744:
4109:
4547:
Feminine nouns include female animates, three types of fish, some plants, the sun and other heavenly objects, some body parts and skin diseases, the soul, and some religious items. Words for part of a whole, as well as most other nouns that do not fall into any of the aforementioned classes, are neuter. The gender assignment of non-sex-differentiable things is complex. In general, those of no importance to the Kets are feminine, whereas objects of importance (e.g. fish, wood) are masculine. Mythology is again a significant factor.
3278:
3306:
3318:
5145:(bucket) and so forth. Many of the words where it is possible to choose gender are inanimate objects that one might suspect would be conjugated with the neuter gender. Nouns conjugated with the neuter gender cannot normally be conjugated as feminine or masculine in Norwegian. There is also a slight tendency towards using the masculine indefinite article even when choosing the feminine conjugation of a noun in many eastern Norwegian dialects. For instance, the word for "girl" is declined:
2699:
51:
915:) is masculine. Hence, if a neuter relative pronoun is used, the relative clause refers to "flowerbed", and if a masculine pronoun is used, the relative clause refers to "garden". Because of this, languages with gender distinction can often use pronouns where in English a noun would have to be repeated in order to avoid confusion. It does not, however, help in cases where the words are of the same grammatical gender.
5299:
1267:
by women, natural, round, or light" and male gender to objects "used by men, artificial, angular, or heavy." Apparent failures to reproduce the effect for German speakers has also led to a proposal that the effect is restricted to languages with a two-gender system, possibly because such languages are inclined towards a greater correspondence between grammatical and natural gender.
1402:
be used for long thin objects, another for flat objects, another for people, another for abstracts, etc.), although sometimes a noun is associated with a particular classifier more by convention than for any obvious reason. However it is also possible for a given noun to be usable with any of several classifiers; for example, the
4163:: Brunhild, Kriemhild and Hroswith became Brunhilde, Kriemhilde and Hroswitha. Slavic feminine given names: Olga (Russian), Małgorzata (Polish), Tetiana (Ukrainian), Oksana (Belarusian), Eliška (Czech), Bronislava (Slovak), Milica (Serbian), Darina (Bulgarian), Lucja (Croatian), Lamija (Bosnian) and Zala (Slovenian).
1192:. This makes some obviously feminine noun phrases like "a cute girl", "the well milking cow" or "the pregnant mares" sound strange to most Norwegian ears when spoken by Danes and people from Bergen since they are inflected in a way that sounds like the masculine declensions in South-Eastern Norwegian dialects.
1401:
Classifiers can be considered similar to genders or noun classes, in that a language which uses classifiers normally has a number of different ones, used with different sets of nouns. These sets depend largely on properties of the things that the nouns denote (for example, a particular classifier may
1262:
It has been shown that grammatical gender causes a number of cognitive effects. For example, when native speakers of gendered languages are asked to imagine an inanimate object speaking, whether its voice is male or female tends to correspond to the grammatical gender of the object in their language.
1020:
This is similar to systems with a masculine–feminine contrast, except that there is a third available gender, so nouns with sexless or unspecified-sex referents may be either masculine, feminine, or neuter. There are also certain exceptional nouns whose gender does not follow the denoted sex, such as
6646:
Polish might be said to distinguish five genders: personal masculine (referring to male humans), animate non-personal masculine, inanimate masculine, feminine, and neuter. The animate–inanimate opposition for the masculine gender applies in the singular, and the personal–impersonal opposition, which
4960:
It is possible for a noun to have more than one gender. Such gender shifts are sometimes correlated with meaning shifts, and sometimes yield doublets with no difference in meaning. Moreover, gender shifts sometimes crosscuts number contrasts, such that the singular form of a noun has one gender, and
987:
Nouns that denote specifically male persons (or animals) are normally of masculine gender; those that denote specifically female persons (or animals) are normally of feminine gender; and nouns that denote something that does not have any sex, or do not specify the sex of their referent, have come to
6630:
In
Russian, the different treatment of animate nouns involves their accusative case (and that of adjectives qualifying them) being formed identically to the genitive rather than to the nominative. In the singular that applies to masculine nouns only, but in the plural it applies in all genders. See
5370:
Related languages need not assign the same gender to a noun: this shows that gender can vary across related languages. Conversely, unrelated languages that are in contact can impact how a borrowed noun is assigned gender, with either the borrowing or the donor language determining the gender of the
1713:
match those of related words. Gender is one of the categories which frequently require agreement. In this case, nouns may be considered the "triggers" of the process, because they have an inherent gender, whereas related words that change their form to match the gender of the noun can be considered
1266:
Caveats of this research include the possibility of subjects' "using grammatical gender as a strategy for performing the task", and the fact that even for inanimate objects the gender of nouns is not always random. For example, in
Spanish, female gender is often attributed to objects that are "used
3379:
In many languages, nouns are assigned to gender largely without any semantic basis—that is, not based on any feature (such as animacy or sex) of the person or thing that a noun represents. In such languages there may be a correlation, to a greater or lesser degree, between gender and the form of a
802:
division is only partially valid, and many nouns may belong to a gender category that contrasts with their meaning, e.g. the word for "manliness" could be of feminine gender, as it is in French with "la masculinité" and "la virilité". In such a case, the gender assignment can also be influenced by
778:
In a few languages, the assignment of any particular noun (i.e., nominal lexeme, that set of noun forms inflectable from a common lemma) to one grammatical gender is solely determined by that noun's meaning, or attributes, like biological sex, humanness, or animacy. However, the existence of words
6651:
In the singular, masculine animates (in the standard declension) have an accusative form identical to the genitive, and masculine inanimates have accusative identical to the nominative. The same applies to adjectives qualifying these nouns, the same as in
Russian and Czech. Also, Polish masculine
6638:
A similar system applies in Czech, but the situation is somewhat different in the plural: Only masculine nouns are affected, and the distinctive feature is a distinct inflective ending for masculine animate nouns in the nominative plural and for adjectives and verbs agreeing with those nouns. See
6416:
However, these are relatively insignificant features compared with a typical language with full grammatical gender. English nouns are not generally considered to belong to gender classes in the way that French, German or
Russian nouns are. There is no gender agreement in English between nouns and
4546:
has three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter), and most gender assignment is based on semantics, but there are many inanimate nouns outside the neuter class. Masculine nouns include male animates, most fish, trees, the moon, large wooden objects, most living beings and some religious items.
4539:
has four genders: male human, female human, animal, and inanimate. However, there are about 80 nouns representing inanimate entities which are nonetheless animate in gender: heavenly objects (moon, rainbow), metal objects (hammer, ring), edible plants (sweet potato, pea), and non-metallic objects
3261:("animal, one head of cattle") are neuter, but most species names are masculine or feminine. When the sex of an animal is known, it will normally be referred to using gendered pronouns consistent with its sex; otherwise the pronouns will correspond to the gender of the noun denoting its species.
2974:
When a noun with conflicting natural and grammatical gender is the antecedent of a pronoun, it may not be clear which gender of pronoun to choose. There is a certain tendency to keep the grammatical gender when a close back-reference is made, but to switch to natural gender when the reference is
5379:
Nouns which have the same meanings in different languages need not have the same gender. This is particularly so in the case of things with no natural gender, such as sexless objects. For example, there is, by all appearances, nothing about a table that should cause it to be associated with any
4091:
Although gender inflection may be used to construct nouns and names for people of different sexes in languages that have grammatical gender, this alone does not constitute grammatical gender. Distinct words and names for men and women are also common in languages which do not have a grammatical
5098:
In
Norwegian, many nouns can be either feminine or masculine according to the dialect, level of formality or whim of the speaker/writer. Even the two written forms of the language have many nouns whose gender is optional. Choosing the masculine gender will often seem more formal than using the
4912:) that they are no longer recognizable. Many German nouns, for example, do not indicate their gender through either meaning or form. In such cases a noun's gender must simply be memorized, and gender can be regarded as an integral part of each noun when considered as an entry in the speaker's
1093:
things (humans and animals) generally belong to one gender, and those that denote inanimate things to another (although there may be some deviation from that principle). Examples include earlier forms of Proto-Indo-European and the earliest family known to have split off from it, the extinct
4531:
In some languages, the gender of nouns can mostly be determined by physical (semantic) attributes, although there remain some nouns whose gender is not assigned in this way (Corbett calls this "semantic residue"). The world view (e.g. mythology) of the speakers may influence the division of
4553:
has two genders, masculine and feminine. However, the masculine also includes things which are tall or long and slender, or narrow (e.g. fish, snakes, arrows and slender trees), whereas the feminine gender has things which are short, squat or wide (e.g. turtles, houses, shields and squat
3229:
As regards the pronouns used to refer to animals, these generally agree in gender with the nouns denoting those animals, rather than the animals' sex (natural gender). In a language like
English, which does not assign grammatical gender to nouns, the pronoun used for referring to objects
1207:
and most spoken dialects retain masculine, feminine and neuter even if their
Scandinavian neighbors have lost one of the genders. As shown, the merger of masculine and feminine in these languages and dialects can be considered a reversal of the original split in Proto-Indo-European (see
1768:, a language with two gender categories: "natural" vs "grammatical". "Natural" gender can be masculine or feminine, while "grammatical" gender can be masculine, feminine, or neuter. This third, or "neuter" gender is reserved for abstract concepts derived from adjectives: such as
6738:). Such endings also appear on adjectives and past tense verbs. The two features are analogous to features of Russian and Czech respectively, except that those languages make an animate/inanimate distinction rather than personal/impersonal) . Examples of the Polish system:
1325:, such as sex, animacy, shape, although in some instances a noun can be placed in a particular class based purely on its grammatical behavior. Some authors use the term "grammatical gender" as a synonym of "noun class", but others use different definitions for each.
2555:
When a language has gendered pronouns, the use of a particular word as a dummy pronoun may involve the selection of a particular gender, even though there is no noun to agree with. In languages with a neuter gender, a neuter pronoun is usually used, as in German
6433:, a spelling convention borrowed from French). Gender agreement applies in effect only to pronouns, with the choice of pronoun determined through semantics and/or pragmatics rather than on any conventional assignment of particular nouns to particular genders.
5107:
in the late 19th century, Norwegians wrote in Danish, which has lost the feminine gender, thus usage of the masculine gender (corresponding exactly to Danish common gender in conjugation in
Norwegian Bokmål) is more formal sounding to modern Norwegians.
5698:
Ibrahim identifies several processes by which a language assigns a gender to a newly borrowed word; these processes follow patterns by which even children, through their subconscious recognition of patterns, can often correctly predict a noun's gender.
782:
In other languages, the division into genders usually correlates to some degree, at least for a certain set of nouns, such as those denoting humans, with some property or properties of the things that particular nouns denote. Such properties include
1780:("that which is good/bad"). Natural gender refers to the biological sex of most animals and people, while grammatical gender refers to certain phonetic characteristics (the sounds at the end, or beginning) of a noun. Among other lexical items, the
6147:. According to the theory, the animate gender, which (unlike the inanimate) had independent vocative and accusative forms, later split into masculine and feminine, thus originating the three-way classification into masculine, feminine and neuter.
4781:
That the masculine is seen in
Icelandic as the most generic or 'unmarked' of the three genders can also be seen in the fact that the nouns for most professions are masculine. Even feminine job descriptions historically filled by women, like
5762:
argues that the cross-lingual retention of grammatical gender can change not only the lexis of the target language but also its morphology. For example, gender can indirectly influence the productivity of noun-patterns in what he calls the
4628:, the neuter is often used for indeterminate gender reference, particularly when the things referred to are not people. In some cases this may even apply when referring to people, particularly children. For example, in English, one may use
2329:
are used depending on whether the referent is male, female, or inanimate or non-human; this is in spite of the fact that
English does not generally have grammatical gender). A parallel example is provided by the object suffixes of verbs in
697:
system, where nouns are assigned to gender categories that are often not related to the real-world qualities of the entities denoted by those nouns. In languages with grammatical gender, most or all nouns inherently carry one value of the
3049:(deprecative "creature") is feminine but can be used to refer to both man (masculine gender), woman (feminine gender), child (neuter gender) or even animate nouns (e.g. a dog being masculine). Similarly with other deprecatory nouns as
3093:
In the case of languages which have masculine and feminine genders, the relation between biological sex and grammatical gender tends to be less exact in the case of animals than in the case of people. In Spanish, for instance, a
2611:, where the referent is generally unknown. In this case the question is usually not which pronoun to use, but which gender to assign a given pronoun to (for such purposes as adjective agreement). For example, the French pronouns
4895:
is an example of such a language, with a division (in the plural) between masculine animate, masculine inanimate, feminine, and neuter. The rules for gender and number of coordinated phrases in that language are summarized at
872:. Gender class may be marked on the noun itself, but will also always be marked on other constituents in a noun phrase or sentence. If the noun is explicitly marked, both trigger and target may feature similar alternations.
4700:
However, when referring to previously unmentioned groups of people or when referring to people in a generic way, especially when using an indefinite pronoun like 'some' or 'all', the masculine plural is used. For example:
894:
In literature, gender can be used to "animate and personify inanimate nouns". Languages with gender distinction generally have fewer cases of ambiguity concerning, for example, pronominal reference. In the English phrase
1274:
asks people to describe a noun, and attempts to measure whether it takes on gender-specific connotations depending on the speaker's native language. For example, one study found that German speakers describing a bridge
4578:
In languages with masculine and feminine gender, the masculine is usually employed by default to refer to persons of unknown gender and to groups of people of mixed gender. Thus, in French the feminine plural pronoun
6647:
classes animals along with inanimate objects, applies in the plural. (A few nouns denoting inanimate things are treated grammatically as animate and vice versa.) The manifestations of the differences are as follows:
1761:. Gender class may be marked on the noun itself, but can also be marked on other constituents in a noun phrase or sentence. If the noun is explicitly marked, both trigger and target may feature similar alternations.
713:
Whereas some authors use the term "grammatical gender" as a synonym of "noun class", others use different definitions for each. Many authors prefer "noun classes" when none of the inflections in a language relate to
2660:
of a noun, pronoun or noun phrase is a gender to which it would be expected to belong based on relevant attributes of its referent. Although grammatical gender can coincide with natural gender, it does not need to.
6823:, nouns are classified primarily on the basis of their semantic properties. The highest-level classification of nouns is often described as being between "rational" and "nonrational". Nouns representing humans and
4975:
in Spanish, which may be either masculine or feminine, depending on whether it refers to a male or a female. It may also correspond to some other difference in the meaning of the word. For example, the German word
5949:
Grammatical gender is a common phenomenon in the world's languages. A typological survey of 174 languages revealed that over one fourth of them had grammatical gender. Gender systems rarely overlap with numerical
3313:, countries can have masculine (blue), feminine (red) or neuter (yellow) names. Countries with plural non-masculine names are green. There are no country names in Polish with plural masculine personal gender.
2527:
The two sentences above mean literally "much obliged"; the adjective agrees with the natural gender of the speaker, that is, with the gender of the first person pronoun which does not appear explicitly here.
4557:
In French, the distinction between the gender of a noun and the gender of the object it refers to is clear when nouns of different genders can be used for the same object, for example vélo (m.) = bicyclette
903:) refers to the whole garden or just the flowerbed. In German, in cases where the objects in question have different grammatical gender, gender distinction prevents such ambiguity. The word for "flowerbed" (
4476:
In some languages, the gender of a noun is directly determined by its physical attributes (sex, animacy, etc.), and there are few or no exceptions to this rule. There are relatively few such languages. The
4140:"water") and this was reflected in feminine names originating in that period, like Emilia. Romance languages preserved this characteristic. For example, in Spanish, approximately 89% of nouns that end in
1434:
Grammatical gender can be realized as inflection and can be conditioned by other types of inflection, especially number inflection, where the singular-plural contrast can interact with gender inflection.
