Grand Duchy of Hesse

3299: 511: 1655:, which was often based on the yield of the year's harvest, with a modern system of taxation. There had been plans for this since 1816. A first step in the process was also implemented during the reforms of 1821. However, this was only a limited reform, since only the ground rents paid to the state were removable. The removal of "private" ground rents, including those paid to churches, religious orders, and Standesherren, failed to pass the first chamber of the parliament. Furthermore, in order to remove the ground rent from their land, farmers were initially required to pay a fee which was eighteen times their annual rent and most farmers could not afford this. The process of abolition would drag on into the second half of the 19th century. 3264: 88: 3898: 525: 5436: 4357: 1948: 4049: 2975: 1705: 2092:, were convicted to a symbolic few days imprisonment for this, there was a massive increase in membership of the National Association, which so overwhelmed the prosecutors, that the whole persecution was discontinued in 1861. In summer 1861, the National Association had 937 members in Hesse – the highest number outside Prussia. In 1862, the liberal Hessian Progress Party stood in the Landstände elections and won a landslide victory with 32 of the 50 seats in the lower chamber. Dalwigk's attempt to organise a "Reform Association" to oppose the Progress Party and the National Association was a failure, as was his attempt to get the 74: 136: 4338: 550: 2029:, the north German customs union dominated by Prussia. In 1851, the Prussians terminated the existing customs treaty from the end of 1853. Austria then attempted to establish a customs union with the German middle states. Dalwigk signed up for this project, against all economic logic, since the grand duchy's exports to Austria were only 3% of its exports to Prussia. Massive protests followed. Even in the Landestände, which was now dominated by pro-Dalwigk conservatives, he found only a minority in favour of this policy. On 14 May 1852, the government went so far as to dissolve the city council of 3913: 10610: 2105: 9376: 4305: 4941: 4373: 1130: 3370: 2819: 3194: 2534: 3579: 2197: 5274: 5448: 3117: 4869: 1141: 151: 3804: 3035: 10295: 4929: 5526: 1560:. In the latter areas, the state first had to forge agreements with the individual lords, in order to integrate their judicial powers into the state's court system. In some cases this took until the middle of the 1820s. The "Edict concerning Standesherren's Legal Relationships in the Grand Duchy of Hesse" of 27 March 1820 served as the frame of reference for these agreements. According to this edict, the individual Standesherren retained their personnel sovereignty in the 4744: 9760: 1832: 710: 3232: 3011:, a strict conservative, had worked closely with von Dalwigk and was fiercely opposed to the liberals. The Darmstadt government sought to gain a higher level of control over the Roman Catholic church and the bishop led opposition to this. A whole bundle of laws were put forward by the government in 1875 to achieve this. The bishop sought to maintain the highest possible level of autonomy by all means at his disposal, but in 1876 he had to close the 2518: 5379: 1378: 1998:

Revolution for "extraordinary" elections to the Landstände. These led to the election of the 14th (extraordinary) Landstände, in which pro-government representatives had a majority, and marked the beginning of comprehensive efforts to dismantle the achievements of the revolution. Even after the introduction of limited suffrage in October 1850, the Landstände still had many democratic and liberal members and the crisis regarding the

1496:, and even armed rebellions against the government in some parts of the grand duchy. The grand duke and his administration gave in to the pressure and a new constitution was promulgated on 17 December 1820. The new constitution contained most of what the opponents of the first constitution had wanted, but the grand duke saved face since the constitution was formally granted by him. Louis I was honoured as a great lawgiver, with the 2318:, the brother-in-law of Grand Duke Louis III, this was a relatively mild treaty. Bismarck had originally intended to annex the whole of Upper Hesse. Instead, Hesse lost only 82 km and gained nearly 10 km when Prussia gave the grand duchy various enclaves within Hessian territory that had previously belonged to states which Prussia had annexed outright. All of these new territories were located in Upper Hesse, aside from 2353: 2986: 3334: 718: 3697:, with some legal provisos. Due to the rising population, stagnating agricultural sector, and slow pace of industrialisation, there was continuous poverty among the lower class. From the 1840s several thousand people left the grand duchy every year (records do not exist for earlier periods). The government supported emigration in order to reduce the potential for social conflict. The local 1691: 4038: 1316:, when Napoleon returned from exile, Austria, Prussia, and the Grand Duchy of Hesse concluded a treaty on 30 June 1816, which regulated the region and went into more detail that the treaty signed at Vienna in the previous year. There were further border agreements and exchanges of small areas of territory with the Electorate of Hesse and the Kingdom of Bavaria. The 3885:). This was allowed despite the reservations of the Hessian government and the Landstände, and the faculty of Roman Catholic theology at the University of Giessen was closed, after the retirement of the final professor. After the establishment of the German Empire in 1871, the conflict between Church and State erupted from around 1874, feeding into the 1939:. So much "democracy" was novel even for liberal politicians and the interior ministry urged people to act responsibly with their right to vote. Two elections were held under the new electoral system, in 1849 and 1850. Both times, the democrats received a strong majority in the lower chamber, which they used to block the enactment of a state budget. 4091:. The last coins of the city of Friedberg were minted in late summer 1806 (although the grand duchy had annexed the city in 1804). Henceforth, only the grand duchy had the right to mint coinage within its territory and the only mint was the one at Darmstadt. This mint also produced coinage for the Duchy of Nassau and for Hesse-Homburg. 3541:. In addition to this there were the territories received during secularisation and mediatisation in 1803, the treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806, and the former French areas received at the Vienna Congress in 1816. In the territorial expansion between 1803 and 1816, Hesse initially inherited and retained their particular 1405:). Louis I balked at this and was quoted as saying that a parliament "in a sovereign state not necessary, not useful, and in some respects dangerous." In fact, the process of constitutional reform was mainly undertaken by the civil service rather than the grand duke himself. The members of the civil service who led the reforms were: 8013: 2951:

created a National Housing Inspectorate ("Landeswohnungsinspektion", which monitored the state of the housing market and reported it on it. This made the grand duchy the leading state of the German Empire with respect to housing policy. Von Heyl also established the "Action Society for the Construction of Affordanble Housing" (

5399:. At the instigation of Georg Moller, a heritage management regulation was brought into effect in the grand duchy on 22 January 1818, which dealt with care for buildings and archaeological remains and was a precursor of modern heritage protection laws. Among other things Moller was responsible for the preservation of the 1552:("local courts", responsible for judicial functions). This process took place over several years, since at first the state could make new rules about administration and justice only where it had unrestricted authority over these matters. The areas in which the grand duchy's sovereignty was unrestricted were called 1527:. Preliminary work on reforming this system began by 1816, and from 1821, the court system and the administrative system were separated at the lowest level in Starkenburg and Upper Hesse provinces. In Rheinhessen, this had already been done around twenty years earlier, while the area was under French control. 3940:

was widespread and led to violence against Jews, in moments of crisis, like the famine of 1817/18 and the Revolution of 1848. By contrast, when the state wanted to strengthen its grasp on its Jewish subjects, it moved more quickly. Thus, an ordinance was passed in 1804 requiring Jewish subjects to be

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The appointment of the first bishop was delayed due to disagreements about the appointment procedure. In 1827, Hesse and the Church agreed that the grand duchy could review the list of candidates for election and veto those that were not acceptable to it. The foundational document for the new diocese

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with armed police. All of this did not help Dalwigk at all. In the end, Austria and Prussia came to an agreement between themselves on customs and Austria gave up on the idea of a customs union with the German middle states. The whole affair created an enduring enemy to Dalwigk, however: the Prussian

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privileges, proved difficult, as a result of "damage to multiple interests". Even in this area, different conditions applied in different parts of the grand duchy. In Rhine-Hesse, the guilds had been abolished during French rule, while in the provinces on the right bank of the Rhine, guild privileges

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The first private initiative for the construction of a railroad network, which was to include a Frankfurt–Darmstadt–Heidelberg line and a branch line to Mainz, failed in 1838, when the company undertaking the project could not raise sufficient capital. The state refused to invest in the project. The

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On 17 August 1868, the North German Confederation published a new ordinance on weights and measures, which came into force on 1 January 1872 and introduced the metric system. Only one of the three provinces of the grand duchy was part of the North German Confederation (Upper Hesse), but to avoid the

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The special position of the knights was established by the Grand Duke in 1807. Several of these nobles initially had control of their own local courts, the last of which were taken over by the state in the 1830s. The knights also had their own representatives in the Landstände. From 1820 until 1872,

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family held an equivalent status to the Standesherren. In total, about a quarter of the grand duchy's area and population belonged to the Standesherren. The privileges of the Standesheren declined over the nineteenth century and they finally lost their seats in the upper chamber of the Landstände in

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The Lower Chamber contained the elected representatives. The electoral law changed significantly over time. For a brief period after 1848, representatives were chosen by a direct vote of all (male) citizens, which was very progressive. In the reactionary period following the revolution, the indirect

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in 1872. After this, Louis III completely stepped back from government, handing over public duties to the crown prince and princess. This led to the development of a glorified image of him and, at the death of "Uncle Louis" in 1877, it was largely forgotten that his rule had consisted of a series of

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and the forces of the German Confederation faced off against Prussia. The Hessian troops were ready to march, but it took more than two weeks to gather the rest of the 8th Army in Frankfurt. Eventually, the army marched through Upper Hesse to the northeast. When the outcome of the war was decided by

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followed this example. High points were the year 1846 when more than 6,000 people emigrated, and 1853, when 8,375 people did so, including many of those opposed to the reactionary policies of von Dalwigk. This was roughly 1% of the population. The grand duchy's population sank between 1850 and 1855

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Under the law of 30 July 1848, the grand duchy's debt payments were made with banknotes called "Ground rent certificates". According to this law, notes were issued in 1848 in denominations of 1, 5, and 10 guilder, and in denominations of 35 and 70 guilder in 1849. However, forgeries of these notes

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in Mainz and the church was not able to open it again until 1887. After Ketteler's death in 1877, the bishop's seat remained vacant until 1886, as a result of the conflict between the state and the Catholic church, since the state vetoed all candidates for the position that were put forward by the

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was inherited by the Grand Duke of Hesse in 1866, but had to be ceded to Prussia later that same year. The Biedenkopf district and the Hessian Hinterland were also annexed by Prussia in 1866. These territories were combined with Electoral Hesse, the Duchy of Nassau, and Frankfurt to create the new

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denominations, but there was also resistance to this. The state did not manage to settle this issue in a uniform manner. Thus, in the most progressive province, Rhine-Hesse, the clergy agreed a union in 1817, but bureaucratic obstacles meant that the state did not bring that agreement to fruition

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for the negotiations about Hesse's entrance into the new German union. The treaty on the grand duchy's admission to the Confederation was signed on 15 November 1870, without Hesse receiving any reserved powers, unlike the other negotiating states. The Landstände ratified the treaty on 20 December

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to abdicate. The political tension grew so great that the government no longer waited for citizens' committees and other societies to take banned political actions before persecuting them. Within a few days, the situation had become so dire that, on 5 March 1848, Grand Duke Louis II named his son

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Before railroads, the Rhine was the most important transportation route in the grand duchy. The French occupiers in the Napoleonic period had given it a central administration which was based in Mainz. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, these tasks were given to a new organisation, also based in

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Before this territorial expansion, the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt had around 210,000 inhabitants in its territories on the right bank of the Rhine. After 1806, the population was around 546,000. At the same time, the Grand Duchy reached its greatest territorial extent, around 9,300 km.

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Theoretically, laws were issued by the grand duke, in close consultation with the Landstände. The Landstände had no sovereign power of their own. A law came about when the grand duke (in fact, his ministers) submitted a proposed law to the Landstände. After advice from the Landstände, the draft

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and president of the upper chamber of the Hessian Landstände from 1874 to 1912. There he was responsible for the "Law on Housing Support for the Less Wealthy" of 1902, which provided simplified possibilities for finance. This improved on an earlier law passed in 1893. Additionally, the 1902 law

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concluded a treaty, which granted the grand duchy further areas under French control, which had been taken from Electoral Hesse in 1806. Although the treaty was agreed in May, it was only signed by Napoleon on 17 October 1810. The Hessian certificate of possession is dated 10 November 1810. The

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and many Lutheran and Calvinist churches remained separate. In 1832, a single Protestant church organisation for the whole of Hesse was established with its seat in Darmstadt. The existing united church in Mainz and the individual united church and school councils in Giessen and Darmstadt were

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However, the rural population's demands that the Standesherren be stripped of their privileges and for serfdom to be abolished without requiring them to pay compensation were not fulfilled. As a result, on 8 March, a massive demonstration gathered before the residences of the Standesherren and

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An ordinance of 1874 reorganised the top state offices. This also abolished the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, since external relations were now controlled by the German Empire. Hitherto, the Minister for Foreign Affairs had also served as Minister of the Grand Ducal House, a job which was now

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In this role, Dalwigk organised a coup d'état against the Landstände in autumn 1850. On 7 October 1850, he issued an edict setting aside the existing voting system, removing the sitting Landstände from power, and ordering a return to an electoral law like the one that existed before the March

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in return. A constitution was proclaimed in 1820 and a long process of legal reforms was begun, with the aim of unifying the disparate territories under the grand duke's control. The political history of the grand duchy during this period was characterised by conflict between the conservative

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as director of the ministry of the interior on 30 June 1850, transferred him provisionally to the ministry of foreign affairs and the Grand Ducal House on 8 August 1850, and finally named him president of the council of ministers on 25 September 1852. Louis III, who "imitated the image of a

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After its territorial augmentation, the grand duchy consisted of numerous territories with different administrative systems. To regularise this, it was urgently necessary to integrate the various regions. At the lower levels, the administrative system of these regions was still based on the

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Durch die höchste Verordnung vom 4ten November 1816 ist der Wille Seiner Königlichen Hoheit des Großherzogs ausgesprochen worden, daß der unvollkommene Zustand der bürgerlichen Gesetzgebung verbessert und durch Gleichförmigkeit derselben das Band zwischen alten und neuen Unterthanen des

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to the established industrial centres in Germany and overseas. While Upper Hesse was also the largest province by population at the start of the 19th century, by the end of the grand duchy in 1918 it had become the smallest. The only significant institution which was based here was the

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was allowed to be founded in 1833, but local societies that had originally been planned were not, and the society's charter stated that the society must not occupy itself with "contemporary history and discussion of the political circumstances of more recent times." Above all,

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In 1911, the voting system for the lower chamber of the Landstände was modernised. Census suffrage was abolished, but all voters over fifty years old received two votes. Around 20% of the population was entitled to vote. This relatively low proportion was due to the fact that

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carried out at the end of the Holy Roman Empire, the Roman Catholic church was largely reliant on funds supplied by the state. The new organisation of the Catholic church in the grand duchy was the result of long negotiations which had already been underway long before the

2389:. Subsequently, Dalwigk's government attempted to prevent or at least to delay the integration of the rest of Hesse into the confederation. The only justification he would accept for southern Hesse joining the confederation was if France were to start a war with Prussia. 1891:

stormed some of them. After this, the Standesherren agreed to the abolition of serfdom without compensation. In doing this, however, the farmers exceeded the limits of what the bourgeoise were willing to accept, since they were not willing to countenance interventions in

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Until the end of the monarchy (and afterwards), officials were recruited mostly from old local families of officials and sometimes graduates of the University of Giessen. This ensured the continued existence of a liberal internal policy, unlike the neighbouring Prussian

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associated with them. In the following years, the government in Darmstadt made a series of attempts to make deals with its neighbours to reduce tolls, all of which failed due to fears about the loss of sovereignty. Thus, in 1828, the grand duchy signed a treaty for a

5561:. Since the rules of the Prussian state railways applied to the Prussian-Hessian Railway Company, compound place names in the names of railway stations were written without the hyphen, even though the name of the place that they served was written with one, as with 2689:

of Russia. These links were reflected in the presence of British, Russian, and Prussian envoys in the tiny Hessian capital of Darmstadt. The limited practical significance of this was shown by the inability of this Europe-wide network to prevent the outbreak of the

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Almost simultaneously, there was a radical change in the state's internal politics. With two edicts on 1 October 1806, the Grand Duke revoked the financial privileges of the landed nobility on a large scale (the landed nobility became subject to taxation) and their

1862:, chief minister from 1821 to 1848, inaugurated the "System du Thil", which entailed the complete suppression of all political discussion. Crop failures and rapidly rising prices for basic foodstuffs created a crisis in the grand duchy. Then on 24 February 1848, a 2221:

advocated "armed neutrality" in the brewing conflict between Austria and Prussia, von Dalwigk entered the war on the Austrian side immediately after hostilities broke out in June 1866. Initially, the Landstände refused to grant the government the right to issue

4181:, which had already been used in Rhine-Hesse province during its occupation by France, a compromise was devised. Eckhardt was principally concerned that the population would not use the reformed system in their day-to-day lives. He also thought that the 3623:

in 1862. Upper Hesse and Starkenburg were separated by foreign territory – the Electorate of Hesse and Free City of Frankfurt before 1866 and then the Kingdom of Prussia. This internal segmentation shaped the economic development of the grand duchy.

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in the grand duchy took decades. While there were some very progressive theoretical approaches, such as a report by the young councillor Karl du Thil in 1809, advocating legal equality for Jews, only very small steps were taken in practice. Latent

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As a result of these territorial acquisitions, the grand duchy was composed of numerous disparate components. A constitution was therefore urgently needed in order to unite the various territories of the new state. Furthermore, article 13 of the

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As a result of documents discovered in France which revealed Dalwigk's political intrigues with the French, his position finally became unsustainable. However, it was only when Louis III was directly instructed to fire Dalwigk during a visit to

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under Prussian leadership – the opposite goal from Dalwigk. He advised the local councils to prosecute all known members of the Association, using the ban on all political associations as justification. After some prominent Hessians, including

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The largest reform of law and justice in the 19th century, in which projects that the grand duchy had failed to accomplish since 1803, like the legal unification of the whole country, were brought to completion by imperial laws, like the:

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The relatively small area of the grand duchy and its neighbours posed a significant economic problem. This became clear in the winter famine of 1817/18, when grain deliveries were hindered by the borders between the German states and the

2573:. This was effected by a military convention which was signed on 13 June 1871 and came into force on 1 January 1872. The Hessian ministry of war was abolished. The result of this was that higher command positions were filled by Prussians. 5420:

The grand duchy's "Law on Cultural Heritage Management" of 16 July 1902 was the first modern, codified heritage management law in Germany. This became the model for similar laws outside the grand duchy and remained in effect until 1986.

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began to travel on the Rhine. In 1828, the Cologne steamboat company transported 18,600 passengers on the Rhine. In 1826, the grand duchy granted a concession for a "Steamboat company of the Rhine and Main" and from 1828, the steamboat

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From the beginning the grand duchy faced the problem of bringing its various disparate parts together. Even the core region, the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt, consisted of two separate parts: the "Old Hessian" region and the Upper

5550:, unlike standard German. Examples of this can still be seen in places that once fell within the boundaries of the grand duchy. A standardised spelling system for all Prussian official purposes was introduced on 1 January 1903 by the 4844:

for 5), followed by the first letter of the individual province, so the plate of a car registered in Rhine-Hesse province would begin "VR". The plates had black letters on a white background. These plates continued in use until 1945.

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The government of the grand duchy was rearranged on 12 October 1803, being divided into ministerial departments for the first time: In 1821, an edict established that the government, now known as the State-Ministry or Whole-Ministry

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grand duchy had no real railway policy. Later on, it invested in individual projects with a half stake or even on it own, without any overarching plan. Thus, the first railway connection in the grand duchy, the extension of the

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Even before the establishment of the grand duchy, Hesse-Darmstadt had a standing army. This was expanded after 1816. Following the military convention with Prussia on 13 June 1871, the Hessian forces were incorporated into the

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on 3 July 1866, the Hessian forces had still not encountered the enemy. On 6 July 1866, Prince Alexander halted his advance and returned home, but not quickly enough. On 13 July 1866, he was intercepted by Prussian troops at

4440: 5551: 3553:(although partially using German terminology). The process of unifying and modernising divergent systems took almost the whole of the nineteenth century. A clear end point is 1 January 1900 when the extremely fragmented 2175:

against Prussia (and thus also against Great Britain). This agreement with a foreign initiative, directed against a German power, brought von Dalwigk into even greater disrepute with the Nationalists. In the face of the

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they had twenty representatives in the Lower chamber. After that, they instead had two representatives in the upper chamber. Only the richest families in Hesse could vote for these (probably around two dozen families).

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The presence of the two banks in Darmstadt meant that the grand duchy had fewer restrictions on public companies for poor financial performance, since the banks could act more freely than in neighbouring Frankfurt or

5028:, which continued to expand the network into Upper Hesse. In 1897, the Hessian Ludwig Railway was nationalised, merged with the Grand Duchy of Hesse State Railways, and then both were placed under the control of the 4730:. The first gasworks in the grand duchy was opened in Mainz in 1853. It was followed by another at Darmstadt in 1855 on 14 March, celebrated by specially lighting up the opera house, and a third at Giessen in 1856. 3402:

which linked the subjects of the grand duchy to the grand duke and his government. It was created by the Hessian constitution of 1820 and survived until the November Revolution in 1918, when it was succeeded by the

5517:, drinking water fountains, bath houses, parks, pumps, and a laundry. The whole structure still exists today, providing an extraordinary ensemble of the artistic and architectural style of the grand duchy in 1910. 1752:

In Upper Hesse province, a revolt broke out in September 1830, whose members expressed a general dissatisfaction with the state. Characteristically, the territories of the Standesherren were particularly affected:

3050:, a project, which his mother, Grand Duchess Alice, had first conceived, but had not brought to fruition due to her early death. The colony and its four art and craft exhibition halls on Mathildenhöhe have been a 2478:, the grand duchy was represented by crown prince Louis. Grand Duke Louis III accepted the event on account of the changed circumstances, but with a heavy heart and he remained very distant from the development. 1895:. Von Gagern brought this protest to a close with military force, but accepted the farmers' demands. This marked the end of the "hot phase" of the revolution in the grand duchy, which thus lasted only two weeks. 5036:, which had its headquarters in Mainz). The Main-Neckar Railway followed in 1902. From this point, the vast majority of most of the grand duchy's railway network was under the Prussian-Hessian Railway Company. 3631:) at 31 July 1848. This reform was reversed in 1852 during the reactionary period, when the earlier division into three provinces was restored. This structure endured beyond the end of the grand duchy in 1918. 1590:

remained either the seat of the Landrat or the Landgericht. Five further Landratsbezirke and six more Landgerichten were created over the following years as a result of the negotiations with the Standesherren.

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Until the beginning of the 20th century, the grand duchy retained different spelling rules from the neighbouring states of Prussian and Bavaria, which continues to have an impact today. This system meant that

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law was passed in 1821, based on article 27 of the constitution. After the conclusion of the customs union with Prussia in 1830, there were further laws on the construction and maintenance of "national roads"

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occurred relatively late and was relatively restrained. In 1847 there were 24 steam engines in the grand duchy; in 1854 there were 83, and in 1862 there were 240, with a total combined strength of only 2,227

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The mediatised houses were more fortunate, since they were granted a 1/3 tax deduction owing to the privileged status awarded to them in the Treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine (Franz/Fleck/Kallenberg:

2857:) in 1872. This society ran a market for women who worked at home ("the Alice Bazaar") and the Alice-School, a school that trained women for employment, which is now the Alice-Eleonoren-Schule in Darmstadt. 8600: 2549:

and the largest one to have no reserved powers. Its 853,000 inhabitants in 1875 were 2% of the Empire's total population. This small size alone pushed the grand duchy into insignificance. In addition, the

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In Upper Hesse and Starkenburg, the local council had oversight of the mayors, while in Rhinehessen, where this local district did not exist, the mayors were chosen directly by the provincial governments.

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A modern system of civic administration, modelled on the French system, was also introduced in 1821. The outmoded cooperative parish associations were replaced by a system of civic and parish citizenship.

2155:. This link changed the political climate in the grand duchy. Social questions became topical. In 1863, a workers' education society was established and in 1864 the Building Society for Workers' Housing ( 3881:(1850–1877) played an important role in the social debate within the Catholic Church well beyond the borders of the diocese. In 1851, he founded a "Theological School at the Diocesan Seminary of Mainz" ( 6080: 3518:

The Ministry External Affairs and the Grand Ducal House. The external affairs portion of the ministry was closed in 1874 and the responsibilities to the house were transferred to the Minister-President.

