1542:
2471:
2722:
2396:
2411:
2647:
2632:
1626:
2602:
2295:
2456:
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40:
2486:
2156:
2368:
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2707:
2186:
2353:
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2751:
2530:
2737:
2677:
2501:
1530:
2662:
2617:
2141:
2559:
2426:
2126:
1650:
1886:
2111:
2216:
1898:
2323:
2171:
1554:
2060:
2072:
313:
2544:
1775:
1412:
1953:
90:
2231:
2573:
2048:
2264:
1984:
1602:
1578:
2034:
2024:
1974:
1566:
85:
1787:
80:
1812:
1638:
1506:
2338:
1675:
1460:
1751:
1727:
2765:
2516:
2823:
1614:
1964:
1436:
1739:
1590:
2811:
1824:
1763:
1494:
2799:
1836:
1518:
1861:
1448:
1931:
1424:
1687:
2382:
449:
342:
dated
January 5, 1776, the Naval Committee described the Continental Union Flag as the British "Union flag... striped red and white in the field." Having seen the Continental Union Flag flying aboard Admiral Esek Hopkins' flagship a few days later, a Philadelphia resident further defined the flag as
561:
describes only a "new constellation" for the arrangement of the white stars in the blue canton, so overall designs were later interpreted and made with rows, columns, a square with one star in the center, a circle, and various other designs.
538:, as a sign of surrender. However, some scholars dispute the traditional account and conclude that the flag raised at Prospect Hill was probably the British Union flag, though subsequent research supports the contrary.
445:, prior to the adoption of united colors. It is not known for certain when or by whom the Continental Union Flag design was created, but it could easily be produced by sewing white stripes onto the British Red Ensign.
377:. The red and white stripes on that flag, however, varied from nine to fifteen. One theory is that Americans would have been somewhat familiar with the East India Company flag and it may have influenced the design.
534:), which was then surrounding and laying siege to the British forces then occupying the city. It is also stated that the flag was interpreted by British military observers in the city under commanding General
1393:
2312:
264:, the name was derived from a combination of the words "Continental," referring to the Continental Congress, and "Union Flag," referring to the British Union Flag of 1707 used in the
89:
481:, in the harbor on the western shore of the Delaware River at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on December 3, 1775, under the command of the new appointed Lieutenant
1237:
2843:
358:
believes incorporation of the Union Flag of 1707 in the canton of the
Continental Union Flag suggests the Americans adopted it, not as a protest against the
2848:
1630:
2533:
2873:
1606:
961:
1625:
713:
1546:
1176:
1109:
2863:
576:
2651:
2385:
984:
788:
2878:
1534:
271:
Although the flag is often referred to as the "Cambridge Flag" and "Grand Union Flag," the terms did not come into use until the
291:
the first substantiated use of the name came from
Philadelphia resident T. Westcott in 1852 when replying to an inquiry made in
2047:
909:
831:
799:
740:
1047:(Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology. No. 21 ed.). Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 10–11.
820:
2631:
2400:
2175:
1654:
1384:
2868:
2529:
2357:
2280:
1558:
1279:
571:
189:
2858:
2505:
2203:
2130:
2076:
2064:
1902:
1897:
1890:
1716:
1184:
2893:
2646:
2254:
2284:
1362:
485:
of the formative
Continental Navy. The event was documented in letters to Congress and eyewitness accounts. The
2636:
2445:
1987:
1957:
1541:
935:
374:
17:
1269:
430:
359:
2741:
2586:
2381:
1582:
1483:
1346:
505:
385:
By the end of 1775, during the first year of the
Revolutionary War, the Continental Congress operated as a
2883:
2606:
1850:
1529:
546:
2789:
2470:
2327:
2263:
2052:
1570:
1464:
1228:
867:
515:
462:
316:
261:
1356:
2853:
2711:
2249:
2071:
2059:
2017:
1885:
1791:
1159:"The Striped Flag of the East India Company, and its Connexion with the American 'Stars and Stripes'"
1130:
1010:
542:
519:
228:
The
Continental Union Flag made its first appearance on December 3, 1775, when it was hoisted at the
185:
49:
2395:
2235:
2220:
2160:
2125:
2007:
1816:
1779:
1679:
1649:
1642:
1510:
1377:
523:
510:
It was widely believed that the flag was raised by George
Washington's army on January 2, 1776, at
249:
200:
135:
1248:
2696:
2691:
2661:
2543:
2352:
2215:
1967:
1755:
1731:
717:. Vol. 9, no. 245. Springfield, Massachusetts. October 16, 1852. p. 1 – via
327:
84:
39:
2888:
2616:
2520:
1875:
1553:
511:
79:
2803:
2558:
2410:
2155:
2012:
301:
203:
138:
66:
2827:
2736:
1977:
1664:
1618:
438:
193:
772:
718:
665:
618:
8:
2721:
2676:
2601:
2115:
2027:
1474:
1440:
1370:
1293:
1289:
398:
312:
280:
211:
1172:
John Paul Jones' Memoir of the
American Revolution presented to King Louis XVI of France
641:. Vol. VI, no. 268. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. December 27, 1776. p. 2.