5734:
Rarely, the word retains the gender it had in the donor language. This tends to happen more frequently in more formal language such as scientific terms, where some knowledge of the donor language can be
6384:(neuter gender, mainly for objects, abstractions and animals). (There are also distinct personal and non-personal forms but no differentiation by natural gender in the case of certain interrogative and
1481:
affected by gender agreement, the circumstances in which it occurs, and the way words are marked for gender vary between languages. Gender inflection may interact with other grammatical categories like
6585:
mostly continue the Proto-Indo-European system of three genders, masculine, feminine and neuter. Gender correlates largely with noun endings (masculine nouns typically end in a consonant, feminines in
3345:: masculine/feminine/neuter. Standard Dutch has a three-gender structure, which fell in disuse in the North of the Netherlands but remains very much alive in Flanders and the South of the Netherlands.
4639:(which preserves a masculine–feminine–neuter distinction in both singular and plural), the neuter plural can be used for groups of people of mixed gender, when specific people are meant. For example:
1277:
2302:). Sometimes, however, there is no antecedent—the referent of the pronoun is deduced indirectly from the context: this is found with personal pronouns, as well as with indefinite and dummy pronouns.
923:
to merge, thereby making etymologically distinct words sound alike. In languages with gender distinction, however, these word pairs may still be distinguishable by their gender. For example, French
6827:
are considered rational, and other nouns (those representing animals and objects) are treated as nonrational. Within the rational class there are further subdivisions into masculine, feminine and
4119:
Given names are proper nouns and they follow the same gender grammatical rules as common nouns. In most Indo-European languages female grammatical gender is created using an "a" or an "e" ending.
3454:
such as Italian and French, generally follow the gender of the Latin words from which they are derived. When nouns deviate from the rules for gender, there is usually an etymological explanation:
4171:
In some languages, nouns with human references have two forms, a male and a female one. This includes not only proper names, but also names for occupations and nationalities. Examples include:
6726:
In the plural, masculine personal nouns (but not other animate nouns) take accusatives that are identical to the genitives; they also typically take different endings in the nominative (e.g.
4511:, has three genders: one for all male humans, one for all female humans, and a third for all the remaining nouns. Gender is only marked in personal pronouns. Standard English pronouns (see
1562:, where the first consonant of a word changes into another in certain conditions. Gender is one of the factors that can cause one form of mutation (soft mutation). For instance, the word
3022:), it is common in speech. With one or more intervening sentences, the second form becomes even more likely. However, a switch to the natural gender is never possible with articles and
1165:), though not in pronouns that can operate under natural gender. Thus nouns denoting people are usually of common gender, whereas other nouns may be of either gender. Examples include
1302:), used 'big', 'dangerous', 'strong', and 'sturdy' more often. However, studies of this kind have been criticized on various grounds and yield an unclear pattern of results overall.
1161:
Here a masculine–feminine–neuter system previously existed, but the distinction between masculine and feminine genders has been lost in nouns (they have merged into what is called
5425:
nouns in closely related languages are likely to have the same gender, because they tend to inherit the gender of the original word in the parent language. For instance, in the
5710:, morphemic adaptations of English words into American Italian or British Italian are abundant with such cases. For example, the feminine gender of the British Italian word
4602:
does not have gendered forms. In the singular, however, the issue frequently arises when a person of unspecified or unknown gender is being referred to. In this case it the
1796:(feminine). Thus, in "natural gender", nouns referring to sexed beings who are male beings carry the masculine article, and female beings the feminine article (agreement).
4523:) are used for domestic animals if the sex of the animal is known, and sometimes for certain objects such as ships, e.g. "What happened to the Titanic? She (or it) sank."
1443:
The grammatical gender of a noun manifests itself in two principal ways: in the modifications that the noun itself undergoes, and in modifications of other related words (
775:
Depending on the language and the word, this assignment might bear some relationship with the meaning of the noun (e.g. "woman" is usually feminine), or may be arbitrary.
2576:
neuter gender.) In languages with only masculine and feminine genders, the dummy pronoun may be the masculine third person singular, as in the French for "it's raining":
2464:
In some cases the gender of a pronoun is not marked in the form of the pronoun itself, but is marked on other words by way of agreement. Thus the French word for "I" is
1188:
also uses common gender and neuter exclusively. The common gender in Bergen and in Danish is inflected with the same articles and suffixes as the masculine gender in
1521:
has a number of different declension patterns, and which pattern a particular noun follows may be highly correlated with its gender. For some instances of this, see
4598:
In English, the problem of gender determination does not arise in the plural, because gender in that language is reflected only in pronouns, and the plural pronoun
4591:
may refer to a group of males or masculine nouns, to a mixed group, or to a group of people of unknown genders. In such cases, one says that the feminine gender is
8471:
Di Garbo F, Olsson B, Wälchli B (eds.). 2019. Grammatical gender and linguistic complexity I: General issues and specific studies. Berlin: Language Science Press.
2470:, regardless of who is speaking; but this word becomes feminine or masculine depending on the sex of the speaker, as may be reflected through adjective agreement:
5502:
Some more examples of the above phenomena are given below. (These come mostly from the Slavic languages, where gender largely correlates with the noun ending.)
8493:
Di Garbo F, Olsson B, Wälchli B (eds.). 2019. Grammatical gender and linguistic complexity II: World-wide comparative studies. Berlin: Language Science Press.
6893:
2771:
6143:, the earliest attested Indo-European language. The classification of nouns based on animacy and inanimacy and the lack of gender are today characteristic of
2743:
2450:. Issues may arise in languages with gender-specific pronouns in cases when the gender of the referent is unknown or not specified; this is discussed under
6550:
above). In the past and to some degree still in the present, the masculine has been used as the "default" gender in English. The use of the plural pronoun
5177:("organ" as musical instrument), all of which are masculine in the singular but feminine in the plural. These anomalies may have a historical explanation (
4730:
An example contrasting the two ways to refer to groups is the following, taken from advertisements of Christian congregations announcing their meetings:
3234:) is often used for animals also. However, if the sex of the animal is known, and particularly in the case of companion animals, the gendered pronouns (
2750:
4567:
There are certain situations where the assignment of gender to a noun, pronoun or noun phrase may not be straightforward. This includes in particular:
2975:
further away. For example, in German, the sentences "The girl has come home from school. She is now doing her homework" can be translated in two ways:
1232:, for example, within the masculine and sometimes feminine and neuter genders, there is a further division between animate and inanimate nouns—and in
5345:
2146:, these languages neutralize the gender opposition in the plural, itself a marked category. So adjectives and pronouns have three forms in singular (
5944:
2383:
Not all languages have gendered pronouns. In languages that never had grammatical gender, there is normally just one word for "he" and "she", like
960:
759:
change their form depending on the noun to which they refer. Spanish nouns have two genders: masculine and feminine, represented here by the nouns
672:
4468:
In some languages, gender is determined by strictly semantic criteria, but in other languages, semantic criteria only partially determine gender.
3371:
In most languages that have grammatical gender, a combination of these three types of criteria is found, although one type may be more prevalent.
2757:
7063:
suggests a neuter noun, but there is no way to cross-check it and there are indeed a few masculine nouns using the same ending in their plural (
6495:
comes down to whether the pronoun is intended to designate a woman, a man, or someone or something else. There are certain exceptions, however:
2264:, allow doubly marked forms both for number and gender. In these languages, each noun has a definite gender no matter the number. For example,
1386:, where it is common for all nouns to require a classifier when being quantified—for example, the equivalent of "three people" is often "three
1374:
to be applied to the noun. They are not regularly used in English or other European languages, although they parallel the use of words such as
988:
belong to one or other of the genders, in a way that may appear arbitrary. Examples of languages with such a system include most of the modern
6472:(of French provenance), but this is seldom used today, surviving mostly in either historical contexts or with disparaging or humorous intent.
6475:
The gender of an English pronoun typically coincides with the natural gender of its referent, rather than with the grammatical gender of its
5263:
of their final consonant can change gender in their plural form, as a palatalized final consonant is often a marker of a feminine noun, e.g.
2739:
7329:
1292:) more often used the words 'beautiful', 'elegant', 'pretty', and 'slender', while Spanish speakers, whose word for bridge is masculine (
6339:, Modern English has a much less pervasive gender system, primarily based on natural gender and reflected essentially in pronouns only.
4887:
In languages which preserve a three-way gender division in the plural, the rules for determining the gender (and sometimes number) of a
5401:. (Even within a given language, nouns that denote the same concept may differ in gender—for example, of three German words for "car",
6558:
may be used for a baby but not normally for an older child or adult. (Other genderless pronouns exist, such as the impersonal pronoun
5794:(each ⌂ represents a slot where a radical is inserted) because of the feminine gender of the matched words for "brush" such as Arabic
5725:
If the borrowed word happens to have a suffix that the borrowing language uses as a gender marker, the suffix tends to dictate gender.
4585:
always designates an all-female group of people (or stands for a group of nouns all of feminine gender), but the masculine equivalent
2548:, such as English (because in pro-drop languages the position of the argument can be left empty). Examples in English are the uses of
6888:
4496:; the masculine encompasses all other nouns (e.g. man, boy, pot, broom...). In this language, feminine nouns are always marked with
8355:
Noun classes and categorization: Proceedings of a symposium on categorization and noun classification, Eugene, Oregon, October 1983
3085:("mute") can be used deprecatively as described previously, and then can be used for verbs marked for the male and female genders.
4382:
To complicate matters, Greek often offers additional informal versions of these. The corresponding for English are the following:
1694:) of the noun, and sometimes a noun can be modified to produce (for example) masculine and feminine words of similar meaning. See
1140:
means 'apple wood'). So if one wants to refer to a certain table that is made of wood from an apple tree, one cannot use the word
1027:, meaning "girl", which is neuter. This is because it is actually a diminutive of "Magd" and all diminutive forms with the suffix
919:
Moreover, grammatical gender may serve to distinguish homophones. It is a quite common phenomenon in language development for two
115:
6627:
and inanimate nouns: Polish in the plural, and Russian in the accusative case, differentiate between human and non-human nouns.
6116:
makes use of gender in pronouns, which are generally marked for natural gender, but lacks a system of gender concord within the
4049:
are frequently constructed with affixes that identify the sex of the bearer. Common feminine suffixes used in English names are
2496:
expressions in other languages), such agreement may take place even though the pronoun does not in fact appear. For example, in
8449:
Iturrioz, J. L. (1986) "Structure, meaning and function: a functional analysis of gender and other classificatory techniques".
7990:
Grönberg, Anna Gunnarsdotter (2002). "Masculine generics in current Icelandic". In Hellinger, Marlis; Bußmann, Hamumod (eds.).
3403:
are mostly feminine, regardless of their meaning. Nouns that end in some other vowel are assigned a gender either according to
87:
5380:
particular gender, and different languages' words for "table" are found to have various genders: feminine, as with the French
2764:
8535:
8498:
8476:
8398:
8266:
7649:
7579:
7111:
is the regular ending for masculine and feminine nouns, both are in fact used to form plurals of nouns of all three genders (
6189:
However, many languages reduced the number of genders to two. Some lost the neuter, leaving masculine and feminine like most
2890:
5227:, which have the endings of the feminine singular, but have feminine plural agreement. (This is related to the forms of the
779:
that denote male and female, such as the difference between "aunt" and "uncle" is not enough to constitute a gender system.
4492:, which has two asymmetrical genders. The feminine includes all living beings of female sex (e.g. woman, girl, cow...) and
3994:
nouns; for example, to produce nouns with a similar meaning but referring to someone of a different sex. Thus, in Spanish,
665:
6878:
94:
8456:
Mercier, Adele (2002) "L'homme et la factrice: sur la logique du genre en français". "Dialogue", Volume 41, Issue 3, 2002
4897:
2720:
1497:
The gender of a noun may affect the modifications that the noun itself undergoes, particularly the way in which the noun
68:
17:
8082:
7883:
6182:(two Romance language exceptions). In them, there is a high but not absolute correlation between grammatical gender and
3281:
In the French language, countries can have masculine (green) or feminine (purple) names. Except for certain islands and
2629:("something") are all treated as masculine—this is in spite of the fact that the last two correspond to feminine nouns (
2544:) is nonexistent, but when a reference to the argument is nevertheless syntactically required. They occur mostly in non-
8344:
7383:
7246:, 8. edition, p. 152f.) for example states that all German pluralia tantum have a gender, but it can not be determined.
6898:
2588:
means "he", or "it" when referring to masculine nouns); although some languages use the feminine, as in the equivalent
8544:
4982:
meaning "lake" is masculine, whereas the identical word meaning "sea" is feminine. The meanings of the Norwegian noun
2685:("man") is masculine; these attributions occur solely due to the semantically inherent gender character of each noun.
8417:
8291:
8159:
8096:
7999:
7791:
7476:
4829:(which has an overall common–neuter gender system), masculinity may be argued to be a marked feature, because in the
2790:
817:
Gender is considered an inherent quality of nouns, and it affects the forms of other related words, a process called
134:
5667:
can be masculine or feminine, depending on the dialect. All these words mean "sea" and are descended from the Latin
2728:
821:. Nouns may be considered the "triggers" of the process, whereas other words will be the "target" of these changes.
101:
7857:
5047:) which are etymologically unrelated. One is masculine and means "finger"; the other is feminine and means "soil".
3407:, by analogy, or by some other convention. These rules may override semantics in some cases: for example, the noun
730:
Languages with grammatical gender usually have two to four different genders, but some are attested with up to 20.
30:
This article is about grammatical rules of agreement with nouns. For uses of language associated with gender, see
8020:
7687:
6056:
658:
6546:
Problems arise when selecting a personal pronoun to refer to someone of unspecified or unknown gender (see also
2154:
2142:
In some languages the gender is distinguished only in singular number but not in plural. In terms of linguistic
884:
In a language with explicit inflections for gender, it is easy to express gender distinctions in animate beings.
8588:
7820:
5970:, these characteristics correlate positively with the presence of grammatical gender in the world's languages:
4632:
to refer to a child, particularly when speaking generically rather than about a particular child of known sex.
2724:
83:
72:
8567:
7599:
7565:
7455:
Janhunen, Juha (1999). "Grammatical gender from east to west". In Unterbeck, Barbara; Rissanen, Matti (eds.).
4880:, where a gender-like distinction is made in the plural between "masculine personal" and all other cases (see
4802:), have been replaced with masculine ones as men have started becoming more represented in these professions:
2421:
to differentiate between people and inanimate objects, but even this distinction is often absent. (In written
2314:
of the referent. Indeed, in most European languages, personal pronouns are gendered; for example English (the
743:
6052:
1328:
Many authors prefer "noun classes" when none of the inflections in a language relate to sex, such as when an
722:. According to one definition: "Genders are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words."
5905:, also feminine. The result of this neologism might have been, more generally, the strengthening of Israeli
814:
Usually each noun is assigned to one of the genders, and few or no nouns can occur in more than one gender.
7692:
6238:, have nearly completely lost grammatical gender (retaining only some traces, such as the English pronouns
6227:
6136:
5661:
is generally masculine (except in some poetic contexts and among sea workers), whereas the Catalan cognate
3460:("problem") is masculine in Spanish because it was derived from a Greek noun of the neuter gender, whereas
3269:
There are multiple theoretical approaches to the position and structure of gender in syntactic structures.
1174:
1034:
799:
4855:
would normally be the default for a person of unknown gender, although in practice the indefinite pronoun
1709:, or concord, is a grammatical process in which certain words change their form so that values of certain
936:
8583:
8282:
7492:
6535:
3728:
634:
7714:
3796:, which might be confused for a feminine singular noun. Gender may also be predictable from the type of
1559:
1199:
common gender, as the declensions follow a different pattern from both the Norwegian written languages.