1281:. Baden placed its territories at French disposal and France gave them back to the grand duchy with a treaty signed on 11 November 1810. The Hessian certificate of possession is dated 13 November 1810. 3404: 3378: 1784:

After the revolution of 1830 was over, the government regained the upper hand and decided that if they could not suppress the rising appetites for reform, they would at least try to control them. The

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with the Catholic Church in 1817, the other states of southwestern Germany began negotiations in 1818 in Frankfurt am Main to come up with a solution for their territories, which resulted in the

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This statement became famous but it appears to derive not from Louis himself but from a document prepared for him by his chief minister, Ludwig Adolf von Grolmann. Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:

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network. In 1852, the telegraph line running along the Rhine-Neckar Railroad was made available for private telegraph messages and in 1853 a separate "telegraph office" was opened in Darmstadt.

3470:("Government Gazette of Grand Ducal Hesse"). Usually, laws came into force fourteen days after this proclamation. In addition, the grand duke had the power to issue emergency decrees (including 3770: 1542: 3441:, and ten Hessian citizens, whom the grand duke could grant a seat to, in recognition of special service. In order to take up a seat in the Upper Chamber, one had to be over 25 years of age. 9056: 8336:(Ordinance on the equivalence of the measurements used in Germany for weighing silver, gold, jewels, and medicine with the new weights of the Grand Duchy of Hesse on 8 January 1819); Brand, 1609:

The mayoralties were administered by an elected local board, consisting of the mayor, deputies, and parish councillors. Male residents elected three men and one of them was chosen as mayor:

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was adopted in 1856. An additional electoral reform in 1872 reduced the number of representatives elected by the landed nobility and transferred those representatives to the Upper Chamber.

2619: 1966: 1951: 1606:(mayors) were established for individual settlements and parish associations with at least 400 inhabitants. In 1831 there were 1092 parishes in the grand duchy, administered by 732 mayors. 8439:(Law on the introduction of the ordinance on weights and measures issued for the North German Confederation in the parts of the grand duchy outside the North German Confederation); Brand, 2919:

A major problem facing the rapidly growing population was the shortage of housing. Around the turn of the century, the population of the grand duchy passed one million people. A series of

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Verordnung betreffend die Vergleichung des in Deutschland gebräuchlichen Silber-, Gold-, Juwelen- und Apothekergewichts mit dem neuen großherzoglich hessischen Gewicht vom 8. Januar 1819

5218: 3955:: "Non-Christians have national citizenship, if the law conferred it on them or if it is granted to them either explicitly or implicitly through a grant of the national administration." 2370:

The war did not lead to the dismissal of Dalwigk. Grand Duke Louis III remained committed to him, although his anti-Prussian policy and his very person were now a burden to the country.

5315: 1730:, Prussia and Austria. On the other hand, the government continually persecuted the opposition (although without much long-term success in the courts), since they feared a revolution. 10255: 9277: 5296: 1883:(in fact, Louis III became sole ruler, since Louis II was ill and died a few months later on 16 June 1848). The next day, Karl du Thil was dismissed and replaced as chief minister by 1256: 4612: 2461:, the grand duchy fought alongside the North German Confederation, which it joined partway through the war on 20 October 1870. Despite Bismarck's hatred of him, Dalwigk travelled to 1910:

The new organisation of the administration saw the three provinces and all of the districts abolished and replaced by a single level of local administration midway between them, the

689:

in 1871. As a small state within the empire, the grand duchy had limits placed on its autonomy, but significant religious, social, and cultural reforms were carried out. During the

4702: 5024:, linked the railway network of the grand duchy to France from 1853. This was a boon for the grand duchy's export market. Finally, in 1876 the state founded its own company, the 3444:

This system was interrupted in 1849, when the Upper Chamber was reformed to contain 25 representatives, elected by census suffrage. However, the old system was restored in 1850.

1347:" in order to match William I. However, Austria and Prussia refused to grant this. Instead, William gestured to this claimed title by changing the name of the grand duchy to the 4365: 4123: 4057: 3027:, because he considered the plans "hideous and too pretentious, a disfigurement of the city and a disgrace for the government." The Grand Duke sought out the Berlin architect 1789: 793: 6567:

Gesetz, die definitive Übertragung der Polizeigerichtsbarkeit, einschließlich der Forstgerichtsbarkeit, in den Provinzen Starkenburg und Oberhessen an die Gerichte betreffend

9182: 6240: 2726: 2559: 2274: 8437:

Gesetz, die Einführung der für den Norddeutschen Bund erlassenen Maß- und Gewichtsordnung in den nicht zum Norddeutschen Bund gehörigen Teilen des Großherzogtums betreffend

5020:, which developed into one of largest private railways in Germany. It maintained a thick network of lines in Rhine-Hesse, Starkenburg, and beyond. Their original line, the 4075:

and the Treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine removed the minting rights of the states that had been abolished. In the Hessian region, the right to mint was lost by the

9725: 8550: 3427: 2923:

were established – in 1905 there were around forty. The most important was the "Ernest Louis Society: Hessian Central Society for the Construction of Affordable Housing" (

2604: 2304: 4550: 4445: 4177:

was tasked with designing a unified national system for the whole grand duchy. This new system was implemented on 1 July 1818. Instead of introducing the modern, French

2630: 1415: 6300:

Article 104 of the Verfassung des Großherzogtums Hessen stated: "exceptional trade and business privileges should not exist, unless in accordance with a specific law" (

4122:

and brought into circulation in Hesse, leading to a new emission of paper money in 1864, consisting of over 4.3 million guiler (law of 26 April 1864). In addition, the

4650: 4292:

wurde es Privatleuten, die kein Gewerbe oder keinen Handel betrieben, freigestellt, jedes beliebige Maßsystem zu verwenden (also auch die althergebrachten Einheiten).

3089: 2835: 7057: 5634: 6472: 673:, the government was forced to grant wide-ranging reforms, including the full abolition of serfdom and universal manhood suffrage, but the reactionary government of 5326: 4482: 2487: 1804:

were considered highly suspicious, even though a demonstration of sporting activities was presented in Darmstadt at the dedication of the Ludwig Monument in 1844.

674: 4381: 4288:

In der Praxis setzte sich das neue System – trotz seines Kompromisscharakters – nur langsam durch und die Obrigkeit musste weitere Zugeständnisse machen. Mit dem

4164:. This led to very many different measures of area. Sometimes there were different systems of measurement for different professions, such as bakers and butchers. 3615:

Starkenburg and the majority of Rhine Hesse were separated by the Rhine river and at first there was no permanent crossing between them. The first bridge was the

2002:

in 1852 showed how effective this opposition could still be. However, increased pressure on individual representatives (many of whom gave up and emigrated to the

1628:

This system ensured that, if the authorities did not like a particular candidate, they could prevent them from taking office. Thus, for example, the entrepreneur

815:

in the south, as well as a number of much smaller exclaves. The northern and southern sections were separated by a narrow stretch of territory, which belonged to

6321: 3996: 3917: 2593: 2278: 2042:. He advised the Prussian government to refuse to grant a new customs treaty to the grand duchy, unless Dalwigk resigned. However, this advice was not followed. 8828: 3466:

authorised by the Landstände would be sanctioned by the grand duke. This was the actual act which brought the law into force. Then it would be published in the

3422:

The Upper Chamber consisted of the princes of the grand ducal house, the heads of the Standesherr families, the Hereditary Marshal (since 1432, the head of the

10880: 10248: 9270: 9141: 8783:

Eckhart Franz, "„Habe Ehrfurcht vor dem Alten und Mut, das Neue frisch zu wagen!“ Die Denkmalpflege im kulturpolitischen Konzept Großherzog Ernst Ludwigs." in

4312: 2434:, his first visit to the grand duchy since the war, which was interpreted as a gesture of reconciliation, "Dalwigk was conveniently away visiting relatives in 2319: 2071: 4566: 3298: 10489: 3781: 2580: 1629: 1467: 1013: 9048: 8812: 8788: 5360: 2999:

was of great significance in the first years of the German Empire. After some delay, the grand duchy brought the Prussian measures into force. The duchy's

2412: 1454: 1441: 1238: 2834:, the society organised a secular health service. At its foundation, the society already had 33 local branches and 2,500 members. This developed into the 1977:

paternalistic ruler projected by his grandfather, without achieving his significance," and Dalwigk shared a conservative outlook and were both opposed to

1928:

A new electoral law was not passed until 1849. Under this law, all members of both chambers of the Landstände were now to be elected – the lower house by

1778: 10875: 8949: 4533: 3991:

The economic policy of the grand duchy from the beginning was to overcome the structures inherited from the 18th century and to modernise. The remaining

3980: 3945: 3839: 3765:

of Hesse was organisationally unified, although the two denominations retained separate churches and confessions in many places. In 1874, a charter with

2245:, he had no actual military experience. The ultimate military disaster was not attributed to him in the end. Mobilisation in Hesse began on 16 May 1866. 10779: 10456: 10211: 5341: 1320:

of possession are dated 8 July 1816, but were only published on 11 July. After this consolidation, the grand duchy had a population of roughly 630,000.

8936: 6124:. Großherzogliche Invalidenanstalt, Darmstadt 1818, pp. 103–108 (originally published in Großherzoglich Hessischer Zeitung No. 145 of 4 December 1817). 4591: 3205: 2498: 1028: 890:, which faced similar structural problems to the Vogelsberg). Intensive agriculture was possible and profitable in many areas of these plains, such as 770: 7821:(Ordinance dealing with changes in the organisation of the military offices following the military convention of 13 June 1871) of 23 December 1871 in 1428: 1047: 10870: 10860: 10241: 9263: 8966:

Handbuch der Hessischen Geschichte. Vol. 4.2: Hessen im Deutschen Bund und im neuen Deutschen Reich (1806) 1815–1945. Die hessischen Staaten bis 1945

7456: 6868: 3342: 1907:

and therefore had to resign from his role as a minister in the grand duchy. Nevertheless, a series of reforms delivered most of the "March demands".

1497: 1382: 7886:(Regulation on the execution of the organisation of the administrative offices under the control of the Ministry of the Interior) of 12 May 1852 in 1523:

system which had become obsolete centuries earlier. As well as being the lowest level administrative subdivision, the Ämter were also the courts of

1066: 9718: 9074: 4689: 4469: 4342: 2266:, 800 Hessian soldiers were killed or wounded – 15% of all their deployed forces. Their continued retreat southwards led to a second defeat at the 1561: 1531: 1221:(feudal estates) were abolished, which transformed Hesse-Darmstadt "from a mosaic of patrimonial fragments into a centralized, absolute monarchy". 2955:), which built a total of 250 houses with 450 inhabitants in Worms within a few years. Most of these houses are now the very upmarket district of 2781:

of the grand duchy meant that relatively few men were over the voting age. The upper chamber was revised, so that was now a representative of the

9044: 8961: 8901: 7584: 5492: 4185:

system used by metric measurements resulted in units that were not sufficiently far apart for day-to-day use. The compromise was as follows: the

4474: 4347: 2712:

Under these circumstances, the grand duchy retained only the power to concentrate on internal politics, especially social and cultural affairs.

2171:

Von Dalwigk still supported Austria and sought to prevent the creation of a Lesser Germany. In Paris, he sounded out interest in an alliance of

1201:

in an edict on 13 August 1806. Along with the promotion to the rank of grand duchy, Hesse was also rewarded with territorial gains, such as the

9133: 9078: 9008: 8919: 8561: 8453: 8366:

Ministerialverordnung die gleichförmige Einrichtung und öffentliche Beaufsichtigung der Waagen und Fasseichen betreffend vom 14. September 1818

6596:

Gesetz, die Einführung des mündlichen und öffentlichen Strafverfahrens mit Schwurgericht in den Provinzen Starkenburg und Oberhessen betreffend

4889: 2082: 1852: 1708: 17: 7818:

Verordnung, die in Folge der Militärconvention vom 13. Juni 1871 in der Organisation der Militärbehörden eintretenden Veränderungen betreffend

7078:

Verordnung, die in Folge der Militärconvention vom 13. Juni 1871 in der Organisation der Militärbehörden eintretenden Veränderungen betreffend

4823: 4296:

grand duchy being divided into two regions with different systems, a law was passed introducing the metric system throughout the grand duchy.

3968:

were appointed by the Ministry of the Interior and Justice. Unlike the Christian churches, the Religious Society received no state subsidies.

2422:, who had actually implemented Dalwigk's delaying policy in military matters, was fired, but Dalwigk was allowed to remain in post. When King 1009:

The two main regions of the grand duchy were separated by the Free City of Frankfurt and the Electorate of Hesse (parts of Prussia after 1866)

4755: 3073:. Grand Duke Ernest Louis was nominally an infantry general, but he did not exercise an active command. He did visit the headquarters of the 2884: 2060: 1234: 1091: 135: 862:

brought only low yields, while there was no industry at all. This led to increasing poverty over the course of the 19th century and massive

7543:

Mathildenhöhe Darmstadt von UNESCO ausgezeichnet. Ensemble markiert Wendepunkt in Architektur und Kunst an der Schwelle zum 20. Jahrhundert

5507: 5460: 3756:) and received its own church council in Mainz. In the other two provinces, similar agreements were only agreed at the level of individual 3383: 2956: 2184:, von Dalwigk proved to have chosen the wrong horse once again. He compounded this error in the following year when he took Hesse into the 5673:

Louis III was named co-regent on 5 March 1848 and was de facto sole ruler thereafter, as Louis II stepped back from government completely.

2337:, inherited by the grand duke earlier in the year on the extinction of its ruling line, was among the territories that passed to Prussia. 10865: 9711: 2933: 2226:, but they backed down in the face of popular opposition, once the government reduced its request from 4 million guilder to 2.5 million. 87: 4156:

Until 1818, there were a large number of different systems of weights and measures in the individual components of the grand duchy. The

3775: 1582:

From the 50+ Ämter that had previously existed 24 Landratsbezirke and 27 Landgerichten were created. The new Landgerichte had their own

7486:

Gesetz, die Ausführung des Reichsgesetzes über die Beurkundung des Personenstandes und die Eheschließung vom 6. Februar 1875 betreffend

3346: 2877: 2670:

The grand duchy's most significant loss was concealed to some extent by dynastic connections: Crown Prince Louis was the son-in-law of

1301: 1062: 7107: 4788:

was expanded, from less than 800 km to 7260 km and the number of telephones connected to the network rose from 755 to 4267.

2939: 2789:) and a representative for each of the three legally recognised sectors of employment: trade and industry, craftwork, and agriculture. 10482: 3964:). The unification of the boards and property holdings of the individual Jewish societies was regulated and supervised by the state. 2373:

One consequence of the peace treaty of 1866 was that the whole area north of the Main river (the Province of Upper Hesse, as well as

2093: 2035: 1587: 1084: 7540: 5223: 4630:

was known for its leather production and "Offenbach leather" remains famous today. The city was also a centre for the production of

1676:

had only been abolished in a few places for a few industries. This abolition was expanded, but guild privileges continued to exist.

10264: 8502: 7489:(Law which implements the Imperial law on the certification of civil status and marriage of 6 February 1875) of 3 December 1875 in 5661: 2309: 2283: 1492:), but with no authority of its own. Although this led to the first elections in the grand duchy, it also caused massive protests, 1398: 1198: 4278:, 10 December 1819 introduced the measures of length, area, volume, and weight and established a unified system in the grand duchy 2891:), which maintained a national advice network and help centres with nurses. In 1912, the Centre joined with the aviation pioneer, 9120:

Verpflanzt, aber nicht entwurzelt: Die Auswanderung aus Hessen-Darmstadt (Provinz Rheinhessen) nach Wisconsin im 19. Jahrhundert

7968: 7848:("Law on the organisation of the administrative offices under the control of the Ministry of the Interior") of 31 July 1848 in 6304: 4960:, the grand duchy's parliament passed a law, which enabled the expropriation of land for private companies building railroads. 4397: 4328: 3859: 3432: 2234: 2230: 2200: 1971: 1956: 1481:

In 1816, a three-man legal commission was established to craft a constitution and other necessary laws, composed of Floret and

9375: 7109:

Verordnung zur Ausführung des Deutschen Gerichtsverfassungsgesetzes und des Einführungsgesetzes zum Gerichtsverfassungsgesetze

3092:. In 1919, the Grand Duke released the officials of Hesse from their oaths of service to him, but he never issued an explicit 2653:

The resulting restructuring of the laws of the country was limited and the new laws were largely concordant with the old ones.

1575:, which meant that the Standesherren chose the local councillors and judges. This remaining power was only removed during the 1556:, while the areas where the Standesherren and other nobles exercised their own judicial and administrative authority were the 1184:. The Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt was promoted to a grand duchy and Louis X thereafter styled himself Grand Duke Louis I ( 10548: 9224: 9064: 9025: 6324:, representative of the Roman Catholic Church in the first chamber of the Parliament, cited by Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 5260:

The highest authority over the railroads in the grand duchy was the Finance Ministry, which had a railroad office from 1891.

4205:(i.e. 25 cm). This new foot was divided into 12 inches, so each inch was roughly equivalent to 2 cm. All the other 3272: 2120: 1807:

The government initially maintained its relatively open policy towards the press, but reacted harshly to the distribution of

1547: 914:. Burgeoning industry developed in this region. The three major centres of the grand duchy were located here: the capital at 232: 3590:, the first permanent bridge between the portions of the grand duchy on the left and right banks of the Rhine, built in 1862 2486:, that he was forced to give in and dismiss him on 1 April 1871. The new chief minister was the former Minister of Justice, 858:

deposits. There were many streams and waterways in the area, but none of them were big enough to serve as transport routes.

10855: 10475: 8689: 7881: 7871: 6576: 6565: 5320: 3889:. Because the state vetoed all candidates, the bishop's seat remained vacant from the death of Kettler in 1877 until 1886. 3310: 2624: 2296:

The crown princes of Hesse and Prussia arranged a cease fire in the middle of July. Dalwigk rejected this in the hope that

2132: 2112: 8941:

Historisches Ortsverzeichnis für das Gebiet des ehem. Großherzogtums und Volksstaats Hessen: Darmstädter Archivschriften 2

1921:

A reform of the justice system was also carried out in the areas to the right of the Rhine, including the introduction of

1794: 1255:

as only valid law for the whole grand duchy. However, these discussions were terminated by the conservative government of

10751: 10641: 10636: 10428: 10321: 10316: 9846: 9841: 9510: 7883:

Verordnung, die Ausführung der Organisation der dem Ministerium des Innern untergeordneten Verwaltungsbehörden betreffend

5094: 5025: 4919: 1826: 1576: 1261: 1058: 8515:

4th edition. Volume 8, Verlag des Bibliographischen Instituts, Leipzig/Vienna 1885–1892, p. 470–470.

4617: 3527:

The Ministry of War, which existed alongside these departments, but was independent from them. It was abolished in 1871.

3077:

in France several times. A total of 32,000 men from this unit died during the war. In summer 1918, Darmstadt was hit by

2740:) served both as administrative subdivisions of the state and as self-governing local areas. The old district councils ( 1639:

received the most votes in Darmstadt two times, but the mayoralty was assigned to the second or third place candidates.

9734: 9077:(1984). "Verwaltungs-Einteilung 1821–1955. Mit einem Anhang über die Verwaltungsgebietsreform in Hessen 1968–1981". In 7726:("Law on the composition of the chambers of the Landstände and the election of representatives") of 8 November 1872 in 5166: 3409: 3085: 2706: 2635: 690: 174: 5016:

Meanwhile, the construction of a railway in the third province, Rhine Hesse, was undertaken by a private company, the

3657:

The nobility of the grand duchy consisted of two classes with different privileges, the Standesherren (members of the

721:

Territory of the Grand Duchy of Hesse from 1866, with its three provinces: Upper Hesse, Starkenburg, and Rhenish Hesse

9090: 8973: 8751: 8301: 7707:("Law on the composition of the chambers of the Landstände and the election of representatives") 6 September 1856 in 6114: 5213: 5009: 4707: 3673: 3495:). The Ministry of War remained separate from this arrangement. The title was changed to "Directing State-Minister" ( 3320: 3263: 3024: 3020: 2978: 2782: 2698: 2551: 2467: 2452: 1774: 290: 73: 8759:

Sammlung der in der Grossherzogl. Hessischen Zeitung vom Jahre 1818 publicirten Verordnungen und höheren Verfügungen

8103:

Conventiones de rebus ecclesiasticis inter S. Sedem et civilem potestatem variis formis initae ex collectione romana

6556:

Gesetz, einige Abänderungen des civilgerichtlichen Verfahrens in den Provinzen Starkenburg und Oberhessen betreffend

6122:

Sammlung der in der Großherzoglich Hessischen Zeitung vom Jahr 1817 publicirten Verordnungen und höheren Verfügungen

4172: 2564: 10736: 10413: 10041: 9886: 9643: 7668:(Law on the composition of the chambers of the Landstände and the election of representatives) 3 September 1849 in 5943: 5029: 4949: 4923: 3786: 3550: 3426:

barons of Eisenach), the Catholic bishop responsible for Hesse (i.e. the Bishop of Mainz), a representative of the

2701:

was referred to in Berlin as the "Red Grand Duke", because the Prussian envoy had scandalously seen him speak with

2663: 2526: 640:. The country was promoted to the status of grand duchy and received considerable new territories, principally the 10609: 3958:

The Jewish communities of the grand duchy were joined in an association called the "Israelite Religious Society" (

1903:

After March 1848, there was a reshuffle of the ministries, since Heinrich von Gagern was elected president of the

1788:

partially switched its focus to cultural activities, which the government then began to monitor warily. Thus, the

1339:, began styling himself "Elector of Hesse and Grand Duke of Fulda", Louis sought the additional title "Elector of 6013:

Konstitutionalismus in Hessen vor 1848. Drei Wege zum Verfassungsstaat im Vormärz. Eine vergleichende Betrachtung

4487: 4128: 4062: 3851: 3812: 3008: 2798:, where the district councillors often came from the east of the kingdom and were politically conservative. Even 2615: 2177: 1157: 996: 592: 516: 10294: 8927:

Ewald, L. (1862). "Beiträge zur Landeskunde". In Grossherzogliche Centralstelle für die Landes-Statistik (ed.).

8636:(Law on the construction and maintenance of provincial roads in the Grand Duchy of Hesse) of 12 October 1830 in 5483:

and also allowed the artists to design their own houses. In addition to Olbrich, members of the colony included

4800:

was an important task, in order to bind the different parts of the grand duchy together. In pursuit of this, an

4766:

on postal services within the grand duchy. The state was responsible for an administrative office, tariffs, and

4144:, the new unified currency of the entire German Empire. The mint at Darmstadt produced the new coinage with the 3862:. The borders of diocese were exactly contiguous with those of the grand duchy and remain the same to this day. 2826:

In the social sphere, Grand Duchess Alice took the lead. With her help, the "Alice Women's Society for Nurses" (

2277:

shot himself on 11 December 1866 during investigations into the military disaster. The Hessian Minister of War,

150: 10575: 6016: 5021: 4479:, founded in 1853, which played a key role in financing the construction of railroads and other infrastructure. 4022: 3454: 3250: 1876: 1409: 1023:

and the Hessian Hinterland was linked to the rest of Upper Hesse by a corridor of land only 500 metres wide at

8711:

ed. Georg Wittenberger & Förderkreis Museen und Denkmalpflege Darmstadt-Dieburg. Darmstadt 1985, pp. 8–15.

5435: 3897: 1197:, with an extra 'e') and announced not only the promotion, but also the territories he had received under the 10885: 10850: 9558: 9553: 9439: 8555: 5997:

Quellen zu den Reformen in den Rheinbundstaaten: Vol. 6: Regierungsakten des Großherzogtums Hessen 1802–1820.

4655: 4424: 4072: 3878: 3285: 3218: 3138: 3074: 3004: 2679: 2401: 2397: 2148: 2128: 2108: 1981:

and democracy. For Dalwigk, "the democratic principle perilous for the state, since it necessarily leads to

1738: 798: 8161: 7866:("Law on the administrative offices under the control of the Ministry of the Interior") of 28 April 1852 in 4892:. It took until 1821 for the members of this organisation to agree to a new system of shipping regulations. 4356: 3752:

1822. This union of the two confessions was called the United Evangelical Protestant Church in Rhine-Hesse (

9102:

Gerichte und Gerichtsbezirke seit etwa 1816/1822 im Gebiete des heutigen Landes Hessen bis zum 1. Juli 1968

8510: 7946: 7876:(Edict on the administrative offices under the control of the Ministry of the Interior") of 12 May 1852 in 5844: 5828: 5472: 5396: 4555: 4042: 3701:, which were responsible for supporting the poor, happily sent them overseas. The main destination was the 3521:

The Ministry of Internal Affairs. This ministry included justice, until it became its own ministry in 1898.

