309:, and her relationships. Gidlow soon invited Quallo to come visit and by the middle of 1947, Quallo had come to California, unsure of how long her stay would be. She was concerned about difficulties that might arise because of their association and expressed them to Gidlow saying, "A woman who discovers she is a lesbian and is a visible member of a minority has three strikes against her". Gidlow assured Quallo that her community was open-minded and there would not be problems. Their friendship quickly turned into a romance, which would last for the next ten years.
280:, Jamaica. Her husband was of African, Jewish, and Spanish descent and operated a hotel. The couple had two daughters, Yolanda (born 1910) and Patience (born 1911) and a set of twin daughters (born 1912) before moving to New York City, in 1914. Four more children followed in New York: Grace Olivia (1915–1917), George (1917), Phyllis (1919), and Arthur (1922). The marriage was not a happy one for Quallo, and by 1928, her husband was confined in the
44:
189:, becoming her lover for ten years. In their last two years together, Elsa purchased 5 acres of land south of Muir Woods. She then split the property with builder and jazz musician Roger Somers, and his wife Mary, and, initially with Isabel's help, they fostered an atmosphere which would attract many of those involved in countercultural movements, active in the United States between 1950 and 1970.
336:. Gidlow wanted to create a community for her varied friends and felt that the atmosphere in Fairfax had shifted. The property had been found by Roger Somers and his wife Mary, but they did not have the funds to make the purchase. Despite the inability of single women to obtain credit at the time, Gidlow was able to borrow funds, after her friend
399:, England. A letter written by her father to her sister Carrie in 1898, advising that "Grace" was attending school and learning her letters, indicate 1893 is the more likely birth year. According to the 1901 census, her parents, who were the most likely people to know where the birth occurred, gave Grenfell's place of birth as LĂ©opoldville.
297:
in the home of a clergyman. She eventually left the job for a better-paying position as a waitress in the theater district and had a fifteen-year relationship with another woman beginning in the early 1930s. Her mother died in 1928, her last living sibling died in 1930, and her husband died in 1935.
354:
Both groups renovated the houses on their individual properties. Together they repaired the common piped water system for the buildings and future gardens which came from the local spring and had previously served the former chicken ranch. Along with other nearby residents, they all maintained the
328:
for their interracial association, as well as their contacts with
Chinese friends. Elsa was investigated during a nationally reported hearing and cleared of all charges. When Gidlow's mother, Alice May, suffered a stroke and needed permanent care, Quallo agreed to assist her, as she had previously
355:
three mile dirt road which gave them all access to the land. The road demanded constant upkeep, particularly in severe rainstorms. For the first few years, Quallo helped develop the property, which later became a mecca for counter-cultural figures and feminists. In 1957, she returned to
305:, but because Gidlow lived in California and Quallo lived in New York, the two women's relationship began by correspondence. Quallo wrote the first letter and explained in her correspondences, her background, her difficult adjustment to life in the United States because of the prevalent
229:, opening it up to mission work. After his first wife died, Grenfell began an affair with his housekeeper, Patience, who he soon married. Her mother was the daughter of Jamaican missionaries who had come to West Africa to establish a Baptist mission in 1843. She was born in
329:
worked as a nurse's aid. They moved Alice in to their home and installed her in a downstairs room fitted with a hospital bed. Quallo provided the constant care Alice needed for the last 9 months of her life, while Gidlow worked as a journalist to provide their support.
292:
Quallo's education, focused on preparation to become a wife, needlework, and dancing, had not given her the skills to support her children adequately. Her husband had spent largely and left no savings. Needing to provide for her large family, she took a position as a
325:
1280:. Fourth Report of the Senate Fact-Finding Committee on Un-American Activities: Communist Front Organizations. Sacramento, California: California State Printing Office. pp. 4–6.
1487:
1048:
1387:
1341:
245:, Patience had eight children with Grenfell. "Isabel", as she was known, was the youngest daughter of the four sisters who survived. She began her education in
1494:. New York City, New York: National Archives and Records Administration. 9 November 1928. vol. 454, cert. #145373, NARA microfilm publication M1972, Roll 624
1507:
276:
with Isabel. Both Carrie and
Gertrude followed the family and joined them later in Jamaica. On 15 August 1909, Isabel married Arthur Hubert Quallo, in
337:
343:
the loan. Elsa then legally split the property with the Somers. After the death of their close friend, Ella Young, in 1956, Elsa named her portion
1620:
1209:
1143:
1615:
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17:
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1328:. Kew, Surrey: The National Archives. 31 March 1901. page 22 living in the household of Elizabeth Hawkes as a visitor with her parents
1600:
1348:. Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. 16 April 1930. p. 6A. NARA film series T626, roll 1416, line 15
1585:
332:
In 1954, hoping to escape from the increasing urbanization of
Fairfax, Gidlow bought a 5-acre property in rural Marin County near
306:
1605:
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1590:
1064:
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1447:
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1610:
367:
Quallo died on 21 September 1985 in New York City. The letters she wrote to Gidlow are maintained in the archives of the
1625:
1394:. Spanish Town, Jamaica: Registrar General's Department. 13 August 1912. images 1913–1914, certificates #7463 and 7464
1311:
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261:. Their older sister Patience had already graduated and returned to the Congo in 1897, but died two years later.