8426:
Greenberg, J. H. (1978) "How does a language acquire gender markers?" In J. H. Greenberg et al. (eds.)
8366:
7841:
6461:
5260:
4888:
3720:
715:
6436:
Only a relatively small number of English nouns have distinct male and female forms; many of them are
887:
Grammatical gender "can be a valuable tool of disambiguation", rendering clarity about antecedents or
6903:
6362:
6107:
6068:
5988:
5159:
Sometimes a noun's gender can change between its plural and singular forms, as with the French words
3726:
3718:
2315:
419:
369:
306:
286:
6186:
class. Many linguists believe that to be true of the middle and late stages of Proto-Indo-European.
6071:
also have extensive systems of noun classes, which can be grouped into several grammatical genders.
1690:
Additionally, in many languages, gender is often closely correlated with the basic unmodified form (
1382:
in phrases like "three pieces of paper" or "thirty head of cattle". They are a prominent feature of
6385:
6347:
5324:
4969:
Gender shift may be associated with a difference in the sex of the referent, as with nouns such as
4934:, in conjunction with each noun—for example, a learner of French may learn the word for "chair" as
3987:
3797:
3354:
2926:
2709:
1730:
837:
804:
502:
445:
440:
258:
206:
7493:"Male Animate Gender in Polish- definition (Męskożywotny – definicja, synonimy, przykłady użycia)"
6120:
which is one of the central elements of grammatical gender in most other Indo-European languages.
3713:
706:. The values present in a given language, of which there are usually two or three, are called the
8088:
7571:
7528:
6913:
6883:
6563:
6231:
6194:
6129:
5996:
4927:
4909:
4830:
4614:
3839:
tend to be feminine, whereas others tend to be masculine, but there are many exceptions to this (
2713:
2451:
2295:
1706:
1444:
1178:
818:
612:
497:
450:
339:
61:
39:
35:
8521:
7293:
7235:, 6. edition, 2008, p. 121) for example states that German pluralia tantum do not have a gender.
5522:", also meaning "month") is masculine. In Polish, another Slavic language, the word for moon is
4540:(whistle, ball). Many have a round shape or can be explained by the role they play in mythology.
1925:
are marked with "feminine" articles, while all others use the "generic" or "masculine" articles.
747:
The grammatical gender of a noun affects the form of other words related to it. For example, in
108:
6099:
6095:
6064:
5959:
5341:
4108:
2331:
1146:
with a feminine gender, and if one wants to refer to an apple tree in a garden, one cannot use
1134:
means 'apple tree'), but if it is masculine, it means that it is dead, no longer living (e.g.,
617:
589:
550:
530:
485:
480:
349:
8561:
7783:
7635:
6380:(common gender, used for people or animals of unknown, irrelevant, or non-binary gender), and
2842:, and this suffix always makes the noun grammatically neuter. Hence the grammatical gender of
8464:
8078:
7974:
7607:
6562:, but they are not generally substitutable for a personal pronoun.) For more information see
6032:
5759:
5728:
If the borrowed word rhymes with one or more native words, the latter tend to dictate gender.
5707:
3991:
3473:
3432:
2625:
2489:
1726:
1370:
used in some languages together with a noun, principally to enable numbers and certain other
1271:
1257:
1009:
833:
490:
253:
7994:. Vol. 2. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 163–186.
5739:
Sometimes the gender of a word switches with time. For example, the Russian modern loanword
4006:
means "girl". This paradigm can be exploited for making new words: from the masculine nouns
3174:
for the male and the female of a species are more frequent for common pets or farm animals,
8216:
7302:
6476:
6465:
6214:. Others merged feminine and masculine into a common gender but retained the neuter, as in
5255:.) In other cases, the anomaly can be explained by the form of the noun, as is the case in
4609:
has been traditional. Since the 18th century it has been prescribed to use the masculine (
2848:
is neuter, although its natural gender is feminine (because it refers to a female person).
2669:
This usually means masculine or feminine, depending on the referent's sex. For example, in
2613:
2447:
2299:
1710:
1391:
1383:
1103:
1078:
1001:
699:
424:
414:
150:
8084:
Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond
5567:("thousand") is masculine, whereas the cognate in Russian, тысяча, is feminine, while the
3444:"communist" is masculine when it refers or could refer to a man, even though it ends with
2568:
is the neuter third person singular pronoun. (English behaves similarly, because the word
8:
8125:
6908:
6844:
6820:
6207:
6048:
4478:
3384:
2915:
2497:
2394:
1332:–inanimate distinction is made. Note, however, that the word "gender" derives from Latin
1241:
1122:), the same word can have two genders according to the context. For example, if the word
1095:
1066:
582:
510:
174:
31:
7673:
Sera et al. (2002) and Vigliocco et al. (2005), cited in Pavlidou & Alvanoudi (2013)
6793:
A few nouns have both personal and impersonal forms, depending on meaning (for example,
6603:) but there are many exceptions, particularly in the case of nouns whose stems end in a
5706:
The borrowed word tends to take the gender of the native word it replaces. According to
5124:
5104:
5055:
In other cases, a word may be usable in multiple genders indifferently. For example, in
4092:
gender system for nouns in general. English, for example, has feminine suffixes such as
3051:
1204:
1189:
6918:
6851:
words used when addressing a relative often specify the speaker's gender. For example,
6800:
6632:
6171:
6091:
6075:
5978:
5963:
5568:
5454:
5393:
5350:
5056:
4636:
4625:
3908:
preceded by double consonants. Certain suffixes are quite reliable indicators, such as
3801:
3367:
according to arbitrary convention (lexical, possibly rooted in the language's history).
2608:
2493:
2418:
2404:
2335:
2150:
1691:
1502:
1483:
1406:
1046:
905:
374:
354:
299:
275:
4908:
In some languages, any gender markers have been so eroded over time (possibly through
4849:, "my little brother"). In spite of this, the third-person singular masculine pronoun
2865:
2813:
2807:
of a noun does not always coincide with its natural gender. An example of this is the
2644:
For other situations in which such a "default" gender assignment may be required, see
8494:
8472:
8413:
8394:
8340:
8287:
8235:
8165:
8155:
8092:
7995:
7816:
7787:
7776:
7645:
7575:
7472:
7460:
6804:
6441:
6418:
6330:
6295:
6279:
6190:
6179:
6144:
6083:
6079:
6044:
6036:
6024:
5955:
5426:
5100:
4884:), a group is treated as masculine personal if it contains at least one male person.
4550:
4058:
3451:
2834:
2607:
A similar, apparently arbitrary gender assignment may need to be made in the case of
2545:
2541:
2272:
2206:
nouns (lacking a singular form) cannot be assigned a gender. Example with Bulgarian:
1200:
1062:
1058:
1054:
989:
853:
577:
570:
560:
525:
515:
455:
389:
329:
311:
199:
8529:
6803:
in the computing sense). For more information on the above inflection patterns, see
5858:), matches the feminine gender of the parallel pre-existent European words: Yiddish
5751:) "whisky" was originally feminine, then masculine, and today it has become neuter.
5183:
used to be feminine in the singular too) or result from slightly different notions (
4100:), and also distinguishes male and female personal names, as in the above examples.
3349:
There are three main ways by which natural languages categorize nouns into genders:
3063:
1784:
changes its form according to this categorization. In the singular, the article is:
8501:
8480:
8225:
8212:"Gender assignment and gender agreement: Evidence from pronominal gender languages"
7866:
7641:
7464:
6640:
6608:
6582:
6539:
6534:), particularly countries and ships, and sometimes other vehicles or machines. See
6503:
is usually used, but when the sex of the animal is known, it may be referred to as
6314:
6287:
6283:
6215:
6211:
6198:
6175:
6151:
6140:
6103:
6087:
6060:
6040:
6028:
6020:
6016:
6008:
6000:
5435:, whereas the words for "moon" are feminine, being derived from the Latin feminine
5228:
4931:
4826:
4621:
3573:(meaning "little, young") are always neuter, even if they refer to people, as with
3510:
3388:
3075:
3045:
2937:
2670:
2619:
2414:
1781:
1765:
1573:
1522:
1518:
1506:
1487:
1403:
1344:) which originally meant "kind", so it does not necessarily have a sexual meaning.
1229:
1196:
1170:
1115:
1070:
1050:
997:
993:
748:
520:
384:
169:
8263:
5917:) as a productive feminine locative suffix (combined with the influence of Polish
3069:
2880:(neuter), meaning "woman" (the word is now pejorative and generally replaced with
1263:
This has been observed for speakers of Spanish, French, and German, among others.
8388:
8270:
7683:
7105:
do not make any such indications because they are ambiguous themselves: although
6828:
6620:
6616:
6511:(particularly when expressing an emotional connection with the animal, as with a
6303:
6219:
6167:
6012:
6004:
5967:
5951:
5429:, the words for "sun" are masculine, being derived from the Latin masculine noun
5256:
4877:
4508:
4077:
3830:
3708:
3554:
3310:
3246:
3081:
2948:
2872:
2824:
2808:
2422:
2202:
1514:
1478:
1353:
1281:
1236:, also sometimes between nouns denoting humans and non-humans. (For details, see
1166:
1128:(meaning 'wood' or 'tree') is feminine, it means that it is a living tree (e.g.,
1107:
718:. According to one estimate, gender is used in approximately half of the world's
565:
434:
396:
236:
218:
194:
189:
7529:"What Are the 4 Genders? 7 Other Types, Gender Identity & 7 Sexuality Types"
6268:
3431:("person") is always feminine, even when it refers to a boy or a man, a kind of
2681:
2334:, which correspond to object pronouns, and which also inflect for gender in the
8379:
7225:
6612:
6604:
6542:; it is also in decline, and advised against by most journalistic style guides.
6460:, for instance, derive directly or indirectly from Latin). English has no live
6291:
6223:
6163:
6113:
5275:("small boys"), with the adjective showing agreement for both feminine gender (
4892:
4536:
4054:
3671:
3317:
2959:
2898:
2589:
2427:
2390:
2261:
1754:
1555:
1240:.) A human–non-human (or "rational–non-rational") distinction is also found in
1233:
1090:
1074:
911:
865:
629:
460:
379:
263:
184:
8374:
Corbett, Greville G. (1994). "Gender and gender systems". In Asher, R. (ed.).
8230:
8211:
7468:
7457:
Trends in Linguistics, Studies and Monographs: Gender in Grammar and Cognition
3419:("member") is always masculine, even when it refers to a girl or a woman, and
3305:
3277:
2859:
2675:
2310:
With personal pronouns, the gender of the pronoun is likely to agree with the
8577:
8459:
8239:
6848:
6832:
6567:
6374:
6299:
5764:
5314:
5215:("arm"). These are masculine in the singular, but form the irregular plurals
4603:
4489:
4148:
are classified as feminine; the same is true for 98% of given names with the
4046:
3765:
3529:(friend) can be masculine or feminine according to the person they refer to.
3057:
2637:
2537:
2455:
2399:
2385:
2172:
1582:"son" remains unchanged. Adjectives are affected by gender in a similar way.
1494:
pattern followed by the noun itself will be different for different genders.
1395:
1321:
A noun may belong to a given class because of characteristic features of its
344:
8509:
8488:
8169:
7027:"the eagle"). This does not happen if the noun is preceded by an adjective (
6335:
Although grammatical gender was a fully productive inflectional category in
6274:
4515:) are very similar in this respect, although the English gendered pronouns (
2417:. These languages might only have different pronouns and inflections in the
1564:
1531:, which has two possible genders: when it is masculine (meaning "lake") its
1033:
are neuter. Examples of languages with such a system include later forms of
8551:
8505:
8484:
5703:
If the noun is animate, natural gender tends to dictate grammatical gender.
5334:
5200:
5190:
5111:
The word for "sun" can be another example. One might decline it masculine:
4543:
3761:
2876:
2819:
1426:
is frequently used as an alternative to various more specific classifiers.
1359:
1316:
931:
594:
429:
243:
211:
179:
8410:
Fossilized Second Language Grammars: The Acquisition of Grammatical Gender
6262:
6256:
8112:
7812:
6807:. For certain rules concerning the treatment of mixed-gender groups, see
6336:
6307:
6117:
5519:
4155:
In the Germanic languages the female names have been Latinized by adding
3737:) are of feminine gender, the only significant exceptions being the word
3043:
This phenomenon is quite popular in Slavic languages: for example Polish
2855:
2573:
1527:
925:
686:
8252:
6516:
6150:
Many Indo-European languages retained the three genders, including most
3040:("this little girl" – with female demonstrative pronoun and adjective).
2433:
1792:
1786:
1578:
7870:
6512:
6422:
6183:
4917:
4777:
is more specific and emphasises the individuality of the group members.
4592:
4493:
3596:
3558:
3171:
2584:
2564:
2540:
is a type of pronoun used when a particular verb argument (such as the
2466:
2143:
1758:
1742:
1734:
1718:
1498:
1491:
1456:
1371:
1225:
869:
849:
841:
825:
752:
694:
644:
639:
624:
555:
364:
270:
226:
3380:
noun (such as the vowel or consonant or syllable with which it ends).
3088:
2600:
2409:
1455:
Grammatical gender manifests itself when words related to a noun like
8015:
6937:
The word for "manliness" has feminine grammatical gender in Spanish (
6426:
6235:
4940:(meaning "the chair"); this carries the information that the noun is
3404:
3361:
3119:
1738:
1464:
888:
845:
808:
334:
231:
7855:
Kramer, R. (2016). "The location of gender features in the syntax".
6317:
can be argued to have added new genders to the classical three (see
5035:
with one gender each. For example, Bulgarian has a pair of homonyms
3647:"coward"), always produces masculine nouns. And the German suffixes
3158:. To specify the sex of an animal, an adjective may be added, as in
2698:
736:
include masculine and feminine; masculine, feminine, and neuter; or
50:
8264:
The Original Nominal System of Proto-Indoeuropean – Case and Gender
6437:
6159:
5846:
Similarly, argues Zuckermann, the Israeli neologism for "library",
5731:
The default assignment is the borrowing language's unmarked gender.
5276:
5028:
4921:
3514:
2688:
1532:
1367:
1322:
1215:
1119:
1042:
719:
359:
7664:
Boroditsky et al. (2003), cited in Pavlidou & Alvanoudi (2013)
5938:
5457:.) However, there are exceptions to this principle. For instance,
4122:
Classical Latin typically made a grammatical feminine gender with
4024:"doctor", it was straightforward to make the feminine equivalents
2298:
in gender with the noun or noun phrase to which they refer (their
6624:
5422:
5032:
5027:
It is a matter of analysis how to draw the line between a single
4913:
3095:
3019:
1750:
1722:
1469:
1460:
1329:
920:
861:
829:
784:
756:
737:
164:
8387:
Foley, William A.; Van Valin, Robert D. Jr (13 September 1984).
6623:, also make certain additional grammatical distinctions between
5677:
4574:
references to people or things of unknown or unspecified gender.
4166:
3360:
according to logical or symbolic similarities in their meaning (
2604:, which means "she", or "it" when referring to feminine nouns).
7884:
Namepedia Blog – Why Most European Names Ending in A Are Female
7261:
6869:
means female's father's sister or female's brother's daughter.
6350:
forms depending on the natural gender of the referent, such as
4301:
Greek nationality names have five possibilities for 'English'.
3749:
3550:
3397:
or a consonant are mostly masculine, whereas those that end in
3018:
Though the second sentence may appear grammatically incorrect (
1251:
1185:
291:
8018:[Agreement of the predicate with a multiple subject].