3240: 3176: 3125: 3047: 2609: 2267: 1420: 1324: 1153: 618: 332: 278: 5785: 5455:

Grand Duke Ernest Louis was a great supporter of the arts and, unlike most other German monarchs, also of

4380:

A number of companies with global reach were founded in the Grand Duchy of Hesse, with the support of the

4048: 3818: 3149:, "all rights of state power" were invested in him and his person was "sacred and inviolable". He led the 3023:, in 1892 at the age of twenty-three saw a marked focus on cultural policy. He rejected plans for the new 2731: 1773:, which was unanimously approved by the Landstände. Under the command of the grand duke's brother, Prince 10728: 10498: 10405: 10107: 9759: 9621: 8368:(Ministerial Ordinance for the identical creation and public inspection of scales and Fasseiche); Brand, 8015:

Die Abschiebung der Wimpfener Ortsarmen nach Amerika im Jahr 1854/55 im Spiegel der amerikanischen Presse

7665:

Gesetz, die Zusammensetzung der beiden Landständischen Kammern und die Wahlen der Abgeordneten betreffend

6614:

Gesetz, die Zusammensetzung der beiden Landständischen Kammern und die Wahlen der Abgeordneten betreffend

5229: 3972: 3627:

After the 1848 revolution, the provinces and districts were replaced with eleven "government districts" (

2840: 2359: 2051: 1761:. In these areas, shops were burgled and the local government offices were destroyed. The toll office in 1482: 1336: 320: 191: 10553: 5639: 5624:

In Darmstadt and Gießen the equivalents of the Landgerichten were called "Stadtgericht" ("city courts").

5295:

became the grand duchy's manager of works in 1810 and was responsible for a series of public buildings:

2974: 10720: 10397: 10233: 10094: 9631: 9449: 9287: 9255: 9250: 8948:

Franz, Eckhart G.; Fleck, Peter; Kallenberg, Fritz (2003). "Großherzogtum Hessen (1800) 1806–1918". In

6538:

Gesetz, die Organisation des dem Ministerium des Innern untergeordneten Verwaltungs-Behörden betreffend

5724: 5488: 5331: 4837: 4103: 3491:), would be led by one of the ministers, who would be known as the President of the United Ministries ( 3101: 2803: 2386: 1947: 1929: 1181: 698: 637: 543: 185: 168: 9423: 8886:

Verordnungen und Gesetzestexte zum Maß- und Gewichtswesen im Großherzogtum Hessen-Darmstadt. 1817–1870

7845:

Gesetz, die Organisation der dem Ministerium des Innern untergeordneten Verwaltungsbehörden betreffend

6519:

Gesetz, die Organisation der dem Ministerium des Innern untergeordneten Verwaltungsbehörden betreffend

3559: 2643: 2300:

would enter the war against Prussia. On 31 July, Prussian troops occupied Darmstadt without a battle.

1312:, which Hesse had received in 1803 and which was now transferred to Prussia. During the turbulence of 685:

side, but received a relatively mild settlement from the Prussian victors. The grand duchy joined the

10890: 10746: 10423: 10176: 9658: 9153:

Schmitt, Hans A. (1983). "Germany Without Prussia: a Closer Look at the Confederation of the Rhine".

8233:(Ordinance on the limitations of free commerce contained in guild charters ) of 16 February 1866, in 7423:(Law on the correct position of churches and religious communities in the State) of 23 April 1875 in 5786:

Patent, die Deklaration der Hessen-Darmstädtischen Lande zu einem souveränen Großherzogtum betreffend

5570: 5301: 3905: 2947: 2860:

The country also engaged in health care. At the beginning of the twentieth century, its focus was on

2752: 2492: 2423: 2363: 2254: 1863: 1488:

The constitution which was promulgated by grand ducal edict in March 1820 provided for a parliament (

390: 10599: 9794: 9324: 4386: 1704: 1077: 10646: 10544: 10540: 10326: 10148: 10056: 9851: 9596: 9589: 9418: 8230:

Verordnung, der in den Zunftbriefen enthaltenen Beschränkungen des freien Gewerbebtriebs betreffend

7723:

Gesetz, die Zusammensetzung der beiden Kammern der Stände und die Wahl der Abgeordneten betreffend

6968: 6953: 6938: 5468: 4972:

in 1840, was a project of the neighbouring states that just happened to pass into the grand duchy.

4284:

Further subsequent ordinances regulated details and resolved questions that had arisen in practice.

3538: 2795: 2585: 2242: 2204: 2152: 2124: 1586:, which covered almost the same areas as the Landratsbezirke did. In general, the old seats of the 1113: 842:

was the largest of the three provinces by area. Most of this territory was forested uplands of the

8631: 8613: 8593: 8308:= Faltblatt zur gleichnamigen Ausstellung (12. Oktober 2018 bis 17. Februar 2019). Darmstadt 2018. 8115: 7924:(Declaration on the legal relationships of the Freiherrn Riedesel zu Eisenach) of 13 July 1827 in 7919: 7909: 7861: 7843: 7816: 7788: 7770: 7721: 7702: 7684: 7663: 7484: 7468: 7446: 7430: 7418: 7406: 7230: 7212: 7190: 7172: 7154: 7076: 6744: 6700: 6682: 6630: 6612: 6594: 6554: 6536: 6517: 6269: 6209: 6160: 6135: 4983:

fairly early. This links were the product of joint railway projects with its neighbouring states:

3941:

listed in government registers and another in 1808 requiring Jews to adopt "German" family names.

1741:

succeeded as grand duke after the death of his father in 1830, he had a total debt of two million

1172:, this policy became untenable. At the last minute, Louis X switched sides and supplied troops to 10528: 9703: 9245: 8815:, "Entstehung und Bedeutung des Denkmalschutzgesetzes für das Großherzogtum Hessen von 1902." in 8791:, "Entstehung und Bedeutung des Denkmalschutzgesetzes für das Großherzogtum Hessen von 1902." in 8228: 7689:("Regulation on the calling of an extraordinary meeting of the Landstände") of 7 October 1850 in 7248: 6462: 6444: 5939: 5586: 5400: 5187: 5033: 4957: 4317: 3542: 3142: 2659: 2497:, a final attempt at resistance by Louis III, before he appointed Prussia's preferred candidate, 2431: 2324: 2076: 2019: 1274:

Babenhausen district was attached to Strakenburg province, the other territories to Upper Hesse.

1243: 259: 252: 6133: 4337: 1817:

calling for social revolution. The persecution of his fellow contributors continued until 1839.

10811: 10741: 10583: 10418: 10201: 10171: 10138: 9653: 9584: 7439:

No. 21 of 3 May 1875, pp. 249–255. The law was repealed in 1889 (Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:

5543: 5069: 5017: 4945: 4933: 4915: 4901: 3922: 3150: 2887:, Grand Duchess Eleonore founded the "Grand Ducal Centre for the Care of Mothers and Infants" ( 2725:

In the same year, the middle level of the administration was also reformed on the model of the

2598: 2315: 1634: 1472: 969: 953: 824: 8694:(Law on the laying of railroads in the grand duchy by private individuals) of 18 June 1836 in 8101: 7921:

Declaration, die staatsrechtlichen Verhältnisse der Freiherrn Riedesel zu Eisenbach betreffend

7477:

No. 21 of 3 May 1875, pp. 260 f. This law was repealed in 1895 (Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:

4427:, also in London, there were a hundred Hessian companies. In 1908, the air transport pioneer, 10715: 10684: 10392: 10364: 10130: 10036: 9978: 9606: 9579: 9444: 9397: 9053:

Handbuch der hessischen Geschichte 1: Bevölkerung, Wirtschaft und Staat in Hessen 1806 – 1945

8868:

Amtsblatt der Königlich Preußischen und Großherzoglich Hessischen Eisenbahndirektion in Mainz

5653: 5365: 4134: 4084: 3757: 3616: 3583: 3438: 3078: 2786: 2686: 2417: 1583: 1459: 1446: 1328: 1202: 868: 443: 93: 8018:. in Landeskunde – Landesgeschichte. Fachportal des Landesbildungsservers Baden-Württemberg. 7420:

Gesetz, die rechtliche Stellung der Kirchen und Religionsgemeinschaften im Staate betreffend

5562: 5502:. Between 1901 and 1914, four exhibitions of Jugendstil art took place at Mathildenhöhe. In 3598:

Starkenburg. Capital: Darmstadt. Territory: mainly right of the Rhine and south of the Main.

3352: 895: 10651: 10626: 10557: 10331: 10163: 9986: 9970: 9856: 9826: 9648: 9638: 9485: 9480: 9340: 9111:

Historisches Ortsverzeichnis für das Gebiet des ehem. Großherzogtums und Volksstaats Hessen

8633:

Gesetz die Erbauung und Erhaltung der Provinzialstraßen im Großherzogthum Hessen betreffend

7951:(Declaration about the legal status of the former Imperial knights) of 1 December 1807. in 7704:

Gesetz, die Zusammensetzung der Kammern und die Wahl der Abgeordneten der Stände betreffend

6864: 6702:

Gesetz, die Zusammensetzung der Kammern und die Wahl der Abgeordneten der Stände betreffend

5476: 5138: 4995: 4969: 4759: 4748: 4538: 4037: 3950: 3912: 3844: 3641: 3392: 3070: 2831: 2744:), which had only an advisory role, were replaced by communally elected district councils ( 2475: 2297: 2263: 2218: 2180:, this discredited him significantly. When Austria and Prussia came to an agreement at the 2015: 1904: 1294: 1278: 1169: 1033: 986: 886:

were totally different. They lay almost entirely on the banks of the Rhine (except for the

831:. About 25% of the land area was forested. The two sections had very different characters: 781: 738: 645: 178: 10467: 8888:. Verein für Geschichte, Denkmal- und Landschaftspflege e. V. Bad Ems, Bad Ems o. J. 5346: 2104: 8: 10795: 10579: 10536: 9994: 9810: 9490: 9413: 8803:). 3rd Edition, W. Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-555-40310-6, p. 9 n. 18. 8350:

Verordnung über die neuen Maße und Gewichte im Großherzogtum Hessen vom 10. Dezember 1819

5414: 5356: 5208: 5116: 5004: 4987: 4976: 4596: 4522: 4304: 4267:

There were exceptions to this general system for medicines, precious metals, and jewels.

4107: 4095: 3932: 3054: 2807: 2774: 2503: 2458: 2212: 2185: 1884: 1835: 1809: 1696: 1332: 1309: 1270: 1018: 1003: 828: 678: 641: 614: 8707:

Horst Schneider: "Die Eisenbahnpolitik des Großherzogtums Hessen in ihren Anfängen." in

8598:(Law on the expropriation of private property for official purposes) of 27 May 1821, in 5506:, a unique collection of spa facilities, mostly designed by these artists, was created: 4160:

alone had forty different definitions and there were several hundred definitions of the

3739:

at the end of the 18th century, there were efforts to overcome the division between the

2938:

played a leading role. The "Ernest Louis Society" participated in the construction of a

2163:

and erected its first social housing complex, with 64 dwellings, between 1866 and 1868.

1887:. Von Gagern proclaimed that the new government would grant all of the "March demands". 1433: 10674: 10571: 10518: 10513: 10354: 10279: 9876: 9789: 9779: 9774: 9563: 9314: 9170: 9127: 9002: 8913: 6137:

Verordnung: Die Eintheilung des Landes in Landraths- und Landgerichtsbezirke betreffend

5204: 5000: 4980: 4141: 4080: 4053: 3931:

Despite progressive attempts in the last years of the landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt,

3871: 3827: 3823: 3669: 3620: 3504: 3039: 2913: 2865: 2778: 2181: 1502: 1387: 1290: 979: 942: 847: 758: 734: 301: 7626:

Artikel 4 Abs. 2 Verfassungsurkunde für das Großherzogtum Hessen vom 17. Dezember 1820

7614:

Artikel 4 Abs. 1 Verfassungsurkunde für das Großherzogtum Hessen vom 17. Dezember 1820

10594: 10563: 10284: 9954: 9881: 9784: 9472: 9319: 9220: 9086: 9060: 9021: 8969: 8889: 8691:

Gesetz, die Anlegung von Eisenbahnen im Großherzogtum durch Privatpersonen betreffend

7965: 7948:

Deklaration über die staatsrechtlichen Verhältnisse der ehemaligen Reichsritterschaft

7863:

Gesetz, die dem Ministerium des Innern untergeordneten Verwaltungsbehörden betreffend

6301: 4785: 4694: 4627: 4527: 4432: 4403: 3867: 3803: 3736: 3658: 3278: 3088:, Grand Duke Ernest Louis was removed from power on 9 November 1918 by the Darmstadt 2303:

After its defeat in the war, Hesse was forced to concede territory to Prussia in the

2249: 2039: 1770: 1749:

considered this outrageous and rejected the proposal with a resounding vote of 41:7.

1566: 1536: 1510:

The constitution was followed by a wide range of further reforms in the grand duchy.

1305: 1210: 1177: 1165: 919: 658: 629: 530: 247: 9240: 7873:

Edict, die dem Ministerium des Innern untergeordneten Verwaltungsbehörden betreffend

6162:

Edict, die standesherrlichen Rechts-Verhältnisse im Großherzogthum Hessen betreffend

5529:

The "Rechtschreibgrenze" ("Correct Spelling Boundary"): traffic sign leaving "

4372: 4290:

Gesetz, die Anwendung des neuen Maß- und Gewichtssystems betreffend vom 3. Juni 1821

975:

The Electorate of Hesse (also part of Prussia from 1866) to the north and northeast;

941:

Rhenish Hesse (capital at Mainz): Left bank of the Rhine, territory gained from the

10074: 9909: 9626: 9162: 8382:

Verordnung die Verfertigung und den Gebrauch der neuen Maße und Gewichte betreffend

7649:

Artikel 54 der Verfassungsurkunde für das Großherzogtum Hessen vom 17 December 1820

5829:

Erklärung des Großherzogs vom 1. Oktober 1806 zur Aufhebung aller Steuerprivilegien

5657: 5497: 4873: 4853: 4777:

Around 1850, the grand duchy was connected up to the newly developed international

4416: 4088: 4076: 3855: 2920: 2533: 2405: 2160: 2030: 1936: 1911: 1892: 1839: 1758: 1723: 1668: 910:, which were the most important transportation routes until the development of the 775: 670: 219: 9941: 9541: 8306:

Instrumente aus dem Physikalischen Kabinett. 200 Jahre Metrisches System in Hessen

7793:(Ordinance on the organisation of the highest state offices) of 22 August 1874 in 7638:

Artikel 52 der Verfassungsurkunde für das Großherzogtum Hessen of 17 December 1820

6446:

Edict, die Mitregentschaft Seiner Königlichen Hoheit des Erbgroßherzogs betreffend

5480: 5471:

during his visits to England. In 1899, he invited seven young artists to form the

5440: 4895:

New regulations were all the more urgent because this was the time when the first

3545:. This meant that the provinces on the right bank of the Rhine, were divided into 3369: 2943: 2846: 1814: 1052: 10669: 10349: 10084: 10064: 10046: 9925: 9917: 9894: 9749: 9665: 9616: 9531: 9526: 9361: 9206: 9194: 8757:(Ordinance in consideration of extant architectural monuments) 22 Januar 1818 in 8566: 7972: 6308: 6090: 5917: 5886: 5845:

Erklärung des Großherzogs vom 1. Oktober 1806 über die Abschaffung der Landstände

5355:(now known as the 'Moller House'). Outside Darmstadt, he was responsible for the 5273: 5086: 4206: 3901: 3817:

Around 25% of the inhabitants of the grand duchy were Roman Catholic. Due to the

3578: 3471: 2818: 2691: 2471: 2408: 2341: 2196: 2159:) was established with the support of Louis and Alice. This society was based on 2087: 1857: 1734: 1713: 1685: 1357: 1252: 1190: 1149: 820: 682: 576: 359: 54: 7775:(Ordinance on the organisation of the highest state offices) of 28 May 1821, in 5574: 5447: 5089:, nationalised and transferred to the Prussian-Hessian Railway Company in 1897. 4940: 4828: 4137:

from the grand duchy in 1855, allowing it to operate as a private coining bank.

3769:-synodal elements was issued for the church, which was modelled on the Prussian 3714: 3065:

Under the German Empire's military constitution, Hessian troops participated in

2006:) and, especially, the new electoral law of 1856 weakened even this opposition. 1401:

required each member state to establish their own "parliamentary constitution" (

1176:. Along with fifteen other states, the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt left the 1129: 677:

rolled most of these back over the following decade. In 1866, Hesse entered the

10769: 10697: 10689: 10679: 10567: 10446: 10374: 10369: 10359: 10196: 10002: 9962: 9899: 9495: 8995:

Die Entwicklung der Verwaltung in Hessen-Darmstadt unter Ludewig I. (1790–1830)

8953: 8384:(Ordinance on the manufacture and use of the new weights and measures); Brand, 4965: 4801: 4678: 4210: 3976: 3706: 3474:) in urgent situations if the Landstände could not be gathered quickly enough. 3193: 3116: 2925:

Ernst-Ludwig-Verein. Hessischer Zentralverein zur Errichtung billiger Wohnungen

2901: 2880:

participated in "the Grand Duchess' Sales Days" to raise money for this cause.

2671: 2538: 2427: 2382: 2378: 2356: 2238: 2136: 2065: 2055: 1932: 1871: 1524: 1344: 1317: 1277:

In August 1810, there was a three-way agreement between France, Hesse, and the

1230: 1096: 965: 938:

Starkenburg (capital at Darmstadt): Right bank of the Rhine, south of the Main.

9146:

Die geschichtlichen Grundlagen des bürgerlichen Rechts im Großherzogtum Hessen

6134:

Großherzoglich Hessisches Ministerium des Inneren und der Justiz, ed. (1821).

6067:

Eckhart G. Franz, "Großherzoglich Hessisch … 1806–1918." in Uwe Schulz (ed.),

4868: 4669: 1304:, which had a population of 140,000 people and included the important federal 1140: 10844: 10115: 10031: 10026: 9933: 9611: 9601: 9536: 9505: 8893: 7686:

Verordnung, betreffend die Berufung einer außerordentlichen Ständeversammlung

7250:

Edict, die Verfassung der evangelischen Kirche des Großherzogthums betreffend

6684:

Verordnung, betreffend die Berufung einer außerordentlichen Ständeversammlung

6245:

Statistisch-topographisch-historische Beschreibung des Großherzogthums Hessen

5512: 5484: 5352: 4841: 4714: 4638: 4247: 4178: 4111: 4018: 3702: 3611:

Rhine-Hesse (1816–1918). Capital: Mainz. Territory: mainly left of the Rhine.

3356: 3146: 3028: 2961: 2570: 2546: 2393: 2392:

Dalwigk also attempted to delay the integration of the Hessian army into the

2334: 2259: 2144: 2140: 2003: 1777:, the rebellion was suppressed by the army. Part of this suppression was the 1530:

The tasks that had previously been assigned to the Ämter were transferred to

1298: 1108: 883: 812: 686: 653: 195: 141: 79: 33: 6884: 6648: 5566: 4411:. One of the most important "industries" of the state was the production of 3034: 1746: 1218: 621:. Colloquially, the grand duchy continued to be known by its former name of 346: 10827: 10818: 10707: 10587: 10532: 10384: 8177: 7473:(Law on Religious Orders and Order-like Congregations) of 23 April 1875 in 6094: 6008: 5407: 5389: 5292: 5284: 5278: 4928: 4797: 4727: 4428: 4236: 4229: 4119: 4094:

The grand duchy was a member of the South German monetary union and minted

3937: 3766: 3762: 2892: 2869: 2868:

in 1900 and the Eleonore Sanitorium for Women (now the Eleonore Clinic) in

2861: 2762: 2522: 2374: 2172: 1766: 1762: 1313: 1133: 907: 746: 742: 591:

that existed from 1806 to 1918. The grand duchy originally formed from the

8817:

100 Jahre Denkmalschutzgesetz in Hessen. Geschichte – Bedeutung – Wirkung.

8793:

100 Jahre Denkmalschutzgesetz in Hessen. Geschichte – Bedeutung – Wirkung.

8785:

100 Jahre Denkmalschutzgesetz in Hessen. Geschichte – Bedeutung – Wirkung.

7470:

Gesetz, die religiösen Orden und ordensähnlichen Congregationen betreffend

5525: 4743: 3549:, while Rhine Hesse retained the French administrative structure based on 2849:, Alice established the "Society for the Development of Female Industry" ( 10618: 10303: 9500: 8957: 8259: 5591: 5503: 5464: 5382: 5311: 4809:) and provincial roads. Important road links built at this time include: 4796:

In the period before the arrival of the railroads, the construction of a

4771: 4602: 4460: 4408: 4186: 4110:. The grand duchy of Hesse also minted double thaler coins from 1839 and 3886: 3554: 3399: 3066: 3060: 2995: 2799: 2702: 2683: 1801: 1785: 1727: 1652: 1206: 1105:

within the grand duchy until 1866, when it was given to the grand duchy.

1073: 1024: 899: 879: 859: 839: 808: 804: 694: 584: 364: 237: 10263: 9285: 7451:(Law on the training and appointment of the clergy) of 23 April 1875 in 7232:

Gesetz die Landgemeinde-Ordnung für das Großherzogthum Hessen betreffend

5395:

Under the first and last grand dukes, there was a significant effort at

5141:). Control transferred to the Prussian-Hessian Railway Company in 1897. 4571: 3137:

The constitution issued on 17 December 1820 by Grand Duke Louis I ended

2352: 1754: 1745:, which he expected the state to pay for. The liberal opposition in the 992: 10761: 10438: 9836: 9174: 8184:. 3rd Edition. Eigenverlag, Worms 2009. ISBN 978-3-8391-0201-5, p. 160. 7455:

No. 21 of 3 May 1875, pp. 256–260. This law was also repealed in 1887 (

5456: 5430: 4975:

The province of Starkenburg received a central railway connection, the

4849: 4606: 4258: 4161: 4026: 3992: 3835: 3709:. In some cases the poor were actually forced to leave, as occurred in 3231: 3093: 2759: 2748:). At the same time, the number of districts was reduced from 18 to 12. 2675: 2462: 2330: 2026: 1999: 1978: 1922: 1831: 1664: 1493: 863: 855: 843: 754: 709: 666: 120: 8795:

Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8062-1855-2, pp. 13–22; Jan Nikolaus Viebrock:

4431:

built a workshop at the edge of Darmstadt's firing range which became

926:

which was the largest city and the most significant centre for trade.

5288: 5134: 5111:

Control transferred to the Prussian-Hessian Railway Company in 1897.

4991: 4896: 4778: 4767: 4644: 4577: 4493: 4412: 4308: 4276:

Ordinance on the new weights and measures in the Grand Duchy of Hesse

4145: 3983:

was the first Jew to be employed at a public school – also in Worms.

3831: 3791:, which made church law in cooperation with the Landesherrn, was the 3744: 3396: 3374: 3305: 3211: 2853:), renamed the "Alice Society for Women's Education and Employment" ( 2517: 1986: 1982: 1880: 1042:

There were also a number of Hessian exclaves to the north and south:

968:, the Duchy of Nassau (part of Prussia after 1866), and the Prussian 915: 209: 9166: 8835:. 3rd Edition. Kommunal- und Schulbuchverlag, Wiesbaden 2005, p. 32. 8595:

Gesetz über die Abtretung von Privateigenthum für öffentliche Zwecke

8279:

Elwert, Marburg a.d. Lahn 2012, ISBN 978-3-942225-16-8, pp. 124–154.

7602:

Amtsblatt der Preußischen und Hessischen Eisenbahndirektion in Mainz

5467:). As a grandson of Queen Victoria, he had become familiar with the 5378: 4819:

Hirschhorn–Beerfelden, Starkenburg Province in 1822 (now the L 3119)

4423:

in 1851, 74 companies from the grand duchy were present, and at the

4201:) were retained, but the foot was defined as exactly a quarter of 1 3717:

and neighbouring communities were "exported" and around fifty other

3705:, but Hessians also travelled to southern Russia, and, in one case, 3594:

The first-order subdivisions of the grand duchy were the provinces:

1733:

A political crisis was already broiling in Hesse at the time of the

1381:

Louis I depicted with Hessian Constitution in his right hand on the

1377: 9548: 9299: 8939:(1976). "Einleitung". In Ruppel, Hans Georg; Müller, Karin (eds.). 7351:

Gesetz über die Beaufsichtigung von Mietwohnungen und Schlafstellen

7199:

No. 28 of 12 June 1874, pp. 247–250; Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,

7192:

Verordnung die Eintheilung des Großherzogthums in Kreise betreffend

5307: 4979:, early on and the province of Upper Hesse was connected up by the 4857: 4763: 4723: 4635: 3740: 3694: 3677: 3605: 3601:

Upper Hesse. Capital: Giessen. Territory: mainly north of the Main.

