143:, 1998.
10133:, 1996.
10109:, 1986.
9970:, 1997.
9937:, 2020.
9918:, 1993.
9908:, 2000.
9867:: 1â90.
9838:87028148
9812:(1986).
9797:, 2008.
9760:citation
9749:Wikidata
9741:(1911),
9707:, 1900,
9697:, 1845.
9672:, 1983.
9662:, 1901.
9648:, 1912.
9515:Theodicy
8762:25540286
8728:25540286
8568:28452205
8560:18886381
8409:35486997
8401:28281152
8294:21462196
7976:10 March
7295:Archived
7113:26 April
7079:26 April
7054:(1714).
6927:theodicy
6620:Linnaeus
5736:Archived
5117:See also
5046:, 1991.
4833:Nachlass
4744:Nachlass
4717:and the
4646:Voltaire
4556:Awards:
4549:, Munich
4527:, Berlin
4467:identity
4355:Voltaire
4323:and the
4228:Polymath
4128:Sanskrit
4067:Lutheran
3846:database
3834:and the
3789:Medicine
3783:Theology
3439:learning
3381:momentum
3365:vis viva
3347:vis viva
3339:vis viva
3257:dynamics
3154:topology
3144:Topology
2912:calculus
2902:Calculus
2767:Geometry
2643:ordinate
2639:abscissa
2634:function
2603:Schröder
2518:identity
2514:negation
2448:mnemonic
2381:calculus
2358:calculus
2274:all wise
2270:all good
2257:Theodicy
2244:Theodicy
2214:lack of
2172:and the
2150:'s book
2066:Optimism
2024:converse
1993:Identity
1974:Lutheran
1914:'s 1690
1603:Habsburg
1536:calculus
1449:nobility
1445:Freiherr
1291:Lutheran
1214:Voltaire
1198:optimism
1194:theology
1132:idealism
1086:medicine
1046:politics
1038:theology
1028:and the
1014:calculus
1003:diplomat
987:polymath
979:Leibnitz
884:Epicurus
778:Theodicy
769:a series
766:Part of
719:A priori
597:Vis viva
476:Calculus
436:theodicy
420:politics
352:medicine
204:Optimism
137:Dr. jur.
117:, 1665;
113:, 1664;
109:, 1662;
20982:Science
20932:Portals
20888:Statism
20801:Elitism
20759:Related
20560:(51 BC)
20490:Strauss
20465:Scruton
20460:Schmitt
20450:Russell
20370:Michels
20365:Maurras
20360:Marcuse
20320:Kautsky
20290:Gramsci
20285:Gentile
20255:Dworkin
20245:Du Bois
20240:Dmowski
20235:Chomsky
20230:Burnham
20215:Benoist
20185:Agamben
20152:Thoreau
20142:Stirner
20132:Spencer
20077:Mazzini
20067:Maistre
20062:Madison
20057:Le Play
19988:Fourier
19953:Carlyle
19933:Bentham
19923:Bastiat
19918:Bakunin
19895:Spinoza
19885:MĂŒntzer
19855:Leibniz
19828:Grotius
19808:Bossuet
19775:Plethon
19720:Aquinas
19689:Sun Tzu
19657:Mencius
19647:Han Fei
19418:Marxism
19378:Fascism
19211:Society
19136:Liberty
19121:Justice
19101:Freedom
19015:Project
18968:Related
18827:Concept
18682:Dualism
18655:more...
18514:Goldman
18103:more...
18007:Concept
17748:Dummett
17723:Gadamer
17718:Chomsky
17703:Derrida
17693:Russell
17678:Bergson
17663:Tillich
17623:Leibniz
17563:Gorgias
17462:more...
17195:postwar
16878:Ancient
16766:more...
16685:New Age
16626:Secular
16596:Fideism
16547:Dualism
16517:Atheism
16507:Animism
16413:Against
16256:Sikhism
16246:Judaism
16241:Jainism
16150:Brahman
16103:Miracle
15760:Malware
15738:Windows
15444:inverse
15432:inverse
15358:Fluxion
15168:Fourier
15034:Stokes'
15029:Green's
14751:Product
14611:Tangent
14493:changes
14485: (
14343:Premise
14274:Paradox
14104:History
14099:Outline
13966:more...