6206:
and Italian nouns with so-called "mobile gender"), as well as
5552:("tram") is masculine, whereas the cognate loanword in Czech,
5487:
is neuter. Likewise, the word for "boat" is neuter in German (
2956:(masculine), meaning "unpleasant (usually old and ugly) woman"
2664:
1421:
8181:
8179:
8131:
8037:
7438:
7436:
7434:
7432:
7239:
6824:
6373:(feminine gender, for women, girls, and female animals), the
6155:
5716:"bag" was induced by the feminine gender of the Italian word
5619:
is masculine. The Spanish form contrasts with the Portuguese
4898:
Czech declension § Gender and number of compound phrases
3734:
3114:(feminine), regardless of their biological sex. In Russian a
3105:
1558:, gender marking is mostly lost on nouns; however, Welsh has
1510:
1335:
1005:
788:
7419:
7417:
7415:
7413:
7411:
7409:
6522:
Certain nonhuman things can be referred to with the pronoun
6342:
There are a few traces of gender marking in Modern English:
5954:
systems. Gender and noun class systems are usually found in
5893:, as well as of the pre-existent Arabic word for "library":
5095:) without any change in meaning and no preference in usage.
4454:) "England", while the less formal are derived from Italian
3026:
pronouns or adjectives. Thus it can never be correct to say
7384:"Glossary of Linguistic Terms: What is grammatical gender?"
6132:, but not English, provide examples of grammatical gender.
5374:
3941:
is part of the root of the word, it can be feminine, as in
1746:
1541:, but when it is feminine (meaning "sea"), the genitive is
1363:
857:
811:
of the noun, or in some cases can be apparently arbitrary.
34:. For methods of minimizing the use of gendered forms, see
8176:
7429:
6554:
with singular reference is common in practice. The neuter
6517:§ Gender contrasts on human versus sentient referents
6369:(masculine gender, used for men, boys, and male animals),
6197:. A few traces of the neuter remain, such as the distinct
6074:
Conversely, grammatical gender is usually absent from the
5974:
location in an area with languages featuring noun classes;
5693:
5441:. (This contrasts with the genders found in German, where
4112:
Statistical data on the Spanish nouns and names ending in
3611:"piece of dough"), or personal nouns from abstract nouns (
2137:
7725:
7406:
3297:, the gender depends on whether the country name ends in
3115:
792:
8545:"The morphology of gender in Hebrew and Arabic numerals"
7944:
7942:
7929:
7927:
7745:
7743:
7633:
7598:
Pavlidou, Theodossia-Soula; Alvanoudi, Angeliki (2013).
7545:
7509:
7394:
6598:
6592:
6586:
4952:
is the feminine singular form of the definite article).
3971:
are almost all feminine, with a few exceptions, such as
880:
Three possible functions of grammatical gender include:
8297:
6808:
6547:
5682:
Borrowed words are assigned gender in one of two ways:
5099:
feminine. This might be because before the creation of
5090:
5078:
5071:, "wilderness") may be either masculine (definite form
5066:
4930:
are often encouraged to memorize a modifier, usually a
4755:'All welcome' is understood to be more general whereas
4274:) "doctor" for both, but with informal female variants
3902:
are feminine), note the many masculine nouns ending in
3272:
2740:"grammatical gender" different from natural gender
2645:
2249:
2237:
2225:
2213:
1717:
These related words can be, depending on the language:
824:
These related words can be, depending on the language:
7773:
These examples are based on an example in French from
6894:
Gender neutrality in languages with grammatical gender
5754:
4726:'Some people have the habit of talking to themselves.'
3935:"cleaning") indicates a masculine noun; however, when
1695:
1415:
1409:
899:", only context tells us whether the relative clause (
8054:
7954:
7939:
7924:
7912:
7900:
7888:
7755:
7740:
6974:
6799:
may behave as an impersonal noun when it refers to a
5930:
5870:
5807:
5280:
5270:
5264:
4562:
3221:
3207:
3135:
3123:
2929:
1015:
8191:
5912:
5900:
5853:
5795:
5774:
4103:
3821:
3810:
3791:
3779:
3743:
3374:
2364:
2344:
2277:
2265:
1525:. A concrete example is provided by the German word
8253:
How did genders and cases develop in Indo-European?
7309:
6989:
5962:languages, whereas classifiers are more typical of
5154:
4613:), but other solutions are now often preferred—see
4449:
4437:
4425:
4413:
4401:
4389:
4371:
4356:
4341:
4326:
4311:
4293:
4281:
4269:
4257:
4242:
4230:
3472:("broadcast signal") are feminine because they are
3450:. Nouns in Spanish and Portuguese, as in the other
3438:In other cases, meaning takes precedence: the noun
3089:
Gender contrasts on human versus sentient referents
75:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
8412:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 299.
7775:
7003:Exception: Feminine nouns beginning with stressed
6468:. An example of such a marker might be the suffix
6365:(and their possessive forms) are gender specific:
5686:via criteria determined by the borrowing language;
5279:of initial consonant) and plural number (suffixed
4903:
4891:noun phrase ("... and ...") may be quite complex.
4463:
3986:Nouns can sometimes vary their form to enable the
3497:are feminine. They derive from Latin feminines in
3488:respectively, both grammatically feminine nouns.
2446:For more on these different types of pronoun, see
1547:, because feminine nouns do not take the genitive
7597:
5586:("origin") is masculine, but its close relatives
5340:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
5199:usually refers to the collection of columns in a
2651:
1576:. This only occurs with feminine singular nouns:
1473:) according to the gender of noun they refer to (
8575:
8073:
8071:
8069:
8023:of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
6864:
6858:
6852:
6234:). Finally, some languages, such as English and
6139:had two genders (animate and inanimate), as did
5945:List of languages by type of grammatical genders
5626:
5620:
5587:
5470:
5463:("milk") is masculine in Italian (as are French
4961:plural form of the noun has a different gender.
4262:) "actor" for both male and female in Greek and
3420:
3408:
2971:Normally, such exceptions are a small minority.
2918:
2689:Grammatical gender need not match natural gender
2531:
2516:
2505:
1907:In "grammatical" gender, most words that end in
1586:Soft initial mutation caused by gender in Welsh
1554:Gender is sometimes reflected in other ways. In
1216:Other types of division or subdivision of gender
961:List of languages by type of grammatical genders
8568:The Exceptions: European Male Names Ending in A
7688:"How does our language shape the way we think?"
7634:Chi-Yue Chiu; Ying-yi Hong (16 December 2013).
7629:
7627:
7625:
7199:
7193:
7187:
7178:
7169:
7160:
7154:
7148:
7142:
7133:
7124:
7115:
7106:
7100:
7094:
7088:
7082:
7073:
7064:
7055:
7049:
6135:Research indicates that the earliest stages of
5939:Distribution of gender in the world's languages
5572:
5396:
5146:
5140:
5134:
5128:
5127:. The same goes for a lot of common words like
5118:
5112:
5084:
5072:
5060:
5042:
5036:
5019:
5013:
5007:
5001:
4995:
4989:
4983:
4809:
4803:
4789:
4783:
4756:
4734:
4705:
4643:
3553:often carry a specific gender. For example, in
3033:("a girl" – with female indefinite article) or
2243:
2231:
2219:
2207:
2189:
2159:
8443:Grammatical gender: Its Origin and Development
8386:
8137:
7835:
5689:via criteria determined by the donor language.
5640:("ape") is feminine, whereas the Spanish word
5599:
5593:
5482:
4920:, which typically indicate the gender of noun
1305:
982:
8066:
7778:Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage
7557:
7330:"Masculine or Feminine? (And Why It Matters)"
7034:
7028:
7022:
7016:
7010:
7004:
6968:
6938:
6781:("good cheeses"; nominative and accusative);
6658:, whereas in the case of inanimates some use
6201:
5924:
5801:
5746:
5740:
5717:
5711:
5678:How languages assign gender to borrowed words
5662:
5656:
5641:
5635:
5614:
5613:("team") is feminine, while the Spanish word
5581:
5538:
5532:
5513:
5507:
5494:
5476:
5458:
5259:. Masculine nouns which form their plural by
5238:
5222:
5216:
5210:
5204:
4970:
4868:
4862:
4856:
4850:
4840:
4834:
4455:
4167:Differentiation of nouns with human referents
4037:
4031:
4025:
4019:
4013:
4007:
4001:
3995:
3541:
3533:
3524:
3518:
3492:
3483:
3477:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3445:
3439:
3426:
3414:
3398:
3392:
3214:
3200:
3193:
3187:
3165:
3159:
3146:) (feminine). In French, a giraffe is always
3141:
3129:
3109:
3099:
2940:
2443:is usually used for "he" and "she" as well.)
2438:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1775:
1769:
1293:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1084:
766:
760:
666:
8531:Gender in English pronouns: Myth and reality
8407:
8376:The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
8185:
8016:"Shoda přísudku s podmětem několikanásobným"
7622:
7442:
7423:
6962:
6956:
6944:
6794:
6782:
6776:
6767:
6761:
6752:
6746:
6733:
6727:
6714:
6713:("good cheese"; nominative and accusative);
6708:
6699:
6693:
6684:
6678:
6665:
6659:
6653:
6607:. However, some of the languages, including
6536:Gender in English § Metaphorical gender
5918:
5906:
5894:
5888:
5882:
5876:
5847:
5838:
5832:
5826:
5813:
5768:
5650:
5608:
5562:
5547:
5523:
5488:
5464:
5448:
5442:
5414:
5408:
5402:
5387:
5381:
5194:
5184:
5178:
5172:
5166:
5160:
4977:
4947:
4941:
4935:
4680:) had met in the forest when the old woman (
4595:, whereas the masculine gender is unmarked.
4586:
4580:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3954:
3948:
3942:
3936:
3930:
3924:
3918:
3909:
3903:
3897:
3891:
3885:
3879:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3843:
3834:
3816:
3805:
3786:
3773:
3756:
3738:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3590:
3580:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3256:
3250:
3242:) may be used as they would be for a human.
3153:
3147:
3034:
3027:
2998:
2979:
2951:
2887:
2881:
2843:
2837:
2828:
2630:
2577:
2557:
2552:in "It's raining" and "It's nice to relax."
2480:
2471:
2374:
2354:
2195:
2183:
2177:
2165:
1542:
1536:
1390:people". A more general type of classifier (
1252:How gender contrasts can influence cognition
1028:
1022:
946:
940:
8527:
7806:
7593:
7591:
7256:
7254:
6983:
6950:
5668:
5553:
5436:
5430:
5250:
5244:
5232:
5231:Latin neuter nouns from which they derive:
4620:In languages with a neuter gender, such as
4526:
4471:
4443:
4431:
4419:
4407:
4395:
4383:
4365:
4350:
4335:
4320:
4305:
4287:
4275:
4263:
4251:
4236:
4224:
4135:
4129:
4123:
3699:
3693:
3692:are always masculine, whereas those ending
3687:
3681:
3675:
3504:
3498:
2962:
2907:
2901:
2727:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2665:Grammatical gender can match natural gender
2593:
1669:
1655:
1645:
1630:
1620:
1607:
1333:
965:Common systems of gender contrast include:
8077:
8042:(in Spanish). Real Academia Española. 2005
7682:
7033:"the beautiful eagle"), or in the plural (
6766:("good dogs"; nominative and accusative);
6538:. This usage is considered a metaphorical
5984:moderate to high morphological complexity;
5288:
5203:). Further examples are the Italian words
2886:, originally 'lady', feminine of obsolete
1701:
897:a flowerbed in the garden which I maintain
673:
659:
8522:An overview of the grammar of Old English
8510:http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/237
8489:http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/223
8229:
7563:
7287:
7285:
7283:
7281:
7262:"WALS Online - Chapter Number of Genders"
7224:There are different views whether or not
6889:Gender neutrality in genderless languages
6879:Gender agreement in binomial nomenclature
6809:§ Contextual determination of gender
6548:§ Contextual determination of gender
6195:Vulgar Latin § Loss of neuter gender
5531:Russian also has two words for "potato":
5453:"moon" is masculine, as well as in other
5000:is "an assembly". (The parliament is the
4653:) höfðu hist í skóginum þegar kerlingin (
3752:") and certain masculine personal names (
2791:Learn how and when to remove this message
2646:§ Contextual determination of gender
2437:for "it", but in the colloquial language
1930:Example of grammatical gender in Spanish
1220:Some gender contrasts are referred to as
1184:The dialect of the old Norwegian capital
1156:
972:masculine–feminine–neuter gender contrast
135:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Grammatical system of noun classification
8154:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
7989:
7588:
7454:
7251:
6429:, with the occasional exception such as
5375:Gender can vary across related languages
5031:word with multiple genders and a set of
4815:
4745:
4737:
4716:
4708:
4689:
4662:
4107:
3764:). However, many masculine nouns have a
3509:. The opposite is correct with Northern
3316:
3304:
3276:
2007:
1961:
1825:
1696:§ Form-based morphological criteria
909:) is neuter, whereas that for "garden" (
742:
8440:
8390:Functional Syntax and Universal Grammar
8373:
8360:
8334:
8309:
8303:
8209:
8203:
8197:
8149:
8060:
7960:
7948:
7933:
7918:
7906:
7894:
7761:
7749:
7551:
7515:
7400:
7358:
7356:
7354:
7352:
7350:
7315:
7291:
6652:animates always form their genitive in
5694:Borrowing language can determine gender
4839:) for naturally masculine nouns (as in
4819:
4799:
4795:
4693:
4685:
4681:
4666:
4658:
4654:
4442:). The formal forms come from the name
2923:(masculine), meaning "voluptuous woman"
2138:Gender inflection and number inflection
2102:
2060:
2056:
1965:
1875:
1871:
1829:
14:
8576:
8152:Linguistic diversity in space and time
7854:
7278:
4512:
3711:, nouns whose singular form ends in a
3264:
8536:Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg
7782:. Merriam-Webster Inc. 1994. p.
7378:
7376:
7374:
7362:
6318:
5655:is feminine, but the Spanish cognate
4881:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4749:
4741:
4720:
4712:
4677:
4673:
4650:
4646:
3953:. On the other hand, nouns ending in
2479:("I am strong", spoken by a female);
2106:
2040:
2011:
1945:
1800:Example of natural gender in Spanish
1598:
1595:
1592:
1450:
1237:
733:
8528:Wagner, Susanne (Winter 2002–2003).
7676:
7347:
6324:
5995:Grammatical gender is found in many
5292:
4715:) hafa þann sið að tala við sjálfa (
4688:) was a young girl and the emperor (
4062:
3667:in English) produce feminine nouns.
3273:Categorization of nouns into genders
2725:adding citations to reliable sources
2692:
2305:
2188:) but only one in plural (Bulgarian
73:adding citations to reliable sources
44:
8562:doi: Grammatical Features Inventory
8315:
8029:
7564:McWhorter, John H. (1 April 2014).
7327:
7112:
6863:means opposite-gender sibling, and
6576:
5907:
5895:
5859:
5848:
5819:
5780:
5769:
5755:Donor language can determine gender
4946:, and that it is feminine (because
3840:
3817:
3806:
3787:
3774:
3757:
3753:
3739:
3586:
3175:
2375:
2355:
2258:
2147:
1347:
954:
791:" or non-humanness, and biological
24:
8542:
7972:
7600:"Grammatical Gender and Cognition"
7371:
6899:Gender-neutral language in English
5767:" language: the Israeli neologism
5330:for transliterated languages, and
5310:of its non-English content, using
4563:Contextual determination of gender
3785:("male professor") has the plural
3004:(n.) ist aus der Schule gekommen.
2985:(n.) ist aus der Schule gekommen.