2440:
2372:
2367:
2230:
1743:
1594:
1222:
1170:
1099:
401:. A new flag was needed to represent both the Congress and the United Colonies, with a
339:
284:
229:
207:
2769:
2764:
2706:
2681:
2500:
2460:
2100:
1801:
1786:
1416:
1311:
1303:
1275:
1198:
1190:
1180:
1113:
1103:
1087:
1079:
827:
795:
650:
642:
367:
293:
265:
1351:
2726:
2576:
2490:
2475:
2342:
2337:
2145:
1828:
1811:
1774:
1767:
1637:
1601:
1577:
1505:
1498:
1327:
1260:
1214:
1145:
1121:
1071:
1025:
558:
394:
390:
347:
flag, with 13 stripes in the field, emblematical of the
Thirteen United Colonies."
222:
142:
1392:
1158:
2815:
2750:
2666:
2548:
2485:
2415:
2299:
2037:
1840:
1750:
1726:
1522:
1401:
1319:
1206:
482:
466:
442:
323:
176:
75:
2621:
2572:
2430:
2425:
1865:
1565:
1459:
1452:
1175:. Translated by Gawalt, Gerard W. Introduction by John R. Sellers. Washington:
490:
241:
707:
633:
2837:
2591:
2563:
2267:
2185:
1083:
646:
554:
527:
494:
414:
218:
71:
755:
601:
2294:
2170:
1691:
1674:
1613:
1428:
1323:
1299:
1210:
1202:
654:
470:
434:
422:
418:
272:
245:
233:
1315:
2515:
2322:
1952:
1435:
1149:
1075:
1029:
535:
477:
American sailors first hoisted the
Continental Union Flag on the warship
370:, who suggests it was designed to reflect their hope for reconciliation.
319:
1342:
541:
The Continental Union Flag became obsolete following the passing of the
1738:
1589:
456:
426:
406:
363:
355:
279:, Grand Union Flag, was first applied to the Continental Union Flag by
141:, with thirteen horizontal stripes, alternating red and white, in the
2455:
1411:
351:
1131:"Revisiting the Flag at Prospect Hill: Grand Union or Just British?"
1011:"Revisiting the Flag at Prospect Hill: Grand Union or Just British?"
260:
Known as the Continental Union Flag or the American flag during the
2140:
2095:
1934:
1823:
1762:
1493:
498:
410:
276:
237:
181:
45:
876:
609:. No. 1289. Williamsburg, Virginia. April 20, 1776. p. 3
1835:
1517:
1194:
763:. No. 1282. Williamsburg, Virginia. March 2, 1776. p. 2
199:
The Continental Union Flag was so called because it combined the
1307:
1117:
1091:
2110:
1860:
1447:
550:
549:. The new national flag replaced the British Union flag in the
531:
402:
298:
1394:
National, regional and city flags incorporating the Union Jack
448:
865:
Rankin, Hugh F. "The Naval Flag of the American Revolution."
1239:
History of the National Flag of the United States of America
214:) with thirteen stripes (representing the United Colonies).
