31:
263:
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2300:
200:
110:
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65:, or in grain transportation vehicles, but has also been known to occur around any large quantity of grain, even freestanding piles outdoors. Usually, unstable grain collapses suddenly, wholly or partially burying workers who may be within it. Entrapment occurs when victims are partially submerged but cannot remove themselves; engulfment occurs when they are completely buried within the grain. Engulfment has a very high fatality rate.
126:(OSHA) specifically forbid this at larger commercial facilities subject to them; most smaller farms are not. It may also be necessary to enter a grain storage facility to remove damp, clumped grain (usually from early spoilage) stuck on the walls. Entrapments have also occurred to children in grain transportation vehicles, or to those outside when grain is released from a storage facility or next to large freestanding grain piles.
523:
work in agriculture without any restrictions). Statistics on ages of victims may be misleading, as the Purdue researchers note that in 21 of 2018's 30 reported entrapment incidents, the age of the person trapped was not given. According to Purdue professor Bill Field, entrapments in vehicles are particularly devastating for farm families, as 95 percent of the 140 deaths that occurred that way were boys under the age of 11.
582:. That death rate makes that work one of the most likely to result in death on the job after occupations where traffic accidents are a possibility, and in the uppermost quartile overall. While the dead were mostly workers, at least one rescuer asphyxiated on the gases that had accumulated in the facility; another was a woman bringing food to her husband while he worked. Several children also died. The state of
2324:
360:", he did not return to work at the facility where it happened, instead taking a job at a local grocery across the street from the bin he was entrapped in, where the holes cut during the rescue were still visible. A Brazilian entrapment survivor says he was fired by his employer after refusing to return to work in the bins and asking to be assigned elsewhere in the company's operations.
504:) where that grain is grown and stored in quantity. Iowa has had the most accidents in some years, but Indiana has the most total with 165 as of 2019. The Purdue researchers attribute that to more extensive efforts to document those incidents in that state; based on annual grain production and storage capacity not only Iowa but Illinois and Minnesota probably have more.
178:, was engulfed two feet (61 cm) below the surface of 22,000 US bushels (780 m) of corn in an 80,000-US-bushel (2,800 m) bin. The respirator mask enabled him to survive, drifting in and out of consciousness for five hours until he was rescued by draining the bin slowly after efforts to pull him through the rope he was attached to failed. At that time, his
321:
structural integrity; usually by cutting high up and in a uniform pattern around the side of the bin. It is also possible that this can suck the trapped person deeper into the grain. This appears to be most effective in facilities with a capacity of 20,000 US bushels (700 m) or less. There is also the possibility of a
807:
The authors of a 2015 paper on the efficacy of grain rescue tubes similarly noted that the 1971 German paper which established, through research with human subjects, that a victim entrapped up to waist level needs a formal rescue as others who might attempt to remove them would not be permitted under
148:
placed against bin walls, is 5–7 kilopascals (0.73–1.02 psi); at 12 metres (40 ft) it is 20–30 kPa (2.9–4.4 psi), which appears to be its maximum. While those pressures are less than water at equivalent depths, they are measurements of active pressure against bin walls rather than
649:
They were the most extensive changes proposed in that area in a half-century. Most minors working in agriculture work for farms with fewer than ten employees, which are exempt from most federal workplace-safety laws and regulations. Children who work on their parents' farm are completely outside the
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complex in
Illinois killed two workers aged 14 and 19, while a third survived with injuries, OSHA assessed fines of over half a million dollars against the operators (eventually collecting little over a quarter-million). It sent letters to other grain-handling facilities afterwards reminding them of
522:
Recorded victims were exclusively male until 2018, when a minor died in a grain wagon at her family's farm. Three-quarters of them have been farmers, farm workers, or members of farm families. The average age of victims is in the 40s, but a disproportionate share are under 18 (youths 16 or older can
320:
While some of these techniques have been used to retrieve engulfed victims or their bodies as well, in those cases it is also common to cut a hole, or attempt to, in the side of the storage facility; this requires consulting an engineer to make sure it can be done without compromising the facility's
797:
In one incident that researchers from Purdue personally witnessed, a rescue attempt led to confrontations between the farm family and staff and firefighters, as the former thought the latter were taking too much time to come up with a plan, and took it upon themselves to cut further openings in the
605:
died after being buried up to his chest in corn, a crop grown there in large amounts only since the 1960s, while cleaning a silo in 2008. In 1997, a 14-year-old
British student doing a work placement on a farm died after falling into wheat as it was being drained from a silo. U.K. statistics record
467:
in
Indiana has documented grain-entrapment incidents. Its National Agricultural Confined Space Incident Database has, as of 2019, records on 1,225 reported entrapments from 1964 onward. The program has analyzed them to find consistent patterns in the hope of improving prevention and rescue efforts.