3546: 3423: 3200: 3097: 3012: 3000: 2905: 2873: 2223: 2025:

The first crisis with Prussia arose in 1852 in connection with the

2014:

In external politics, Dalwigk and Louis III supported Austria, the

1520: 1173: 887: 851: 762: 750: 633: 9733: 9083:

Geschichtlicher Atlas von Hessen : Text- und Erläuterungsband

8618:(Law on the construction of national roads) of 15 October 1830 in 7790:

Verordnung die Organisation der obersten Staatsbehörden betreffend

7214:

Gesetz betreffend die Städte-Ordnung für das Großherzogthum Hessen

7156:

Verordnung die Organisation der obersten Staatsbehörden betreffend

6578:

Gesetz, die Aufhebung der privilegierten Gerichtsstände betreffend

4213:

were then derived from this measurement, as in the metric system:

737:. The portion on the left bank was located in the modern state of 644:. After the French defeat in 1815, the grand duchy joined the new 10774: 10451: 10206: 7174:

Gesetz, betreffend die innere Verwaltung der Kreise und Provinzen

6082:

Verfassungsurkunde für das Großherzogtum Hessen 17. Dezember 1820

4661: 4631: 4585: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4436: 4361: 4182: 4099: 3710: 2985: 2435: 1742: 1161: 1102: 949: 911: 891: 816: 766: 649: 588: 7458:

Gesetz, die Vorbildung und Anstellung der Geistlichen betreffend

7448:

Gesetz, betreffend die Vorbildung und Anstellung der Geistlichen

6099:

Verfassungsdokumente von der Magna Carta bis ins 20. Jahrhundert

3333: 2910:

Postcard week of the Grand Duchess and Airmail in Rhein and Main

2864:. The Ernest Ludwig Sanitorium for lung diseases was opened at 1651:

The state was also interested in replacing the old agricultural

1541:("local council districts", responsible for administration) and 729:

stretched most of the way from the south of the modern state of

10524: 7591:. H. L. Schlapp, 2nd Edition, Darmstadt 1977, p. 149. 6471:

No. 8 of 6 March 1848, p. 63; Full list of the new government:

5547: 5411: 4420: 4013: 3870:, took up the post in 1830. At the same time, a Roman Catholic 3749: 3668:

Standesherren were the members of the nobility who had enjoyed

3051: 2483: 9020:. Wiesbaden: Hessische Landeszentrale für Politische Bildung. 7435:(Law on the abuse of spiritual authority) of 23 April 1875 in 4509:

Mainz remained a leading producer of luxury goods, furniture,

3437:(appointed for life by the grand duke), the chancellor of the 3042:, 8 November 1918, one day before the fall of the grand duchy. 2554:

assigned many of its former powers to Berlin. These included:

2411:

to issue a blatant threat to the grand duke. Minister of War,

1838:, chief minister during the Revolution of 1848 (lithograph by 628:

In 1806, the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt seceded from the

32:

For the region sometimes known in English as Rhine-Hesse, see

10661: 10341: 4816:

Reinheim–Michelstadt–Obernburg, Starkenburg Province, in 1820

4754:

The right to manage the postal service was granted to Prince

4270:

The system was implemented by a number of legal regulations:

4202: 4000: 3965: 3587: 2766: 2151:, crown prince of Prussia, who was married to Alice's sister 1867: 1672: 1367: 1340: 1209:, the princes who had previously held these territories, the 923: 903: 730: 726: 717: 8870:

of 12 November 1910, No. 51. Bekanntmachung No. 792, p. 451.

7680: 7678: 7600:

Preußische und Hessische Eisenbahndirektion in Mainz (ed.):

6650:

Dalwigk zu Lichtenfels, Friedrich Carl Reinhard Freiherr von

5664:

acted similarly. All the other German monarchs did abdicate.

3754:

Vereinigte evangelisch-protestantische Kirche in Rheinhessen

3672:

under the Holy Roman Empire and had been represented in the

3145:, but the grand duke retained substantial authority. As the 1679: 1364:), which also helped to distinguish the two Hessian states. 697:

in 1918, the grand duchy was overthrown and replaced by the

10497: 8857:

of 6 December 1902, No. 68. Bekanntmachung No. 575, p. 616.

8755:

In Erwägung, daß die noch erhaltenen Denkmäler der Baukunst

7772:

Verordnung über die Organisation der obersten Staatsbehörde

7432:

Gesetz, den Mißbrauch der geistlichen Amtsgewalt betreffend

4674: 4544: 4225: 4194: 3850:

of 1821. With respect to the grand duchy, this created the

2229:

In anticipation of the Austro-Prussian War, command of the

1690: 1663:

The constitution declared that an economic system based on

902:

in Rhine-Hesse. There were two large navigable rivers, the

7658: 7656: 3883:

theologische Lehranstalt am bischöflichen Seminar zu Mainz

3046:

The most famous project of Grand Duke Ernest Louis is the

3031:

instead and the museum which he built was widely praised.

2889:

Großherzogliche Zentrale für Mütter- und Säuglingsfürsorge

2810:

found that "the law in Hesse is implemented very mildly."

2233:

of the confederation (around 35,000 men) was entrusted to

7675: 7411:(Law on the Elementary School System) of 16 June 1874 in 4956:

In 1836, only half a year after the establishment of the

4224:

1 cubic-inch of water therefore weighed 15.625

4157: 4071:

In 1803, following secularisation and mediatisation, the

2845:, which still operates in Darmstadt today. Together with 2441: 1769:

courthouse were also affected. The grand duke introduced

1251:

Between 1808 and 1810, there were plans to introduce the

1213:, retained a significant portion of their former powers. 753:, the grand duchy also contained upland regions like the 8844:

The two locations are actually only ca. 150 metres apart

8266:

Klinkhardt und Biermann, Braunschweig 1967, pp. 193–196.

7604:, 29 March 1919, No. 20. Bekanntmachung Nr. 225, p. 129. 5753: 4813:

Darmstadt–Dieburg, Starkenburg Province (now the L 3094)

3826:

in 1815, as in the rest of southwest Germany. After the

3761:

brought under its umbrella. After this, the Evangelical

2822:

Grand Duchess Alice, Photograph by Franz Backofen, 1871.

2678:, heir to the British throne, and of the Prussian heir, 2340:

Hesse was also required to pay three million guilder in

1229:

On 24 April 1809, Napoleon ordered the abolition of the

952:): North of the Main, separated from Starkenburg by the 725:

The portion of the grand duchy on the right bank of the

9217:

Arbeitersiedlungen: Arbeiterhäuser im Rhein-Neckar-Raum

7653: 7554: 7552: 7408:

Gesetz, das Volksschulwesen im Großherzogtum betreffend

7335:

Gesetzes über die Wohnungsfürsorge für Minderbemittelte

6847: 6845: 1057:

was sandwiched between the Electorate of Hesse and the

8615:

Gesetz die Erbauung der Staatskunststrassen betreffend

6994: 6992: 6831: 6829: 6827: 6761: 6759: 5741: 5729: 5216:(co-owned by Hesse-Darmstadt and Frankfurt, 1848–1869) 4774:

bore the name "Grand Ducal Hessian Post Office of..."

4003:

were gradually reduced and finally abolished in 1866.

3061:

First World War and end of the grand duchy (1914–1918)

2344:

and hand its telegraph network over to the Prussians.

2054:

was founded in 1859. Its goal was to create a liberal

1331:, was re-established by the Congress of Vienna as the 8504:

Hessen (Großherzogtum: Industrie, Handel und Verkehr)

4106:, the exchange rate of these coins was pegged to the 3944:

The constitution of 1820 placed equal status under a

2512: 2237:, brother of Grand Duke Louis III. Although he was a 2166: 1205:. However, although all this territory lay under his 741:. In addition to the great floodplains of the Rhine ( 8947: 7549: 6842: 2658:

The incorporation of the Hessian railroads into the

2446: 2127:, died in 1862. A few weeks later, the crown prince 1101:, which belonged to the Electorate of Hesse, was an 787: 9037:

Geschichte und Geographie der deutschen Eisenbahnen

8983:

Hessisches Landesamt für Geschichtliche Landeskunde

8452:Ferdinand Werner, "Schloss und Park in Herrnsheim" 8264:

Papiergeld. Ein Handbuch für Sammler und Liebhaber.

6989: 6871:of 11 December 1866; Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6824: 6756: 5854: 5552:

Prussian Ministry of Culture, Education, and Health

4140:In 1874/5, the Hessian coinage was replaced by the 3995:were abolished in 1810 and procedures for granting 3566:

The lowest level subdivision was the municipality (

3019:The beginning of the reign of the last Grand Duke, 2765:received a new constitution with a strong role for 2545:The grand duchy was the sixth-largest state of the 1820: 1513: 1507:in Darmstadt honouring him for "his" constitution. 792:The territory consisted of two separate areas: the 8929:Beiträge zur Statistik des Grossherzogthums Hessen 7514: 7512: 2953:Aktiengesellschaft zur Erbauung billiger Wohnungen 2248:On 14 June 1866, Prussian forces marched into the 1718:, President of the Council of Ministers, 1829–1848 934:The grand duchy was divided into three provinces: 4221:) was the basic equation for volume measurements. 3979:, the first Jewish mayor in Germany, and in 1874 3908:, the oldest Jewish community in the grand duchy. 3693:The constitution of 1820 guaranteed the right to 2785:(analogous to the existing representative of the 2646:of 1896, which came into force on 1 January 1900. 1722:The government in Darmstadt only implemented the 10842: 9251:Großherzogtum Hessen (Kreise und Gemeinden) 1910 9187:Allgemeine Statistik des Grossherzogthums Hessen 9018:Hessen-Darmstadts Beitrag für das heutige Hessen 7955:, vol. 1 (1806–1808), Darmstadt 1811, pp. 25–35. 7337:of 7 August 1902; Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 4521:, as it had been when it was the capital of the 2946:in Darmstadt. Von Heyl was also a member of the 1726:in a moderate manner, to the displeasure of the 1284: 713:Territory of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, 1815–1866 9104:. Wiesbaden: Hessisches Ministerium der Justiz. 8787:Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8062-1855-2, pp. 23–28; 8168:, Heft 1 (1806–1808), Darmstadt 1811, p. 234 f. 7918:No. 60 of 22 December 1820, pp. 535 ff. (542); 7509: 6545:No. 38 of 3 August 1848, pp. 217–225 (222–225). 6169:, no. 17 of 29 March 1820, pp. 125–160 (142ff). 5835:, Heft 1 (1806–1808), Darmstadt 1811, pp. 37 f. 5040:Overview of the Hessian railway network in 1889 4840:for the grand duchy started with "V" (i.e. the 4833:), Rhine-Hesse Province (now the L 425 and 439) 4733: 3807:Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler, Bishop 1850–1877 2396:for as long as possible. This led crown prince 1335:. After Louis I's counterpart in Hesse-Kessel, 850:. Only a small portion was part of the fertile 8121:(Bull "To the Lord's Flock") 11 April 1827 in 7797:No. 42 of 1 September 1874, pp. 487–491 (490). 7619: 7607: 6632:Verkündung, die Wahlen zum Landtage betreffend 6271:Den Abkauf fiscalischer Grundrenten betreffend 5851:, Heft 1 (1806–1808), Darmstadt 1811, S. 39 f. 4890:Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine 3531: 2045: 1942: 10881:States and territories disestablished in 1918 10483: 10249: 9719: 9271: 7911:Verfassungs-Urkunde des Großherzogtums Hessen 7642: 7631: 6746:Verordnung die politischen Vereine betreffend 5999:Vol. 6, 2002, ISBN 3-486-56643-1, pp. 461 ff. 5644:however only existed in the period 1822–1826. 5340:with the Ludwig Column, the mausoleum in the 5207:(co-owned by Hesse-Darmstadt, Frankfurt, and 3999:were unified in the same year. The rights of 3499:) in 1829, "President of the Whole Ministry ( 2755:was also expanded by new regulations in 1874. 2191: 1914:("government district"). Each of these had a 1083:Another exclave, made up of half the town of 665:) and forces supporting political and social 10825: 10816: 9113:. Darmstadt: Historischer Verein für Hessen. 9108: 8943:. Darmstadt: Historischer Verein für Hessen. 4453:Key businesses in the grand duchy included: 4415:, with around two hundred workshops. At the 4217:2.5 inches = 15.625 cubic-inches ( 3959: 2751:The local self-government of the cities and 2385:of Rhine-Hesse Province) became part of the 1918:(district council) to represent the people. 1781:, named for the number of dead and wounded. 1038:, an exclave of the Prussian Rhine Province. 118: 46: 9181: 6117:Großherzogthums fester geknüpft werden soll 6071:Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0332-6, p. 184. 6019:(PDF; 398 kB); accessed on 1 May 2020. 5792:, Heft 1 (1806–1808), Darmstadt 1811, p. 1. 3573: 2537:Grand Duke Louis IV with his mother-in-law 2135:(1843–1878), the second eldest daughter of 1667:principles was the state's goal. Achieving 438:7,688.36 km (2,968.49 sq mi) 10876:States and territories established in 1806 10490: 10476: 10256: 10242: 9726: 9712: 9278: 9264: 9132:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9109:Ruppel, Hans Georg; Müller, Karin (1976). 9007:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8918:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8906:Das Staatsrecht des Großherzogthums Hessen 8819:Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8062-1855-2, p. 13. 8650: 8648: 8646: 8472: 8470: 8468: 8466: 8464: 8462: 8083: 8081: 8079: 8043: 8041: 8039: 8037: 7996: 7994: 7304: 7302: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7034: 6362: 6360: 4281:A series of technical ordinances followed. 3604:Duchy of Westphalia (1803–1816). Capital: 3038:Final issue of the Grand Duchy of Hesse's 2855:Alice-Verein für Frauenbildung und -Erwerb 2333:in Strakenburg province. The territory of 2020:pan-German solution to the German Question 2009: 1368:The Constitution of 1820 and legal reforms 1224: 149: 134: 9219:. Worms: Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft. 9034: 8992: 8696:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 8638:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 8620:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 8601:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 8235:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 8123:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7926:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7916:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7888:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7878:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7868:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7850:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7823:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7795:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7777:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7728:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7711:No. 27 of 26 September 1856, pp. 261–274. 7709:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7691:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7670:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7491:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7475:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7463:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7453:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7437:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7425:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7413:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7255:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7237:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7219:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7197:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7179:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7161:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7150: 7148: 7114:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7083:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7064:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 6751:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 6709:No. 27 of 26 September 1856, pp. 261–274. 6707:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 6689:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 6665: 6663: 6637:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 6619:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 6601:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 6583:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 6572:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 6561:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 6543:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 6524:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 6479:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 6469:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 6451:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 6276:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 6216:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 6167:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 5759: 5747: 5735: 4726:proved a great advance, particularly for 4439:built there was a notable exhibit at the 3866:was signed in 1829 and the first bishop, 3468:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 2851:Verein für Förderung weiblicher Industrie 2099: 1680:Impact of the July Revolution (1830–1848) 617:, which had formed from the neighbouring 10871:States of the Confederation of the Rhine 10861:States of the North German Confederation 10265:States of the North German Confederation 8855:Sammlung der herausgegebenen Amtsblätter 8329: 8327: 7730:No. 49 of 12 November 1871, pp. 385–398. 7672:No. 52 of 4 September 1849, pp. 435–450. 7163:No. 42 of 1 September 1874, pp. 487–491. 6639:No. 69 of 23 November 1849, pp. 575–577. 6621:No. 52 of 4 September 1849, pp. 435–450. 6603:No. 65 of 17 November 1848, pp. 405–468. 5662:Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont 5524: 5446: 5434: 5377: 5272: 4939: 4927: 4867: 4848:The first "Automobile post line" of the 4742: 4371: 4355: 4336: 4303: 4047: 4036: 3911: 3896: 3874:was added to the University of Giessen. 3802: 3577: 3557:systems in Germany were replaced by the 3514:The ministries of the grand duchy were: 3453:vote was restored in 1850, and then the 3368: 3343:Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 3115: 3033: 2984: 2973: 2942:for the 1908 National Exhibition at the 2929:Cornelius Wilhelm von Heyl zu Herrnsheim 2817: 2806:, who was repeatedly arrested under the 2532: 2516: 2351: 2195: 2147:. This marriage made Louis an in-law of 2103: 1946: 1830: 1703: 1689: 1399:Constitution of the German Confederation 1376: 1269:On 11 May 1810, the grand duchy and the 1199:Treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine 1139: 1128: 1027:, which was surrounded on both sides by 716: 708: 9152: 9140: 9117: 9073: 8643: 8640:No. 64 of 2 November 1830, pp. 357–360. 8459: 8125:No. 41 of 21 October 1829, pp. 460–464. 8076: 8034: 7991: 7493:No. 57 of 6 December 1875, pp. 811–814. 7299: 7066:No. 32 of 6 Ocktober 1871, pp. 342–349. 7031: 6585:No. 53 of 26 September 1848, pp. 317 f. 6357: 5860: 5546:in the grand duchy were written with a 4906:travelled between Frankfurt and Mainz. 4151: 2927:), in which the Wormser industrialist, 1671:, which also required the abolition of 1646: 1594: 1266:, which was opposed to social changes. 613:in 1816 to distinguish itself from the 14: 10843: 9214: 9043: 8900: 8237:No. 8 vom 26. February 1866, pp. 93 f. 7693:No. 49 of 9 October 1850, pp. 375–390. 7145: 7085:No. 43 of 30 December 1871, pp. 497 f. 6691:No. 49 of 9 October 1850, pp. 375–390. 6660: 6563:No. 45 of 29 August 1848, pp. 273–277; 5373: 4466:Machine manufacturing and iron casting 3460: 3405:Landtag of the People's State of Hesse 3379:Landstände of the Grand Duchy of Hesse 2442:Hesse in the German Empire (1870–1914) 1617:, this decision was made by the state. 1327:, which Napoleon had annexed into the 929: 10471: 10237: 9707: 9259: 9015: 8935: 8926: 8622:No. 62 of 23 October 1830, pp. 351 f. 8324: 8166:Großherzoglich Hessische Verordnungen 7953:Großherzoglich Hessische Verordnungen 7928:No 38 of 21 August 1827, pp. 371–373. 7852:, No. 38, 3 August 1848, pp. 217–225. 7825:No. 43 of 30 December 1871, pp. 497f. 7465:No. 22 of 15 July 1887, pp. 129–132). 6970:Friedensvertrag vom 3. September 1866 6955:Friedensvertrag vom 3. September 1866 6940:Friedensvertrag vom 3. September 1866 6574:No. 47 of 9 September 1848, pp. 289f; 6211:Gesetz die Gemeindeordnung betreffend 6127: 5849:Großherzoglich Hessische Verordnungen 5833:Großherzoglich Hessische Verordnungen 5790:Großherzoglich Hessische Verordnungen 5725:Willkommen bei Gemeindeverzeichnis.de 5439:Wedding tower and exhibition hall at 4441:International Aeronautical Exhibition 3771:Rhineland-Westphalia Church Ordinance 3722:from 853,300 inhabitants to 836,424. 3621:Mainz–Darmstadt–Aschaffenburg railway 1571:and Landgerichten established in the 1297:and received a portion of the former 1124: 1076:was sandwiched between Baden and the 430:7,682 km (2,966 sq mi) 422:8,345 km (3,222 sq mi) 414:9,300 km (3,600 sq mi) 9099: 7880:, No. 30, 20 May 1852, pp. 221–228; 7415:No. 32 of 16 June 1874, pp. 377–414. 7257:No. 2 of 26 January 1874, pp. 13–48. 7239:No. 31 of 16 June 1874, pp. 343–374. 7221:No. 30 of 16 June 1874, pp. 299–340. 7181:No. 29 of 16 June 1874, pp. 251–298. 6753:No. 47 of 3 October 1850, pp. 359 f. 6526:No. 38 of 3 August 1832, p. 217-225. 6278:No. 32 of 18 July 1821, pp. 395–399. 6218:No. 29 of 29 July 1821, pp. 355–376. 5133:State railway (joint-ownership with 4590:Verein für Chemische Industrie, now 4257:32 cubic-inches = 1 Hessischer 3311:Princess Alice of the United Kingdom 2830:) was established. With advice from 2828:Alice-Frauenverein für Krankenpflege 2715: 2133:Princess Alice of the United Kingdom 2113:Princess Alice of the United Kingdom 1992: 1293:in 1815, the grand duchy joined the 140:The Grand Duchy of Hesse within the 9047:(2010). "Recht und Verfassung". In 8604:No. 15 of 6 June 1821, pp. 187–193. 8182:Warmaisa: 1000 Jahre Juden in Worms 7779:No. 14 of 1 June 1821, pp. 179–188. 5940:Final Act of the Congress of Vienna 5682:Art. 15 of the Constitution of 1820 5277:St.-Ludwigs-Kirche in Darmstadt by 5095:Grand Duchy of Hesse State Railways 5026:Grand Duchy of Hesse State Railways 4920:Grand Duchy of Hesse State Railways 3961:Israelitische Religionsgemeinschaft 3795:(the supreme religious authority). 3493:Präsident der vereinten Ministerien 3141:in the grand duchy, in favour of a 3075:Grand Ducal Hessian (25th) Division 2883:At the baptism of the Crown Prince 2775:women did not receive voting rights 2402:Grand Ducal Hessian (25th) Division 1658: 1059:Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont 918:, the largest industrial centre at 24: 10866:States of the German Confederation 9735:States of the German Confederation 9246:Das Großherzogtum Hessen 1806–1918 9057:Historischen Kommission für Hessen 8560:, "Eine Eisenbahn wird eröffnet," 8106:, Moguntiae 1870, pp. 209–222 7427:No. 21 of 3 May 1875, pp. 247–249. 7138:See Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 7125:See Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 5167:Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway 5022:Mainz-Worms(-Ludwigshafen) railway 4791: 4756:Karl Alexander von Thurn und Taxis 4393:First German Industrial Exhibition 4324:First German Industrial Exhibition 3619:at Mainz, which was built for the 2969: 2682:. His daughter was married to the 2513:A small state in the German Empire 2509:political conflicts and missteps. 2430:in 1868 for the dedication of the 2288:was replaced on 28 December 1866. 2167:Lead-up to the Austro-Prussian War 1362:Großherzogtum Hessen und bei Rhein 807:in the north and the provinces of 581:Großherzogtum Hessen und bei Rhein 48:Großherzogtum Hessen und bei Rhein 25: 10902: 9241:Constitution of Hesse (in German) 9234: 8883: 8302:Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt 7589:Die Regenten von Hessen-Darmstadt 7116:No. 15 of 30 May 1879, pp. 197 f. 5214:Frankfurt-Offenbach Local Railway 5010:Frankfurt-Offenbach Local Railway 4863: 4738: 4681:from 1862, automobiles from 1899. 4563:Lackfrabrik Ludwig Marx (leather) 4450:at Frankfurt the following year. 3501:Präsident des Gesamt-Ministeriums 3347:Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich 3100:constitution and was renamed the 2989:Ernst-Ludwig-Haus, main entrance. 2895:(1868–1957), in his aircraft the 2783:Technical University of Darmstadt 2662:in 1896, under the company name, 2552:Constitution of the German Empire 2468:Proclamation of the German Empire 2453:Proclamation of the German Empire 2447:Proclamation of the German Empire 2096:to ban the National Association. 1349:Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine 788:Physical geography and population 568:Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine 43:Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine 10608: 10293: 9758: 9374: 8987:Geschichtlicher Atlas von Hessen 8866:Eisenbahndirektion Mainz (ed.): 8860: 8853:Eisenbahndirektion Mainz (ed.): 8847: 8838: 8833:Denkmalschutz in Rheinland-Pfalz 8822: 8806: 8777: 8764: 8745: 8736: 8727: 8714: 8701: 8683: 8670: 8661: 8625: 8607: 8587: 8574: 8544: 8531: 8518: 8496: 8483: 8446: 8430: 8417: 8404: 8391: 8375: 8359: 8343: 8311: 8295: 8282: 8269: 8253: 8240: 8222: 8209: 8196: 8187: 8171: 8162:Verordnung vom 17. Dezember 1808 8154: 8141: 8128: 8109: 8094: 8067: 8054: 8021: 8007: 7978: 7958: 7940: 7931: 7902: 7893: 7855: 7837: 7828: 7809: 7800: 7782: 7764: 7751: 7742: 7733: 7714: 7696: 7594: 7578: 7565: 7546:. Press release of 24 July 2021. 7534: 7521: 7496: 7399: 7386: 7373: 7360: 7344: 7328: 7315: 7286: 7273: 7260: 7242: 7224: 7206: 7184: 7166: 7132: 5676: 5667: 5647: 5030:Prussian-Hessian Railway Company 4950:Prussian-Hessian Railway Company 4924:Prussian-Hessian Railway Company 3730: 3447: 3417: 3332: 3329:13 March 1892 – 9 November 1918 3297: 3262: 3230: 3192: 2813: 2722:entrusted to the Chief Minister. 2664:Prussian-Hessian Railway Company 2527:Prussian-Hessian Railway Company 1821:The March Revolution (1848–1849) 1514:Legal and administrative reforms 1257:Friedrich August von Lichtenberg 548: 523: 509: 155:Grand Duchy of Hesse (1815–1866) 86: 72: 8877: 8698:No. 30 of 27 July 1836, p. 329. 7119: 7101: 7088: 7069: 7051: 7018: 7005: 6976: 6961: 6946: 6931: 6922: 6909: 6896: 6878: 6858: 6811: 6798: 6785: 6772: 6738: 6725: 6712: 6694: 6676: 6642: 6624: 6606: 6588: 6548: 6529: 6510: 6497: 6484: 6481:No. 10 of 14 March 1848, p. 69. 6456: 6438: 6425: 6412: 6399: 6386: 6373: 6344: 6331: 6314: 6294: 6281: 6263: 6250: 6234: 6227:Franz, Fleck & Kallenberg: 6221: 6203: 6194: 6187:Franz, Fleck & Kallenberg: 6181: 6172: 6153: 6144: 6108: 6074: 6061: 6048: 6035: 6022: 6002: 5989: 5976: 5967: 5958: 5949: 5932: 5923: 5920:) in Schmidt, pp. 34ff, n. 114. 5910: 5901: 5892: 5879: 5866: 5838: 5821: 5808: 5627: 5618: 5604: 5268: 5012:with the Free City of Frankfurt 4703:Lederwerke Doerr & Reinhart 4463:(chemicals and pharmaceuticals) 4299: 3813:Roman Catholic Diocese of Mainz 3647: 3563:, which applied to the Empire. 2362:decorated for the reception of 2291: 2157:Bauverein für Arbeiterwohnungen 1965:Grand Duke Louis III appointed 1961:, Minister-President, 1852–1871 1827:German revolutions of 1848–1849 1624:, the Standesherren chose them. 1577:German revolutions of 1848–1849 1372: 593:Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt 517:Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt 10085:Reuß-Lobenstein und Ebersdorf 8908:. Mohr, Freiburg, and Leipzig. 8801:Kommunale Schriften für Hessen 8770:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 8720:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 8676:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 8654:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 8580:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 8571:33 (2017), pp. 111–126 (124f). 8537:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 8524:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 8489:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 8476:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 8246:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 8215:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 8202:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 8147:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 8134:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 8087:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 8060:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 8047:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 8027:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 8000:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 7984:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 7890:, No. 31, 21 May 1852, p. 229. 7870:No. 27 of 3 May 1852, p. 201; 7571:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 7558:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 7527:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 7502:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 7392:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 7308:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 7292:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 7279:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 7266:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 7094:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 7044:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 7024:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 7011:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 6998:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6982:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6915:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6902:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6851:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6835:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6817:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 6804:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6791:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6778:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 6765:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 6731:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 6718:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6669:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6503:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6431:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 6418:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6405:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6392:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6379:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6366:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6350:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6337:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 6101:, originally published in the 6054:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 5982:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 5889:) in Schmidt, p. 30ff, n. 100. 5795: 5778: 5765: 5718: 5709: 5696: 5310:church in Darmstadt since the 4622:(railway cars and automobiles) 4402:took place in Mainz. However, 4322:, originally displayed in the 4087:, and Erbach, and the city of 4023:Prussian-Hessian Customs Union 3798: 3339:25 November 1868 in Darmstadt 3237:26 December 1777 in Darmstadt 3090:Workers' and Soldiers' Council 2400:to resign as commander of the 2203:in his uniform as an Austrian 1410:August Friedrich Wilhelm Crome 960:The neighbouring states were: 819:after 1866 and before that to 18:Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt 13: 1: 8797:Hessisches Denkmalschutzrecht 8709:Die Bahn und ihre Geschichte. 7964:Art. 24 of the Constitution ( 6453:No. 7 of 5 March 1848, p. 61. 5706:, p. 693 (166 Quadratmeilen). 5689: 5424: 4944:Business headquarters of the 4878: 4613:Waggonfabrik Gebrüder Gastell 4425:1862 International Exhibition 4041:1 Kronenthaler of Grand Duke 3879:Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler 3688: 3364: 3294:13 June 1877 – 13 March 1892 3188:(Landgrave Louis X from 1790) 3185:14 August 1806 – 6 April 1830 3132: 3111: 3096:. The grand duchy received a 3005:Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler 2674:. He was a brother-in-law of 2314:. Due to the intervention of 2109:Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse 1846: 1285:The Congress of Vienna (1815) 1136:of the Grand Duchy, 1806–1808 875:Starkenburg and Rhenish Hesse 9183:Wagner, Georg Wilhelm Justin 9148:. Giessen: Curt von Münchow. 8993:Karenberg, Dagobert (1964). 8511:Meyers Konversations-Lexikon 8456:35 (2019), pp. 83–183 (127). 7541:Deutsche UNESCO-Kommission: 6657:; Accessed 13 February 2021. 5818:, p. 693 (166 square miles). 4852:was opened in 1906, between 4734:Transport and communications 4690:Lederwerke Cornelius Heyl AG 4649:Pharmaceutical companies of 4232:, the basic unit of weight. 3477: 3273:Mathilde Caroline of Bavaria 3259:5 March 1848 – 13 June 1877 3227:6 April 1830 – 16 June 1848 3126:Residential Palace Darmstadt 2993:In the cultural sphere, the 2347: 2268:Battle of Tauberbischofsheim 2253:the Prussian victory at the 1790:Historical Society for Hesse 1325:Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel 1144:Grand Duchy of Hesse in 1812 1012:The long northern region of 704: 619:Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel 7: 10856:States of the German Empire 10499:States of the German Empire 6241:Georg Wilhelm Justin Wagner 6200:Ruppel & Müller, p. 10. 