1686:
1423:
689:
687:
366:. This view is shared by Laurie Calkhoven, a biographer of
331:
225:
is thirteen horizontal stripes, alternating red and white.
172:
61:
first American flag, Cambridge Flag, and Grand Union Flag
684:
373:
The Continental Union Flag is strikingly similar to the
338:
In a letter to members of the Continental Congress from
985:"Research upholds traditional Prospect Hill flag story"
389:
war government, who had authorized the creation of the
730:
728:
2787:
916:
887:
885:
672:
334:, featuring the Continental Union Flag fully hoisted.
275:. Although it has been claimed that the more recent
1062:Ansoff, Peter (2006). "The Flag on Prospect Hill".
897:
847:
725:
882:
819:
787:
754:
706:
632:
600:
429:had been using their own independent flags, with
2835:
221:consists of the British Union flag, while the
1378:
790:The Union Jack: the story of the British flag
2844:1775 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
1631:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
1242:. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co.
421:, and the Union Flag carried on land by the
2849:1777 disestablishments in the United States
1045:Thirteen-Star Flags: Keys to Identification
826:. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 47.
813:
811:
1385:
1371:
1105:Naval Documents of the American Revolution
1247:Hopkins, Albert C. (September 30, 1893).
936:"Short History of the United States Flag"
908:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGawalt1979 (
817:
577:Timeline of the flag of the United States
1235:
808:
739:sfn error: no target: CITEREFClark1960 (
465:, depicting Continental Navy Lieutenant
447:
311:
1267:
1246:
1156:
982:
922:
853:
794:. London: Atlantic Books. p. 187.
678:
2836:
1288:
1128:
1061:
1042:
1008:
962:"A Short History of the American Flag"
903:
891:
693:
553:with thirteen stars (representing the
2874:Flags that incorporate the Union Jack
1366:
1098:
785:
734:
501:flag throughout 1776 and early 1777.
304:, as to the origin of the U.S. flag.
983:Orchard, Chris (December 30, 2013).
871:, vol. 11, no. 3, 1954, pp. 340–53.
493:. The flag was also used as a naval
362:, but as a profession of loyalty to
822:George Washington. An American Life
13:
859:
572:List of flags of the United States
14:
2905:
2042:Flags inspired by the Union Jack
1336:
1157:Fawcett, Charles (October 1937).
255:
2864:Flags of the American Revolution
2821:
2809:
2797:
2763:
2749:
2735:
2720:
2705:
2690:
2675:
2660:
2652:Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla
2645:
2630:
2615:
2600:
2585:
2571:
2557:
2542:
2528:
2514:
2499:
2484:
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2454:
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2424:
2409:
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2124:
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2058:
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2032:
2022:
1982:
1972:
1962:
1951:
1929:
1896:
1884:
1859:
1834:
1822:
1810:
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1725:
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1624:
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1564:
1552:
1540:
1528:
1516:
1504:
1492:
1458:
1446:
1434:
1422:
1410:
159:(often referred to as the first
88:
83:
78:
38:
1177:U.S. Government Printing Office
1138:Raven: A Journal of Vexillology
1110:U.S. Government Printing Office
1064:Raven: A Journal of Vexillology
1036:
1018:Raven: A Journal of Vexillology
1002:
976:
954:
928:
877:https://doi.org/10.2307/1943310
756:"Newbern (N. Carolina), Feb. 9"
2879:Flags with blue, red and white
1547:British Indian Ocean Territory
868:The William and Mary Quarterly
779:
747:
699:
625:
593:
419:White Ensign of the Royal Navy
375:Flag of the East India Company
18:Flag of the East India Company
1:
1043:Cooper, Grace Rogers (1973).
708:"Origin of the American Flag"
582:
23:Historical United States flag
2386:British South Africa Company
714:Springfield Daily Republican
639:Dunlap's Pennsylvania packet
587:
526:, Massachusetts (across the
522:), near his headquarters at
506:Flag on Prospect Hill debate
240:on the western shore of the
16:Not to be confused with the
7:
2065:Newfoundland & Labrador
1535:British Antarctic Territory
1271:Flag: An American Biography
1236:Hamilton, Schuyler (1853).