429:
Several organizations have developed a mobile grain entrapment simulator, used for both training and educational purposes in the US and Canada. In it, a human volunteer can be strapped into place and experience both how quickly they can sink into grain without risk of becoming entrapped themselves,
368:
The best way to prevent grain entrapments is zero entry: the near or complete elimination of any reasons to enter a grain storage facility. This can be accomplished primarily by storing grain properly. If kept at the proper moisture level of 14 percent or less and protected from the elements, grain
280:
for those trying to free the victim. During the five hours it took to rescue the man trapped in Iowa, it was estimated that temperatures in the bin reached 120 °F (49 °C), more than 30 °F (17 °C) above that day's reported high. Firefighters carrying out the rescue were monitored
133:
Once entrapment begins, it happens very quickly due to the suction-like action of the grain. Researchers in
Germany found that an average person who has sunk into grain once it has stopped flowing can get out only as long as it has not reached knee level; at waist level assistance is required. Once
526:
In 2010, the researchers noted that 38 incidents had occurred during 2009, when the national corn harvest set a new record. This was not only the highest since 1993, it capped a period in which the five-year average had steadily increased. This rose to a record-setting 51 in 2010, when a similarly
479:
More than half the recorded entrapments and engulfments have occurred in corn, and overwhelmingly corn stored in bins. Other grains in which victims have become entrapped include soybeans, oats, wheat, flax and canola. Given the predominance of corn as an entrapment medium, most incidents occur in
438:
condemning the practice of allowing children to volunteer for demonstrations, which they had personally observed on several occasions. "Each youth was in a position a simple human error could ha resulted in suffocation with dozens of first responders present who would have been nearly helpless to
421:
Agricultural safety advocates use different means to warn farmers of the danger of grain entrapment, since they believe many underestimate the risks despite having almost experienced it themselves. Many agricultural organizations and schools, as well as government agencies, publish and disseminate
412:
not subject to those regulations, it is sometimes common to tie a permanent lifeline to the inside of the storage facility. This has not been found to be effective, as the grain's suction often pulls the victim under the surface too fast for them to reach it, and most are not secured firmly enough
129:
Workers in the grain can become entrapped in three different ways: an apparently stable surface may in fact be a "grain bridge" over an area beneath which the grain has already settled; a vertical mass of grain settled against a wall may suddenly give way while being cleared; moving grain will not
400:
Purdue's experts warn that workers should not be alone, unless they have a radio or cell phone to communicate. Signs indicating the potential hazard at the entry are strongly advised, as well as a rule that anyone who does not have a good reason to be in the grain should not be there. To minimize
258:
fan, without any heat source activated, improves ventilation. NDSU warns rescuers to take care not to make the situation worse, and not to take action that would result in they themselves becoming entrapped or engulfed. Proper safety equipment, such as lifelines, is required for a rescue. Experts
68:
While the death rate from workplace accidents on
American farms has declined in the first decades of the 21st century, grain-entrapment deaths have not, reaching an all-time annual high of 31 deaths in 2010. Many of those victims have been minors. Agricultural organizations have worked to protect
659:
However, the regulations drew opposition. While they preserved the exemption for small family farms, many observers, even proponents, felt they had overreached in scope and would prevent children of farm families from learning important skills at an early age. Even some of the family members of
312:
within the grain from which grain can then be removed by hand, shovel, grain vacuum or other extraction equipment. Purpose-built plastic grain rescue tubes are also available for this purpose; using them causes an increase in pressure around the victim, possibly by increasing the
380:
Strict policies about entering the area where grain is stored, should that be absolutely necessary, would further prevent entrapments, according to GPCAH. Foremost among them is a requirement that all gas levels be checked prior to entry. Levels of oxygen outside 19–23 percent,
450:
of many research institutions would not permit the use of live subjects of any age in grain entrapment research. The authors also took note of the likelihood that in the event of an injury or death arising from such an educational setting gone wrong, all involved would be held
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teenage boys who had died in entrapments told the media that the proposed rules went too far. Opposition mounted in
Congress, where it was claimed that the proposed regulations were so broad they could have prevented children from doing chores on their parents' farms. Several
211:
Several factors complicate the rescue of entrapment victims even if their heads remain above the grain. Most grain storage and handling facilities are located on farms in rural areas, often distant from trained rescuers such as fire or ambulance services. They are also
307:
Rescues of an entrapped victim usually entail building makeshift retaining walls in the grain around them with plywood, sheet metal, tarpaulins, snow fences or any other similar material available. Once that has been done, the next step is creating the equivalent of a
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withdrew them, taking the unusual step of indicating, as it did so, that "this regulation will not be pursued for the duration of the Obama administration." Instead, the department said it would continue to work with youth-oriented agricultural organizations like the
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At some grain-handling facilities, employees "walk down the grain" on top of it to expedite the flow of grain from the top when it is being allowed to flow out the bottom. This is the most common cause of grain entrapments. Regulations issued by the United States
372:
Entrapments are more likely when grain is more spoiled. "Coring" grain by removing some of it from the center after the facility has been filled also reduces spoilage since it generally takes the broken and smaller grains where insects tend to grow within. The
275:
for the victim, especially one fully engulfed. Conversely, the air within the bin may be warmer than usual due to the heat released by decaying grain, the lack of exterior ventilation (especially on hot days) and any rescue activity; there is thus a risk of
270:
Temperature extremes can cause problems for both rescuers and victims. Stored grain is often kept fresh by blowing dry air over it. This, combined with any moisture in the grain, can chill its core to 30 to 40 °F (−1 to 4 °C). creating a risk of
152:
That pressure can make it difficult to breathe even when the victim's airway is unobstructed; it increases with every inhalation, making it more critical to secure breathing space for a victim in that situation. It has been likened to concrete, cement or
254:(NDSU) advises farmers that as soon as an entrapment occurs, in addition to immediately notifying local emergency services, the workers at the facility be required to shut off anything causing motion in the grain, or close any outlet. Turning on the
401:
entrapment, employers can implement training programs for working inside bins if it is necessary and make sure only those who have been trained do that work; they should also have a plan in place for how to respond to an entrapment, GPCAH suggests.