13746:Fideism
13692:more...
13158:Enneads
13152:(c. 50)
13118:Timaeus
13108:Sophist
13054:Dummett
13049:Deleuze
12989:Russell
12979:Bergson
12974:Meinong
12954:Bolzano
12914:Leibniz
12894:Spinoza
12879:Aquinas
12864:Proclus
12794:Thought
12784:Subject
12764:Reality
12759:Quality
12729:Pattern
12689:Meaning
12664:Insight
12622:Essence
12607:Concept
12509:Realism
12474:Liberty
12439:Dualism
12103:History
12008:Madison
11980:Stewart
11920:Burnett
11915:Boswell
11900:Beattie
11872:MoratĂn
11857:Cadalso
11808:Novikov
11743:Romania
11718:Wybicki
11713:Staszic
11660:Spinoza
11630:Huygens
11625:Grotius
11579:Galvani
11574:Galiani
11524:Ireland
11505:Feraios
11477:Wieland
11442:Lessing
11437:Leibniz
11410:Germany
11391:Prévost
11376:Abauzit
11340:Quesnay
11330:Morelly
11320:Meslier
11305:Leclerc
11265:Diderot
11154:Johnson
11129:Collins
11124:Bentham
11109:Addison
11102:England
11050:Science
10887:Atheism
10407:at the
10297:(ed.).
10278:(ed.).
10248:at the
9560:Leibniz
9360:Sources
9341:(ed.).
9291:(ed.),
9216:23 July
9137:12 June
9059:I Ching
9045:1397760
8954:. 1710.
8873:24 June
8578:23 July
8540:Bibcode
8356:1399337
8213:28 June
8180:Wundt:
7288:pp. 236
7165:22 June
7140:22 June
6860:2708561
5513:at the
5353:German:
5334:German:
5054:online.
4993:online.
4924:online.
4860:works.
4850:Hanover
4846:MĂŒnster
4842:Potsdam
4691:Bahlsen
4687:Hanover
4651:Candide
4569:of the
4371:Candide
4360:Candide
4325:Vatican
4268:removed
4253:sources
4201:I Ching
4165:I Ching
4112:Swedish
4027:removed
4012:sources
3924:Grotius
3769:Hanover
3732:Hanover
3680:I Ching
3582:removed
3567:sources
3229:Physics
3095:dispute
3088:De Motu
2892:
2878:
2647:tangent
2459:algebra
2377:symbols
2368:and by
2220:Spinoza
1958:Leipzig
1822:Hanover
1793:to the
1639:Spinoza
1481:Elector
1279:Leipzig
1225:Candide
1221:novella
1216:in his
1210:created
1090:geology
1082:biology
1070:physics
1054:history
909:Maistre
904:Leibniz
416:history
356:biology
348:geology
344:physics
139:, 1666)
121:, 1666)
76:Hanover
57:Leipzig
20750:(1992)
20740:(1971)
20730:(1951)
20720:(1945)
20710:(1944)
20700:(1929)
20690:(1859)
20680:(1848)
20660:(1820)
20650:(1791)
20640:(1790)
20630:(1762)
20620:(1748)
20610:(1689)
20600:(1651)
20590:(1532)
20580:(1313)
20510:Walzer
20500:Taylor
20455:Sartre
20420:Popper
20415:Pareto
20410:Ortega
20395:Nozick
20385:Mouffe
20335:Laclau
20295:Guénon
20280:Gandhi
20220:Berlin
20210:Bauman
20205:Badiou
20195:Arendt
20162:Tucker
20052:Le Bon
20013:Herder
20003:Haller
19998:Godwin
19983:Fichte
19978:Engels
19973:Cortés
19943:Bonald
19900:SuĂĄrez
19875:Milton
19865:Luther
19838:Hobbes
19823:Filmer
19813:Calvin
19798:Boétie
19791:period
19770:Ockham
19637:Cicero
19438:Nazism
19226:Utopia
19201:Rights
19191:Regime
19161:People
19146:Nation
18959:Zombie
18944:Qualia
18255:(1988)
18245:(1982)
18235:(1980)
18225:(1967)
18215:(1953)
18205:(1951)
18195:(1936)
18185:(1921)
18175:(1905)
18165:(1732)
18155:(1668)
18145:(1666)
18135:(1660)
18125:(n.d.)