1108:. Vol. 3. Washington:
565:
547:Second Continental Congress
469:first hoisting the flag at
179:from 1775 to 1776, and the
10:
2910:
2869:Flags of the United States
2476:Gilbert and Ellice Islands
1054:
940:American Battlefield Trust
818:Calkhoven, Laurie (2007).
503:
489:flag has been credited to
405:distinct from the British
380:
206:(denoting the kingdoms of
15:
2311:
2279:
2247:
2202:
2094:
2087:
2077:St. Pierre & Miquelon
2018:List of New Zealand flags
2000:
1943:
1922:
1915:
1891:Somerset County, Maryland
1874:
1849:
1800:
1715:
1704:
1663:
1482:
1473:
1400:
1249:"Historic American Flags"
964:. What So Proudly We Hail
307:
186:flag of the United States
149:
130:
115:
96:
65:
57:
50:flag of the United States
37:
33:
2859:Flags introduced in 1775
2401:British Windward Islands
2008:List of Australian flags
1709:administrative divisions
1655:Turks and Caicos Islands
879:. Accessed 20 Feb. 2023.
602:"Williamsburg, April 20"
2894:Obsolete national flags
2358:British Leeward Islands
1357:Encyclopædia Britannica
557:) on a blue field. The
119:June 14, 1777
2637:Rhodesia and Nyasaland
1988:Taunton, Massachusetts
1958:Baton Rouge, Louisiana
1559:British Virgin Islands
1268:Leepson, Marc (2006).
1227:: CS1 maint: others (
1129:DeLear, Byron (2014).
1009:DeLear, Byron (2014).
474:
335:
157:Continental Union Flag
29:Continental Union Flag
2013:List of British flags
1475:Dependent territories
634:"Boston, November 25"
463:W. Nowland Van Powell
451:
315:
188:until 1777, when the
100:December 3, 1775
2206:external territories
1978:New Castle, Delaware
1290:Preble, George Henry
1150:10.5840/raven2014213
1076:10.5840/raven2006134
1030:10.5840/raven2014213
786:Groom, Nick (2017).
761:The Virginia Gazette
607:The Virginia Gazette
473:on December 3, 1775.
194:Continental Congress
2727:Straits Settlements
1903:Westmoreland County
1100:Clark, William Bell
350:British author and
192:was adopted by the
30:
2884:Flags with cantons
2446:East India Company
2373:British Somaliland
2101:independent states
1802:Canadian provinces
1347:Flags of the World
1253:The School Journal
942:. November 6, 2019
530:to the north from
475:
336:
285:Reconstruction era
28:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2774:
2759:
2746:
2731:
2716:
2712:Southern Rhodesia
2701:
2686:
2671:
2656:
2641:
2626:
2611:
2596:
2581:
2568:
2553:
2538:
2525:
2510:
2495:
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2450:
2435:
2420:
2405:
2390:
2377:
2362:
2347:
2332:
2304:
2272:
2240:
2225:
2195:
2180:
2165:
2150:
2135:
2120:
1996:
1995:
1911:
1910:
1792:Western Australia
1717:Australian states
1705:States, provinces
1700:
1699:
1259:(12) – via
833:978-1-4027-3546-2
801:978-1-84354-336-7
454:Continental Ship
431:Massachusetts Bay
368:George Washington
294:Notes and Queries
262:Revolutionary War
153:
152:
2901:
2854:Continental Navy
2826:
2825:
2824:
2814:
2813:
2812:
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2800:
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2403:
2399:
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2343:British Cameroon
2341:
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2326:
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2302:
2298:
2297:
2270:
2266:
2238:
2234:
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2025:
1986:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1966:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1933:
1932:
1920:
1919:
1901:
1900:
1889:
1888:
1864:
1863:
1839:
1838:
1827:
1826:
1817:British Columbia
1815:
1814:
1790:
1789:
1778:
1777:
1766:
1765:
1754:
1753:
1742:
1741:
1730:
1729:
1713:
1712:
1690:
1689:
1678:
1677:
1653:
1652:
1643:Tristan da Cunha
1641:
1640:
1629:
1628:
1617:
1616:
1607:Pitcairn Islands
1605:
1604:
1593:
1592:
1583:Falkland Islands
1581:
1580:
1569:
1568:
1557:
1556:
1545:
1544:
1533:
1532:
1521:
1520:
1511:Ascension Island
1509:
1508:
1497:
1496:
1480:
1479:
1463:
1462:
1451:
1450:
1439:
1438:
1427:
1426:
1415:
1414:
1402:Sovereign states
1387:
1380:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1352:Grand Union Flag
1343:Grand Union Flag
1331:
1328:Internet Archive
1285:
1264:
1261:Internet Archive
1243:
1232:
1226:
1218:
1215:Internet Archive
1166:
1163:Mariner's Mirror
1153:
1135:
1125:
1122:Internet Archive
1095:
1049:
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914:
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815:
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805:
793:
783:
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768:
758:
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732:
723:
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710:
703:
697:
691:
682:
676:
670:
669:
663:
661:
636:
629:
623:
622:
616:
614:
604:
597:
543:Flag Act of 1777
415:merchant vessels
391:Continental Army
360:British Ministry
169:Grand Union Flag
126:
124:
111:
109:
104:
92:
87:
82:
42:
31:
27:
2909:
2908:
2904:
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2900:
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2832:
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2808:
2798:
2796:
2788:
2786:
2777:
2762:
2755:United Colonies
2734:
2719:
2704:
2697:Solomon Islands
2689:
2674:
2659:
2644:
2629:
2614:
2599:
2584:
2556:
2541:
2513:
2498:
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517:
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72:National flag
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19:
2754:
2592:North Borneo
2300:New Hebrides
2281:Anglo-French
2248:New Zealand
2190:
2176:South Africa
2161:South Africa
2131:Newfoundland
1680:Cook Islands
1619:Saint Helena
1355:
1326:– via
1300:Joel Munsell
1294:
1270:
1256:
1252:
1238:
1213:– via
1171:
1162:
1141:
1137:
1120:– via
1104:
1067:
1063:
1044:
1038:
1021:
1017:
1004:
992:. Retrieved
988:
978:
966:. Retrieved
956:
944:. Retrieved
939:
930:
923:Leepson 2006
918:
906:, p. 5.
899:
872:
866:
861:
854:Fawcett 1937
849:
837:. Retrieved
821:
789:
781:
771:– via
765:. Retrieved
760:
749:
712:
701:
679:Hopkins 1893
674:
664:– via
658:. Retrieved
638:
627:
617:– via
611:. Retrieved
606:
595:
540:
509:
486:
478:
476:
471:Philadelphia
455:
453:
435:Taunton Flag
423:British army
386:
384:
372:
349:
344:
337:
330:on April 2,
292:
288:
273:19th century
270:
259:
250:Pennsylvania
246:Philadelphia
234:Esek Hopkins
227:
216:
198:
190:13 star flag
180:
168:
164:
160:
156:
154:
116:Relinquished
44:
25:
2773:(1898–1930)
2758:(1775–1776)
2745:(1923–1961)
2730:(1874–1946)
2715:(1924–1964)
2700:(1906–1977)
2685:(1946–1959)
2670:(1947–1963)
2655:(1958–1967)
2640:(1953–1963)
2625:(1949–1957)
2610:(1927–1948)
2595:(1882–1963)
2580:(1824–1860)
2567:(1875–1964)
2552:(1951–1957)
2537:(1815–1864)
2524:(1880–1947)
2509:(1871–1997)
2494:(1976–1979)
2479:(1937–1976)
2464:(1875–1982)
2449:(1600–1858)
2434:(1881–1960)
2419:(1939–1948)
2404:(1886–1958)
2389:(1892–1965)
2376:(1903–1960)
2361:(1871–1958)
2346:(1922–1961)
2331:(1937–1963)
2313:Other flags
2303:(1906–1980)
2285:condominium
2271:(1925–1948)
2239:(1884–1971)
2224:(1921–1971)
2194:(1776–1777)
2179:(1928–1994)
2164:(1910–1928)
2149:(1964–1968)
2134:(1907–1931)
2119:(1868–1965)
1876:US counties
1665:New Zealand
1441:New Zealand
946:November 1,
904:Gawalt 1979
892:Ansoff 2006
694:Preble 1872
536:Thomas Gage
516:Charlestown
409:flown from
364:King George
343:a British "
232:of Admiral
58:Other names
2838:Categories
2742:Tanganyika
2221:New Guinea
2204:Australian
2088:Historical
1744:Queensland
1595:Montserrat
1298:. Albany:
1070:: 77–100.