5580: 5520: 4909: 4838:Vehicle registration plates 4382:Hessian Chamber of Commerce 4341:Former headquarters of the 4032: 4025:was folded into the larger 3725: 3713:. In 1846, 672 people from 3652: 3634: 3532:Administrative subdivisions 3497:Dirigierende Staatsminister 3315:13 March 1892 in Darmstadt 2876:. From 1908, Grand Duchess 2727:Prussian District Ordinance 2603:of 1877 (consisting of the 2275:Karl August von Stockhausen 2178:Schleswig–Holstein question 2052:German National Association 2046:German National Association 1943:The Dalwigk Era (1850–1866) 1483:Carl Ludwig Wilhelm Grolman 1337:William I, Elector of Hesse 1087:, was located inside Baden; 10: 10907: 9288:Confederation of the Rhine 9215:Werner, Ferdinand (2012). 9085:. Sigmaringen: Thorbecke. 9039:. Berlin: Wilhelm Baensch. 9035:von Mayer, Arthur (1891). 8761:, Darmstadt 1819, pp. 6 f. 7757:Franz, Fleck, Kallenberg: 6490:Franz, Fleck, Kallenberg, 6150:Ruppel & Müller, p. 7. 6103:Hessisches Regierungsblatt 5428: 5263: 4913: 4104:Dresden Coinage Convention 4102:coins. As a result of the 3986: 3892: 3810: 3428:Protestant Church in Hesse 3245:16 June 1848 in Darmstadt 2470:on 18 January 1871 in the 2450: 2387:North German Confederation 2305:Treaty of 3 September 1866 2210: 2192:Austro-Prussian War (1866) 1898: 1824: 1683: 1308:, as compensation for the 1182:Confederation of the Rhine 1119: 648:. Westphalia was taken by 638:Confederation of the Rhine 186:North German Confederation 169:Confederation of the Rhine 31: 10804: 10788: 10760: 10747:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 10706: 10660: 10617: 10606: 10506: 10437: 10424:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 10383: 10340: 10302: 10291: 10272: 10220: 10189: 10162: 10129: 10055: 10022: 10015: 9953: 9908: 9872: 9865: 9819: 9803: 9767: 9756: 9742: 9678: 9572: 9519: 9471: 9462: 9432: 9406: 9390: 9383: 9372: 9354: 9333: 9307: 9295: 9189:. Darmstadt: C. W. Leske. 6893:; Accessed 15 March 2021. 5788:" of 13 August 1806, in: 5451:Sprudelhof in Bad Nauheim 5161:Various private railways 4936:in Darmstadt (1875–1912). 4551:Verlag Philipp von Zabern 4311:stairs in the library of 4246:100 pounds = 1 3906:Jewish community of Worms 3391:The Landstände (national 3269:9 June 1806 in Darmstadt 3206:Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt 3048:Darmstadt Artists' Colony 3025:Landesmuseum in Darmstadt 2802:, later president of the 2329:, which was south of the 2201:Prince Alexander of Hesse 1416:Karl Christian Eigenbrodt 1403:Landständische Verfassung 1002:The Bavarian province of 488: 484: 474: 464: 453: 449: 442: 434: 426: 418: 409: 404: 400: 387: 377: 373: 352: 342: 338: 326: 316:• 1821–1829 (first) 314: 310: 300: 296: 284: 274:• 1806–1830 (first) 272: 268: 258: 246: 225: 215: 205: 160: 148: 133: 113: 102: 68: 63: 41: 10554:Lauenburg and Bütow Land 9207:Digitised by Hathi Trust 9118:Schmahl, Helmut (2000). 8277:Das hessische Münzwesen. 6705:of 6 September 1856, in 6581:of 22 September 1848 in 6287:Franz/Fleck/Kallenberg: 6256:Franz/Fleck/Kallenberg: 6041:Franz/Fleck/Kallenberg: 5814:Franz/Fleck/Kallenberg: 5801:Franz/Fleck/Kallenberg: 5771:Franz/Fleck/Kallenberg: 5702:Franz/Fleck/Kallenberg: 5597: 5469:Arts and Crafts Movement 4958:first railway in Germany 4006: 3574:First-order subdivisions 3543:administrative divisions 3539:County of Katzenelnbogen 2796:Province of Hesse-Nassau 2736:of 1872. The districts ( 2404:and caused the Prussian 2243:lieutenant field marshal 2241:general and an Austrian 2205:lieutenant field marshal 2125:Maximilian II of Bavaria 1114:Province of Hesse-Nassau 948:Upper Hesse (capital at 854:, where there were also 328:• 1906–1918 (last) 286:• 1892–1918 (last) 27:German state (1806–1918) 9100:Reus, Heribert (1984). 7914:of 17 December 1820 in 7081:of 23 December 1871 in 6928:Schmidt, p. 46, n. 152. 6617:of 3 September 1849 in 6120:of 1 December 1817, in 6069:Die Geschichte Hessens. 5587:List of rulers of Hesse 5563:Groß Gerau station 5475:. He had the architect 5359:and the restoration of 5287:(1784–1852), a leading 5230:Friedberg–Hanau railway 5219:Hanau-Frankfurt Railway 5188:Prussian state railways 5034:Prussian state railways 5003:with Frankfurt and the 4366:Bank für Süddeutschland 4124:Bank für Süddeutschland 4058:Bank für Süddeutschland 3860:Archdiocese of Freiburg 3780:of 1835. Henceforth, a 3663:ritterschaftlichen Adel 3560:Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch 3524:The Ministry of Finance 3143:constitutional monarchy 3102:People's State of Hesse 2979:Hessisches Landesmuseum 2912:, which raised 100,000 2804:People's State of Hesse 2660:Prussian state railways 2620:Criminal procedure code 2558:The integration of the 2525:on a locomotive of the 2010:Zollverein crisis, 1852 1935:and the upper house by 1225:Developments after 1806 699:People's State of Hesse 609:). It assumed the name 544:People's State of Hesse 253:Constitutional Monarchy 108:God, Honour, Fatherland 10826: 10817: 10812:German colonial empire 10742:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 10419:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 9016:Lange, Thomas (1993). 8931:. Darmstadt: Jonghaus. 6886:Wachter, Friedrich von 6687:of 7 October 1850 in 6599:of 28 October 1848 in 5942:, 9 June 1815, p. 96 ( 5538: 5452: 5444: 5392: 5327:Luisenplatz, Darmstadt 5281: 5070:Hessian Ludwig Railway 5018:Hessian Ludwig Railway 4953: 4946:Hessian Ludwig Railway 4937: 4934:Hessian Ludwig Railway 4916:Hessian Ludwig Railway 4884: 4784:During the 1890s, the 4751: 4483:Bank for South Germany 4377: 4369: 4353: 4334: 4235:32 loth = 1 4079:, the noble houses of 4068: 4045: 3997:commercial concessions 3960: 3928: 3909: 3808: 3591: 3388: 3129: 3043: 2990: 2982: 2823: 2709:on several occasions. 2697:Louis IV's successor, 2542: 2530: 2488:Friedrich von Lindelof 2367: 2316:Alexander II of Russia 2208: 2188:on the Austrian side. 2116: 2100:Dynastic reorientation 2034:representative in the 1962: 1843: 1719: 1701: 1393: 1361: 1248:into the grand duchy. 1194: 1145: 1137: 1078:Kingdom of Württemberg 999:with Baden until 1905; 970:Province of Westphalia 954:Free City of Frankfurt 825:Free City of Frankfurt 722: 714: 675:Reinhard von Dalwigick 606: 580: 119: 47: 9155:German Studies Review 9142:Schmidt, Arthur Benno 7253:of 6 January 1874 in 7159:of 22 August 1874 in 6749:of 2 October 1850 in 6570:of 24 August 1848 in 6559:of 20 August 1848 in 6322:Carl Joseph von Wrede 6178:Ruppel/Müller, p. 10. 6165:of 27 March 1820, in 6089:28 March 2022 at the 5654:Ludwig III of Bavaria 5635:Landgericht Schönberg 5528: 5479:design a workshop at 5450: 5438: 5381: 5276: 5032:(a subsidiary of the 4943: 4931: 4871: 4758:in 1807. Until 1867, 4746: 4375: 4359: 4340: 4307: 4051: 4040: 3946:statutory reservation 3918:Main Synagogue, Mainz 3915: 3900: 3806: 3581: 3455:three-class franchise 3439:University of Giessen 3372: 3304:12 September 1837 in 3119: 3037: 2988: 2977: 2872:in 1905, both in the 2821: 2787:University of Giessen 2779:demographic structure 2594:Imperial Justice Code 2536: 2520: 2355: 2279:Friedrich von Wachter 2199: 2107: 1950: 1834: 1707: 1693: 1380: 1329:Kingdom of Westphalia 1203:Electorate of Cologne 1195:Großherzog Ludewig I. 1143: 1132: 869:University of Giessen 720: 712: 652:, but Hesse received 216:Common languages 106:Gott, Ehre, Vaterland 10886:Former grand duchies 10851:Grand Duchy of Hesse 10789:Imperial Territories 10642:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 10637:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 10558:Starostwo of Draheim 10322:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 10317:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 9847:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 9842:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 9559:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 9554:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 9203:Statistik des Ganzen 9122:. Frankfurt am Main. 9059:. pp. 335–371. 9049:Speitkamp, Winifried 8989:. Marburg 1960–1978. 8772:Großherzogtum Hessen 8722:Großherzogtum Hessen 8678:Großherzogtum Hessen 8656:Großherzogtum Hessen 8582:Großherzogtum Hessen 8539:Großherzogtum Hessen 8526:Großherzogtum Hessen 8491:Großherzogtum Hessen 8478:Großherzogtum Hessen 8248:Großherzogtum Hessen 8217:Großherzogtum Hessen 8204:Großherzogtum Hessen 8149:Großherzogtum Hessen 8136:Großherzogtum Hessen 8089:Großherzogtum Hessen 8062:Großherzogtum Hessen 8049:Großherzogtum Hessen 8029:Großherzogtum Hessen 8002:Großherzogtum Hessen 7986:Großherzogtum Hessen 7971:30 June 2020 at the 7759:Großherzogtum Hessen 7573:Großherzogtum Hessen 7560:Großherzogtum Hessen 7529:Großherzogtum Hessen 7504:Großherzogtum Hessen 7479:Großherzogtum Hessen 7441:Großherzogtum Hessen 7394:Großherzogtum Hessen 7339:Großherzogtum Hessen 7310:Großherzogtum Hessen 7294:Großherzogtum Hessen 7281:Großherzogtum Hessen 7268:Großherzogtum Hessen 7201:Großherzogtum Hessen 7140:Großherzogtum Hessen 7127:Großherzogtum Hessen 7096:Großherzogtum Hessen 7046:Großherzogtum Hessen 7026:Großherzogtum Hessen 7013:Großherzogtum Hessen 7000:Großherzogtum Hessen 6984:Großherzogtum Hessen 6917:Großherzogtum Hessen 6904:Großherzogtum Hessen 6873:Großherzogtum Hessen 6853:Großherzogtum Hessen 6837:Großherzogtum Hessen 6819:Großherzogtum Hessen 6806:Großherzogtum Hessen 6793:Großherzogtum Hessen 6780:Großherzogtum Hessen 6767:Großherzogtum Hessen 6733:Großherzogtum Hessen 6720:Großherzogtum Hessen 6671:Großherzogtum Hessen 6505:Großherzogtum Hessen 6492:Großherzogtum Hessen 6449:of 5 March 1848, in 6433:Großherzogtum Hessen 6420:Großherzogtum Hessen 6407:Großherzogtum Hessen 6394:Großherzogtum Hessen 6381:Großherzogtum Hessen 6368:Großherzogtum Hessen 6352:Großherzogtum Hessen 6339:Großherzogtum Hessen 6326:Großherzogtum Hessen 6307:30 June 2020 at the 6289:Großherzogtum Hessen 6274:of 11 July 1821, in 6258:Großherzogtum Hessen 6229:Großherzogtum Hessen 6214:of 30 June 1821, in 6189:Großherzogtum Hessen 6056:Großherzogtum Hessen 6043:Großherzogtum Hessen 6030:Großherzogtum Hessen 5984:Großherzogtum Hessen 5874:Recht und Verfassung 5816:Großherzogtum Hessen 5803:Großherzogtum Hessen 5773:Großherzogtum Hessen 5704:Großherzogtum Hessen 5613:Großherzogtum Hessen 5544:compound place names 5477:Joseph Maria Olbrich 4970:Mainz-Kastel station 4932:Main station of the 4760:Thurn-und-Taxis Post 4749:Thurn-und-Taxis Post 4313:Herrnsheimer Schloss 4152:Weights and measures 3642:Imperial German Army 3377:(1888), seat of the 3128:) of the Grand Dukes 3071:Imperial German Army 2832:Florence Nightingale 2705:, the leader of the 2631:Bankruptcy ordinance 2616:Civil procedure code 2476:Palace of Versailles 2273:The Hessian General 2264:Battle of Frohnhofen 2255:Battle of Königgrätz 2072:Carl Johann Hoffmann 2016:German Confederation 1967:Reinhard von Dalwigk 1952:Reinhard von Dalwigk 1905:Frankfurt Parliament 1647:Abolition of serfdom 1595:Civic administration 1295:German Confederation 1279:Grand Duchy of Baden 1170:Battle of Austerlitz 1069:were inside Waldeck; 987:Grand Duchy of Baden 782:Grand Duchy of Baden 765:. In the south, the 739:Rhineland-Palatinate 646:German Confederation 607:Großherzogtum Hessen 597:Grand Duchy of Hesse 179:German Confederation 10752:Waldeck and Pyrmont 10429:Waldeck and Pyrmont 10047:Waldeck and Pyrmont 9196:Provinz Starkenburg 8968:. Marburg: Elwert. 8275:Niklot Klüßendorf, 7235:of 15 June 1874 in 7217:of 13 June 1874 in 7195:of 11 June 1874 in 7062:of 13 June 1871 in 6891:Hessische Biografie 6655:Hessische Biografie 6541:of 31 July 1848 in 6522:of 31 July 1848 in 6467:of 6 March 1848 in 5571:Hohensülzen station 5533:" and stating that 5415:World Heritage Site 5397:heritage protection 5374:Heritage management 5357:Staatstheater Mainz 5117:Main-Neckar Railway 5005:Electorate of Hesse 4988:Main-Neckar Railway 4977:Main-Neckar Railway 4530:(Erdal shoe polish) 4523:Electorate of Mainz 4364:bank note from the 4108:North German thaler 4056:bank note from the 4021:with Prussia. This 3973:Ferdinand Eberstadt 3933:Jewish emancipation 3737:Protestant churches 3644:on 1 January 1872. 3461:Legislative process 3241:Wilhelmine of Baden 3086:November Revolution 3055:World Heritage Site 2808:Anti-Socialist Laws 2581:Imperial Penal Code 2459:Franco-Prussian War 2426:of Prussia came to 2262:. In the following 2213:Austro-Prussian War 2186:Austro-Prussian War 2123:, a sister of King 1885:Heinrich von Gagern 1836:Heinrich von Gagern 1810:The Hessian Courier 1697:The Hessian Courier 1630:Ernst Emil Hoffmann 1622:Souveränitätslanden 1573:Souveränitätslanden 1558:Souveränitätslanden 1468:Peter Joseph Floret 1333:Electorate of Hesse 1310:Duchy of Westphalia 1164:protection against 1160:, initially sought 1014:Biedenkopf district 930:Political geography 829:Electorate of Hesse 691:November Revolution 679:Austro-Prussian War 642:Duchy of Westphalia 615:Electorate of Hesse 611:Hesse und bei Rhein 379:• Established 10576:Schleswig-Holstein 8950:Heinemeyer, Walter 8829:Ernst-Rainer Hönes 8813:Winfried Speitkamp 8789:Winfried Speitkamp 8118:Ad Dominici Gregis 7988:, pp. 767, 801 ff. 7461:of 5 July 1887 in 7381:Arbeitersiedlungen 7368:Arbeitersiedlungen 7355:Arbeitersiedlungen 7323:Arbeitersiedlungen 7112:of 14 May 1879 in 7059:Militär-Convention 5539: 5535:Hessisch-Bös-Gesäß 5531:Preußisch-Bösgesäß 5453: 5445: 5393: 5361:Schloss Biedenkopf 5297:St Ludwig's Church 5282: 5205:Main-Weser Railway 5001:Main-Weser Railway 4981:Main-Weser Railway 4954: 4938: 4888:Mainz, called the 4885: 4807:Staatskunststraßen 4752: 4528:Werner & Mertz 4378: 4376:Opel-Werbung, 1911 4370: 4354: 4335: 4168:Christian Eckhardt 4069: 4046: 3929: 3910: 3828:Kingdom of Bavaria 3824:Congress of Vienna 3809: 3670:imperial immediacy 3629:Regierungsbezirken 3592: 3505:Minister-President 3489:Gesamt-Ministerium 3485:Staats-Ministerium 3389: 3373:The Ständehaus in 3353:Schloß Wolfsgarten 3351:9 October 1937 in 3130: 3044: 2991: 2983: 2921:building societies 2824: 2758:Also in 1874, the 2543: 2531: 2413:Eduard von Grolman 2368: 2209: 2182:Gastein Convention 2119:The Grand Duchess 2117: 2094:Federal Convention 2036:Federal Convention 1963: 1844: 1720: 1702: 1584:judicial districts 1455:Heinrich Karl Jaup 1442:Ludwig Minnigerode 1394: 1291:Congress of Vienna 1239:Schiffenberg Abbey 1146: 1138: 1125:1806 establishment 995:was governed as a 980:Kingdom of Bavaria 943:Congress of Vienna 848:Hessian Hinterland 780:extended into the 759:Hessian Hinterland 723: 715: 302:Minister-President 10838: 10837: 10465: 10464: 10409: 10401: 10231: 10230: 10185: 10184: 10111: 10098: 10011: 10010: 9955:Ernestine duchies 9701: 9700: 9674: 9673: 9458: 9457: 9370: 9369: 9226:978-3-88462-330-5 9066:978-3-942225-01-4 9027:978-3-927127-12-8 8937:Franz, Eckhart G. 8667:Hoffmann, p. 154. 8551:Reinhard Dietrich 7899:Cosack, pp. 15 f. 6967:Art. XIV, Abs. 2 6474:Dienstnachrichten 5489:Hans Christiansen 5459:, especially the 5410:, which is now a 5258: 5257: 4786:telephone network 4628:Offenbach am Main 4433:Griesheim Airport 4404:industrialisation 3981:Samson Rothschild 3868:Joseph Vitus Burg 3854:, which became a 3840:Provida solersque 3659:mediatised houses 3509:Ministerpräsident 3362: 3361: 3106:Volksstaat Hessen 2981:, Darmstadt, 1906 2716:Political reforms 2541:and his children. 2366:of Prussia, 1868. 2270:on 24 July 1866. 2250:Duchy of Holstein 2040:Otto von Bismarck 1993:Internal politics 1771:summary execution 1323:The neighbouring 1306:Fortress of Mainz 1211:mediatised houses 1178:Holy Roman Empire 1166:Napoleonic France 1006:to the southwest; 920:Offenbach am Main 659:mediatised houses 630:Holy Roman Empire 564: 563: 560: 559: 556: 555: 536: 535: 531:Holy Roman Empire 391:German Revolution 16:(Redirected from 10898: 10891:Former countries 10831: 10822: 10737:Schaumburg-Lippe 10732: 10724: 10694: 10612: 10591: 10561: 10492: 10485: 10478: 10469: 10468: 10414:Schaumburg-Lippe 10407: 10399: 10297: 10258: 10251: 10244: 10235: 10234: 10155: 10154: 10145: 10144: 10122: 10121: 10109: 10104: 10103: 10096: 10091: 10090: 10081: 10080: 10075:Reuss-Lobenstein 10071: 10070: 10042:Schaumburg-Lippe 10020: 10019: 9999: 9991: 9983: 9975: 9967: 9946: 9938: 9930: 9922: 9910:Anhalt (Ascania) 9891: 9870: 9869: 9762: 9728: 9721: 9714: 9705: 9704: 9644:Schaumburg-Lippe 9469: 9468: 9388: 9387: 9378: 9305: 9304: 9280: 9273: 9266: 9257: 9256: 9230: 9190: 9178: 9149: 9137: 9131: 9123: 9114: 9105: 9096: 9070: 9040: 9031: 9012: 9006: 8998: 8979: 8944: 8932: 8923: 8917: 8909: 8897: 8871: 8864: 8858: 8851: 8845: 8842: 8836: 8826: 8820: 8810: 8804: 8781: 8775: 8768: 8762: 8749: 8743: 8740: 8734: 8733:Mayer, pp. 60 f. 8731: 8725: 8718: 8712: 8705: 8699: 8687: 8681: 8674: 8668: 8665: 8659: 8652: 8641: 8629: 8623: 8611: 8605: 8591: 8585: 8578: 8572: 8570: 8559: 8548: 8542: 8535: 8529: 8522: 8516: 8500: 8494: 8487: 8481: 8474: 8457: 8450: 8444: 8434: 8428: 8421: 8415: 8408: 8402: 8395: 8389: 8379: 8373: 8363: 8357: 8347: 8341: 8331: 8322: 8315: 8309: 8299: 8293: 8286: 8280: 8273: 8267: 8257: 8251: 8244: 8238: 8226: 8220: 8213: 8207: 8200: 8194: 8191: 8185: 8175: 8169: 8158: 8152: 8145: 8139: 8132: 8126: 8113: 8107: 8100:Vincenzo Nussi, 8098: 8092: 8085: 8074: 8071: 8065: 8058: 8052: 8045: 8032: 8025: 8019: 8011: 8005: 7998: 7989: 7982: 7976: 7962: 7956: 7944: 7938: 7935: 7929: 7906: 7900: 7897: 7891: 7859: 7853: 7841: 7835: 7832: 7826: 7813: 7807: 7804: 7798: 7786: 7780: 7768: 7762: 7755: 7749: 7746: 7740: 7737: 7731: 7718: 7712: 7700: 7694: 7682: 7673: 7660: 7651: 7646: 7640: 7635: 7629: 7623: 7617: 7611: 7605: 7598: 7592: 7582: 7576: 7569: 7563: 7556: 7547: 7538: 7532: 7525: 7519: 7516: 7507: 7500: 7494: 7403: 7397: 7390: 7384: 7377: 7371: 7364: 7358: 7348: 7342: 7332: 7326: 7319: 7313: 7306: 7297: 7290: 7284: 7277: 7271: 7264: 7258: 7246: 7240: 7228: 7222: 7210: 7204: 7188: 7182: 7170: 7164: 7152: 7143: 7136: 7130: 7123: 7117: 7105: 7099: 7092: 7086: 7073: 7067: 7055: 7049: 7042: 7029: 7022: 7016: 7009: 7003: 6996: 6987: 6980: 6974: 6965: 6959: 6950: 6944: 6935: 6929: 6926: 6920: 6913: 6907: 6900: 6894: 6882: 6876: 6862: 6856: 6849: 6840: 6833: 6822: 6815: 6809: 6802: 6796: 6789: 6783: 6776: 6770: 6763: 6754: 6742: 6736: 6729: 6723: 6716: 6710: 6698: 6692: 6680: 6674: 6667: 6658: 6646: 6640: 6628: 6622: 6610: 6604: 6592: 6586: 6552: 6546: 6533: 6527: 6514: 6508: 6501: 6495: 6488: 6482: 6460: 6454: 6442: 6436: 6429: 6423: 6416: 6410: 6403: 6397: 6390: 6384: 6377: 6371: 6364: 6355: 6348: 6342: 6335: 6329: 6318: 6312: 6298: 6292: 6285: 6279: 6267: 6261: 6254: 6248: 6238: 6232: 6225: 6219: 6207: 6201: 6198: 6192: 6185: 6179: 6176: 6170: 6157: 6151: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6131: 6125: 6112: 6106: 6105:1820, p. 535 ff. 6078: 6072: 6065: 6059: 6052: 6046: 6039: 6033: 6026: 6020: 6006: 6000: 5993: 5987: 5980: 5974: 5973:Hoffmann, S. 31. 5971: 5965: 5962: 5956: 5953: 5947: 5936: 5930: 5927: 5921: 5914: 5908: 5905: 5899: 5896: 5890: 5883: 5877: 5870: 5864: 5858: 5852: 5842: 5836: 5825: 5819: 5812: 5806: 5799: 5793: 5782: 5776: 5769: 5763: 5762:, pp. 54 f. 5757: 5751: 5745: 5739: 5733: 5727: 5722: 5716: 5713: 5707: 5700: 5683: 5680: 5674: 5671: 5665: 5658:Anif declaration 5651: 5645: 5643: 5631: 5625: 5622: 5616: 5608: 5560: 5516: 5501: 5369: 5350: 5339: 5324: 5316:National Theatre 5305: 5227: 5046: 5045: 4883: 4880: 4832: 4711: 4698: 4659: 4621: 4600: 4592:Prefere Paraform 4575: 4559: 4542: 4492:, which printed 4491: 4478: 4449: 4417:Great Exhibition 4401: 4390: 4351: 4333:at Mainz in 1842 4332: 4321: 4176: 4148:"H" until 1882. 4132: 4118:were created in 4077:Diocese of Fulda 4066: 3975:became mayor of 3963: 3954: 3926: 3916:Interior of the 3852:Diocese of Mainz 3848: 3793:summus episcopus 3790: 3779: 3472:substantive laws 3436: 3413: 3387: 3336: 3301: 3277:13 June 1877 in 3266: 3234: 3210:6 April 1830 in 3199:14 June 1753 in 3196: 3189: 3156: 3155: 2965: 2940:worker's village 2937: 2908:to organise the 2844: 2777:and because the 2735: 2639: 2628: 2613: 2605:Jurisdiction Act 2602: 2589: 2568: 2560:Hessian military 2507: 2499:Karl von Hofmann 2496: 2421: 2406:Adjutant general 2328: 2313: 2287: 2235:Prince Alexander 2115:in December 1860 2091: 2080: 2069: 1975: 1960: 1912:Regierungsbezirk 1893:private property 1861: 1840:Eduard von Heuss 1813:, a pamphlet by 1798: 1724:Karlsbad Decrees 1717: 1669:economic freedom 1659:Economic reforms 1638: 1570: 1551: 1540: 1506: 1476: 1463: 1450: 1437: 1424: 1391: 1356: 1265: 1247: 1189: 1168:, but after the 1100: 1056: 1037: 1029:Wetzler district 1022: 802: 779: 771:Wimpfen district 671:1848 revolutions 604: 575: 552: 551: 540: 539: 527: 526: 513: 512: 506: 505: 490: 489: 153: 138: 128: 124: 90: 76: 58: 50: 39: 38: 21: 10906: 10905: 10901: 10900: 10899: 10897: 10896: 10895: 10841: 10840: 10839: 10834: 10800: 10796:Alsace–Lorraine 10784: 10756: 10730: 10722: 10702: 10692: 10656: 10652:Weimar-Eisenach 10632:Hesse-Darmstadt 10613: 10604: 10556:and the former 10552:(including the 10551: 10522: 10502: 10496: 10466: 10461: 10433: 10379: 10336: 10332:Weimar-Eisenach 10312:Hesse-Darmstadt 10298: 10289: 10268: 10262: 10232: 10227: 10216: 10181: 10158: 10152: 10151: 10142: 10141: 10125: 10119: 10118: 10101: 10100: 10088: 10087: 10078: 10077: 10068: 10067: 10065:Reuss-Ebersdorf 10051: 10007: 9997: 9989: 9987:Gotha-Altenburg 9981: 9973: 9971:Coburg-Saalfeld 9965: 9949: 9944: 9936: 9928: 9920: 9904: 9889: 9861: 9857:Weimar-Eisenach 9832:Hesse-Darmstadt 9815: 9799: 9763: 9754: 9738: 9732: 9702: 9697: 9670: 9568: 9515: 9511:Weimar-Eisenach 9486:Gotha-Altenburg 9481:Coburg-Saalfeld 9464: 9454: 9428: 9402: 9379: 9366: 9350: 9329: 9297: 9291: 9284: 9237: 9227: 9167:10.2307/1429433 9125: 9124: 9093: 9075:Reuling, Ulrich 9067: 9028: 9000: 8999: 8976: 8954:Berding, Helmut 8911: 8910: 8884:Brand, Ulrich. 8880: 8875: 8874: 8865: 8861: 8852: 8848: 8843: 8839: 8827: 8823: 8811: 8807: 8782: 8778: 8769: 8765: 8750: 8746: 8741: 8737: 8732: 8728: 8719: 8715: 8706: 8702: 8688: 8684: 8675: 8671: 8666: 8662: 8653: 8644: 8630: 8626: 8612: 8608: 8592: 8588: 8579: 8575: 8564: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8536: 8532: 8523: 8519: 8501: 8497: 8488: 8484: 8475: 8460: 8451: 8447: 8435: 8431: 8422: 8418: 8409: 8405: 8396: 8392: 8380: 8376: 8364: 8360: 8348: 8344: 8332: 8325: 8316: 8312: 8300: 8296: 8287: 8283: 8274: 8270: 8258: 8254: 8245: 8241: 8227: 8223: 8214: 8210: 8201: 8197: 8193:Cosack, p. 143. 8192: 8188: 8176: 8172: 8159: 8155: 8146: 8142: 8133: 8129: 8114: 8110: 8099: 8095: 8086: 8077: 8073:Cosack, p. 142. 8072: 8068: 8059: 8055: 8046: 8035: 8026: 8022: 8012: 8008: 7999: 7992: 7983: 7979: 7973:Wayback Machine 7963: 7959: 7945: 7941: 7936: 7932: 7907: 7903: 7898: 7894: 7860: 7856: 7842: 7838: 7833: 7829: 7814: 7810: 7805: 7801: 7787: 7783: 7769: 7765: 7756: 7752: 7747: 7743: 7738: 7734: 7719: 7715: 7701: 7697: 7683: 7676: 7661: 7654: 7647: 7643: 7636: 7632: 7624: 7620: 7612: 7608: 7599: 7595: 7583: 7579: 7570: 7566: 7557: 7550: 7539: 7535: 7526: 7522: 7518:Cosack, p. 137. 7517: 7510: 7501: 7497: 7482: 7466: 7444: 7428: 7416: 7404: 7400: 7391: 7387: 7378: 7374: 7365: 7361: 7349: 7345: 7333: 7329: 7320: 7316: 7307: 7300: 7291: 7287: 7278: 7274: 7265: 7261: 7247: 7243: 7229: 7225: 7211: 7207: 7189: 7185: 7171: 7167: 7153: 7146: 7137: 7133: 7124: 7120: 7106: 7102: 7093: 7089: 7074: 7070: 7056: 7052: 7043: 7032: 7023: 7019: 7010: 7006: 6997: 6990: 6981: 6977: 6966: 6962: 6951: 6947: 6936: 6932: 6927: 6923: 6914: 6910: 6901: 6897: 6883: 6879: 6869:Wormser Zeitung 6863: 6859: 6850: 6843: 6834: 6825: 6816: 6812: 6803: 6799: 6790: 6786: 6777: 6773: 6764: 6757: 6743: 6739: 6730: 6726: 6717: 6713: 6699: 6695: 6681: 6677: 6668: 6661: 6647: 6643: 6629: 6625: 6611: 6607: 6593: 6589: 6575: 6564: 6553: 6549: 6534: 6530: 6515: 6511: 6502: 6498: 6489: 6485: 6461: 6457: 6443: 6439: 6430: 6426: 6417: 6413: 6404: 6400: 6391: 6387: 6378: 6374: 6365: 6358: 6349: 6345: 6336: 6332: 6319: 6315: 6309:Wayback Machine 6299: 6295: 6286: 6282: 6268: 6264: 6255: 6251: 6239: 6235: 6226: 6222: 6208: 6204: 6199: 6195: 6186: 6182: 6177: 6173: 6158: 6154: 6149: 6145: 6132: 6128: 6113: 6109: 6091:Wayback Machine 6079: 6075: 6066: 6062: 6053: 6049: 6040: 6036: 6027: 6023: 6007: 6003: 5994: 5990: 5981: 5977: 5972: 5968: 5964:Schmidt, p. 44. 5963: 5959: 5955:Schmidt, p. 39. 5954: 5950: 5937: 5933: 5929:Schmidt, p. 38. 5928: 5924: 5915: 5911: 5907:Schmidt, p. 33. 5906: 5902: 5898:Schmidt, S. 30. 