430:
and how effectively the grain constrains their motions, even breathing, when they do, afterwards. "A brochure is words on paper and no opportunity to ask and answer questions", says CASA's Blahey. "A face-to-face presentation is more realistic."
1147:
656:, would have changed that. In its preface to the proposed regulations, the department noted that while agriculture employs only 4 percent of the country's underage workers, those workers account for 40 percent of overall deaths on the job.
168:
Suffocation rarely occurs from the weight of the grain, but rather from the grain itself. If a victim's airway remains unobstructed, or they find an air pocket within the grain, they may be able to keep breathing and be rescued; the 40–60%
433:
Researchers in the field have called for those demonstrations to use only mannequins, however, noting that some training exercises have inadvertently turned into actual rescue operations. In 2018 several of them wrote an editorial for the
551:
system recorded 29 grain-related suffocation deaths between 1990 and 2008; however, the organization believes there were likely more due to the paucity of information available. In 2015, it counted six deaths, including three sisters in
149:
the passive pressure a body would experience, which is always greater. A victim trapped horizontally faces greater pressures, 30 kPa (4.4 psi) at 1.5 metres (5 ft) and 90 kPa (13 psi) at 12 metres (40 ft).
468:
Among the statistically significant patterns it has found are the type of grain in which incidents predominantly occur, the geographic locations of incidents, the type of facility they occur in and the demographics of victims.
80:
proposed sweeping new regulations that would have changed this, prohibiting underage workers from entering silos, among other provisions. They were withdrawn after protests from farmers and politicians of both U.S. parties.
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their legal and moral obligations to prevent such deaths. A year later, after another incident in
Oklahoma where two teenaged boys lost legs to a sweep auger, the agency proposed new rules on child labor in agriculture.
538:
At the same time, more victims are being rescued. Before 2005, a quarter of the victims were saved. Since then, the rate has improved to half. In 2011, when entrapments declined to 27, only eight resulted in fatalities.
243:
that may be toxic or cause allergic reactions. There is at least one documented instance of a first responder requiring treatment as a result of such inhalation; rescuers are advised to wear at least dust masks or even
173:
of stored grain makes it at least theoretically possible. In one instance a trapped person was able to survive for three hours. In 2013 an Iowa man wearing a battery-powered mask that filtered out dust, a result of his
157:; and described as making it impossible to even wiggle toes inside a shoe or boot; one survivor said he felt as if an "80,000-pound (36 t) semi truck had parked on chest." The compression also makes it hard for
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bin, which the fire department's incident commander had asked them not to do. These conflicts had to be resolved by law enforcement on the scene; eventually the victim's body was recovered at the bottom of the bin.
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extricate the victim in a timely manner," they wrote. "We don't use youth as automotive crash dummies, drop them off the deep end of the pool to test the capabilities of lifeguards, or test the effectiveness of
577:
had been rapidly increasing its grain production and storage capacity, 109 farmworkers had died while working in grain storage facilities, most of them after being buried by the material therein, usually
1066:
1910.272(g)(1)(iv): 'Walking down grain' and similar practices where an employee walks on grain to make it flow within or out from a grain storage structure, or where an employee is on moving grain, are
332:
from the pressure of the grain they were confined in; it is not uncommon for them to lose consciousness due to the drop in blood pressure as circulation returns to normal. Glenn Blahey, president of the
137:
Half of all entrapment victims eventually become engulfed. A human body in grain takes seconds to sink, minutes to suffocate, and hours to locate and recover. Recovered bodies have shown signs of
296:) to lift a victim buried up to their waist; removing a human completely trapped in grain takes 900 pounds-force (4.0 kN). These forces are above the level that can cause permanent
2029:
76:
Smaller family farms, however, are exempt from most federal labor regulation specific to agriculture, and no safety regulations govern children working for their parents. In 2011, the
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898:
548:
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for several days afterwards due to the toxins that had built up in his bloodstream as a result of the oxygen deprivation that occurred during the hours it took to rescue him.
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or similar device that moves grain at 100 US bushels (3.5 m) a minute will suck the entrapped person to the bottom of the grain very quickly due to their higher density.
586:, which produces most of Brazil's grain, had the most of the 13 states to record grain entrapment deaths during that period with 28; within Mato Grosso, the municipality of
397:
above 0.3 ppm, or odors associated with rotting or burning grain, or a chemical smell, indicate that there may be considerable spoilage and entry poses too great a hazard.
2213:
1500:
Freeman, Steven A.; Kelley, Kevin; Maier, Dirk E.; Field, William E. (Summer 1998). "Review of
Entrapments in Bulk Agricultural Materials at Commercial Grain Facilities".
69:
them and improve rescue techniques, as well as spread awareness among farmers of prevention methods. Primary among these is a federal regulation that forbids opening an
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in 2017 that he believes there are three or four deaths annually across Canada from grain entrapment. "We never know about close calls because they're not reported."