2562:("it rains, it's raining"), where
2504:" very grateful", said by a male:
1209:
1099:
1038:
1016:Masculine–feminine–neuter contrast
969:masculine–feminine gender contrast
25:
8600:
8515:
8039:Diccionario panhispánico de dudas
7807:López-Arias, Julio (1996). "10".
5493:), but common gender in Swedish (
4988:have diverged further: masculine
4104:Differentiation of personal names
3375:Form-based morphological criteria
1299:
1177:), and to some extent Dutch (see
975:animate–inanimate gender contrast
798:However, in most languages, this
8441:Ibrahim, Muhammad Hasan (1973).
8408:Franceschina, Florencia (2005).
7858:Language and Linguistics Compass
6940:hombría, virilidad, masculinidad
6751:("good customers"; nominative);
6123:
5297:
5155:Associated with number contrasts
5148:En jente, jenta, jenter, jentene
4955:
3152:, whereas an elephant is always
2967:(neuter), meaning "a young girl"
2906:(masculine) meaning "girl", and
2697:
2454:, and in relation to English at
2362:"I love you", said to a female:
1438:
1429:
1289:
300:Singulative-Collective-Plurative
49:
8328:
8275:
8257:
8246:
8143:
8118:
8105:
8021:Institute of the Czech Language
8008:
7983:
7966:
7877:
7848:
7829:
7800:
7767:
7707:
7667:
7658:
7521:
7485:
7448:
7042:
7021:despite their feminine gender (
7015:"eagle", also take the article
6997:
6931:
6838:
6831:. For further information, see
6683:("good customer"; nominative);
6057:Australian Aboriginal languages
4904:Arbitrary conventional criteria
4873:usually make this unnecessary.
4814:'nursery school teacher' (both
4794:'nursery school teacher' (both
4661:) var ung stúlka og keisarinn (
4464:Meaning-based semantic criteria
2817:("girl"); this is derived from
2652:Grammatical vs. natural gender
2431:is used for "he" and "she" and
1714:the "target" of these changes.
1509:. For example, a language like
1310:
693:system is a specific form of a
60:needs additional citations for
8435:A Course in Modern Linguistics
8393:. Cambridge University Press.
8286:, 15th edition, 2003, p. 356.
7809:Test Yourself: Spanish Grammar
7715:"Y Treigladau – The Mutations"
7321:
7295:A course in modern linguistics
7218:
7093:"horn"). However, the endings
6392:for persons, corresponding to
5512:("moon") is feminine, whereas
5346:multilingual support templates
5050:
4482:
3914:, which when added to a verb (
3321:Gender in European languages:
3249:, a few general words such as
2679:("woman") is feminine whereas
2342:"I love you", said to a male:
2289:
1245:
264:Suffixaufnahme (case stacking)
13:
1:
8468:, William Morrow and Company.
8361:Corbett, Greville G. (1991).
8337:Spanish: An Essential Grammar
8318:Wuvulu Grammar and Vocabulary
8210:Audring, Jenny (2008-10-01).
7211:
5631:, both of which are feminine.
5189:in the singular is usually a
5083:) or feminine (definite form
4994:is "a thing", whereas neuter
4964:
4481:use this system as described
2912:(feminine) meaning "stallion"
2532:Indefinite and dummy pronouns
2485:(the same spoken by a male).
978:common–neuter gender contrast
8428:Universals of Human Language
7836:L'Huillier, Monique (1999).
7637:Social Psychology of Culture
6814:
6228:Gender in Danish and Swedish
5386:; masculine, as with German
5114:En sol, solen, soler, solene
4833:there is a distinct ending (
2934:(masculine), meaning "woman"
2869:(masculine), meaning "woman"
2598:(where the dummy pronoun is
2515:the same, said by a female:
1422:
1175:Gender in Danish and Swedish
875:
7:
8433:Hockett, Charles F. (1958)
8283:The Chicago Manual of Style
7367:. Lingua. pp. 105–111.
6990:
6975:
6872:
5931:
5913:
5901:
5871:
5854:
5808:
5796:
5775:
5747:
5604:from Galician are feminine.
5120:Ei sol, sola, soler, solene
5091:
5079:
5067:
4450:
4438:
4426:
4414:
4402:
4390:
4372:
4357:
4342:
4327:
4312:
4294:
4282:
4270:
4258:
4243:
4231:
4018:"member of parliament" and
3822:
3811:
3792:
3780:
3744:
3538:(His daughter is my friend)
3222:
3208:
3136:
3124:
2365:
2345:
2338:(though not in the first):
2250:
2238:
2226:
2214:
1764:As an example, we consider
1306:Related linguistic concepts
1195:The same does not apply to
1102:). Modern examples include
983:Masculine–feminine contrast
725:
380:Lexical aspect (Aktionsart)
10:
8605:
8564:at Surrey Morphology Group
8367:Cambridge University Press
8357:. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.
8353:Craig, Colette G. (1986).
8138:Foley & Van Valin 1984
7976:The Morphosyntax of Gender
7842:Cambridge University Press
7048:The characteristic ending
6857:means 'sister of female',
6698:("good dog"; nominative);
6361:The third-person singular
6346:Some words take different
6328:
5942:
5243:, with nominative plurals
5024:are the regional courts.)
4831:weak adjectival declension
4507:Another African language,
3635:"convict") or adjectives (
1590:
1416:
1410:
1351:
1314:
1255:
1085:Animate–inanimate contrast
958:
939:, but disagree in gender:
29:
8430:, Vol. 4, pp. 47–82.
8231:10.1007/s11525-009-9124-y
8150:Nichols, Johanna (1992).
7469:10.1515/9783110802603.689
7292:Hockett, Charles (1958).
7200:
7194:
7188:
7179:
7170:
7161:
7155:
7149:
7143:
7134:
7125:
7116:
7107:
7101:
7095:
7089:
7083:
7081:are plurals of masculine
7074:
7065:
7056:
7050:
6984:
6969:
6904:Gender-specific job title
6757:(accusative and genitive)
6704:(accusative and genitive)
6689:(accusative and genitive)
5925:
5741:
5539:
5533:
5514:
5508:
5481:is feminine and Romanian
5085:
5073:
5061:
5037:
4444:
4432:
4420:
4408:
4396:
4384:
4366:
4351:
4336:
4321:
4306:
4288:
4276:
4264:
4252:
4237:
4225:
4199:English occupation names
3589:). Similarly, the suffix
3517:. For example, the words
3353:according to their form (
3215:
3201:
3164:("a female cheetah"), or
3142:
3130:
2244:
2232:
2220:
2208:
2190:
2166:
2160:
2153:
2089:
2043:
1994:
1948:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1858:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1641:
1603:
1224:; for some examples, see
7233:Grammatisches Kompendium
6924:
6313:On the other hand, some
5537:which is masculine, and
4928:Second-language learners
4916:. (This is reflected in
4867:or its possessive forms
4527:Mostly semantic criteria
4472:Strict semantic criteria
4218:for both male and female
4194:for both male and female
3990:of differently gendered
3929:; nettoyer "to clean" →
3915:
3826:) are always masculine.
3599:from uncountable nouns (
2945:(neuter), meaning "girl"
2851:Other examples include:
1490:. In some languages the
1152:with a masculine gender.
935:("skin") are homophones
503:Serial verb construction
8335:Bradley, Peter (2004).
8089:Oxford University Press
7992:Gender across languages
7838:Advanced French Grammar
7572:Oxford University Press
6958:Männlichkeit, Virilität
6914:Grammatical conjugation
6884:Gender-neutral language
6865:
6859:
6853:
6599:
6593:
6587:
6564:Gender-neutral language
6310:have lost it entirely.
6232:Gender in Dutch grammar
6130:Indo-European languages
5997:Indo-European languages
5546:In Polish the loanword
5447:"sun" is feminine, and
5289:Gender across languages
4615:Gender-neutral language
4571:groups of mixed gender;
4488:Another example is the
4250:Greek occupation names
2864:
2858:
2452:Gender-neutral language
2270:"children" is feminine
1849:the.MASC.SG grandfather
1702:As agreement or concord
1596:After definite article
1179:Gender in Dutch grammar
1089:Here nouns that denote
734:Common gender divisions
441:Honorifics (politeness)
40:Gender (disambiguation)
36:Gender-neutral language
8506:10.5281/zenodo.3446230
8485:10.5281/zenodo.3446224
7363:Dixon, Robert (1968).
7228:always have a gender:
7035:
7029:
7023:
7017:
7011:
7005:
6963:
6957:
6951:
6945:
6939:
6795:
6783:
6777:
6768:
6762:
6753:
6747:
6734:
6728:
6715:
6709:
6700:
6694:
6685:
6679:
6666:
6660:
6654:
6273:
6267:
6261:
6255:
6222:(and, to some extent,
6202:
6043:, etc.), and in other
5919:
5889:
5883:
5877:
5839:
5833:
5827:
5814:
5802:
5718:
5712:
5669:
5663:
5657:
5651:
5642:
5636:
5627:
5621:
5615:
5609:
5600:
5594:
5588:
5582:
5573:
5563:
5554:
5548:
5524:
5495:
5489:
5483:
5477:
5471:
5465:
5459:
5449:
5443:
5437:
5431:
5415:
5409:
5403:
5397:
5388:
5382:
5281:
5271:
5265:
5251:
5245:
5239:
5233:
5223:
5217:
5211:
5205:
5195:
5185:
5179:
5173:
5167:
5161:
5147:
5141:
5135:
5129:
5119:
5113:
5043:
5020:
5014:
5008:
5002:
4996:
4990:
4984:
4978:
4971:
4948:
4942:
4936:
4869:
4863:
4857:
4851:
4841:
4835:
4810:
4804:
4790:
4784:
4757:
4735:
4706:
4644:
4587:
4581:
4456:
4175:English proper names:
4136:
4130:
4124:
4116:
4038:
4032:
4026:
4020:
4014:
4008:
4002:
3996:
3979:
3973:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3931:
3925:
3919:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3892:
3886:
3880:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3850:
3844:
3835:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3676:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3591:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3546:(His son is my friend)
3543:Kurrê wî hevalê min e.
3542:
3534:
3525:
3519:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3491:Most Spanish nouns in
3484:
3478:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3446:
3440:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3399:
3393:
3346:
3335:: masculine/feminine.
3314:
3302:
3257:
3251:
3194:
3188:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3110:
3100:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3036:
3029:
2999:
2980:
2963:
2952:
2941:
2930:
2919:
2908:
2902:
2888:
2882:
2875:
2844:
2838:
2829:
2818:
2812:
2680:
2674:
2636:
2635:meaning "person", and
2631:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2599:
2594:
2583:
2578:
2563:
2558:
2517:
2506:
2490:null-subject languages
2481:
2472:
2465:
2439:
2432:
2426:
2408:
2398:
2384:
2278:
2266:
2196:
2184:
2178:
2171:
2112:
2095:
2066:
2049:
2017:
2000:
1971:
1954:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1895:the.FEM.SG grandmother
1881:
1864:
1835:
1818:
1791:
1785:
1776:
1770:
1711:grammatical categories
1670:
1656:
1646:
1631:
1621:
1608:
1577:
1563:
1543:
1537:
1526:
1334:
1294:
1285:
1157:Common–neuter contrast
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1029:
1023:
947:
941:
930:
924:
910:
904:
772:
767:
761:
618:Polypersonal agreement
38:. For other uses, see
8589:Linguistic morphology
8465:The Language Instinct
8382:. pp. 1347–1353.
7608:James Cook University
6946:masculinité, virilité
6479:. The choice between
6162:, Ancient and Modern
6069:Niger–Congo languages
6055:, as well as several
6033:Afroasiatic languages
5966:. Thus, according to
5823: painting brush
5786:) is fitted into the
5528:, which is masculine.
5407:is masculine whereas
5392:; or neuter, as with
5193:, whereas the plural
4696:) was only a prince.'
4111:
3704:are always feminine.
3585:("young woman") (see
3535:Keça wî hevala min e.
3433:form-meaning mismatch
3340:: animate/inanimate.
3320:
3308:
3280:
3020:constructio ad sensum
2200:) . As a consequence
1392:classifier handshapes
1258:Linguistic relativity
1010:Afroasiatic languages
746:
254:Genitive construction
8111:In a translation of
7728:. 2002. pp. 1–2
7303:Macmillan Publishers
7231:Wilfried Kürschner (
7147:"factory", feminine
6843:In the Austronesian
6035:(which includes the
5981:-marking morphology;
5598:(from Asturian) and
5308:specify the language
5306:This section should
3800:: for instance, the
3766:"broken" plural form
3391:, nouns that end in
3325:: no gender system.
3037:diese kleine Mädchen
2721:improve this section
2448:Third-person pronoun
1935:"Grammatical" gender
1568:"girl" changes into
1384:East Asian languages
1104:Algonquian languages
1002:Indo-Aryan languages
700:grammatical category
507:Traditional grammar
475:Syntax relationships
151:Grammatical features
84:"Grammatical gender"
69:improve this article
8126:Alexander Vertinsky
8079:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad
7328:Jackson, Steven B.
7153:"woman" and neuter
6909:Generic antecedents
6845:Wuvulu-Aua language
6821:Dravidian languages
6400:, and the singular
6137:Proto-Indo-European
6110:language families.
6053:Northeast Caucasian
5964:isolating languages
5673:, which was neuter.
5592:(from Portuguese),
5475:), whereas Spanish
5269:("small boy"), but
4924:where applicable.)
4593:semantically marked
4479:Dravidian languages
4223:Greek proper names
3265:Syntactic structure
2609:indefinite pronouns
1931:
1801:
1741:, past and passive
1604:Masculine singular
1587:
1467:change their form (
1242:Dravidian languages
1096:Anatolian languages
1035:Proto-Indo-European
848:, past and passive
425:Comparison (degree)
175:Dative construction
32:Language and gender
18:Grammatical genders
8584:Grammatical gender
8316:Hafford, James A.
8269:2013-10-30 at the
7871:10.1111/lnc3.12226
7198:"hand" and neuter
6919:Polarity of gender
6633:Russian declension
6442:Germanic languages
6378:they/them/their(s)
5760:Ghil'ad Zuckermann
5708:Ghil'ad Zuckermann
5543:which is feminine.
5455:Germanic languages
4861:and the reflexive
4805:hjúkrunarfræðingur
4669:) óbreyttur prins.
4626:Germanic languages
4117:
3833:, nouns ending in
3674:, nouns ending in
3561:with the suffixes
3347:
3315:
3303:
3170:("a male zebra").
3161:un guepardo hembra
3104:(masculine) and a
3012:(f.) Hausaufgaben.
2993:(n.) Hausaufgaben.
2805:grammatical gender
2641:meaning "thing").
2595:mae hi'n bwrw glaw
2546:pro-drop languages
2031:the.MASC.PL dishes
1929:
1799:
1642:Feminine singular
1585:
1451:As noun inflection
1407:Chinese classifier
1394:) can be found in
1340:(also the root of
1047:Germanic languages
773:
755:, adjectives, and
710:of that language.
691:grammatical gender
375:Grammatical aspect
8570:at NamepediA Blog
8499:978-3-96110-181-8
8477:978-3-96110-179-5
8400:978-0-521-26904-9
8186:Franceschina 2005
7651:978-1-317-71018-9
7581:978-0-19-936160-1
7567:The Language Hoax
7554:, pp. 20–21.
7518:, pp. 27–28.
7461:Mouton de Gruyter
7459:. Vol. 124.
7443:Franceschina 2005
7424:Franceschina 2005
7403:, p. 27, 52.