18087:Symbol
17788:Searle
17778:Putnam
17728:Kripke
17713:Austin
17698:Carnap
17643:RicĆur
17628:Herder
17618:Hobbes
17481:Portal
16755:Theism
16648:Monism
16382:Reason
16332:Desire
16327:Degree
16295:Beauty
16209:God in
16165:Egoism
16118:Spirit
15527:Tensor
15449:Secant
15215:Abel's
15198:Taylor
15089:Matrix
15039:Gauss'
14621:Limits
14601:Secant
14591:Radian
14395:topics
14181:Reason
14159:Logics
14150:Syntax
13860:Belief
13756:Holism
13292:(1981)
13282:(1943)
13272:(1927)
13262:(1846)
13252:(1818)
13242:(1807)
13232:(1783)
13222:(1781)
13212:(1714)
13202:(1710)
13192:(1677)
13188:Ethics
13182:(1641)
13084:Parfit
13074:Kripke
13064:Putnam
13024:Sartre
13014:Carnap
12964:Peirce
12909:Newton
12884:SuĂĄrez
12874:Scotus
12754:Qualia
12719:Object
12709:Nature
12704:Motion
12684:Matter
12617:Entity
12489:Monism
11960:Newton
11950:Hutton
11930:Cullen
11827:Serbia
11775:Russia
11765:Èincai
11675:Poland
11615:Bekker
11589:Pagano
11551:Toland
11515:Korais
11510:Kairis
11492:Greece
11422:Herder
11417:Goethe
11381:Bonnet
11369:Geneva
11355:Turgot
11345:Raynal
11335:Pascal
11275:Gouges
11213:France
11199:Tindal
11194:Sidney
11169:Newton
11164:Milton
11139:Godwin
11134:Gibbon
11031:Reason
10873:Topics
10784:(1714)
10774:(1710)
10764:(1704)
10754:(1686)
10744:(1666)
10522:BibNum
10505:BibNum
10057:
10010:845705
10008:
9960:
9945:
9898:
9879:
9836:
9826:
9751:
9256:Forbes
9091:
9043:
8992:
8861:
8760:
8726:
8665:
8566:
8558:
8483:
8475:
8407:
8399:
8354:
8292:
7931:
7923:
7889:
7752:
7727:
7702:
7677:
7652:
7619:
7594:
7570:
7545:
7515:
7490:
7465:
7435:
7396:
7104:
7020:
6975:
6909:
6884:
6858:
6798:
6771:
6738:
6672:
6497:
6468:
6439:
6387:
6360:
6282:
6191:
6146:
6091:. MAA.
5954:
5890:
5860:
5830:
5799:
5772:
5698:
5627:
5603:
5578:
5370:French
5096:1750.
5088:1749.
5078:1717.
5036:1714.
5016:1710.
4975:1700.
4964:1695.
4950:1686.
4941:1686.
4899:1671.
4885:1667.
4854:Berlin
4838:LĂ€nder
4641:code.
4615:UNESCO
4473:, and
4300:Vienna
4110:proto-
4107:Hebrew
3908:Hobbes
3703:. His
3474:, and
3435:memory
3253:motion
3249:Newton
3048:Newton
2693:matrix
2599:Peirce
2576:monads
2520:, set
2344:right.