1970:
1738:
1552:
913:
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Even if a living victim is roped, they cannot simply be removed that way. Grain creates friction that resists the force used to pull them out. It requires 400
1639:
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scope of those laws, since it is believed that their parents would not let them do hazardous work. The proposed regulations, which took up 49 pages in the
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while playing in a grain truck on their family's farm as it was being loaded, and two rescues, based purely on media reports. CASA president Blahey told
1216:
Thompson, S.A.; Galili, N.A.; Williams, R.A. (October 1, 1997). "Lateral and vertical pressures in two different full-scale grain bins during loading".
1817:
1338:
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grain safety information, both as documents and videos, on the
Internet and off. In 2019 the Illinois-based Grain Handling Safety Coalition produced
1700:
Jayas, D.S.; Alagusunduram, K.; Shunmugam, G.; Muir, W.E.; White, N.D.G. (October–December 1994). "Simulated temperatures of stored grain bulks".
348:
Rescued victims have also experienced psychological issues. The survivor of a 2010 Illinois entrapment that killed both his coworkers experienced
535:
production has fostered the increase of corn in storage. The record entrapments ran counter to the trend of declining accidents in agriculture.
2177:"Safety Stand Down for Preventing Grain Entrapment: Agricultural Confined Space-Related Injuries and Fatalities –A Growing International Issue"
2041:
1054:
515:, where humidity is lower and smaller grains are preferred, report fewer incidents. Over 70 percent of entrapments have occurred on small or
123:
35:
377:'s Great Plains Center for Agricultural Health (GPCAH) advises that any clearing of clumped grain be done from outside using a long pole.
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OSHA regulations specifically forbid the use of minors in those demonstrations for training purposes, the editorial notes. Likewise, the
90:
I don't even recall how high the corn was. It came down and got me with no warning. Too fast, too much, and I don't like remembering it.
2064:
2176:
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four cases of grain entrapment among the 336 agricultural deaths it notes between 2005 and 2015; Purdue identifies 16 in that period.
1218:
754:
Even without any additional cooling, the grain in the center of a column will usually be about 20 °F (10 °C) cooler than
708:
334:
1093:
864:"Frequently Asked Questions About Flowing Grain Entrapment, Grain Rescue and Strategies, and Grain Entrapment Prevention Measures"
426:, a short dramatic feature film telling the story of a fictional entrapment and successful rescue of a farm family's teenage son.
2354:
788:
Purdue's
Agricultural Entrapment Database records one incident where a fatal spinal injury was inflicted during a rescue attempt.
408:, that one other employee be assigned to observe them, and that rescue equipment adequate to the task be available. At farms and
2221:
2090:
1727:
Chang, C.S. (1986). "Thermal Conductivity of Wheat, Corn, and Grain Sorghum as Affected by Bulk Density and Moisture Content".
944:
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to increase awareness of safe work practices on farms. It has also begun levying more and heavier fines for safety violations.
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of the grain within the tube, which in turn requires more force to pull them out until the grain surrounding them is removed.
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by putting youth inside the cab and rolling the tractor down a hillside. That is the purpose of mannequins or test dummies."
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1431:
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will not form the kind of clumps that create grain bridges or other areas of unequal density within and require clearance.
1471:
73:
or other opening at the bottom of a grain storage facility while someone is known to be "walking down the grain" within.
1050:
1269:
863:
245:
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Thompson, R.A.; Isaacs, G.W. (1967). "Porosity Determinations of Grains and Seeds with an Air-Comparison Pycnometer".
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of the type exempt from OSHA grain-handling regulations, which account for two-thirds of U.S. grain storage capacity.
1954:
Field, Bill; Cheng, Yuah-Hsin; Tormoelen, Roger; Aherin, Robert; Schwab, Charles; Neenan, Dan; Roberts, Matt (2018).
1227:
687:
77:
2244:"Labor Department statement on withdrawal of proposed rule dealing with children who work in agricultural vocations"
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1922:
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661:
17:
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992:
2214:"Child Labor Regulations, Orders and Statements of Interpretation; Child Labor Violations—Civil Money Penalties"
2000:
1404:
1097:
440:
251:
2344:
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1955:
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Schmecta, V. H.; Matz, A. (August 1971). "Zum versinken in Getreide" [Regarding sinking in grain].
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OSHA's regulations require that employees who enter stored grain do so attached to either a lifeline or
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injury. Some rescue attempts using ropes connected to tractors to pull victims out have resulted in
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2247:
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1543:
1148:"Determination of Entrapment Victim Extrication Forces with and without Use of a Grain Rescue Tube"
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356:, and turned to heavy alcohol and marijuana use to deal with it. Feeling himself to be his town's "
144:
At a depth of 1.5 metres (5 ft), the lateral pressure of grain, as experimentally measured by
1923:"2018 Summary of Agricultural Confined Space–Related Injuries and Fatalities in the United States"
1606:
1921:
Cheng, Yuan-Hsin; Nour, Mahmoud; Field, Bill; Ambrose, Kingsly; Sheldon, Edward (June 10, 2019).