7192:"king", feminine
6805:Polish morphology
6452:in words such as
6417:their modifiers (
6408:corresponding to
6386:relative pronouns
6363:personal pronouns
6331:Gender in English
6325:Germanic: English
6191:Romance languages
6045:language families
5634:The Italian word
5580:The Spanish word
5506:The Russian word
5427:Romance languages
5368:
5367:
5348:may also be used.
5229:second declension
5101:Norwegian Nynorsk
4045:In the same way,
4000:means "boy", and
3872:are masculine as
3823:faʿʿala, yufaʿʿil
3804:of Stem II (e.g.
3717:(traditionally a
3659:(comparable with
3452:Romance languages
3330:: common/neuter.
3079:("wuss, klutz");
3008:(f.) macht jetzt
2989:(n.) macht jetzt
2895:, meaning 'lord')
2835:diminutive suffix
2801:
2800:
2793:
2775:
2316:personal pronouns
2306:Personal pronouns
2282:"door" is neuter
2273:singularia tantum
2257:Other languages,
2242:, "spectacles"),
2135:
2134:
2126:the.FEM.PL guitar
2080:the.FEM.SG guitar
1904:
1903:
1898:"the grandmother"
1852:"the grandfather"
1790:(masculine), and
1688:
1687:
1535:singular form is
1358:A classifier, or
1228:. In some of the
1201:Norwegian Nynorsk
1055:Romance languages
990:Romance languages
683:
682:
578:Topic and Comment
561:Thematic relation
456:Reflexive pronoun
370:Tense–aspect–mood
330:Associated motion
312:Universal grinder
145:
144:
137:
119:
16:(Redirected from
8596:
8558:
8556:
8550:. Archived from
8549:
8539:
8446:
8423:
8404:
8383:
8370:
8350:
8322:
8321:
8313:
8307:
8306:, pp. 8–11.
8301:
8295:
8279:
8273:
8261:
8255:
8250:
8244:
8243:
8233:
8207:
8201:
8195:
8189:
8183:
8174:
8173:
8147:
8141:
8135:
8129:
8128:, 1920s or 1930s
8122:
8116:
8109:
8103:
8102:
8075:
8064:
8058:
8052:
8051:
8049:
8047:
8033:
8027:
8026:
8012:
8006:
8005:
7987:
7981:
7980:
7970:
7964:
7958:
7952:
7946:
7937:
7931:
7922:
7916:
7910:
7904:
7898:
7892:
7886:
7881:
7875:
7874:
7852:
7846:
7845:
7833:
7827:
7826:
7804:
7798:
7797:
7781:
7771:
7765:
7759:
7753:
7747:
7738:
7737:
7735:
7733:
7719:
7711:
7705:
7704:
7702:
7700:
7684:Boroditsky, Lera
7680:
7674:
7671:
7665:
7662:
7656:
7655:
7642:Psychology Press
7631:
7620:
7619:
7617:
7615:
7604:
7595:
7586:
7585:
7561:
7555:
7549:
7543:
7542:
7540:
7539:
7525:
7519:
7513:
7507:
7506:
7504:
7503:
7489:
7483:
7482:
7452:
7446:
7440:
7427:
7421:
7404:
7398:
7392:
7391:
7380:
7369:
7368:
7360:
7345:
7344:
7342:
7340:
7334:Psychology Today
7325:
7319:
7313:
7307:
7306:
7300:
7289:
7276:
7275:
7273:
7272:
7258:
7249:
7222:
7205:
7203:
7202:
7197:
7196:
7191:
7190:
7185:
7184:
7176:
7175:
7167:
7166:
7158:
7157:
7152:
7151:
7146:
7145:
7140:
7139:
7131:
7130:
7122:
7121:
7114:
7110:
7109:
7104:
7103:
7098:
7097:
7092:
7091:
7086:
7085:
7080:
7079:
7071:
7070:
7062:
7061:
7053:
7052:
7046:
7040:
7038:
7032:
7026:
7020:
7014:
7008:
7001:
6995:
6994:), among others.
6993:
6987:
6986:
6981:
6979:
6972:
6971:
6966:
6960:
6954:
6948:
6942:
6935:
6868:
6862:
6856:
6829:collective nouns
6798:
6786:
6780:
6771:
6765:
6756:
6754:dobrych klientów
6750:
6737:
6731:
6718:
6712:
6703:
6697:
6688:
6682:
6669:
6663:
6657:
6641:Czech declension
6602:
6596:
6590:
6583:Slavic languages
6577:Slavic languages
6540:figure of speech
6315:Slavic languages
6212:Celtic languages
6205:
6152:Slavic languages
6041:Berber languages
6031:, for example),
5934:
5928:
5927:
5922:
5916:
5910:
5909:
5904:
5898:
5897:
5892:
5886:
5880:
5874:
5868:
5867: biblioték
5864:
5861:
5857:
5851:
5850:
5843:, all feminine.
5842:
5836:
5830:
5824:
5821:
5817:
5811:
5805:
5799:
5785:
5782:
5778:
5772:
5771:
5750:
5744:
5743:
5721:
5715:
5672:
5666:
5660:
5654:
5649:The French word
5645:
5639:
5630:
5624:
5618:
5612:
5607:The French word
5603:
5597:
5591:
5585:
5576:
5566:
5561:The Polish word
5557:
5551:
5542:
5541:
5536:
5535:
5527:
5517:
5516:
5511:
5510:
5498:
5492:
5486:
5480:
5474:
5468:
5462:
5452:
5446:
5440:
5434:
5418:
5412:
5406:
5400:
5391:
5385:
5363:
5360:
5354:
5339:
5333:
5329:
5323:
5319:
5313:
5301:
5300:
5293:
5284:
5274:
5268:
5254:
5248:
5242:
5236:
5226:
5220:
5214:
5208:
5198:
5188:
5182:
5176:
5171:("delight") and
5170:
5164:
5150:
5144:
5138:
5132:
5125:Norwegian Bokmål
5122:
5116:
5105:Norwegian Bokmål
5094:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5023:
5017:
5011:
5005:
4999:
4993:
4987:
4981:
4974:
4951:
4945:
4939:
4932:definite article
4872:
4866:
4860:
4854:
4848:
4838:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4811:leikskólakennari
4807:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4787:
4776:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4725:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4590:
4584:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4139:
4133:
4127:
4064:
4041:
4035:
4029:
4023:
4017:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3982:
3976:
3970:
3964:
3958:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3934:
3928:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3907:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3883:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3847:
3842:
3838:
3825:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3808:
3795:
3790:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3747:
3742:
3741:
3732:
3724:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3634:
3628:
3622:
3616:
3610:
3604:
3594:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3566:
3545:
3537:
3528:
3522:
3511:Kurdish language
3508:
3502:
3496:
3487:
3481:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3449:
3443:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3402:
3396:
3383:For example, in
3260:
3254:
3225:
3218:
3217:
3211:
3204:
3203:
3198:"bull", Russian
3197:
3191:
3177:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3113:
3103:
3039:
3032:
3014:
2995:
2966:
2955:
2944:
2933:
2922:
2911:
2905:
2894:
2885:
2847:
2841:
2832:
2796:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2733:
2701:
2693:
2634:
2597:
2581:
2561:
2523:
2512:
2484:
2478:
2442:
2378:
2377:
2371:
2358:
2357:
2351:
2281:
2269:
2260:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2181:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2149:
2108:
2104:
2062:
2058:
2013:
2009:
1985:the.MASC.SG dish
1967:
1963:
1932:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1877:
1873:
1831:
1827:
1805:"Natural" gender
1802:
1798:
1782:definite article
1779:
1773:
1681:
1663:
1649:
1634:
1624:
1611:
1588:
1584:
1574:definite article
1560:initial mutation
1546:
1540:
1523:Latin declension
1425:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1348:Noun classifiers
1339:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1280:
1230:Slavic languages
1205:Norwegian Bokmål
1190:Norwegian Bokmål
1151:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1116:Kurdish language
1051:Slavic languages
1032:
1026:
998:Celtic languages
994:Baltic languages
955:Gender contrasts
950:
944:
938:
901:which I maintain
770:
764:
675:
668:
661:
409:General features
324:Related to verbs
159:Related to nouns
147:
146:
140:
133:
129:
126:
120:
118:
77:
53:
45:
21:
8604:
8603:
8599:
8598:
8597:
8595:
8594:
8593:
8574:
8573:
8554:
8547:
8518:
8508:. Open Access.
8487:. Open Access.
8420:
8401:
8347:
8331:
8326:
8325:
8314:
8310:
8302:
8298:
8280:
8276:
8271:Wayback Machine
8262:
8258:
8251:
8247:
8208:
8204:
8196:
8192:
8184:
8177:
8162:
8148:
8144:
8136:
8132:
8123:
8119:
8110:
8106:
8099:
8076:
8067:
8059:
8055:
8045:
8043:
8035:
8034:
8030:
8014:
8013:
8009:
8002:
7988:
7984:
7971:
7967:
7959:
7955:
7947:
7940:
7932:
7925:
7917:
7913:
7905:
7901:
7893:
7889:
7882:
7878:
7865:(11): 661–677.
7853:
7849:
7834:
7830:
7823:
7805:
7801:
7794:
7774:
7772:
7768:
7760:
7756:
7748:
7741:
7731:
7729:
7717:
7713:
7712:
7708:
7698:
7696:
7681:
7677:
7672:
7668:
7663:
7659:
7652:
7644:. p. 120.
7632:
7623:
7613:
7611:
7602:
7596:
7589:
7582:
7562:
7558:
7550:
7546:
7537:
7535:
7527:
7526:
7522:
7514:
7510:
7501:
7499:
7491:
7490:
7486:
7479:
7463:. p. 689.
7453:
7449:
7441:
7430:
7422:
7407:
7399:
7395:
7382:
7381:
7372:
7361:
7348:
7338:
7336:
7326:
7322:
7314:
7310:
7298:
7290:
7279:
7270:
7268:
7260:
7259:
7252:
7244:Duden Grammatik
7226:pluralia tantum
7223:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7208:
7186:from masculine
7141:from masculine
7047:
7043:
7030:la bella águila
7002:
6998:
6977:
6936:
6932:
6927:
6875:
6841:
6817:
6787:(genitive only)
6772:(genitive only)
6719:(genitive only)
6686:dobrego klienta
6591:and neuters in
6579:
6352:waiter/waitress
6333:
6327:
6199:Spanish pronoun
6126:
6108:Native American
5987:non-accusative
5977:preference for
5968:Johanna Nichols
5947:
5941:
5866:
5865: – transl.
5862:
5822:
5783:
5757:
5696:
5680:
5469:and Portuguese
5413:is neuter, and
5377:
5371:borrowed word.
5364:
5358:
5355:
5349:
5337:
5331:
5327:
5325:transliteration
5321:
5317:
5311:
5302:
5298:
5291:
5257:Scottish Gaelic
5157:
5117:, or feminine:
5053:
4967:
4958:
4906:
4565:
4529:
4474:
4466:
4169:
4106:
3623:"punishment" →
3597:countable nouns
3377:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3311:Polish language
3275:
3267:
3172:Different names
3167:una cebra macho
3091:
2927:Scottish Gaelic
2797:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2734:
2732:
2718:
2702:
2691:
2667:
2654:
2623:("no-one") and
2572:comes from the
2534:
2425:, for example,
2308:
2292:
2284:pluralia tantum
2203:pluralia tantum
2140:
2131:
2118:
2110:
2085:
2072:
2064:
2036:
2023:
2015:
1990:
1977:
1969:
1906:
1900:
1887:
1879:
1854:
1841:
1833:
1755:complementizers
1704:
1684:"the big girl"
1599:With adjective
1479:parts of speech
1453:
1441:
1432:
1356:
1354:Noun classifier
1350:
1319:
1313:
1308:
1276:
1260:
1254:
1218:
1159:
1087:
1018:
985:
963:
957:
878:
866:complementizers
787:or inanimacy, "
771:, respectively.
740:and inanimate.
728:
679:
650:
649:
608:
600:
599:
546:
538:
537:
476:
468:
467:
437:(verbal number)
435:Pluractionality
410:
402:
401:
325:
317:
316:
296:
237:Collective noun
219:Construct state
160:
141:
130:
124:
121:
78:
76:
66:
54:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8602:
8592:
8591:
8586:
8572:
8571:
8565:
8559:
8557:on 2008-04-14.
8540:
8534:(PhD thesis).
8525:
8524:at ucalgary.ca
8517:
8516:External links
8514:
8513:
8512:
8491:
8469:
8460:Pinker, Steven
8457:
8454:
8447:
8438:
8431:
8424:
8418:
8405:
8399:
8384:
8380:Pergamon Press
8371:
8358:
8351:
8346:978-0415286435
8345:
8339:(1 ed.).
8330:
8327:
8324:
8323:
8308:
8296:
8274:
8256:
8245:
8202:
8190:
8175:
8160:
8142:
8140:, p. 326.
8130:
8117:
8104:
8097:
8065:
8053:
8028:
8007:
8000:
7982:
7979:. p. 144.
7973:Kramer, Ruth.
7965:
7953:
7938:
7923:
7911:
7899:
7887:
7876:
7847:
7844:. p. 401.
7828:
7821:
7815:. p. 85.
7811:(1 ed.).
7799:
7792:
7766:
7754:
7739:
7706:
7686:(2009-06-11).
7675:
7666:
7657:
7650:
7621:
7587:
7580:
7556:
7544:
7520:
7508:
7484:
7477:
7447:
7428:
7405:
7393:
7370:
7346:
7320:
7308:
7305:. p. 231.
7277:
7250:
7248:
7247:
7236:
7216:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7207:
7206:
7041:
7039:"the eagles").
6996:
6976:muzhestvennost
6970:мужественность
6929:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6922:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6874:
6871:
6840:
6837:
6816:
6813:
6791:
6790:
6789:
6788:
6773:
6758:
6748:dobrzy klienci
6740:
6739:
6723:
6722:
6721:
6720:
6705:
6690:
6672:
6671:
6605:soft consonant
6578:
6575:
6544:
6543:
6520:
6499:With animals,
6444:(the suffixes
6414:
6413:
6359:
6329:Main article:
6326:
6323:
6125:
6122:
6114:Modern English
6065:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
5993:
5992:
5985:
5982:
5975:
5940:
5937:
5756:
5753:
5737:
5736:
5732:
5729:
5726:
5723:
5704:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5687:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5647:
5632:
5605:
5578:
5559:
5558:, is feminine.
5544:
5529:
5419:is feminine.)