1575:
1266:
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1023:
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1361:
1126:
Come Out West: Communication and the Gay and
Lesbian Migration to San Francisco, 1940s–1960s, Volume 1
1630:
249:
in 1898, but by 1903 had joined her older sisters Carrie and
Gertrude, who were attending school at
317:
281:
166:
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1534:
1366:
387:
Some sources report that
Grenfell was born in 1896 and her place of birth is variously listed as
368:
277:
1512:
1260:
1194:
272:
near George's family, until it was suggested that they relocate. In 1908, his widow moved to
218:
185:
and waitress. Through contacts in the theater district, she made the acquaintance of writer
177:. Marrying at 16, she immigrated with her husband to New York City in 1914. Struggling with
1570:
1565:
1547:
1379:
340:
1488:"Southern District of New York Petitions for Naturalization: Grace Isabel Grenfell Quallo"
1454:. New York City, New York: New York Municipal Archives. 25 October 1917. certificate #7016
8:
1414:. Spanish Town, Jamaica: Registrar General's Department. 15 August 1909. certificate #112
313:
1467:
1434:. New York City, New York: New York Municipal Archives. 9 April 1935. certificate #8404
1427:
1321:
1240:
1174:
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320:. She joined in intellectual evenings hosted there with students and faculty from the
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209:. Grenfell's father was a missionary and explorer, who mapped the territory of the
202:
170:
75:
348:
347:.Both couples moved onto their respective separate properties shortly before the
294:
238:
206:
182:
158:
146:
198:
71:
1303:
1228:
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257:, Kent. Her teacher at Walthamstow, was Emily Mary Watts, mother of the writer
214:
1115:
1559:
1236:
1170:
1060:
690:
344:
181:
and her husband's mental illness, she supported her children by working as a
162:
675:
1474:. Alexandria, Virginia: U.S. Social Security Administration. September 1985
1285:
222:
1080:
457:
455:
453:
451:
449:
302:
226:
210:
186:
157:(4 April 1893 – 21 September 1985) was a Congolese-born British-American
128:
43:
1274:
Tenney, Jack B. (chairman) (1948). "Fairfax
Investigation and Hearing".
1223:(3). New Haven, Connecticut: Overseas Ministries Study Center: 120–123.
1342:"1930 U. S. Census, Dannemora State Hospital, Clinton County, New York"
1293:
258:
161:
and community activist known for her involvement in the development of
446:
301:
In 1946, through mutual friends, Quallo was introduced to the writer,
356:
254:
1157:(2). New Haven, Connecticut: Overseas Ministries Study Center: 160.
326:
California Senate
Factfinding Subcommittee on Un-American Activities
1134:
396:
392:
269:
242:
1408:"Jamaica, Civil Registration, Marriages, Saint Catherine, Jamaica"
593:
591:
359:
to care for two of her daughters who were having health issues.
173:, she was educated in England and then moved with her mother to
388:
265:
246:
178:
744:
615:
588:
1322:"1901 England and Wales Census, Aston, Warwickshire, England"
1277:
Journal of the Senate, Legislature of the State of
California
230:
1388:"Jamaica, Civil Registration, Births, Saint Andrew, Jamaica"
705:
627:
1486:
461:
1107:
The Life of George
Grenfell, Congo Missionary and Explorer
807:
867:
843:
509:
926:
924:
911:
909:
896:
894:
734:
732:
436:
434:
432:
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428:
426:
424:
422:
420:
268:
in the Congo Free State and the family lived briefly in
999:
773:
771:
756:
717:
651:
578:
576:
574:
572:
499:
497:
472:
470:
1428:"New York City Municipal Deaths: Arthur Hubert Quallo"
1516:. San Francisco, California. 19 June 1986. p. 16
1506:
1448:"New York City Municipal Deaths: Grace Olivia Quallo"
1110:(2nd ed.). London: The Religious Tract Society.