776:
485:
2209:
1760:
1343:
951:
602:
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Roberts, Matthew J.; Field, William E.; Maier, Dirk E.; Stroshine, Richard L. (January 2015).
2037:
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Issa, Salah Fuad; Field, William E.; Schwab, Charles V.; Issa, Fadi S.; Nauman, Eric (2017).
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213:
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405:
262:
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8:
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1270:"Contributing Causes of Injury or Death in Grain Entrapment, Engulfment, and Extrication"
501:
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was 173 beats per minute, near his maximum; he was hospitalized for two days afterwards.
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30:
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1974:
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Bodie Blissett, Mississippi farm worker, on being entrapped in grain up to his neck
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advise that no more than two should walk on the surface of the grain at any time.
2328:
2316:
1851:
1432:"Buried alive in beans: 'Grain entrapment' calls for specialized rescue training"
676:
553:
452:
382:
282:
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Survivors of grain entrapment also may require treatment. Many develop painful
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70:
62:
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113:
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1527:
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from the impact of the grain; one victim was found to have a dislocated jaw.
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1192:
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314:
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the grain has reached the chest a formal rescue effort must be undertaken.
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without proper ventilation of the area. The dust can also sometimes have
1978:
1746:
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921:
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325:, although none are known to have occurred yet during a rescue attempt.
2056:
1856:
668:
570:
557:
329:
179:
1854:[The silent deaths of Brazilians buried in grain warehouses].
1852:"As silenciosas mortes de brasileiros soterrados em armazéns de grãos"
1175:
1583:
897:
Roberts, M.J.; Deboy, G.R.; Field, W.E.; Maier, D.E. (October 2011).
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481:
394:
309:
162:
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145:
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and cannot get out without assistance. It most frequently occurs in
1822:
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report found that since 2009, the latter half of a period in which
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closely and made to take periodic breaks; even so, one experienced
255:
170:
2280:, publications by Purdue University extension on grain entrapment.
1332:
1330:
2165:
1818:"Grain entrapments can cause devastating deaths, expert explains"
1770:
Department of Occupational and Environmental Health. October 2011
587:
579:
489:
409:
1624:
617:. Purdue's data base identifies three deaths in Ireland, two in
204:
Video from news report on unsuccessful rescue attempt in Indiana
54:
1699:
1630:
1327:
471:
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grain bin had to be immediately hospitalized as he went into a
175:
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province, six workers died in a grain avalanche. Elsewhere, a
240:
50:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
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from rural states facing hotly contested elections, such as
2283:
1883:
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1879:
1877:
1875:
342:
236:
58:
1145:
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Since 1978, the Agricultural Health and Safety Program at
27:
Being submerged in grain, with possibly fatal consequences
1953:
1128:
Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Hygiene und ihre Grenzgebiete
965:
692:
569:
Grain entrapment deaths occur all over the world. A 2018
2065:"Grain entrapment danger hits home in Clearwater County"
1872:
1798:
1673:"2010 Summary of Grain Entrapments in the United States"
1579:"Farmer bucks odds, survives being trapped in grain bin"
1472:"Grain entrapment—the horror waiting inside a grain bin"
1339:"'SILO' Brings Horrific Reality to Grain Bin Entrapment"
337:(CASA), recalls one incident where a man rescued from a
1949:
1947:
1693:
1633:"Farmer engulfed then asphyxiated by corn in grain bin"
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large corn harvest had a high moisture content and low
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1662:
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Most recorded grain entrapments have occurred in corn.
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at Purdue, with resources for training and education.
1920:
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1908:
1906:
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1640:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
899:"Summary of prior grain entrapment rescue strategies"
779:)—more than air, but only a third that of cold water.
266:
Most entrapments occur in grain bins similar to these
2123:
Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture
2082:
1944:
1720:
1534:
1019:
1017:
1015:
942:
2018:
1845:
1843:
1841:
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1631:Madsden, Murray; Ramirez, Marizen (June 28, 2011).
1398:
1396:
1394:
1267:
1258:
1206:
1121:
1119:
943:Drake, Bodie; Kulkarni, Subodh; Vandevender, Karl.
892:
890:
888:
165:and increasing the amount of toxins in the system.
1998:
1992:
1903:
1572:
1570:
1072:
2236:
2091:"Community and country rally to help farm family"
1670:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1012:
636:
227:, accumulate from spoiling grain. They can cause
2336:
2278:Safety During Grain Handling, Drying and Storage
2198:
1838:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1391:
1116:
885:
679:, complained about them personally to President
1999:Roberts, Matt; Field, Bill (July–August 2010).
1753:
1671:Riedel, Steve; Field, Bill (February 9, 2011).
1567:
771:of stored grain has been measured at 0.10–0.12
609:Seven grain entrapment deaths were reported in
1604:
1540:
1424:
1358:
1891:. Great Plains Center for Agricultural Health
1452:
1055:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
993:"Silos Loom as Death Traps on American Farms"
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
741:–3 bushels (88–106 L), meaning that any
124:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
36:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
1956:"Let's Stop Treating Our Youth Like Dummies"
1125:
1051:"29 CFR 1910.272, Grain Handling Facilities"
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
49:, occurs when a person becomes submerged in
1094:"Publication AE-1002: Caught in the Grain!"