5376:
5373:
5366:
5365:
5344:. Knowledge's
5305:
5303:
5296:
5290:
5287:
5272:balaich bheaga
5261:palatalization
5156:
5153:
5052:
5049:
4966:
4963:
4957:
4954:
4905:
4902:
4779:
4778:
4728:
4727:
4698:
4697:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4548:
4541:
4528:
4525:
4473:
4470:
4465:
4462:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4362:
4347:
4332:
4317:
4299:
4248:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4212:
4206:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4188:
4182:
4168:
4165:
4105:
4102:
4047:personal names
3772:; for example
3629:"apprentice",
3595:, which makes
3548:
3547:
3539:
3466:("photo") and
3376:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3358:
3274:
3271:
3266:
3263:
3255:("animal") or
3090:
3087:
3016:
3015:
2996:
2969:
2968:
2957:
2946:
2935:
2924:
2913:
2896:
2870:
2799:
2798:
2705:
2703:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2666:
2663:
2658:natural gender
2653:
2650:
2533:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2513:
2381:
2380:
2360:
2312:natural gender
2307:
2304:
2291:
2288:
2262:Serbo-Croatian
2218:, "pincers"),
2139:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2111:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2065:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2016:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1970:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1902:
1901:
1880:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1834:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1703:
1700:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1667:
1664:
1653:
1650:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1637:"the big son"
1635:
1628:
1625:
1615:
1612:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1452:
1449:
1440:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1396:sign languages
1352:Main article:
1349:
1346:
1315:Main article:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1253:
1250:
1217:
1214:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1086:
1083:
1017:
1014:
984:
981:
980:
979:
976:
973:
970:
956:
953:
917:
916:
892:
885:
877:
874:
727:
724:
681:
680:
678:
677:
670:
663:
655:
652:
651:
648:
647:
642:
637:
632:
630:Empty category
627:
622:
621:
620:
609:
606:
605:
602:
601:
598:
597:
592:
587:
586:
585:
575:
574:
573:
568:
558:
553:
547:
544:
543:
540:
539:
536:
535:
534:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
505:
500:
495:
494:
493:
488:
477:
474:
473:
470:
469:
466:
465:
464:
463:
461:Reflexive verb
458:
448:
443:
438:
432:
427:
422:
417:
411:
408:
407:
404:
403:
400:
399:
394:
393:
392:
387:
382:
377:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
326:
323:
322:
319:
318:
315:
314:
309:
304:
303:
302:
297:
295:
294:
289:
284:
280:
273:
268:
267:
266:
261:
251:
246:
241:
240:
239:
234:
229:
221:
216:
215:
214:
204:
203:
202:
197:
192:
187:
185:Quirky subject
182:
177:
167:
161:
158:
157:
154:
153:
143:
142:
57:
55:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8601:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8581:
8579:
8569:
8566:
8563:
8560:
8553:
8546:
8543:Horesh, Uri.
8541:
8537:
8533:
8532:
8526:
8523:
8520:
8519:
8511:
8507:
8503:
8500:
8496:
8492:
8490:
8486:
8482:
8478:
8474:
8470:
8467:
8466:
8461:
8458:
8455:
8452:
8448:
8444:
8439:
8436:
8432:
8429:
8425:
8421:
8419:90-272-5298-X
8415:
8411:
8406:
8402:
8396:
8392:
8391:
8385:
8381:
8377:
8372:
8368:
8364:
8359:
8356:
8352:
8348:
8342:
8338:
8333:
8332:
8320:. p. 63.
8319:
8312:
8305:
8300:
8293:
8292:0-226-10403-6
8289:
8285:
8284:
8278:
8272:
8268:
8265:
8260:
8254:
8249:
8241:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8224:(2): 93–116.
8223:
8219:
8218:
8213:
8206:
8199:
8194:
8188:, p. 77.
8187:
8182:
8180:
8171:
8167:
8163:
8161:0-226-58056-3
8157:
8153:
8146:
8139:
8134:
8127:
8124:In a song of
8121:
8115:stories, 1915
8114:
8108:
8100:
8098:9780199812790
8094:
8090:
8086:
8085:
8080:
8074:
8072:
8070:
8063:, p. 61.
8062:
8057:
8041:
8040:
8032:
8024:
8022:
8017:
8011:
8003:
8001:90-272-1842-0
7997:
7993:
7986:
7978:
7977:
7969:
7963:, p. 19.
7962:
7957:
7951:, p. 14.
7950:
7945:
7943:
7936:, p. 32.
7935:
7930:
7928:
7921:, p. 13.
7920:
7915:
7909:, p. 12.
7908:
7903:
7897:, p. 11.
7896:
7891:
7885:
7880:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7860:
7859:
7851:
7843:
7839:
7832:
7824:
7818:
7814:
7810:
7803:
7795:
7793:0-87779-132-5
7789:
7785:
7780:
7779:
7770:
7764:, p. 27.
7763:
7758:
7752:, p. 18.
7751:
7746:
7744:
7727:
7723:
7716:
7710:
7695:
7694:
7689:
7685:
7679:
7670:
7661:
7653:
7647:
7643:
7639:
7638:
7630:
7628:
7626:
7610:
7609:
7601:
7594:
7592:
7583:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7568:
7560:
7553:
7548:
7534:
7530:
7524:
7517:
7512:
7498:
7494:
7488:
7480:
7478:9783110802603
7474:
7470:
7466:
7462:
7458:
7451:
7445:, p. 78.
7444:
7439:
7437:
7435:
7433:
7426:, p. 72.
7425:
7420:
7418:
7416:
7414:
7412:
7410:
7402:
7397:
7389:
7385:
7379:
7377:
7375:
7366:
7359:
7357:
7355:
7353:
7351:
7335:
7331:
7324:
7317:
7312:
7304:
7297:
7296:
7288:
7286:
7284:
7282:
7267:
7263:
7257:
7255:
7245:
7241:
7237:
7234:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7221:
7217:
7183:
7174:
7165:
7138:
7129:
7120:
7078:
7069:
7060:
7045:
7037:
7031:
7025:
7019:
7013:
7007:
7000:
6992:
6982:) and Hindi (
6980:
6965:
6959:
6953:
6947:
6941:
6934:
6930:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6876:
6870:
6867:
6861:
6855:
6850:
6846:
6836:
6834:
6833:Tamil grammar
6830:
6826:
6822:
6812:
6810:
6806:
6802:
6797:
6785:
6784:dobrych serów
6779:
6774:
6770:
6764:
6759:
6755:
6749:
6744:
6743:
6742:
6741:
6736:
6730:
6725:
6724:
6717:
6711:
6706:
6702:
6696:
6691:
6687:
6681:
6676:
6675:
6674:
6673:
6668:
6662:
6656:
6650:
6649:
6648:
6644:
6642:
6636:
6634:
6628:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6601:
6595:
6589:
6584:
6574:
6572:
6571:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6497:
6496:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6473:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6443:
6439:
6434:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6357:
6356:widow/widower
6353:
6349:
6345:
6344:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6332:
6322:
6320:
6316:
6311:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6276:
6271:
6270:
6265:
6264:
6259:
6258:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6187:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6148:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6133:
6131:
6124:Indo-European
6121:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6072:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5990:
5986:
5983:
5980:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5960:agglutinating
5957:
5953:
5946:
5936:
5933:
5921:
5915:
5903:
5891:
5885:
5879:
5873:
5856:
5844:
5841:
5835:
5829:
5816:
5810:
5804:
5798:
5793:
5790:noun-pattern
5789:
5777:
5766:
5761:
5752:
5749:
5733:
5730:
5727:
5724:
5720:
5714:
5709:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5700:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5683:
5671:
5665:
5659:
5653:
5648:
5646:is masculine.
5644:
5638:
5633:
5629:
5623:
5617:
5611:
5606:
5602:
5601:origem/ orixe
5596:
5590:
5584:
5579:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5556:
5550:
5545:
5530:
5526:
5521:
5520:crescent moon
5505:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5497:
5491:
5485:
5479:
5473:
5467:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5445:
5439:
5433:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5417:
5411:
5405:
5399:
5395:
5390:
5384:
5372:
5362:
5352:
5347:
5343:
5336:
5326:
5316:
5309:
5304:
5295:
5294:
5286:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5267:
5262:
5258:
5253:
5247:
5241:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5219:
5213:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5181:
5175:
5169:
5163:
5152:
5149:
5143:
5137:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5115:
5109:
5106:
5102:
5096:
5093:
5081:
5069:
5058:
5048:
5045:
5034:
5030:
5025:
5022:
5016:
5012:"; the other
5010:
5006:, "the Great
5004:
4998:
4992:
4986:
4980:
4973:
4962:
4956:Gender shifts
4953:
4950:
4944:
4938:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4901:
4899:
4894:
4890:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4874:
4871:
4870:sin/sitt/sina
4865:
4859:
4853:
4847:
4845:
4837:
4832:
4828:
4823:
4812:
4806:
4792:
4786:
4785:hjúkrunarkona
4775:
4753:
4744:) velkomnir (
4733:
4732:
4731:
4724:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4670:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4601:
4596:
4594:
4589:
4583:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4545:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4490:Dizi language
4486:
4484:
4480:
4469:
4461:
4458:
4452:
4440:
4428:
4416:
4404:
4392:
4374:
4363:
4359:
4348:
4344:
4333:
4329:
4318:
4314:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4284:
4272:
4260:
4249:
4245:
4233:
4222:
4217:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4193:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4138:
4132:
4126:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4040:
4034:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4010:
4004:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3981:
3975:
3969:
3963:
3957:
3951:
3947:("beach") or
3945:
3939:
3933:
3927:
3921:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3858:
3852:
3846:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3824:
3813:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3784:
3782:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3751:
3746:
3736:
3730:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3641:"cowardly" →
3639:
3633:
3627:
3621:
3615:
3609:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3579:("girl") and
3577:
3571:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3523:(member) and
3521:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3503:, accusative
3501:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3485:radiodifusión
3480:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3355:morphological
3352:
3351:
3350:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3312:
3307:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3270:
3262:
3259:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3219:
3210:
3205:
3196:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3173:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3138:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3031:
3025:
3021:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2863:(neuter) and
2862:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2795:
2792:
2784:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2742: –
2741:
2737:
2736:Find sources:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2706:This section
2704:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2662:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2626:quelque chose
2622:
2621:
2617:("someone"),
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2560:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2538:dummy pronoun
2529:
2522:
2521:
2518:muito obrigad
2514:
2511:
2510:
2507:muito obrigad
2503:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2492:(and in some
2491:
2486:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2469:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2361:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:second person
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2294:Pronouns may
2287:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2268:
2263:
2255:
2254:, "gills").
2252:
2240:
2228:
2216:
2205:
2204:
2198:
2186:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2130:
2129:"the guitars"
2127:
2124:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2109:
2099:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2004:
2003:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1958:
1957:
1951:
1944:
1933:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1868:
1867:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1822:
1821:
1815:
1811:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1589:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1545:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1446:
1439:As inflection
1436:
1430:Manifestation
1427:
1424:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1318:
1303:
1296:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1163:common gender
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
977:
974:
971:
968:
967:
966:
962:
952:
949:
943:
934:
933:
928:
927:
922:
914:
913:
908:
907:
902:
898:
893:
890:
886:
883:
882:
881:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
822:
820:
815:
812:
810:
806:
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
780:
776:
769:
763:
758:
754:
750:
745:
741:
739:
735:
731:
723:
721:
717:
716:sex or gender
711:
709:
705:
701:
696:
692:
688:
676:
671:
669:
664:
662:
657:
656:
654:
653:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
635:Incorporation
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
619:
616:
615:
614:
611:
610:
604:
603:
596:
593:
591:
588:
584:
581:
580:
579:
576:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
548:
542:
541:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
492:
489:
487:
484:
483:
482:
479:
478:
472:
471:
462:
459:
457:
454:
453:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
412:
406:
405:
398:
395:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
372:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
345:Evidentiality
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
327:
321:
320:
313:
310:
308:
305:
301:
298:
293:
290:
288:
285:
282:
281:
279:
278:
277:
274:
272:
269:
265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
224:
223:Countability
222:
220:
217:
213:
210:
209:
208:
205:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
172:
171:
168:
166:
163:
162:
156:
155:
152:
149:
148:
139:
136:
128:
117:
114:
110:
107:
103:
100:
96:
93:
89:
86: –
85:
81:
80:Find sources:
74:
70:
64:
63:
58:This article
56:
52:
47:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
8552:the original
8530:
8463:
8450:
8442:
8437:, Macmillan.
8434:
8427:
8409:
8389:
8375:
8362:
8354:
8336:
8329:Bibliography
8317:
8311:
8304:Corbett 1991
8299:
8281:
8277:
8259:
8248:
8221:
8215:
8205:
8200:, p. 2.
8198:Corbett 1991
8193:
8151:
8145:
8133:
8120:
8107:
8087:. New York:
8083:
8061:Ibrahim 1973
8056:
8044:. Retrieved
8038:
8031:
8019:
8010:
7991:
7985:
7975:
7968:
7961:Corbett 1991
7956:
7949:Corbett 1991
7934:Corbett 1991
7919:Corbett 1991
7914:
7907:Corbett 1991
7902:
7895:Corbett 1991
7890:
7879:
7862:
7856:
7850:
7837:
7831:
7808:
7802:
7777:
7769:
7762:Bradley 2004
7757:
7750:Bradley 2004
7730:. Retrieved
7721:
7709:
7697:. Retrieved
7691:
7678:
7669:
7660:
7636:
7612:. Retrieved
7606:
7566:
7559:
7552:Corbett 1991
7547:
7536:. Retrieved
7532:
7523:
7516:Ibrahim 1973
7511:
7500:. Retrieved
7496:
7487:
7456:
7450:
7401:Bradley 2004
7396:
7387:
7365:Noun Classes
7364:
7337:. Retrieved
7333:
7323:
7318:, p. 4.
7316:Corbett 1991
7311:
7294:
7269:. Retrieved
7265:
7243:
7232:
7220:
7181:
7172:
7163:
7159:"insect" or
7136:
7127:
7118:
7076:
7067:
7058:
7044:
6999:
6967:), Russian (
6933:
6842:
6839:Austronesian
6818:
6792:
6775:impersonal:
6769:dobrych psów
6760:impersonal:
6732:rather than
6716:dobrego sera
6680:dobry klient
6645:
6637:
6629:
6580:
6569:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6545:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6515:). See also
6508:
6504:
6500:
6492:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6474:
6469:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6435:
6431:blond/blonde
6430:
6415:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6381:
6377:
6370:
6366:
6355:
6351:
6341:
6334:
6312:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6188:
6184:declensional
6149:
6134:
6127:
6112:
6100:Sino-Tibetan
6096:Austronesian
6073:
5994:
5948:
5923:and Russian
5890:bibliothèque
5845:
5791:
5787:
5784: brush
5758:
5738:
5697:
5681:
5501:
5421:
5378:
5369:
5356:
5342:ISO 639 code
5338:}}
5332:{{
5328:}}
5322:{{
5318:}}
5312:{{
5307:
5209:("egg") and
5201:church organ
5191:barrel organ
5158:
5110:
5097:
5054:
5026:
4968:
4959:
4926:
4918:dictionaries
4907:
4886:
4875:
4843:
4824:
4808:'nurse' and
4788:'nurse' and
4780:
4766:) velkomin (
4729:
4699:
4634:
4629:
4619:
4610:
4605:
4599:
4597:
4577:
4566:
4532:categories.
4530:
4520:
4516:
4506:
4501:
4497:
4487:
4475:
4467:
4381:
4232:Konstantinos
4226:Κωνσταντίνος
4215:
4209:
4203:
4191:
4185:
4179:
4170:
4160:
4156:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4121:
4118:
4113:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4080:origin (cf.
4073:
4069:
4065:
4050:
4044:
3985:
3923:"to park" →
3828:
3802:verbal nouns
3778:
3769:
3768:ending in a
3714:tāʾ marbūṭah
3712:
3706:
3669:
3664:
3660:
3617:"teaching",
3549:
3490:
3437:
3382:
3378:
3370:
3348:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3268:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3213:
3212:) "ram" and
3199:
3183:
3179:
3092:
3042:
3030:eine Mädchen
3023:
3017:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2973:
2970:
2850:
2823:("maiden"),
2804:
2802:
2787:
2778:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2735:
2719:Please help
2707:
2668:
2657:
2655:
2643:
2606:
2569:
2554:
2549:
2535:
2526:
2519:
2508:
2487:
2482:je suis fort
2474:
2473:je suis fort
2463:
2457:
2445:
2419:third person
2382:
2367:
2363:
2347:
2343:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2309:
2293:
2283:
2271:
2256:
2230:, "pants"),
2201:
2141:
2128:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2100:
2096:
2083:"the guitar"
2082:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2054:
2050:
2034:"the dishes"
2033:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2005:
2001:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1959:
1955:
1905:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1869:
1865:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1823:
1819:
1763:
1716:
1705:
1689:
1676:
1672:
1658:
1617:
1569:
1553:
1548:
1496:
1474:
1468:
1454:
1442:
1433:
1400:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1360:measure word
1357:
1341:
1327:
1320:
1317:Noun classes
1311:Noun classes
1272:kind of test
1269:
1265:
1261:
1221:
1219:
1194:
1183:
1162:
1160:
1114:In Northern
1088:
1019:
986:
964:
929:("pot") and
918:
900:
896:
879:
823:
816:
813:
797:
781:
777:
774:
732:
729:
712:
707:
703:
690:
684:
595:Veridicality
486:Transitivity
430:Egophoricity
248:
244:Definiteness
212:Measure word
200:Instrumental
180:Dative shift
131:
122:
112:
105:
98:
91:
79:
67:Please help
62:verification
59:
8113:Jack London
8025:(in Czech).