5897: 5893: 5884: 5880: 5871: 5867: 5859: 5855: 5843: 5839: 5826: 5822: 5813: 5809: 5800: 5796: 5783: 5779: 5770: 5766: 5758: 5754: 5746: 5742: 5734: 5730: 5723: 5719: 5714: 5710: 5701: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5677: 5672: 5668: 5652: 5648: 5637: 5632: 5628: 5623: 5619: 5609: 5605: 5600: 5583: 5554: 5523: 5510: 5495: 5473:Artists' Colony 5433: 5427: 5406:(gatehouse) at 5388:(gatehouse) at 5376: 5363: 5344: 5329: 5318: 5299: 5271: 5266: 5221: 5217: 5212: 5087:Private railway 5049:Railway company 4926: 4914:Main articles: 4912: 4903:Stadt Frankfurt 4881: 4866: 4826: 4794: 4792:Street vehicles 4741: 4736: 4728:street lighting 4705: 4692: 4679:sewing machines 4653: 4615: 4594: 4569: 4553: 4536: 4485: 4472: 4443: 4395: 4391:. In 1842, the 4384: 4345: 4326: 4315: 4302: 4207:units of volume 4170: 4154: 4126: 4060: 4035: 4009: 3989: 3948: 3920: 3895: 3858:diocese of the 3842: 3830:sealed its own 3815: 3801: 3784: 3773: 3763:National Church 3733: 3728: 3691: 3655: 3650: 3637: 3576: 3534: 3480: 3463: 3450: 3430: 3420: 3407: 3381: 3367: 3345: 3328: 3293: 3258: 3226: 3187: 3186: 3184: 3135: 3122:Residenzschloss 3114: 3069:as part of the 3063: 2972: 2970:Cultural policy 2959: 2931: 2916:for the cause. 2838: 2816: 2763:national church 2729: 2718: 2692:First World War 2633: 2622: 2607: 2596: 2583: 2562: 2515: 2501: 2490: 2472:Hall of Mirrors 2455: 2449: 2444: 2432:Luther Monument 2415: 2409:Adolf von Bonin 2350: 2342:war indemnities 2322: 2307: 2294: 2281: 2215: 2194: 2169: 2102: 2085: 2074: 2063: 2048: 2012: 1995: 1969: 1954: 1945: 1937:census suffrage 1901: 1855: 1849: 1829: 1823: 1792: 1779:Södel Bloodbath 1735:July Revolution 1711: 1688: 1686:July Revolution 1682: 1661: 1649: 1632: 1597: 1564: 1562:Landratsbezirke 1545: 1534: 1532:Landratsbezirke 1516: 1500: 1498:Ludwigsmonument 1470: 1457: 1444: 1431: 1418: 1385: 1383:Ludwigsmonument 1375: 1370: 1352: 1287: 1259: 1253:Napoleonic Code 1241: 1233:, amalgamating 1227: 1185: 1180:and joined the 1158:Hesse-Darmstadt 1156:, Landgrave of 1150:Napoleonic Wars 1127: 1122: 1094: 1072:The exclave of 1050: 1046:The exclave of 1031: 1016: 932: 821:Duchy of Nassau 796: 790: 773: 707: 623:Hesse-Darmstadt 600: 595:in 1806 as the 571: 549: 524: 510: 477: 467: 457: 456: 411: 396:9 November 1918 393: 380: 369: 360:Napoleonic Wars 333:Christian Ewald 329: 317: 287: 275: 242: 201: 156: 144: 129: 127:"Song of Hesse" 126: 125: 109: 98: 97: 96: 91: 83: 82: 77: 59: 52: 44: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10904: 10894: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10853: 10836: 10835: 10833: 10832: 10823: 10814: 10808: 10806: 10802: 10801: 10799: 10798: 10792: 10790: 10786: 10785: 10783: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10766: 10764: 10758: 10757: 10755: 10754: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10726: 10718: 10712: 10710: 10708:Principalities 10704: 10703: 10701: 10700: 10695: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10666: 10664: 10658: 10657: 10655: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10623: 10621: 10615: 10614: 10607: 10605: 10603: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10516: 10510: 10508: 10504: 10503: 10495: 10494: 10487: 10480: 10472: 10463: 10462: 10460: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10443: 10441: 10435: 10434: 10432: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10403: 10395: 10389: 10387: 10385:Principalities 10381: 10380: 10378: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10346: 10344: 10338: 10337: 10335: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10308: 10306: 10300: 10299: 10292: 10290: 10288: 10287: 10282: 10276: 10274: 10270: 10269: 10261: 10260: 10253: 10246: 10238: 10229: 10228: 10226: 10225: 10221: 10218: 10217: 10215: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10193: 10191: 10187: 10186: 10183: 10182: 10180: 10179: 10174: 10168: 10166: 10160: 10159: 10157: 10156: 10146: 10135: 10133: 10127: 10126: 10124: 10123: 10113: 10105: 10092: 10082: 10072: 10061: 10059: 10053: 10052: 10050: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10029: 10023: 10017: 10016:Principalities 10013: 10012: 10009: 10008: 10006: 10005: 10000: 9995:Hildburghausen 9992: 9984: 9976: 9968: 9959: 9957: 9951: 9950: 9948: 9947: 9939: 9931: 9923: 9914: 9912: 9906: 9905: 9903: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9884: 9879: 9873: 9867: 9863: 9862: 9860: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9823: 9821: 9817: 9816: 9814: 9813: 9807: 9805: 9801: 9800: 9798: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9771: 9769: 9765: 9764: 9757: 9755: 9753: 9752: 9746: 9744: 9740: 9739: 9731: 9730: 9723: 9716: 9708: 9699: 9698: 9696: 9695: 9692: 9689: 9686: 9683: 9679: 9676: 9675: 9672: 9671: 9669: 9668: 9663: 9662: 9661: 9656: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9635: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9593: 9592: 9587: 9576: 9574: 9573:Principalities 9570: 9569: 9567: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9545: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9523: 9521: 9517: 9516: 9514: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9491:Hildburghausen 9488: 9483: 9477: 9475: 9466: 9460: 9459: 9456: 9455: 9453: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9436: 9434: 9433:Principalities 9430: 9429: 9427: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9410: 9408: 9404: 9403: 9401: 9400: 9394: 9392: 9385: 9384:States created 9381: 9380: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9367: 9365: 9364: 9358: 9356: 9352: 9351: 9349: 9348: 9343: 9337: 9335: 9331: 9330: 9328: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9311: 9309: 9302: 9293: 9292: 9286:States of the 9283: 9282: 9275: 9268: 9260: 9254: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9236: 9235:External links 9233: 9232: 9231: 9225: 9212: 9211: 9210: 9199: 9179: 9150: 9138: 9115: 9106: 9097: 9091: 9071: 9065: 9045:Polley, Rainer 9041: 9032: 9026: 9013: 8990: 8980: 8974: 8962:Philippi, Hans 8945: 8933: 8924: 8902:Cosack, Konrad 8898: 8879: 8876: 8873: 8872: 8859: 8846: 8837: 8821: 8805: 8776: 8763: 8744: 8735: 8726: 8713: 8700: 8682: 8669: 8660: 8642: 8624: 8606: 8586: 8573: 8543: 8530: 8517: 8495: 8482: 8458: 8445: 8429: 8416: 8403: 8390: 8374: 8358: 8342: 8323: 8310: 8294: 8281: 8268: 8252: 8239: 8221: 8208: 8195: 8186: 8170: 8153: 8140: 8127: 8108: 8093: 8075: 8066: 8053: 8033: 8020: 8006: 7990: 7977: 7957: 7939: 7930: 7901: 7892: 7854: 7836: 7827: 7808: 7806:Cosack, p. 30. 7799: 7781: 7763: 7750: 7748:Cosack, p. 56. 7741: 7739:Cosack, p. 55. 7732: 7713: 7695: 7674: 7652: 7641: 7630: 7618: 7606: 7593: 7577: 7564: 7548: 7533: 7520: 7508: 7495: 7398: 7385: 7372: 7359: 7343: 7327: 7314: 7298: 7285: 7272: 7259: 7241: 7223: 7205: 7183: 7165: 7144: 7131: 7129:, pp. 866–869. 7118: 7100: 7087: 7068: 7050: 7030: 7017: 7004: 6988: 6975: 6960: 6945: 6930: 6921: 6908: 6895: 6877: 6857: 6841: 6823: 6810: 6797: 6784: 6771: 6755: 6737: 6724: 6711: 6693: 6675: 6659: 6641: 6623: 6605: 6587: 6547: 6528: 6509: 6496: 6483: 6455: 6437: 6424: 6411: 6398: 6385: 6372: 6356: 6343: 6330: 6313: 6293: 6280: 6262: 6249: 6247:. Leske, 1831. 6233: 6220: 6202: 6193: 6180: 6171: 6152: 6143: 6140:. p. 403. 6126: 6107: 6073: 6060: 6047: 6034: 6021: 6001: 5988: 5975: 5966: 5957: 5948: 5931: 5922: 5909: 5900: 5891: 5878: 5865: 5853: 5837: 5820: 5807: 5794: 5777: 5764: 5760:von Mayer 1891 5752: 5748:von Mayer 1891 5740: 5736:von Mayer 1891 5728: 5717: 5708: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5675: 5666: 5646: 5626: 5617: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5582: 5579: 5522: 5519: 5429:Main article: 5426: 5423: 5375: 5372: 5342:Rosenhöhe Park 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5202: 5199: 5196: 5193: 5190: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5172: 5169: 5163: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5143: 5142: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5100: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5062: 5061:Company closed 5059: 5056: 5053: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5014: 5013: 5007: 4998: 4966:Taunus Railway 4911: 4908: 4872:Rhine steamer 4865: 4864:Rhine shipping 4862: 4835: 4834: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4793: 4790: 4740: 4739:Communications 4737: 4735: 4732: 4721: 4720: 4719: 4718: 4712: 4700: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4667: 4666: 4665: 4651:Friedrich Koch 4642: 4639:synthetic dyes 4625: 4624: 4623: 4610: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4564: 4561: 4548: 4547:wine producer) 4531: 4506: 4505: 4500: 4499: 4498: 4497: 4480: 4470:Darmstadt Bank 4467: 4464: 4343:Darmstadt Bank 4301: 4298: 4286: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4265: 4264: 4263: 4262: 4261:= ½ Liter 4255: 4244: 4243:) = 500 g 4222: 4153: 4150: 4034: 4031: 4008: 4005: 3988: 3985: 3894: 3891: 3819:secularisation 3811:Main article: 3800: 3797: 3782:national synod 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3690: 3687: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3636: 3633: 3613: 3612: 3609: 3602: 3599: 3575: 3572: 3533: 3530: 3529: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3479: 3476: 3462: 3459: 3449: 3446: 3419: 3416: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3349: 3340: 3337: 3330: 3317: 3316: 3313: 3308: 3302: 3295: 3282: 3281: 3275: 3270: 3267: 3260: 3247: 3246: 3243: 3238: 3235: 3228: 3215: 3214: 3208: 3203: 3197: 3190: 3173: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3134: 3131: 3113: 3110: 3062: 3059: 2971: 2968: 2902:LZ 10 Schwaben 2885:George Donatus 2836:Alice Hospital 2815: 2812: 2791: 2790: 2770: 2756: 2753:municipalities 2749: 2723: 2717: 2714: 2672:Queen Victoria 2668: 2667: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2649: 2648: 2647: 2644:Civil Law Book 2641: 2591: 2574: 2539:Queen Victoria 2514: 2511: 2451:Main article: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2383:Mainz district 2379:Mainz-Kostheim 2349: 2346: 2293: 2290: 2211:Main article: 2193: 2190: 2168: 2165: 2161:British models 2137:Queen Victoria 2101: 2098: 2056:Lesser Germany 2047: 2044: 2011: 2008: 1994: 1991: 1944: 1941: 1933:equal suffrage 1900: 1897: 1872:Louis-Philippe 1851:In the 1840s, 1848: 1845: 1825:Main article: 1822: 1819: 1737:in 1830: when 1694:Title page of 1684:Main article: 1681: 1678: 1660: 1657: 1648: 1645: 1626: 1625: 1618: 1596: 1593: 1525:first instance 1515: 1512: 1479: 1478: 1465: 1452: 1439: 1426: 1413: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1286: 1283: 1231:Teutonic Order 1226: 1223: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1089: 1088: 1081: 1070: 1040: 1039: 1010: 1007: 1000: 990: 983: 976: 973: 966:Rhine Province 958: 957: 946: 939: 931: 928: 877: 876: 837: 836: 789: 786: 706: 703: 667:liberalisation 562: 561: 558: 557: 554: 553: 546: 537: 534: 533: 528: 520: 519: 514: 502: 501: 496: 486: 485: 482: 481: 478: 475: 472: 471: 468: 465: 462: 461: 458: 454: 451: 450: 447: 446: 440: 439: 436: 432: 431: 428: 424: 423: 420: 416: 415: 412: 407: 406: 402: 401: 398: 397: 394: 388: 385: 384: 383:13 August 1806 381: 378: 375: 374: 371: 370: 368: 367: 362: 356: 354: 353:Historical era 350: 349: 344: 340: 339: 336: 335: 330: 327: 324: 323: 318: 315: 312: 311: 308: 307: 304: 298: 297: 294: 293: 288: 285: 282: 281: 276: 273: 270: 269: 266: 265: 262: 256: 255: 250: 244: 243: 241: 240: 235: 229: 227: 223: 222: 220:Hessian German 217: 213: 212: 207: 203: 202: 200: 199: 189: 188:(1867/70–1871) 182: 172: 164: 162: 158: 157: 154: 146: 145: 139: 131: 130: 111: 110: 107: 100: 99: 92: 85: 84: 78: 71: 70: 69: 66: 65: 61: 60: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10903: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10848: 10846: 10830: 10829: 10824: 10821: 10820: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10809: 10807: 10803: 10797: 10794: 10793: 10791: 10787: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10767: 10765: 10763: 10759: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10727: 10725: 10723:(Junior Line) 10719: 10717: 10714: 10713: 10711: 10709: 10705: 10699: 10696: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10667: 10665: 10663: 10659: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10624: 10622: 10620: 10619:Grand Duchies 10616: 10611: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10589: 10585: 10581: 10577: 10573: 10569: 10565: 10559: 10555: 10550: 10546: 10542: 10538: 10534: 10530: 10526: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10511: 10509: 10505: 10500: 10493: 10488: 10486: 10481: 10479: 10474: 10473: 10470: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10444: 10442: 10440: 10436: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10404: 10402: 10400:(Junior Line) 10396: 10394: 10391: 10390: 10388: 10386: 10382: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10347: 10345: 10343: 10339: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10309: 10307: 10305: 10304:Grand Duchies 10301: 10296: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10277: 10275: 10271: 10266: 10259: 10254: 10252: 10247: 10245: 10240: 10239: 10236: 10223: 10222: 10219: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10194: 10192: 10188: 10178: 10177:Sondershausen 10175: 10173: 10170: 10169: 10167: 10165: 10161: 10150: 10147: 10140: 10137: 10136: 10134: 10132: 10128: 10117: 10116:Reuss-Schleiz 10114: 10112: 10106: 10099: 10097:(Junior Line) 10093: 10086: 10083: 10076: 10073: 10066: 10063: 10062: 10060: 10058: 10054: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10032:Liechtenstein 10030: 10028: 10027:Hesse-Homburg 10025: 10024: 10021: 10018: 10014: 10004: 10001: 9996: 9993: 9988: 9985: 9980: 9977: 9972: 9969: 9964: 9961: 9960: 9958: 9956: 9952: 9943: 9940: 9935: 9932: 9927: 9924: 9919: 9916: 9915: 9913: 9911: 9907: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9874: 9871: 9868: 9864: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9824: 9822: 9820:Grand duchies 9818: 9812: 9809: 9808: 9806: 9802: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9772: 9770: 9766: 9761: 9751: 9748: 9747: 9745: 9741: 9736: 9729: 9724: 9722: 9717: 9715: 9710: 9709: 9706: 9693: 9690: 9687: 9684: 9681: 9680: 9677: 9667: 9664: 9660: 9659:Sondershausen 9657: 9655: 9652: 9651: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9614: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9607:Lippe-Detmold 9605: 9603: 9602:Liechtenstein 9600: 9598: 9595: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9582: 9581: 9578: 9577: 9575: 9571: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9529: 9528: 9525: 9524: 9522: 9520:Other duchies 9518: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9478: 9476: 9474: 9473:Saxon duchies 9470: 9467: 9461: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9440:Aschaffenburg 9438: 9437: 9435: 9431: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9411: 9409: 9407:Grand Duchies 9405: 9399: 9396: 9395: 9393: 9389: 9386: 9382: 9377: 9363: 9360: 9359: 9357: 9353: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9334:Grand Duchies 9332: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9312: 9310: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9296:Rank elevated 9294: 9289: 9281: 9276: 9274: 9269: 9267: 9262: 9261: 9258: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9238: 9228: 9222: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9204: 9200: 9198: 9197: 9192: 9191: 9188: 9185:(1829–1831). 9184: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9129: 9121: 9116: 9112: 9107: 9103: 9098: 9094: 9092:3-921254-95-7 9088: 9084: 9080: 9079:Schwind, Fred 9076: 9072: 9068: 9062: 9058: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9042: 9038: 9033: 9029: 9023: 9019: 9014: 9010: 9004: 8996: 8991: 8988: 8984: 8981: 8977: 8975:3-7708-1238-7 8971: 8967: 8963: 8959: 8955: 8951: 8946: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8930: 8925: 8921: 8915: 8907: 8903: 8899: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8882: 8881: 8869: 8863: 8856: 8850: 8841: 8834: 8830: 8825: 8818: 8814: 8809: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8780: 8773: 8767: 8760: 8756: 8753: 8748: 8739: 8730: 8723: 8717: 8710: 8704: 8697: 8693: 8692: 8686: 8679: 8673: 8664: 8657: 8651: 8649: 8647: 8639: 8635: 8634: 8628: 8621: 8617: 8616: 8610: 8603: 8602: 8597: 8596: 8590: 8583: 8577: 8568: 8563: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8540: 8534: 8527: 8521: 8514: 8512: 8507: 8505: 8499: 8492: 8486: 8479: 8473: 8471: 8469: 8467: 8465: 8463: 8455: 8449: 8442: 8438: 8433: 8426: 8420: 8413: 8407: 8400: 8394: 8387: 8383: 8378: 8371: 8367: 8362: 8355: 8351: 8346: 8340:, pp. 18–20). 8339: 8335: 8330: 8328: 8320: 8314: 8307: 8303: 8298: 8291: 8285: 8278: 8272: 8265: 8261: 8256: 8249: 8243: 8236: 8232: 8231: 8225: 8218: 8212: 8205: 8199: 8190: 8183: 8179: 8174: 8167: 8163: 8157: 8150: 8144: 8137: 8131: 8124: 8120: 8119: 8112: 8105: 8104: 8097: 8090: 8084: 8082: 8080: 8070: 8063: 8057: 8050: 8044: 8042: 8040: 8038: 8030: 8024: 8017: 8016: 8010: 8003: 7997: 7995: 7987: 7981: 7974: 7970: 7967: 7961: 7954: 7950: 7949: 7943: 7937:Cosack, S. 2. 7934: 7927: 7923: 7922: 7917: 7913: 7912: 7905: 7896: 7889: 7885: 7884: 7879: 7875: 7874: 7869: 7865: 7864: 7858: 7851: 7847: 7846: 7840: 7831: 7824: 7820: 7819: 7812: 7803: 7796: 7792: 7791: 7785: 7778: 7774: 7773: 7767: 7760: 7754: 7745: 7736: 7729: 7725: 7724: 7720:Art. 2 No. 7 7717: 7710: 7706: 7705: 7699: 7692: 7688: 7687: 7681: 7679: 7671: 7667: 7666: 7659: 7657: 7650: 7645: 7639: 7634: 7627: 7622: 7615: 7610: 7603: 7597: 7590: 7586: 7585:Manfred Knodt 7581: 7574: 7568: 7561: 7555: 7553: 7545: 7544: 7537: 7530: 7524: 7515: 7513: 7505: 7499: 7492: 7488: 7487: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7471: 7464: 7460: 7459: 7454: 7450: 7449: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7433: 7426: 7422: 7421: 7414: 7410: 7409: 7402: 7395: 7389: 7382: 7376: 7369: 7363: 7356: 7352: 7347: 7340: 7336: 7331: 7324: 7318: 7311: 7305: 7303: 7295: 7289: 7282: 7276: 7269: 7263: 7256: 7252: 7251: 7245: 7238: 7234: 7233: 7227: 7220: 7216: 7215: 7209: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7193: 7187: 7180: 7176: 7175: 7169: 7162: 7158: 7157: 7151: 7149: 7141: 7135: 7128: 7122: 7115: 7111: 7110: 7104: 7097: 7091: 7084: 7080: 7079: 7072: 7065: 7061: 7060: 7054: 7047: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7027: 7021: 7014: 7008: 7001: 6995: 6993: 6985: 6979: 6972: 6971: 6964: 6957: 6956: 6949: 6942: 6941: 6934: 6925: 6918: 6912: 6905: 6899: 6892: 6888: 6887: 6881: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6861: 6854: 6848: 6846: 6838: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6820: 6814: 6807: 6801: 6794: 6788: 6781: 6775: 6768: 6762: 6760: 6752: 6748: 6747: 6741: 6734: 6728: 6721: 6715: 6708: 6704: 6703: 6697: 6690: 6686: 6685: 6679: 6672: 6666: 6664: 6656: 6652: 6651: 6645: 6638: 6634: 6633: 6627: 6620: 6616: 6615: 6609: 6602: 6598: 6597: 6591: 6584: 6580: 6579: 6573: 6569: 6568: 6562: 6558: 6557: 6551: 6544: 6540: 6539: 6532: 6525: 6521: 6520: 6513: 6506: 6500: 6493: 6487: 6480: 6476: 6475: 6470: 6466: 6465: 6459: 6452: 6448: 6447: 6441: 6434: 6428: 6421: 6415: 6408: 6402: 6395: 6389: 6382: 6376: 6369: 6363: 6361: 6353: 6347: 6340: 6334: 6327: 6323: 6317: 6310: 6306: 6303: 6297: 6290: 6284: 6277: 6273: 6272: 6266: 6259: 6253: 6246: 6242: 6237: 6230: 6224: 6217: 6213: 6212: 6206: 6197: 6190: 6184: 6175: 6168: 6164: 6163: 6156: 6147: 6139: 6138: 6130: 6123: 6119: 6118: 6111: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6077: 6070: 6064: 6057: 6051: 6044: 6038: 6031: 6025: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6005: 5998: 5995:Uta Ziegler, 5992: 5985: 5979: 5970: 5961: 5952: 5945: 5941: 5935: 5926: 5919: 5913: 5904: 5895: 5888: 5882: 5875: 5869: 5862: 5857: 5850: 5846: 5841: 5834: 5830: 5824: 5817: 5811: 5804: 5798: 5791: 5787: 5781: 5775:, S. 686–690. 5774: 5768: 5761: 5756: 5750:, p. 54. 5749: 5744: 5738:, p. 55. 5737: 5732: 5726: 5721: 5715:Mayer, p. 53. 5712: 5705: 5699: 5695: 5679: 5670: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5650: 5641: 5636: 5630: 5621: 5615:, pp. 709 f.) 5614: 5607: 5603: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5536: 5532: 5527: 5518: 5514: 5509: 5505: 5499: 5494: 5493:Ludwig Habich 5490: 5486: 5485:Peter Behrens 5482: 5481:Mathildenhöhe 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5449: 5442: 5441:Mathildenhöhe 5437: 5432: 5422: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5402: 5398: 5391: 5387: 5384: 5380: 5371: 5367: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5353:masonic lodge 5348: 5343: 5337: 5333: 5328: 5322: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5303: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5275: 5261: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5231: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5154: 5151: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5085: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5060: 5058:Establishment 5057: 5054: 5051: 5048: 5047: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4978: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4961: 4959: 4951: 4947: 4942: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4907: 4905: 4904: 4898: 4893: 4891: 4877: 4876: 4870: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4846: 4843: 4842:Roman numeral 4839: 4830: 4825: 4822:Mainz–Worms ( 4821: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4803: 4802:expropriation 4799: 4789: 4787: 4782: 4780: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4747:Stamp of the 4745: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4716: 4715:Soluble glass 4713: 4709: 4704: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4668: 4663: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4647: 4646: 4643: 4640: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4626: 4619: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4588: 4587: 4584: 4579: 4573: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4540: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4507: 4502: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4484: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4455: 4454: 4451: 4447: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4399: 4394: 4388: 4383: 4374: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4330: 4325: 4319: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4297: 4293: 4291: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4273: 4272: 4271: 4268: 4260: 4256: 4253: 4249: 4248:Hundredweight 4245: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4220: 4216: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4179:metric system 4174: 4169: 4165: 4163: 4159: 4149: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4136: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4115: 4113: 4112:Vereinsthaler 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4050: 4044: 4039: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4019:customs union 4015: 4004: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3984: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3967: 3962: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3939: 3934: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3863: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3814: 3805: 3796: 3794: 3788: 3783: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3731:Protestantism 3723: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3703:United States 3700: 3696: 3686: 3682: 3679: 3675: 3674:imperial diet 3671: 3666: 3664: 3660: 3645: 3643: 3632: 3630: 3625: 3622: 3618: 3610: 3607: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3596: 3595: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3571: 3569: 3564: 3562: 3561: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3458: 3456: 3448:Lower Chamber 3445: 3442: 3440: 3434: 3429: 3425: 3418:Upper chamber 3415: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3398: 3394: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3322: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3284: 3283: 3280: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3217: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3195: 3191: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3147:head of state 3144: 3140: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3041: 3036: 3032: 3030: 3029:Alfred Messel 3026: 3022: 3017: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2997: 2987: 2980: 2976: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2944:Mathildenhöhe 2941: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2899:and with the 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2847:Luise Büchner 2842: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2820: 2814:Social policy 2811: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2768: 2764: 2761: 2757: 2754: 2750: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2733: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2719: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2693: 2688: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2651: 2645: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2611: 2606: 2600: 