214:confined spaces, posing hazards to rescuers
1761:"Prevent Fatalities from Grain Entrapment"
1678:. Agricultural Safety and Health Program,
1493:
1369:
869:. Agricultural Safety and Health Program,
531:. Observers speculate that the demand for
114:Grain entrapment simulation with mannequin
1963:Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health
1810:
1576:
1372:"10 Terrifying Tales of Grain Entrapment"
1174:
1155:Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health
906:Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health
821:
436:Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health
413:that they would not fail under the load.
130:support the weight of an average person.
2108:
2001:"U.S. Grain Entrapments on the Increase"
1402:
709:Occupational hazards of grain facilities
641:After a 2010 entrapment at a commercial
470:
335:Canadian Agricultural Safety Association
261:
29:
1469:
1023:
219:Foremost among them is the air within.
14:
2337:
2143:
2040:: Sosland Publications. Archived from
1932:Agricultural Safety and Health Program
1849:
1370:Trevillian, Flynn (December 3, 2016).
1336:
990:
549:Canadian Agricultural Injury Reporting
163:reducing the oxygen that gets to cells
2116:"Fact Sheet No. 21: Grain Entrapment"
2088:
2062:
2027:
1726:
1577:Klingseis, Katherine (July 5, 2013).
1091:
458:
57:and other storage facilities such as
2089:Blair, Jennifer (October 27, 2015).
1403:Hayasaki, Erika (December 8, 2014).
1026:"A Steady March of Grain Bin Deaths"
1024:Bennett, Chris (December 18, 2014).
991:Broder, John M. (October 29, 2012).
945:"Suffocation Hazards in Grain Bins"
613:between 1991 and 2010, with one in
542:
24:
1092:Maher, George A. (December 1995).
246:self-contained breathing apparatus
25:
2371:
2272:Agricultural Confined Spaces page
2265:
2174:
1889:"Grain Engulfment and Entrapment"
1702:Canadian Agricultural Engineering
1470:Cheater, Glenn (March 17, 2017).
1337:Miller, Dan (September 5, 2019).
2322:
2310:
2298:
1850:Fellet, João (August 28, 2018).
1607:"Silo Gases - the Hidden Danger"
1605:Murphy, Dennis (July 31, 1988).
198:
108:
38:illustration of grain entrapment
2284:Grain Handling Safety Coalition
2144:Lyseng, Ron (October 5, 2017).
801:
791:
782:
761:
748:
721:
2355:Agricultural health and safety
2063:Kelly, Erin (March 15, 2019).
936:
727:An adult human being takes up
637:2011 proposed U.S. regulations
13:
1:
2030:"Preventing Grain Entrapment"
1520:10.1016/S0022-4375(98)00008-5
1290:10.1080/1059924X.2017.1283277
1098:North Dakota State University
815:
363:
252:North Dakota State University
84:
2028:Reidy, Susan (May 2, 2011).
416:
7:
702:
448:institutional review boards
10:
2376:
1236:10.1177/108201329700300508
590:had the most, with seven.
2146:"The preventable tragedy"
1860:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
697:Future Farmers of America
197:
192:
185:
107:
102:
2248:U.S. Department of Labor
2206:U.S. Department of Labor
1730:Transactions of the ASAE
1544:Transactions of the ASAE
714:
223:or toxic gases, such as
78:U.S. Department of Labor
2095:Alberta Farmers Express
2069:Alberta Farmers Express
1274:Journal of Agromedicine
873:. April 2011. p. 1
507:Farms in states in the
2210:Wage and Hour Division
1612:. Penn State PENNpages
1344:The Progressive Farmer
1167:10.13031/jash.21.10150
952:University of Arkansas
775:/(h⋅ft⋅°F) (0.16–0.20
593:In a 2017 accident in
476:
267:
98:
39:
2212:(September 2, 2011).
1792:, "Extrication Forces
474:
265:
88:
33:
2224:on September 5, 2012
2151:The Western Producer
1282:Taylor & Francis
1219:Food Sci Technol Int
1104:on February 11, 2011
769:thermal conductivity
563:The Western Producer
352:, with accompanying
2345:Medical emergencies
2006:. Purdue University
1979:10.13031/jash.12822
1804:"Extrication Forces
1747:10.13031/2013.30335
1561:10.13031/2013.39763
922:10.13031/2013.39804
756:ambient temperature
556:who were buried in
302:separated shoulders
1826:. October 14, 2015
1768:University of Iowa
1480:Glacier Farm Media
1405:"Drowning in Corn"
998:The New York Times
808:today's standards.
621:and one apiece in
547:In Canada, CASA's
477:
459:Statistical trends
375:University of Iowa
268:
159:blood to circulate
139:blunt force trauma
40:
2246:(Press release).
2184:Purdue University
1930:Purdue University
1680:Purdue University
1437:Los Angeles Times
871:Purdue University
603:German farmworker
465:Purdue University
406:boatswain's chair
393:above 10 ppm and
209:
208:
119:
118:
16:(Redirected from
2367:
2360:Grain production
2327:
2326:
2325:
2315:
2314:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2294:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2250:. April 26, 2012
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2220:. Archived from
2218:Federal Register
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2181:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2120:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2044:on March 5, 2016
2025:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2005:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1927:
1918:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1885:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1847:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1765:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1611:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1574:
1565:
1564:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1467:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1400:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1367:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1334:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1265:
1256:
1255:
1213:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1178:
1152:
1143:
1123:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1100:. Archived from
1089:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1021:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
988:
963:
962:
960:
954:. Archived from
949:
940:
934:
933:
903:
894:
883:
882:
880:
878:
868:
860:
809:
805:
799:
795:
789:
786:
780:
765:
759:
752:
746:
740:
739:
735:
732:
725:
688:Labor Department
673:Claire McCaskill
653:Federal Register
543:Outside the U.S.