7813:McGraw-Hill
7722:Learn Welsh
7699:20 December
7614:20 December
7533:MedicineNet
7036:las aguilas
6961:), Polish (
6955:), German (
6943:), French (
6707:inanimate:
6701:dobrego psa
6423:determiners
6337:Old English
6254:—Afrikaans
6118:noun phrase
5999:(including
5887:and French
5837:and French
5266:balach beag
5051:Meaningless
4889:coordinated
4494:diminutives
4334:masculine:
4244:Konstantina
4238:Κωνσταντίνα
3818:فعّل، يفعّل
3770:tāʾ marbūṭa
3725:, becoming
3559:diminutives
3155:un éléphant
3122:are always
3101:un guepardo
3024:attributive
2931:boireannach
2856:Old English
2574:Old English
2290:On pronouns
1885:grandmother
1839:grandfather
1759:adpositions
1743:participles
1735:possessives
1731:quantifiers
1719:determiners
1457:determiners
1372:determiners
1021:the German
1008:), and the
870:adpositions
850:participles
842:possessives
838:quantifiers
826:determiners
819:"agreement"
753:determiners
687:linguistics
531:Predicative
451:Reciprocity
420:Boundedness
340:Conjugation
307:Specificity
125:August 2021
8578:Categories
8378:. Oxford:
8217:Morphology
7822:0844223743
7538:2024-03-26
7502:2016-01-24
7497:sjp.pwn.pl
7271:2022-08-01
7212:References
7087:"leg" and
6949:), Latin (
6778:dobre sery
6745:personal:
6695:dobry pies
6477:antecedent
6462:productive
6427:adjectives
6371:she/her(s)
6367:he/him/his
6208:Hindustani
5952:classifier
5943:See also:
5884:Bibliothek
5878:biblioteka
5872:bibliotéka
5869:, Russian
5806:, Russian
5800:, Yiddish
5577:is neuter.
5165:("love"),
5029:polysemous
5021:Borgarting
4965:Meaningful
4415:englezikos
4409:εγγλέζικος
4349:feminine:
4134:"forest",
4012:"lawyer",
3988:derivation
3798:derivation
3605:"dough" →
3479:fotografía
3385:Portuguese
3323:Light blue
3287:Mozambique
3192:"cow" and
3186:, Spanish
3149:une girafe
3108:is always
3098:is always
2916:Portuguese
2751:newspapers
2592:sentence:
2498:Portuguese
2494:elliptical
2395:Indonesian
2300:antecedent
2170:or German
2144:markedness
1988:"the dish"
1946:Masculine
1813:Masculine
1739:adjectives
1666:"the girl"
1632:y mab mawr
1572:after the
1492:declension
1465:adjectives
1388:classifier
1256:See also:
1226:Noun class
1067:Neapolitan
959:See also:
906:Blumenbeet
889:homophones
846:adjectives
805:morphology
695:noun class
645:Markedness
640:Inflection
625:Declension
556:Mirativity
365:Mirativity
271:Noun class
259:Possession
227:Count noun
207:Classifier
195:Comitative
190:Nominative
95:newspapers
8445:. Mouton.
8240:1871-5621
7266:wals.info
7024:el águila
6991:mardânegi
6815:Dravidian
6763:dobre psy
6710:dobry ser
6692:animate:
6677:animate:
6664:and some
6568:Singular
6440:from non-
6438:loanwords
6236:Afrikaans
6172:Icelandic
6106:and most
6049:Dravidian
6015:—but not
5989:alignment
5881:, German
5875:, Polish
5863: yi
5831:, German
5812:, Polish
5776:mivréshet
5735:expected.
5569:Icelandic
5534:картофель
5394:Norwegian
5240:bracchium
5092:pustoshta
5086:пустошта̀
5059:the word
5057:Bulgarian
4972:comunista
4937:la chaise
4922:headwords
4910:deflexion
4637:Icelandic
4604:Singular
4439:engleziko
4433:εγγλέζικο
4427:engleziki
4421:εγγλέζικη
4295:giatraina
4289:γιάτραινα
3932:nettoyage
3812:al-tafʿīl
3632:Sträfling
3474:clippings
3441:comunista
3405:etymology
3343:Dark blue
3226:) "ewe".
3120:butterfly
3111:una cebra
2938:Slovenian
2833:with the
2781:June 2023
2708:does not
2614:quelqu'un
2559:es regnet
2456:Singular
2405:Hungarian
2376:أُحِبُّكِ
2356:أُحِبُّكَ
2194:, German
2151:Bulgarian
2123:guitarras
2113:guitarras
2044:Singular
2041:Feminine
1949:Singular
1859:Feminine
1707:Agreement
1698:, below.
1627:"the son"
1475:agreement
1445:agreement
1278:‹See Tfd›
1137:darê sêvê
1131:dara sêvê
876:Functions
809:phonology
789:humanness
720:languages
613:Agreement
607:Phenomena
545:Semantics
511:Predicate
498:Branching
335:Clusivity
232:Mass noun
8267:Archived
8170:24907586
8081:(2020).
7732:15 March
7204:"knee").
7156:насекомо
6985:मर्दानगी
6873:See also
6849:vocative
6458:waitress
6454:aviatrix
6421:, other
6419:articles
6390:who/whom
6375:singular
6280:Armenian
6210:and the
6180:Asturian
6176:Romanian
6160:Sanskrit
6145:Armenian
6092:Mongolic
6084:Tungusic
6076:Koreanic
6059:such as
6047:such as
6025:Armenian
5956:fusional
5828:szczotka
5809:shchëtka
5797:mábrasha
5792:mi⌂⌂é⌂et
5788:feminine
5571:cognate
5540:картошка
5490:das Boot
5359:May 2022
5277:lenition
5252:bracchia
5139:(doll),
5133:(book),
5080:pustoshə
5074:пу̀стоша
5033:homonyms
5003:Storting
4842:min lill
4551:Alamblak
4391:englezos
4385:εγγλέζος
4364:neuter:
4343:anglikos
4337:αγγλικός
4319:female:
4283:giatrina
4277:γιατρίνα
4259:ithopios
4253:ηθοποιός
4214:common:
4210:waitress
4208:female:
4190:common:
4184:female:
4152:ending.
4098:waitress
4061:origin (
4033:diputada
4015:diputado
3793:asātidha
3745:khalīfah
3695:-óg/-eog
3644:Feigling
3626:Lehrling
3608:Teigling
3582:Fräulein
3551:Suffixes
3515:Kurmanci
3457:problema
3362:semantic
3295:Zimbabwe
3291:Cambodge
3178:English
3137:babochka
3076:niezdara
3052:pierdoła
3046:kreatura
2953:babsztyl
2920:mulherão
2883:die Frau
2825:umlauted
2632:personne
2620:personne
2579:il pleut
2077:guitarra
2067:guitarra
1771:lo bueno
1727:numerals
1723:pronouns
1593:Default
1533:genitive
1499:inflects
1461:pronouns
1404:Mandarin
1376:piece(s)
1368:morpheme
1323:referent
1270:Another
1120:Kurmanji
1106:such as
1063:Asturian
1059:Romanian
1053:, a few
1043:Sanskrit
921:phonemes
854:articles
834:numerals
830:pronouns
800:semantic
757:pronouns
726:Overview
590:Volition
551:Contrast
481:Argument
446:Polarity
360:Telicity
350:Modality
283:Singular
8462:(1994)
8453:1. 1–3.
8451:Función
8036:"mar".
7135:насеком
7009:, like
6964:męskość
6825:deities
6819:In the
6811:above.
6625:animate
6609:Russian
6466:markers
6464:gender
6348:derived
6308:Kalasha
6296:Ossetic
6288:Persian
6284:Bengali
6216:Swedish
6141:Hittite
6080:Japonic
6067:. Most
6061:Dyirbal
6037:Semitic
6029:Persian
6021:Bengali
6017:English
6009:Russian
6001:Spanish
5902:máktaba
5860:transl.
5820:transl.
5781:transl.
5765:Israeli
5637:scimmia
5555:tramvaj
5549:tramwaj
5525:księżyc
5423:Cognate
5351:See why
5224:braccia
5212:braccio
5068:pustosh
5062:пу̀стош
5018:s like
4997:et ting
4991:en ting
4914:lexicon
4827:Swedish
4736:Allir (
4707:Sumir (
4672:'They (
4554:trees).
4457:inglese
4403:Engleza
4397:Εγγλέζα
4373:angliko
4367:αγγλικό
4358:angliki
4352:αγγλική
4328:Anglida
4322:Αγγλίδα
4271:giatros
4265:γιατρός
4096:(as in
4086:Justine
4072:); and
4070:Roberta
4059:Romance
4039:doctora
4027:abogada
4009:abogado
3992:cognate
3980:bastion
3881:chanson
3815:, from
3807:التفعيل
3762:ʾUsāmah
3576:Mädchen
3428:persona
3416:miembro
3389:Spanish
3309:In the
3283:Mexique
3252:zwierzę
3143:бабочка
3096:cheetah
3082:niemowa
3002:Mädchen
2983:Mädchen
2866:wīfmann
2845:Mädchen
2814:Mädchen
2765:scholar
2729:removed
2714:sources
2671:Spanish
2648:below.
2582:(where
2542:subject
2423:Finnish
2415:Turkish
2366:uḥibbuk
2346:uḥibbuk
2267:d(j)eca
2215:kleshti
2191:червени
2167:червено
2161:червена
2090:Plural
1995:Plural
1941:Phrase
1808:Phrase
1777:lo malo
1766:Spanish
1751:adverbs
1519:Russian
1477:). The
1470:inflect
1362:, is a
1330:animate
1244:. (See
1222:classes
1197:Swedish
1171:Swedish
1091:animate
1071:Marathi
1049:, most
1045:, some
1024:Mädchen
1004:(e.g.,
1000:, some
948:la peau
862:adverbs
785:animacy
749:Spanish
738:animate
708:genders
702:called
571:Patient
526:Adjunct
516:Subject
491:Valency
165:Animacy
109:scholar
8497:
8475:
8416:
8397:
8363:Gender
8343:
8290:
8238:
8168:
8158:
8095:
8046:25 May
7998:
7819:
7790:
7648:
7578:
7475:
7339:2 July
7201:коляно
7012:águila
6952:virtūs
6801:client
6796:klient
6621:Polish
6617:Slovak
6519:above.
6491:, and
6404:; and
6382:it/its
6306:, and
6304:Khowar
6292:Sorani
6272:, and
6250:, and
6226:; see
6220:Danish
6168:German
6104:Uralic
6088:Turkic
6063:, and
6013:German
6011:, and
6005:French
5855:sifriá
5840:brosse
5834:Bürste
5825:) and
5803:barsht
5722:"bag".
5628:equipe
5622:equipa
5616:equipo
5610:équipe
5589:origem
5583:origen
5574:þúsund
5564:tysiąc
5496:en båt
5196:orgues
5168:délice
4943:chaise
4878:Polish
4791:fóstra
4723:) sig.
4622:Slavic
4509:Defaka
4451:Anglia
4445:Αγγλία
4313:Anglos
4307:Άγγλος
4304:male:
4286:) and
4235:) and
4216:doctor
4204:waiter
4202:male:
4186:Andrea
4180:Andrew
4178:male:
4082:Justin
4078:French
4066:Robert
4036:, and
4021:doctor
3974:cation
3968:-aison
3926:garage
3863:meuble
3831:French
3788:أساتذة
3781:ustādh
3750:caliph
3709:Arabic
3620:Strafe
3555:German
3506:-iōnem
3422:pessoa
3410:membro
3328:Yellow
3247:Polish
3134:) and
3118:and a
3064:łamaga
2949:Polish
2903:cailín
2873:German
2809:German
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2738:
2682:hombre
2332:Arabic
2239:ochila
2227:gashti
2155:червен
2116:guitar
2070:guitar
2028:platos
2021:dishes
2018:platos
1938:Number
1892:abuela
1882:abuela
1846:abuelo
1836:abuelo
1757:, and
1652:"girl"
1515:German
1503:number
1484:number
1295:puente
1286:Brücke
1282:German
1234:Polish
1186:Bergen
1167:Danish
1108:Ojibwe
1077:, and
996:, the
992:, the
942:le pot
912:Garten
868:, and
704:gender
521:Object
415:Affect
355:Person
292:Plural
276:Number
249:Gender
111:
104:
97:
90:
82:
8555:(PDF)
8548:(PDF)
7718:(PDF)
7603:(PDF)
7299:(PDF)
7240:Duden
7180:колен
7144:завод
7117:завод
6978:'
6925:Notes
6613:Czech
6470:-ette
6450:-ress
6425:, or
6406:which
6319:below
6269:hulle
6224:Dutch
6193:(see
6164:Greek
6156:Latin
6128:Many
5896:مكتبة
5849:ספריה
5770:מברשת
5748:viski
5742:виски
5719:borsa
5713:bagga
5643:simio
5595:orixe
5515:месяц
5484:lapte
5478:leche
5472:leite
5460:latte
5444:Sonne
5416:Karre
5404:Wagen
5389:Tisch
5383:table
5186:orgue
5180:amour
5174:orgue
5162:amour
5142:bøtte
5136:dukke
5123:, in
5044:prəst
5038:пръст
4893:Czech
4882:below
4758:Öll (
4645:þau (
4582:elles
4558:(f.).
4537:Zande
4513:below
4483:below
4192:Chris
4131:silva
4076:, of
4055:Latin
4053:, of
3962:-sion
3956:-tion
3950:image
3944:plage
3920:garer
3875:façon
3869:nuage
3857:signe
3851:arbre
3845:cadre
3775:أستاذ
3758:أسامة
3740:خليفة
3735:pausa
3731:]
3727:[
3723:]
3719:[
3701:-lann
3683:-eoir
3672:Irish
3665:-ness
3661:-hood
3656:-keit
3650:-heit
3638:feige
3614:Lehre
3592:-ling
3587:below
3570:-lein
3564:-chen
3526:heval
3520:endam
3469:radio
3338:Green
3258:bydlę
3223:ovtsa
3209:baran
3202:баран
3131:крыса
3125:krysa
3106:zebra
3070:łajza
3058:ciapa
3035:*
3028:*
2991:seine
2964:děvče
2960:Czech
2942:dekle
2909:stail
2899:Irish
2839:-chen
2811:word
2772:JSTOR
2758:books
2676:mujer
2638:chose
2590:Welsh
2391:Malay
2296:agree
2279:vrata
2251:hrile
2245:хриле
2233:очила
2209:клещи
2185:rotes
2173:roter
1982:plato
1972:plato
1747:verbs
1692:lemma
1675:erch
1647:merch
1614:"son"
1570:ferch
1565:merch
1556:Welsh
1511:Latin
1342:genre
1336:genus
1246:below
1238:below
1210:below
1173:(see
1100:below
1098:(see
1079:Greek
1075:Latin
1039:below
1037:(see
1030:-chen
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