987:
978:
960:
936:
921:
906:
891:
879:
831:
819:
783:
729:
663:
639:
603:
557:
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417:
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569:
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467:
855:
1406:
1386:
621:
597:
197:Grace Isabel Grenfell was born on 4 April 1893 in
948:
1557:
1446:
1426:
711:
633:
1538:. Kingston, Jamaica. 26 October 1928. p. 6
1530:"Widow of Famous Explorer Was Buried Yesterday"
1089:. San Francisco, California: Booklegger Press.
1055:(16). Gaithersburg, Maryland: Utne Publishing.
1181:. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017
1049:"Druids and Ferries: Zen, Drugs, and Hot Tubs"
1370:. Kingston, Jamaica. 15 July 1930. p. 12
1217:International Bulletin of Missionary Research
1151:International Bulletin of Missionary Research
1468:"Social Security Death Index: Isabel Quallo"
1247:. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020
1528:
1466:
1360:
1123:Meeker, Martin Dennis Jr. (December 2000).
1005:
696:
681:
1299:In My Own Way: An Autobiography, 1915–1965
42:
1340:
1320:
657:
488:
1024:"Review—Elsa: Pioneer Lesbian's Odyssey"
324:. The couple came under scrutiny of the
1621:Jamaican emigrants to the United States
1207:
1141:
1021:
915:
527:
515:
440:
264:George Grenfell died on 1 July 1906 in
14:
1616:British emigrants to the United States
1558:
1273:
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993:
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942:
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789:
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762:
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738:
723:
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609:
582:
563:
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476:
120:domestic, waitress, community activist
1292:
1046:
954:
551:
1646:20th-century African-American people
312:Quallo moved in to Gidlow's home in
1651:20th-century African-American women
1581:People educated at Walthamstow Hall
1034:(10). San Francisco, California: 21
362:
24:
1641:20th-century American LGBTQ people
1508:"Tribute Paid to Poet Elsa Gidlow"
25:
1682:
1362:"Death of Miss Caroline Grenfell"
1131:University of Southern California
322:American Academy of Asian Studies
284:, suffering from mental illness.
205:to Patience Rosanna Edgerley and
1601:Immigrants to the United Kingdom
1129:(PhD). Los Angeles, California:
462:Petition for Naturalization 1928
1586:American LGBTQ rights activists
1210:"The Legacy of George Grenfell"
1014:
381:
13:
1:
1606:African-American LGBTQ people
1142:Stanley, Brian (April 1998).
1022:Cameron, Kit (January 1987).
406:
192:
1671:20th-century American people
1591:American community activists
1208:Stanley, Brian (July 1997).
411:
18:Grace Isabel Grenfell Quallo
7:
1666:20th-century American women
1656:20th-century British people
10:
1687:
1661:20th-century British women
1611:African-American activists
1229:10.1177/239693939702100306
1163:10.1177/239693939802200406
1086:Elsa, I Come with My Songs
1626:American domestic workers
1265:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1199:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1137:, UMI Microform #3041497.
287:
142:
134:
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116:
108:
98:
82:
53:
41:
34:
1047:Davis, Erik (May 2005).
753:, pp. 319, 322–323.
374:
318:Marin County, California
282:Dannemora State Hospital
237:. After her marriage in
167:Marin County, California
1596:Congo Free State people
1104:Hawker, George (1909).
622:Civil Registration 1912
598:Civil Registration 1909
369:GLBT Historical Society
93:New York City, New York
1302:. New York, New York:
278:Saint Catherine Parish
155:Isabel Grenfell Quallo
36:Isabel Grenfell Quallo
1513:The Bay Area Reporter
980:The Bay Area Reporter
712:Municipal Deaths 1935
634:Municipal Deaths 1917
58:Grace Isabel Grenfell
1576:People from Kinshasa
1548:Newspaperarchive.com
1380:Newspaperarchive.com
1028:The Noe Valley Voice
816:, pp. 326, 330.
307:segregation policies
1144:"Reader's Response"
876:, pp. 334–335.
852:, pp. 324–325.
1067:on 9 February 2019
518:, p. 120-121.
371:in San Francisco.
48:Quallo, circa 1940
27:Community activist
1636:American lesbians
765:, pp. 67–68.
726:, pp. 66–67.
274:Kingston, Jamaica
235:Equatorial Guinea
217:and the Lungasi,
175:Kingston, Jamaica
152:
151:
86:21 September 1985
16:(Redirected from
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1631:Restaurant staff
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1076:
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1072:
1063:. Archived from
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1041:
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1009:
1006:Death Index 1985
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958:
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363:Death and legacy
251:Walthamstow Hall
203:Congo Free State
171:Congo Free State
109:Other names
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76:Congo Free State
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21:
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1053:Arthur Magazine
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365:
349:summer solstice
338:Dorothy Erskine
295:domestic worker
290:
207:George Grenfell
195:
159:domestic worker
147:George Grenfell
103:
94:
91:
87:
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69:
63:
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59:
49:
37:
28:
23:
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11:
5:
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1304:Pantheon Books
1290:
1271:
1205:
1139:
1120:
1101:
1095:
1077:
1044:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1010:
998:
996:, p. 383.