2595: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2579: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2571:Prussian Army 2566: 2561: 2557: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2548: 2547:German Empire 2540: 2535: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2466:1870. At the 2464: 2460: 2454: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2394:Prussian Army 2390: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2365: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2345: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2335:Hesse-Homburg 2332: 2326: 2321: 2317: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2299: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2260:Aschaffenburg 2256: 2251: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2225: 2220: 2214: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2173:middle powers 2164: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2145:Isle of Wight 2142: 2141:Osborne House 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2114: 2111:and his wife 2110: 2106: 2097: 2095: 2089: 2084: 2078: 2073: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2053: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2007: 2005: 2004:United States 2001: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1973: 1968: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1931: 1926: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1896: 1894: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1859: 1854: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1818: 1816: 1815:Georg Büchner 1812: 1811: 1805: 1803: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1699: 1698: 1692: 1687: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1656: 1654: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1604:Bürgermeister 1601: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1568: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1554:Dominiallande 1549: 1544: 1543:Landgerichten 1538: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1484: 1474: 1469: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1429:Claus Kröncke 1427: 1422: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1300: 1299:Mont-Tonnerre 1296: 1292: 1282: 1280: 1275: 1272: 1271:French Empire 1267: 1263: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1222: 1220: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1142: 1135: 1131: 1117: 1115: 1110: 1109:Hesse-Homburg 1106: 1104: 1098: 1093: 1086: 1082: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1054: 1049: 1048:Vöhl district 1045: 1044: 1043: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1001: 998: 994: 991: 989:to the south; 988: 984: 981: 977: 974: 971: 967: 964:The Prussian 963: 962: 961: 955: 951: 947: 944: 940: 937: 936: 935: 927: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 892:fruit growing 889: 885: 884:Rhenish Hesse 881: 874: 873: 872: 870: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 834: 833: 832: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 813:Rhenish Hesse 810: 806: 800: 795: 785: 783: 777: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 719: 711: 702: 700: 696: 692: 688: 687:German Empire 684: 680: 676: 672: 669:. During the 668: 664: 663:Standesherren 660: 655: 654:Rhenish Hesse 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 626: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 603: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 569: 547: 545: 542: 541: 538: 532: 529: 522: 521: 518: 515: 508: 507: 504: 503: 500: 497: 495: 492: 491: 487: 483: 479: 473: 469: 463: 459: 452: 448: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 408: 403: 399: 395: 392: 386: 382: 376: 372: 366: 363: 361: 358: 357: 355: 351: 348: 345: 341: 337: 334: 331: 325: 322: 319: 313: 309: 305: 303: 299: 295: 292: 289: 283: 280: 277: 271: 267: 263: 261: 257: 254: 251: 249: 245: 239: 236: 234: 233:Protestantism 231: 230: 228: 224: 221: 218: 214: 211: 208: 204: 197: 196:German Empire 193: 192:Federal State 190: 187: 184:State of the 183: 180: 176: 173: 170: 167:State of the 166: 165: 163: 159: 152: 147: 143: 142:German Empire 137: 132: 123: 122: 116: 112: 105: 101: 95: 89: 81: 75: 67: 62: 56: 49: 40: 35: 34:Rhenish Hesse 30: 19: 10828:Mitteleuropa 10819:Mittelafrika 10731:(Elder Line) 10729:Reuss-Greiz 10693:(until 1876) 10685:Coburg-Gotha 10631: 10588:West Prussia 10545:Hohenzollern 10541:Hesse-Nassau 10533:East Prussia 10408:(Elder Line) 10406:Reuss-Greiz 10365:Coburg-Gotha 10311: 10153:(until 1850) 10143:(until 1850) 10131:Hohenzollern 10120:(until 1848) 10110:(Elder Line) 10108:Reuss-Greiz 10079:(until 1824) 10069:(until 1824) 9998:(until 1826) 9990:(until 1826) 9979:Coburg-Gotha 9974:(until 1826) 9945:(until 1847) 9937:(until 1863) 9929:(until 1863) 9831: 9811:Hesse-Kassel 9580:Hohenzollern 9463:Pre-existing 9345: 9216: 9202: 9195: 9186: 9158: 9154: 9145: 9119: 9110: 9101: 9082: 9052: 9036: 9017: 8997:. Darmstadt. 8994: 8986: 8965: 8958:Moraw, Peter 8940: 8928: 8905: 8885: 8878:Bibliography 8867: 8862: 8854: 8849: 8840: 8832: 8824: 8816: 8808: 8800: 8796: 8792: 8784: 8779: 8771: 8766: 8758: 8754: 8747: 8742:Mayer, p. 59 8738: 8729: 8721: 8716: 8708: 8703: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680:, pp. 876 f. 8677: 8672: 8663: 8655: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8581: 8576: 8562:Der Wormsgau 8546: 8538: 8533: 8525: 8520: 8509: 8503: 8498: 8490: 8485: 8477: 8454:Der Wormsgau 8448: 8443:, pp. 41–44. 8441:Verordnungen 8440: 8436: 8432: 8425:Verordnungen 8424: 8419: 8412:Verordnungen 8411: 8406: 8399:Verordnungen 8398: 8393: 8388:, pp. 13–18. 8386:Verordnungen 8385: 8381: 8377: 8370:Verordnungen 8369: 8365: 8361: 8354:Verordnungen 8353: 8349: 8345: 8338:Verordnungen 8337: 8333: 8319:Verordnungen 8318: 8313: 8305: 8297: 8290:Verordnungen 8289: 8284: 8276: 8271: 8263: 8255: 8247: 8242: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8216: 8211: 8203: 8198: 8189: 8181: 8178:Fritz Reuter 8173: 8165: 8156: 8148: 8143: 8135: 8130: 8122: 8117: 8111: 8102: 8096: 8088: 8069: 8061: 8056: 8048: 8028: 8023: 8014: 8009: 8001: 7985: 7980: 7960: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7933: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7908:Art. 52.2.3 7904: 7895: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7830: 7822: 7817: 7811: 7802: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7758: 7753: 7744: 7735: 7727: 7722: 7716: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7690: 7685: 7669: 7664: 7648: 7644: 7637: 7633: 7625: 7621: 7613: 7609: 7601: 7596: 7588: 7580: 7572: 7567: 7559: 7542: 7536: 7528: 7523: 7503: 7498: 7490: 7485: 7478: 7474: 7469: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7440: 7436: 7431: 7424: 7419: 7412: 7407: 7401: 7393: 7388: 7380: 7375: 7367: 7362: 7357:, pp. 110 f. 7354: 7350: 7346: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7325:, pp. 110 f. 7322: 7317: 7309: 7293: 7288: 7280: 7275: 7267: 7262: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7200: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7160: 7155: 7139: 7134: 7126: 7121: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7095: 7090: 7082: 7077: 7071: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7045: 7025: 7020: 7012: 7007: 6999: 6983: 6978: 6969: 6963: 6954: 6948: 6939: 6933: 6924: 6916: 6911: 6903: 6898: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6872: 6860: 6855:, pp. 839 f. 6852: 6836: 6818: 6813: 6805: 6800: 6795:, pp. 834 f. 6792: 6787: 6779: 6774: 6766: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735:, pp. 828 f. 6732: 6727: 6719: 6714: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6670: 6654: 6653:, in LAGIS, 6649: 6644: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6582: 6577: 6571: 6566: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6542: 6537: 6531: 6523: 6518: 6512: 6507:, pp. 809 f. 6504: 6499: 6491: 6486: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6432: 6427: 6419: 6414: 6406: 6401: 6396:, pp. 798 f. 6393: 6388: 6383:, pp. 784 f. 6380: 6375: 6367: 6351: 6346: 6341:, pp. 766 f. 6338: 6333: 6325: 6316: 6296: 6288: 6283: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6257: 6252: 6244: 6236: 6228: 6223: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6196: 6188: 6183: 6174: 6166: 6161: 6155: 6146: 6136: 6129: 6121: 6115: 6110: 6102: 6098: 6095:Horst Dreier 6081: 6076: 6068: 6063: 6055: 6050: 6042: 6037: 6029: 6024: 6012: 6009:Ewald Grothe 6004: 5996: 5991: 5983: 5978: 5969: 5960: 5951: 5934: 5925: 5912: 5903: 5894: 5881: 5873: 5868: 5861:Schmitt 1983 5856: 5848: 5840: 5832: 5823: 5815: 5810: 5802: 5797: 5789: 5780: 5772: 5767: 5755: 5743: 5731: 5720: 5711: 5703: 5698: 5678: 5669: 5649: 5629: 5620: 5612: 5606: 5575:Hohen-Sülzen 5540: 5537:is 1 km away 5534: 5530: 5454: 5443:in Darmstadt 5419: 5408:Lorsch Abbey 5403: 5394: 5390:Lorsch Abbey 5385: 5293:city planner 5285:Georg Moller 5283: 5279:Georg Moller 5269:Architecture 5259: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232:(sections). 5211:, 1849–1869) 5209:Hesse-Kessel 5015: 4974: 4962: 4955: 4902: 4894: 4886: 4874: 4847: 4836: 4806: 4798:road network 4795: 4783: 4776: 4772:post offices 4753: 4722: 4660:, producing 4603:acetic acids 4452: 4429:August Euler 4379: 4352:in Darmstadt 4300:Corporations 4294: 4289: 4287: 4275: 4269: 4266: 4251: 4240: 4218: 4198: 4190: 4166: 4155: 4139: 4120:Philadelphia 4116: 4093: 4073:Final recess 4070: 4010: 3990: 3970: 3957: 3943: 3938:antisemitism 3930: 3882: 3876: 3864: 3838: 3816: 3792: 3767:presbyterian 3753: 3734: 3718: 3715:Groß-Zimmern 3698: 3692: 3683: 3667: 3662: 3656: 3648:Demographics 3638: 3628: 3626: 3614: 3593: 3567: 3565: 3558: 3535: 3513: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3481: 3467: 3464: 3451: 3443: 3421: 3390: 3325:Ernst Ludwig 3324: 3321:Ernest Louis 3289: 3254: 3222: 3180: 3136: 3121: 3105: 3083: 3081:airstrikes. 3064: 3057:since 2021. 3045: 3021:Ernest Louis 3018: 2994: 2992: 2952: 2924: 2918: 2909: 2900: 2896: 2893:August Euler 2888: 2882: 2870:Winterkasten 2862:tuberculosis 2859: 2854: 2850: 2827: 2825: 2792: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2711: 2699:Ernest Louis 2696: 2669: 2544: 2523:coat of arms 2480: 2456: 2391: 2375:Mainz-Kastel 2372: 2369: 2339: 2302: 2295: 2292:Peace treaty 2272: 2247: 2228: 2216: 2170: 2156: 2118: 2083:Emil Pirazzi 2049: 2024: 2013: 1996: 1964: 1927: 1920: 1915: 1909: 1902: 1889: 1870:forced King 1853:Karl du Thil 1850: 1808: 1806: 1802:sports clubs 1783: 1763:Heldenbergen 1751: 1732: 1728:great powers 1721: 1709:Karl du Thil 1695: 1662: 1650: 1641: 1627: 1621: 1615:Dominialland 1614: 1608: 1603: 1602: 1598: 1581: 1572: 1557: 1553: 1529: 1517: 1509: 1489: 1487: 1480: 1402: 1395: 1392:in Darmstadt 1373:Constitution 1348: 1343:and Duke of 1322: 1314:Hundred Days 1288: 1276: 1268: 1250: 1228: 1215: 1147: 1134:Coat of arms 1107: 1090: 1067:Höringhausen 1041: 982:to the east; 972:to the west; 959: 933: 878: 838: 791: 743:Hessian Ried 724: 662: 627: 622: 610: 596: 567: 565: 499:Succeeded by 498: 493: 476:• 1910 466:• 1889 321:Carl Grolman 291:Ernest Louis 114: 104:Motto: 103: 94:Coat of arms 29: 10762:City-states 10721:Reuss-Gera 10600:Württemberg 10529:Brandenburg 10521:as a whole 10501:(1871–1918) 10439:City-states 10398:Reuss-Gera 10267:(1866–1871) 10190:Free cities 10164:Schwarzburg 10149:Sigmaringen 10102:(from 1848) 10095:Reuss-Gera 10089:(1824-1848) 9982:(from 1826) 9966:(from 1826) 9921:(from 1863) 9890:(from 1839) 9804:Electorates 9795:Württemberg 9737:(1815–1866) 9649:Schwarzburg 9590:Sigmaringen 9325:Württemberg 9290:(1806–1813) 9161:(4): 9–39. 9055:. Marburg: 8565: [ 8554: [ 8414:, S. 20–22. 8401:, S. 22–25. 8372:, pp. 12 f. 8356:, pp. 8–11. 8260:Albert Pick 7834:See Schmidt 7270:, S. 880 f. 6535:Art. 14–25 6320:Quote from 5938:Article 47 5638: [ 5592:Hessenlager 5555: [ 5511: [ 5504:Bad Nauheim 5496: [ 5465:Art Nouveau 5401:Carolingian 5383:Carolingian 5364: [ 5345: [ 5336:Luisenplatz 5330: [ 5319: [ 5312:Reformation 5306:(the first 5300: [ 5222: [ 4952:, in Mainz. 4882: 1830 4827: [ 4706: [ 4693: [ 4670:Rüsselsheim 4654: [ 4616: [ 4595: [ 4570: [ 4560:(publisher) 4554: [ 4537: [ 4496:until 1902. 4486: [ 4473: [ 4444: [ 4409:horse power 4396: [ 4385: [ 4346: [ 4327: [ 4316: [ 4171: [ 4133:received a 4127: [ 4114:from 1857. 4061: [ 3949: [ 3921: [ 3887:Kulturkampf 3843: [ 3799:Catholicism 3785: [ 3774: [ 3665:(knights). 3555:private law 3511:) in 1852. 3503:) in 1849, 3431: [ 3408: [ 3400:legislature 3382: [ 3168:Marriage(s) 3084:During the 3067:World War I 2996:Kulturkampf 2960: [ 2932: [ 2897:Gelber Hund 2839: [ 2800:Carl Ulrich 2742:Bezirksräte 2730: [ 2703:Carl Ulrich 2684:Tsesarevich 2634: [ 2623: [ 2608: [ 2597: [ 2584: [ 2563: [ 2502: [ 2491: [ 2416: [ 2323: [ 2308: [ 2282: [ 2086: [ 2075: [ 2064: [ 2061:August Metz 1970: [ 1955: [ 1923:jury courts 1856: [ 1793: [ 1786:bourgeoisie 1712: [ 1653:ground rent 1633: [ 1565: [ 1546: [ 1535: [ 1501: [ 1494:tax strikes 1477:(1776–1836) 1471: [ 1464:(1781–1860) 1458: [ 1451:(1773–1839) 1445: [ 1438:(1771–1843) 1432: [ 1425:(1769–1839) 1419: [ 1412:(1753–1833) 1386: [ 1260: [ 1242: [ 1235:Kloppenheim 1207:sovereignty 1148:During the 1095: [ 1092:Amt Dorheim 1051: [ 1032: [ 1025:Heuchelheim 1017: [ 997:condominium 900:viticulture 880:Starkenburg 860:Agriculture 840:Upper Hesse 835:Upper Hesse 809:Starkenburg 805:Upper Hesse 797: [ 774: [ 735:Frankenberg 695:World War I 632:and joined 587:in western 585:grand duchy 494:Preceded by 455:• 1806 343:Legislature 238:Catholicism 198:(1871–1918) 181:(1815–1866) 171:(1806–1813) 10845:Categories 10584:Westphalia 10172:Rudolstadt 9837:Luxembourg 9694:until 1811 9688:until 1809 9685:until 1810 9654:Rudolstadt 9627:Lobenstein 9450:Regensburg 9398:Westphalia 8752:Verordnung 8250:, p. 768f. 7353:; Werner: 6328:, p. 766). 5690:References 5567:Groß-Gerau 5508:Sprudelhof 5461:Judendstil 5457:modern art 5431:Jugendstil 5425:Jugendstil 5351:, and the 4897:steamboats 4850:Reichspost 4768:post roads 4717:production 4607:methylated 4534:Kupferberg 4494:bank notes 4457:Darmstadt 4413:cigarettes 4259:Pint glass 4135:concession 4027:Zollverein 3993:monopolies 3836:papal bull 3689:Emigration 3661:) and the 3395:) was the 3365:Landstände 3255:Ludwig III 3139:absolutism 3133:Grand Duke 3112:Government 3098:republican 3094:abdication 2966:in Worms. 2957:Kiautschau 2760:Protestant 2676:Edward VII 2629:, and the 2463:Versailles 2331:Main river 2320:Rumpenheim 2027:Zollverein 2000:Zollverein 1979:liberalism 1916:Bezirksrat 1864:revolution 1847:Revolution 1747:Landstände 1490:Landstände 1302:department 1219:Landstände 1004:Palatinate 896:Bergstraße 864:emigration 856:brown coal 844:Vogelsberg 827:, and the 761:, and the 755:Vogelsberg 444:Population 347:Landstände 260:Grand Duke 248:Government 121:Hessenlied 10698:Meiningen 10690:Lauenburg 10680:Altenburg 10675:Brunswick 10647:Oldenburg 10568:Rhineland 10549:Pomerania 10375:Meiningen 10370:Lauenburg 10360:Altenburg 10355:Brunswick 10327:Oldenburg 10224:partially 10202:Frankfurt 10139:Hechingen 10003:Meiningen 9963:Altenburg 9900:Lauenburg 9877:Brunswick 9852:Oldenburg 9691:from 1809 9682:from 1810 9617:Ebersdorf 9585:Hechingen 9564:Oldenburg 9496:Meiningen 9419:Frankfurt 9128:cite book 9003:cite book 8914:cite book 8894:1436-4603 8774:, p. 777. 8724:, p. 797. 8658:, p. 770. 8584:, p. 864. 8541:, p. 728. 8528:, p. 876. 8493:, p. 877. 8480:, p. 833. 8352:; Brand, 8219:, p. 718. 8206:, p. 717. 8151:, p. 811. 8138:, p. 726. 8091:, p. 771. 8064:, p. 772. 8051:, p. 832. 8031:, p. 803. 8004:, p. 802. 7761:, p. 696. 7575:, p. 883. 7562:, p. 882. 7531:, p. 871. 7506:, p. 856. 7481:, p. 856) 7443:, p. 856) 7396:, p. 878. 7383:, p. 111. 7370:, p. 109. 7341:, p. 878. 7312:, p. 879. 7296:, p. 859. 7283:, p. 853. 7203:, p. 851. 7142:, p. 880. 7098:, p. 853. 7048:, p. 848. 7028:, p. 845. 7015:, p. 844. 7002:, p. 843. 6986:, p. 842. 6919:, p. 840. 6906:, S. 840. 6875:, p. 841. 6839:, p. 839. 6821:, p. 838. 6808:, p. 837. 6782:, p. 835. 6769:, p. 834. 6722:, p. 830. 6673:, p. 827. 6516:Art. 1–3 6494:, p. 810. 6435:, p. 801. 6422:, p. 791. 6409:, p. 789. 6370:, p. 784. 6354:, p. 782. 6291:, S. 764. 6260:, p. 763. 6231:, p. 763. 6191:, p. 762. 6058:, p. 703. 6045:, p. 701. 6032:, p. 701. 5986:, p. 740. 5916:Text (in 5885:Text (in 5876:, p. 344. 5805:, p. 685. 5289:architect 5135:Frankfurt 4992:Frankfurt 4875:Concordia 4854:Friedberg 4824:Gaustraße 4779:telegraph 4699:(leather) 4645:Oppenheim 4609:products) 4578:parquetry 4309:Cast iron 4228:= 1 4219:Kubikzoll 4146:mint mark 4089:Friedberg 4029:in 1834. 3971:In 1848, 3856:suffragan 3832:concordat 3745:Calvinist 3719:Gemeinden 3699:Gemeinden 3617:Südbrücke 3584:Südbrücke 3478:Executive 3397:bicameral 3375:Darmstadt 3306:Bessungen 3290:Ludwig IV 3251:Louis III 3223:Ludwig II 3212:Darmstadt 3151:executive 2948:Reichstag 2746:Kreistage 2680:Frederick 2569:into the 2424:William I 2364:William I 2348:Aftermath 2224:war bonds 2149:Frederick 2031:Friedberg 1987:communism 1983:socialism 1930:universal 1881:co-regent 1877:Louis III 1759:Ortenberg 1354:‹See Tfd› 1187:‹See Tfd› 1116:in 1868. 1112:Prussian 916:Darmstadt 705:Geography 602:‹See Tfd› 573:‹See Tfd› 480:1,282,051 226:Religion 210:Darmstadt 64:1806–1918 10507:Kingdoms 10273:Kingdoms 9926:Bernburg 9882:Holstein 9768:Kingdoms 9597:Isenburg 9549:Arenberg 9532:Bernburg 9506:Eisenach 9424:Würzburg 9391:Kingdoms 9308:Kingdoms 9300:Napoleon 9201:Vol. 4: 9193:Vol. 1: 9144:(1893). 8964:(eds.). 8904:(1894). 8799:(= 7969:Archived 7379:Werner, 7366:Werner, 7321:Werner, 6952:Art. XI 6937:Art. II 6305:Archived 6087:Archived 5872:Polley: 5581:See also 5521:Language 5404:Torhalle 5386:Torhalle 5308:Catholic 4948:and the 4910:Railways 4858:Ranstadt 4764:monopoly 4724:Gasworks 4636:alizarin 4504:Prussia. 4461:E. Merck 4081:Isenburg 4033:Currency 3902:Synagoge 3758:parishes 3741:Lutheran 3726:Religion 3695:emigrate 3678:Riedesel 3653:Nobility 3635:Military 3606:Arnsberg 3568:Gemeinde 3424:Riedesel 3286:Louis IV 3219:Louis II 3201:Prenzlau 3181:Ludwig I 3162:Portrait 3016:Church. 3013:seminary 3003:bishop, 3001:Catholic 2906:zeppelin 2878:Eleonore 2874:Odenwald 2866:Sandbach 2687:Nicholas 2590:of 1872; 2398:Louis IV 2231:8th Army 2153:Victoria 2131:married 2129:Louis IV 2121:Mathilde 2018:, and a 1765:and the 1755:Büdingen 1739:Louis II 1174:Napoleon 1162:Prussian 1063:Eimelrod 1061:, while 993:Kürnbach 906:and the 888:Odenwald 852:Wetterau 846:and the 794:province 767:exclaves 763:Odenwald 751:Wetterau 683:Austrian 634:Napoleon 605:German: 583:) was a 10775:Hamburg 10662:Duchies 10580:Silesia 10537:Hanover 10519:Prussia 10514:Bavaria 10452:Hamburg 10342:Duchies 10280:Prussia 10207:Hamburg 9887:Limburg 9866:Duchies 9790:Hanover 9780:Bavaria 9775:Prussia 9750:Austria 9743:Empires 9666:Waldeck 9632:Schleiz 9355:Duchies 9315:Bavaria 9175:1429433 9081:(ed.). 9051:(ed.). 8427:, p. 7. 8423:Brand: 8410:Brand: 8397:Brand, 8321:, p. 4. 8317:Brand, 8304:(ed.): 8292:, p. 1. 8288:Brand, 7662:Art. 3 6867:in the 5314:), the 5264:Culture 4762:held a 4662:quinine 4632:aniline 4586:Mombach 4519:leather 4515:lacquer 4511:varnish 4437:biplane 4362:guilder 4252:Zentner 4183:decimal 4100:kreuzer 4096:guilder 4043:Louis I 3987:Economy 3904:of the 3893:Judaism 3877:Bishop 3872:faculty 3735:In the 3711:Wimpfen 3707:Algeria 3551:cantons 3393:estates 3279:Seeheim 3177:Louis I 3040:gazette 2521:Double 2474:at the 2457:In the 2436:Livonia 2381:in the 2360:station 2239:Russian 2143:on the 1899:Reforms 1879:as his 1743:guilder 1665:liberal 1620:In the 1613:In the 1588:Amtsmen 1318:patents 1289:At the 1154:Louis X 1120:History 1103:enclave 1085:Helmhof 1074:Wimpfen 950:Giessen 912:railway 894:on the 817:Prussia 769:of the 681:on the 650:Prussia 636:'s new 589:Germany 470:968,000 460:546,000 389:• 279:Louis I 206:Capital 194:of the 177:of the 115:Anthem: 10780:Lübeck 10770:Bremen 10670:Anhalt 10595:Saxony 10572:Saxony 10525:Berlin 10457:Lübeck 10447:Bremen 10350:Anhalt 10285:Saxony 10212:Lübeck 10197:Bremen 9942:Köthen 9934:Dessau 9918:Anhalt 9895:Nassau 9785:Saxony 9542:Köthen 9537:Dessau 9527:Anhalt 9501:Weimar 9465:states 9362:Nassau 9320:Saxony 9223: 9173: 9089: 9063: 9024: 8972: 8892: 8160:No. 7 8116:Bulle 7966:Quelle 6865:Report 6464:Decret 6302:Source 6017:online 5944:Online 5918:French 5887:French 5847:. In: 5660:) and 5548:hyphen 5491:, and 5412:UNESCO 5146:Other 5064:Notes 4922:, and 4770:. The 4686:Worms 4435:. The 4421:London 4368:, 1870 4211:weight 4193:) and 4067:, 1875 4001:guilds 3966:Rabbis 3750:Easter 3748:until 3681:1918. 3547:Ämtern 3357:Langen 3171:Death 3079:allied 3052:UNESCO 2767:synods 2738:Kreise 2484:Berlin 2298:France 2217:While 1358:German 1191:German 922:, and 823:, the 757:, the 749:, and 693:after 577:German 306: 264: 161:Status 117: 55:German 51: 10805:Other 10716:Lippe 10627:Baden 10564:Posen 10393:Lippe 10057:Reuss 10037:Lippe 9827:Baden 9622:Greiz 9612:Reuss 9445:Leyen 9346:Hesse 9341:Baden 9171:JSTOR 8569:] 8558:] 6889:, in 6159:§ 41 5831:" in 5656:(see 5642:] 5598:Notes 5559:] 5515:] 5500:] 5368:] 5349:] 5338:] 5323:] 5304:] 5238:Total 5226:] 5201:1920 5198:1850 5180:1920 5177:1840 5139:Baden 5130:1902 5127:1843 5108:1897 5105:1876 5083:1897 5080:1853 4996:Baden 4990:with 4831:] 4710:] 4697:] 4658:] 4620:] 4599:] 4574:] 4567:Bembé 4558:] 4541:] 4490:] 4477:] 4448:] 4400:] 4389:] 4350:] 4331:] 4320:] 4241:Pfund 4237:Pound 4203:metre 4175:] 4131:] 4085:Solms 4065:] 4014:tolls 4007:Tolls 3977:Worms 3953:] 3925:] 3847:] 3789:] 3778:] 3588:Mainz 3435:] 3412:] 3386:] 3165:Birth 3009:Mainz 2964:] 2936:] 2914:marks 2843:] 2734:] 2638:] 2627:] 2612:] 2601:] 2588:] 2567:] 2506:] 2495:] 2428:Worms 2420:] 2357:Worms 2327:] 2312:] 2286:] 2219:Baden 2090:] 2079:] 2068:] 1974:] 1959:] 1868:Paris 1860:] 1797:] 1767:Nidda 1716:] 1673:guild 1637:] 1569:] 1550:] 1539:] 1505:] 1475:] 1462:] 1449:] 1436:] 1423:] 1390:] 1345:Worms 1341:Mainz 1264:] 1246:] 1099:] 1055:] 1036:] 1021:] 924:Mainz 904:Rhine 801:] 778:] 731:Hesse 727:Rhine 175:State 9639:Salm 9414:Berg 9221:ISBN 9134:link 9087:ISBN 9061:ISBN 9022:ISBN 9009:link 8970:ISBN 8920:link 8890:ISSN 8508:In: 7815:§ 1 7075:§ 1 5633:The 5569:and 5291:and 5228:and 5192:111 5137:and 5099:183 5074:507 4994:and 4856:and 4675:Opel 4634:and 4605:and 4545:sekt 4517:and 4274:The 4230:loth 4209:and 4199:Zoll 4195:inch 4187:foot 4142:mark 4098:and 4054:mark 4052:100 3743:and 3582:The 3159:Name 3120:The 2377:and 2081:and 2050:The 1985:and 1775:Emil 1757:and 1237:and 1065:und 985:The 978:The 908:Main 898:and 882:and 811:and 747:Main 566:The 435:1910 427:1866 419:1815 410:1806 405:Area 80:Flag 9298:by 9163:doi 8164:in 7177:in 6635:in 6477:in 6093:in 5573:in 5565:in 5248:100 5243:919 5195:12 5171:22 5149:47 5121:49 5102:20 5077:55 4968:to 4419:in 4360:10 4191:Fuß 4162:rod 4158:ell 3586:at 3570:). 3487:or 3108:). 3007:of 2707:SPD 2438:." 2139:at 1866:in 1521:Amt 803:of 745:), 733:to 365:WWI 10847:: 10586:, 10582:, 10578:, 10574:, 10570:, 10566:, 10562:, 10547:, 10543:, 10539:, 10535:, 10531:, 10527:, 9169:. 9157:. 9130:}} 9126:{{ 9005:}} 9001:{{ 8985:, 8960:; 8956:; 8952:; 8916:}} 8912:{{ 8831:: 8645:^ 8567:de 8556:de 8461:^ 8326:^ 8262:, 8180:, 8078:^ 8036:^ 7993:^ 7975:). 7677:^ 7655:^ 7587:, 7551:^ 7511:^ 7483:* 7467:* 7445:* 7429:* 7417:* 7405:* 7301:^ 7147:^ 7033:^ 6991:^ 6844:^ 6826:^ 6758:^ 6662:^ 6359:^ 6311:). 6243:, 6097:. 6015:. 6011:, 5640:de 5577:. 5557:de 5513:de 5498:de 5487:, 5417:. 5370:. 5366:de 5347:de 5334:; 5332:de 5325:, 5321:de 5302:de 5252:– 5224:de 5174:2 5158:– 5155:– 5152:5 5124:5 5052:km 4918:, 4879:c. 4860:. 4829:de 4708:de 4695:de 4677:, 4656:de 4618:de 4597:de 4572:de 4556:de 4539:de 4513:, 4488:de 4475:de 4446:de 4398:de 4387:de 4348:de 4329:de 4318:de 4173:de 4129:de 4083:, 4063:de 3951:de 3923:de 3845:de 3787:de 3776:de 3433:de 3414:. 3410:de 3384:de 3355:, 3153:. 2962:de 2934:de 2841:de 2732:de 2694:. 2636:de 2625:de 2618:, 2614:, 2610:de 2599:de 2586:de 2565:de 2504:de 2493:de 2418:de 2325:de 2310:de 2284:de 2088:de 2077:de 2070:, 2066:de 2038:, 2022:. 1989:. 1972:de 1957:de 1925:. 1858:de 1795:de 1714:de 1635:de 1579:. 1567:de 1548:de 1537:de 1503:de 1485:. 1473:de 1460:de 1447:de 1434:de 1421:de 1388:de 1360:: 1262:de 1244:de 1193:: 1152:, 1097:de 1053:de 1034:de 1019:de 871:. 799:de 784:. 776:de 701:. 625:. 579:: 10590:) 10560:) 10523:( 10491:e 10484:t 10477:v 10257:e 10250:t 10243:v 9727:e 9720:t 9713:v 9279:e 9272:t 9265:v 9229:. 9209:) 9205:( 9177:. 9165:: 9159:6 9136:) 9095:. 9069:. 9030:. 9011:) 8978:. 8922:) 8896:. 8513:. 8506:. 7628:. 7616:. 6973:. 6958:. 6943:. 6084:. 5946:) 5863:. 5827:" 5784:" 5463:( 5055:% 4805:( 4664:. 4641:. 4601:( 4580:) 4576:( 4543:( 4254:) 4250:( 4239:( 4226:g 4197:( 4189:( 3927:. 3608:. 3507:( 3483:( 3327:) 3323:( 3292:) 3288:( 3257:) 3253:( 3225:) 3221:( 3183:) 3179:( 3124:( 3104:( 2769:. 2666:. 2640:) 2529:. 2207:. 1842:) 1700:. 1351:( 1080:; 956:. 945:. 661:( 599:( 570:( 57:) 53:( 36:. 20:)

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Knowledge

Grand Duchy of Hesse

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