968:August 14,
735:Clark 1960
696:, part II.
583:References
559:resolution
520:Somerville
441:using the
433:using the
407:Red Ensign
356:Nick Groom
326:issued at
302:periodical
204:Union flag
171:) was the
139:Union flag
123:1777-06-14
108:1775-12-03
52:until 1777
2770:Weihaiwei
2682:Singapore
2607:Palestine
2506:Hong Kong
2461:Gibraltar
2096:Dominions
1851:US states
1707:and other
1417:Australia
1223:cite book
1195:78-006650
1144:: 19–70.
1084:1071-0043
647:2689-7180
588:Citations
524:Cambridge
352:professor
289:Our Flag;
2816:Heraldry
2146:Rhodesia
1935:Coquimbo
1829:Manitoba
1780:Victoria
1768:Tasmania
1499:Anguilla
1324:7159532M
1308:09026595
1295:Our Flag
1292:(1872).
1211:4719731M
1179:. 1979.
1118:64-60087
1092:94642220
767:July 14,
660:July 14,
613:July 14,
566:See also
499:garrison
487:"Alfred"
439:New York
411:civilian
387:de facto
340:Virginia
266:Colonies
238:flagship
212:Scotland
182:de facto
46:De facto
2790:Portals
2667:Sarawak
2549:Malacca
2250:mandate
1841:Ontario
1523:Bermuda
1354:at the
1203:3844197
1055:Sources
994:July 3,
839:July 1,
655:9833137
545:by the
399:Marines
381:History
328:Halifax
283:in his
277:moniker
208:England
201:British
175:of the
136:British
121: (
106: (
97:Adopted
2622:Penang
2431:Cyprus
2116:Canada
1916:Cities
1866:Hawaii
1453:Tuvalu
1322:
1316:990016
1314:
1306:
1278:
1209:
1201:
1193:
1183:
1116:
1090:
1082:
1024:: 54.
830:
798:
653:
645:
551:canton
532:Boston
495:ensign
479:Alfred
457:Alfred
437:, and
427:states
417:, the
403:banner
397:, and
393:, the
308:Design
299:London
219:canton
167:, and
131:Design
76:ensign
2564:Malta
2521:India
2416:Burma
2236:Papua
1923:Chile
1257:XLVII
1134:(PDF)
1014:(PDF)
989:Patch
873:JSTOR
345:Union
287:book
223:field
143:field
2328:Aden
2253:and
2099:and
1692:Niue
1429:Fiji
1312:OCLC
1304:LCCN
1276:ISBN
1229:link
1199:OCLC
1191:LCCN
1181:ISBN
1114:LCCN
1088:LCCN
1080:ISSN
996:2020
970:2019
948:2023
910:help
841:2023
828:ISBN
796:ISBN
769:2024
741:help
662:2024
651:OCLC
643:ISSN
615:2024
497:and
452:The
413:and
395:Navy
354:and
332:1776
324:bill
297:, a
217:The
210:and
173:flag
155:The
74:and
1345:at
1146:doi
1072:doi
1026:doi
514:in
461:by
322:7½
244:at
67:Use
2840::
1320:OL
1318:.
1310:.
1302:.
1255:.
1251:.
1225:}}
1221:{{
1207:OL
1205:.
1197:.
1189:.
1161:.
1142:21
1140:.
1136:.
1112:.
1086:.
1078:.
1068:13
1066:.
1022:21
1020:.
1016:.
987:.
938:.
884:^
875:,
810:^
759:.
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