986:
971:
969:, p. 351.
959:
947:
945:, p. 348.
935:
933:, p. 344.
920:
905:
903:, p. 342.
890:
888:, p. 336.
878:
866:
854:
842:
840:, p. 328.
830:
828:, p. 123.
818:
806:
794:
792:, p. 323.
782:
767:
755:
743:
741:, p. 318.
728:
716:
704:
689:
674:
672:, p. 322.
662:
658:US Census 1930
650:
648:, p. 321.
638:
626:
614:
612:, p. 319.
602:
587:
568:
566:, p. 574.
556:
554:, p. 281.
544:
542:, p. 486.
532:
530:, p. 121.
520:
508:
506:, p. 109.
493:
489:UK Census 1901
481:
479:, p. 481.
466:
445:
443:, p. 160.
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
402:
401:
379:
378:
376:
373:
364:
361:
341:collateralized
289:
286:
215:Mount Cameroon
194:
191:
169:. Born in the
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
92:
90:(aged 92)
84:
80:
79:
70:
57:
55:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
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1313:0-394-46911-9
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1096:0-912932-12-0
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1054:
1050:
1045:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1007:
1002:
995:
990:
984:, p. 16.
983:
981:
975:
968:
963:
956:
951:
944:
939:
932:
927:
925:
918:, p. 21.
917:
912:
910:
902:
897:
895:
887:
882:
875:
870:
863:
858:
851:
846:
839:
834:
827:
822:
815:
810:
804:, p. 68.
803:
798:
791:
786:
780:, p. 69.
779:
774:
772:
764:
759:
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747:
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735:
733:
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1069:. Retrieved
1065:the original
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227:Wouri Rivers
213:, including
199:LĂ©opoldville
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112:Grace Quallo
88:(1985-09-21)
72:LĂ©opoldville
68:4 April 1893
29:
1571:1985 deaths
1566:1893 births
1535:The Gleaner
1367:The Gleaner
1294:Watts, Alan
994:Gidlow 1986
967:Gidlow 1986
943:Gidlow 1986
931:Gidlow 1986
901:Gidlow 1986
886:Gidlow 1986
874:Gidlow 1986
862:Tenney 1948
850:Gidlow 1986
838:Gidlow 1986
826:Meeker 2000
814:Gidlow 1986
802:Meeker 2000
790:Gidlow 1986
778:Meeker 2000
763:Meeker 2000
751:Gidlow 1986
739:Gidlow 1986
724:Meeker 2000
698:The Gleaner
683:The Gleaner
670:Gidlow 1986
646:Gidlow 1986
610:Gidlow 1986
583:Meeker 2000
564:Hawker 1909
540:Hawker 1909
504:Hawker 1909
477:Hawker 1909
303:Elsa Gidlow
231:Fernando Po
211:Congo Basin
187:Elsa Gidlow
129:Elsa Gidlow
99:Nationality
1560:Categories
1116:1063070477
955:Davis 2005
552:Watts 1972
407:References
334:Muir Woods
259:Alan Watts
193:Early life
64:1893-04-04
1245:142737254
1237:0272-6122
1179:220498205
1171:0272-6122
1061:590378819
412:Citations
357:Manhattan
351:of 1954.
255:Sevenoaks
1296:(1972).
1135:ProQuest
1083:(1986).
397:Cornwall
393:Penzance
270:Cornwall
243:Cameroon
239:Victoria
183:domestic
135:Children
104:American
102:British
1542:29 June
1520:29 June
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314:Fairfax
201:in the
125:Partner
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389:Bolobo
288:Career
266:Basoko
247:Bolobo
179:racism
143:Father
1241:S2CID
1213:(PDF)
1175:S2CID
1147:(PDF)
375:Notes
223:Sanga
219:Mungo
165:, in
1544:2020
1522:2020
1500:2020
1480:2020
1460:2020
1440:2020
1420:2020
1400:2020
1376:2020
1354:2020
1334:2020
1308:ISBN
1282:OCLC
1267:link
1253:2020
1233:ISSN
1201:link
1187:2020
1167:ISSN
1112:OCLC
1091:ISBN
1073:2020
1057:OCLC
1040:2020
982:1986
700:1930
685:1928
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