391:hydrogen sulfide
231:in great enough
202:
201:
190:
189:
112:
111:
100:
99:
96:
47:grain engulfment
43:Grain entrapment
21:
18:Grain engulfment
2375:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2350:Causes of death
2335:
2334:
2333:
2323:
2321:
2309:
2299:
2297:
2289:
2268:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2225:
2203:
2199:
2189:
2187:
2179:
2173:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2038:Kansas City, MO
2026:
2019:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1958:
1952:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1925:
1919:
1904:
1894:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1848:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1725:
1721:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1682:
1675:
1669:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1635:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1575:
1568:
1539:
1535:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1468:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1440:. June 15, 2019
1430:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1413:
1401:
1392:
1382:
1380:
1368:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1335:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1266:
1259:
1214:
1207:
1197:
1195:
1150:
1124:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1090:
1073:
1059:
1057:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1022:
1013:
1003:
1001:
989:
966:
958:
947:
941:
937:
901:
895:
886:
876:
874:
866:
862:
861:
822:
818:
813:
812:
806:
802:
796:
792:
787:
783:
766:
762:
753:
749:
737:
733:
730:
728:
726:
722:
717:
705:
677:Debbie Stabenow
639:
554:central Alberta
545:
461:
419:
383:carbon monoxide
366:
283:heat exhaustion
225:nitrogen oxides
199:
193:External videos
188:
109:
103:External videos
97:
94:
87:
63:grain elevators
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2373:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2332:
2331:
2319:
2307:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2267:
2266:External links
2264:
2262:
2261:
2235:
2197:
2164:
2136:
2125:. January 2016
2107:
2081:
2055:
2017:
1991:
1943:
1902:
1871:
1837:
1809:
1797:
1781:
1752:
1719:
1708:(4): 239–245.
1692:
1652:
1623:
1597:
1566:
1533:
1492:
1451:
1423:
1390:
1357:
1326:
1257:
1205:
1134:(8): 565–567.
1115:
1071:
1042:
1011:
964:
961:on 2014-03-29.
935:
884:
819:
817:
814:
811:
810:
800:
790:
781:
760:
747:
719:
718:
716:
713:
712:
711:
704:
701:
643:grain elevator
638:
635:
544:
541:
460:
457:
455:in a lawsuit.
418:
415:
365:
362:
350:survivor guilt
323:dust explosion
233:concentrations
221:Carbon dioxide
207:
206:
195:
194:
187:
184:
117:
116:
105:
104:
92:
86:
83:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2372:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2330:
2320:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2185:
2178:
2175:Field, Bill.
2171:
2169:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2140:
2124:
2117:
2111:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2022:
2002:
1995:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1948:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1769:
1762:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1741:: 1447–1450.
1740:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1608:
1601:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1573:
1571:
1562:
1558:
1555:: 0693–0696.
1554:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1496:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1427:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1333:
1331:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1262:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1210:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1130:(in German).
1129:
1122:
1120:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1068:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1000:
999:
994:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
957:
953:
946:
939:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
900:
893:
891:
889:
872:
865:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
820:
804:
794:
785:
778:
774:
770:
764:
757:
751:
744:
724:
720:
710:
707:
706:
700:
698:
694:
689:
686:In 2012, the
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
663:
657:
655:
654:
647:
644:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
604:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
576:
572:
567:
565:
564:
559:
555:
550:
540:
536:
534:
530:
524:
520:
518:
514:
510:
509:Upper Midwest
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
473:
469:
466:
456:
454:
449:
444:
442:
437:
431:
427:
425:
414:
411:
407:
402:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
378:
376:
370:
361:
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
331:
326:
324:
318:
316:
311:
305:
303:
299:
298:spinal column
295:
291:
286:
284:
279:
274:
264:
260:
257:
253:
249:
247:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
205:
196:
191:
183:
181:
177:
172:
166:
164:
160:
156:
150:
147:
142:
140:
135:
131:
127:
125:
115:
106:
101:
91:
82:
79:
74:
72:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
32:
19:
2252:. Retrieved
2238:
2226:. Retrieved
2222:the original
2200:
2190:November 17,
2188:. Retrieved
2186:. p. 18
2155:. Retrieved
2149:
2139:
2127:. Retrieved
2110:
2098:. Retrieved
2094:
2084:
2072:. Retrieved
2068:
2058:
2046:. Retrieved
2042:the original
2033:
2008:. Retrieved
1994:
1984:November 13,
1982:. Retrieved
1966:
1962:
1934:. Retrieved
1893:. Retrieved
1864:November 15,
1862:. Retrieved
1855:
1830:November 10,
1828:. Retrieved
1821:
1812:
1805:
1800:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1772:. Retrieved
1755:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1683:. Retrieved
1643:. Retrieved
1626:
1614:. Retrieved
1600:
1588:. Retrieved
1582:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1483:. Retrieved
1475:
1444:November 10,
1442:. Retrieved
1435:
1426:
1416:November 17,
1414:. Retrieved
1410:The Atlantic
1408:
1381:. Retrieved
1375:
1348:. Retrieved
1342:
1317:. Retrieved
1277:
1273:
1223:
1217:
1196:. Retrieved
1161:(2): 71–83.