2276:, and
2136:motion
2134:, and
2132:matter
2109:monads
2086:Monads
1970:Jesuit
1861:and a
1787:Vienna
1644:Ethics
1552:Pascal
1042:ethics
934:Wiesel
879:Ehrman
491:Monads
459:
428:poetry
404:ethics
286:(Jena)
229:Theses
176:School
165:Region
128:(1663)
20899:Index
20528:Works
20515:Weber
20480:Spann
20475:Sorel
20440:Röpke
20435:Rawls
20390:Negri
20380:Mosca
20375:Mises
20340:Lenin
20310:Hoppe
20305:Hayek
20270:Fromm
20260:Evola
20250:Dugin
20147:Taine
20127:Smith
20107:Renan
20102:Paine
20023:Iqbal
20008:Hegel
19958:Comte
19948:Burke
19860:Locke
19850:James
19803:Bodin
19735:Dante
19730:Bruni
19684:Shang
19667:Plato
19221:State
19171:Power
19156:Peace
19091:Elite
19069:Terms
18867:Human
18589:Plato
18509:Fodor
18113:Works
18022:Class
17783:Lewis
17773:Quine
17758:Grice
17708:Whorf
17668:Sapir
17653:Frege
17603:Xunzi
17573:Plato
16750:Taoic
16532:Deism
16315:Kalam
16266:Wicca
16236:Islam
16085:Faith
15743:Linux
15647:2020s
15642:2010s
15637:2000s
15632:1990s
15627:1980s
15391:Lists
15250:Ratio
15188:Power
14924:Euler
14741:Chain
14731:Power
14606:Slope
14422:other
14387:Lists
14373:Truth
14140:Proof
14088:Logic
14041:Stubs
13960:Truth
13606:Plato
13338:Meta-
13079:Lewis
13029:Quine
12994:Moore
12959:Lotze
12944:Hegel
12919:Wolff
12899:Locke
12854:Plato
12824:Value
12804:Truth
12266:Monad
12018:Paine
12013:Mason
11975:Smith
11925:Burns
11910:Blair
11905:Black
11849:Spain
11755:Maior
11650:Meyer
11594:Verri
11561:Italy
11546:Swift
11541:Burke
11536:Boyle
11482:Wolff
11310:Mably
11230:Bayle
11179:Price
11159:Locke
11149:Hooke
11119:Bacon
10917:Deism
10732:Works
10293:. In
10274:. In
10207:(PDF)
10174:CEEOL
10006:JSTOR
9877:S2CID
9654:Reden
9337:. In
9131:(PDF)
9124:(PDF)
9089:S2CID
9041:JSTOR
8859:S2CID
8781:1737.
8758:JSTOR
8724:JSTOR
8564:S2CID
8481:S2CID
8405:S2CID
8352:JSTOR
8208:(PDF)
7929:S2CID
7887:S2CID
7869:arXiv
7433:S2CID
7195:1966.
6973:S2CID
6856:JSTOR
5999:8 May
5329:-nits
5277:Notes
4910:1673
4711:Latin
4639:ASCII
4635:quill
4604:euros
4479:ideas
3906:like
3284:space
3166:Euler
2979:summa
2657:(see
2651:chord
2588:unary
2545:unary
2140:space
2128:space
2124:force
1978:Boyle
1816:Death
1653:ducal
1509:Egypt
1485:Mainz
1318:Latin
1313:canon
1302:]
1258:modal
1246:logic
1204:that
1066:music
1062:games
432:logic
270:]
155:17th-
98:]
20430:Rand
20425:Qutb
20325:Kirk
20200:Aron
20117:Sade
20097:Owen
20082:Mill
20072:Marx
20040:Kant
20018:Hume
19880:More
19780:Wang
19662:Mozi
19086:Duty
18992:self
18929:Pain
18919:Mind
18847:Idea
18072:Sign
17977:Cant
17763:Ryle
17733:Ayer
17658:Boas
17312:2010
17310:1990
17308:1970
17193:1920
17115:1900
17113:1880
17050:1850
17048:1800
16440:Hell
16430:Evil
16347:Love
16113:Soul
15260:Term
15255:Root
14994:Curl
14487:talk
14333:Name
14318:Form
13019:Ryle
12939:Kant
12934:Hume
12924:Reid
12799:Time
12779:Soul
12774:Self
12699:Mind
12657:Data
12642:Idea
11970:Reid
11955:Mill
11940:Hume
11599:Vico
11432:Kant
11350:Sade
11174:Pope
10469:) â
10432:UCSD
10055:ISBN
9958:ISBN
9943:ISBN
9896:ISBN
9834:LCCN
9824:ISBN
9766:link
9237:CNET
9218:2021
9192:2009
9139:2010
8990:ISBN
8875:2015
8694:2019
8663:ISBN
8644:2006
8580:2021
8556:PMID
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