1158:
1154:
1131:
1127:
1106:. Retrieved
1102:the original
1065:
1058:. Retrieved
1045:
1035:November 15,
1033:. Retrieved
1029:
1002:. Retrieved
996:
956:the original
938:
909:
905:
875:. Retrieved
803:
793:
784:
763:
750:
723:
685:
681:Barack Obama
658:
651:
648:
640:
623:Saudi Arabia
619:South Africa
608:
592:
575:that country
568:
561:
546:
537:
533:ethanol fuel
525:
521:
517:family farms
506:
478:
462:
445:
435:
432:
428:
423:
420:
403:
399:
379:
371:
367:
347:
327:
319:
315:bulk density
306:
290:pounds-force
287:
278:heat illness
269:
250:
229:asphyxiation
218:
210:
167:
151:
143:
136:
132:
128:
120:
89:
75:
67:
46:
42:
41:
2305:Agriculture
2254:November 7,
2228:November 7,
2157:November 4,
2129:November 4,
2100:November 4,
2074:November 4,
2048:November 5,
2034:World Grain
2010:November 5,
1936:November 4,
1895:November 9,
1774:November 4,
1685:November 4,
1645:November 8,
1590:November 8,
1514:: 123–134.
1485:November 6,
1383:November 6,
1350:November 6,
1319:November 7,
1284:: 159–169.
1230:: 371–379.
1198:November 6,
1144:, cited at
1108:November 1,
1067:prohibited.
1060:November 1,
1004:November 1,
877:November 4,
743:grain auger
615:New Zealand
584:Mato Grosso
558:canola seed
529:test weight
273:hypothermia
2339:Categories
1857:BBC Brasil
1176:2097/32319
916:: 303–25.
816:References
669:Jon Tester
662:Democratic
571:BBC Brasil
364:Prevention
358:Bubble Boy
330:contusions
292:(1.8
180:heart rate
146:load cells
85:Occurrence
55:grain bins
1973:: 57–58.
1616:April 21,
1584:USA Today
1528:1879-1247
1503:J Saf Res
1298:1059-924X
1244:1532-1738
1185:1074-7583
1030:Agweb.com
611:Australia
498:Minnesota
482:Corn Belt
417:Education
395:phosphine
385:above 25
310:cofferdam
155:quicksand
2329:Medicine
2317:Internet
1823:CBC News
1788:Roberts
1714:56135416
1512:Elsevier
1476:AgCanada
1314:26094544
1306:28129077
1252:97251632
1193:26204783
930:22164461
703:See also
665:senators
599:Shandong
580:soybeans
486:Illinois
484:states (
410:feedlots
354:insomnia
339:Manitoba
256:aeration
248:(SCBA).
171:porosity
93:—
2291:Portals
1806:, 76–78
1140:5157467
777:W/(m⋅K)
736:⁄
588:Sorriso
490:Indiana
1712:
1526:
1377:Medium
1312:
1304:
1296:
1250:
1242:
1191:
1183:
1138:
928:
631:Sweden
453:liable
241:spores
186:Rescue
176:asthma
2180:(PDF)
2119:(PDF)
2004:(PDF)
1971:ASABE
1969:(2).
1959:(PDF)
1926:(PDF)
1790:et al
1764:(PDF)
1739:ASABE
1737:(5).
1710:S2CID
1676:(PDF)
1636:(PDF)
1610:(PDF)
1553:ASABE
1551:(5).
1510:(2).
1310:S2CID
1280:(2).
1248:S2CID
1226:(5).
1151:(PDF)
959:(PDF)
948:(PDF)
914:ASABE
912:(4).
902:(PDF)
867:(PDF)
715:Notes
627:Spain
595:China
237:molds
71:auger
59:silos
51:grain
45:, or
34:U.S.
2256:2012
2230:2012
2192:2019
2159:2019
2131:2019
2102:2019
2076:2019
2050:2012
2012:2012
1986:2019
1938:2019
1897:2019
1866:2019
1832:2019
1794:, 82
1776:2012
1687:2012
1647:2012
1618:2018
1592:2019
1524:ISSN
1487:2019
1446:2019
1418:2019
1385:2019
1352:2019
1321:2019
1302:PMID
1294:ISSN
1240:ISSN
1228:CSIC
1200:2019
1189:PMID
1181:ISSN
1136:PMID
1110:2012
1062:2012
1037:2017
1006:2012
926:PMID
879:2012
767:The
695:and
675:and
629:and
513:West
511:and
502:Ohio
500:and
494:Iowa
480:the
441:ROPS
424:SILO
343:coma
1975:doi
1743:doi
1557:doi
1516:doi
1286:doi
1232:doi
1171:hdl
1163:doi
918:doi
773:BTU
693:4-H
597:'s
387:ppm
239:or
61:or
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