38:
540:
are required by groups (called "banques") of different schools. The national exams are sets of written tests, given over the course of several weeks, that challenge the student on the intensive studies of the previous two years. During the summer, those students who succeed in the written exams then take a further set of exams, usually one-hour oral exams, during which they are given a problem to solve. After 20 minutes of preparation, the candidate presents the solution to a professor, who challenges the candidate on the answer and the assumptions being made. Afterwards, candidates receive a final national ranking, which determines admission to their grande école of choice.
579:(preparatory classes for grandes écoles), are two-year classes, in either sciences, literature, or economics. These are the traditional way in which most students prepare to pass the competitive recruitment examination of the main grandes écoles. Most are held in state lycées (high schools); a few are private. Admission is competitive and based on the students' lycée grades. Preparatory classes with the highest success rates in the entrance examinations of the top grandes écoles are highly selective. Students who are not admitted to the grande école of their choice often repeat the second year of preparatory classes and attempt the exam again the following year.
555:
665:
7626:
655:
7636:
1607:
5646:
1441:
407:, of which the first was established at Châlons-sur-Marne in 1806 and the second at Angers in 1811 (both reorganized in 1832), with a third at Aix-en-Provence in 1841. Each had room for 300 pupils. There is no doubt that in the 1860s France had the best system of higher technical and scientific education in Europe.
777:, Carmelo Mazza, Paolo Quattrone and Angelo Riccaboni underlined that "the vast majority of Grandes Ecoles do not give any degree" upon completion of undergraduate studies, but that "n practice, for accreditation or student exchange purposes, they grant a certificate of 'equivalence to a bachelor's degree'".
593:
These prepare for the engineering schools and teach mathematics, physics, chemistry, and technology. They are broken down in sub-categories according to the emphasis of their dominant subject: they are mainly focused on mathematics and either physics (MP), industrial sciences and technologies (TSI),
728:
On another note, the selection process during the first preparatory year is considered less stressful than in a standard first preparatory class, and the first year often offers broader scientific training since it does not specifically prepare students for competitions. Nevertheless, the selection
539:
The admissions process for grandes écoles differs greatly from those of other French universities. To be admitted into most French grandes écoles, most students study in a two-year preparatory program in one of the CPGEs (see below) before taking a set of competitive national exams. Different exams
493:
The grande école (and "prépa") system also exists in former French colonies, Switzerland, and Italy (Napoleon, as king of Italy for ten years, established the French system there). The influence of this system was strong in the 19th century throughout the world, as can be seen in the original names
982:
In France, the term 'engineer' has a broader meaning compared to the one understood in most other countries and can imply a person who has achieved a high level of study in both fundamental and applied sciences, as well as business management, humanities and social sciences. The best engineering
1704:
720:
These years of preparation can be highly focused on the school program so students have a greater chance of succeeding in the admission exam or contest in their school if there is one, but they are not prepared to take the examinations for other schools so their chance of success in these other
690:
Most of these five-year grandes écoles are public, with very low admission fees (between 601€ and 2,350€ per year), and are free for national scholarship holders. A few others are either private or public with very high admission fee (up to 10,000€ per year, without exoneration for scholarship
3747:
Some grandes écoles are renowned in France for their selectivity and the complexity of their curriculum. In the press, they are usually called the "A+" schools, referring to the grade given by some rankings. These elite schools represent less than 1% of the higher education students in France.
724:
The advantage is that instead of studying simply to pass the admission exams, the student will study topics more targeted to their training and future specialization. The main advantage is that students choose their speciality more according to their interests and less according to their rank.
978:
Many engineering schools recruit most of their students who have completed their education in scientific preparatory classes (2 years of post-baccalaureat study). Many are also joint graduate schools from several regional universities, sometimes in association with other international higher
741:
years are not required to sit the entrance exams. Moreover, in many schools, there is also the possibility of “parallel admission” to a grande école. Parallel admissions are open to university students or students from other schools that decide not to take the entrance exams. This method of
498:
in Montréal. Some institutions in China, Russia, the UK, and the US also have names of some French grandes écoles, adapted to their languages). The success of the German and Anglo-Saxon university models from the late 19th century reduced the influence of the French system in some of the
3329:
These schools train students in multidisciplinary fields of social and human studies. Students are prepared for civil service and other public-sector leader positions, but more and more of them do end up working in the private sector. Some of these schools are reserved for French or
528:, which is not restricted to the school's selectivity or the prestige of the diploma awarded. The members of CGE have not made an official or "accepted" list of grandes écoles. For example, some engineering school members of the CGE cannot award state-recognized engineering degrees.
600:
biology, chemistry, physics, geology, and mathematics. Commonly called "Agro-Véto", these classes prepare students primarily for agricultural and veterinary schools, but also for schools in geology, hydrology, and forestry, as well as for research and teaching careers via the
382:
produced 3,000 engineers and served as a model for most of the industrialized countries. Until 1864, a quarter of its students came from abroad. Conversely, the quality of French technicians astonished southeastern Europe, Italy, the Near East, and even
Belgium. The system of
801:
Full-time faculty/teaching are in charge of giving lectures, but also shoulder pedagogic coordination. As such, they are deeply involved in their respective campus' life and accountable for the teaching quality as well as the pedagogic continuous improvement of the School.
622:(students can also compete to enter business schools, but represent a small minority of those admitted). There are two main sub-categories: "Lettres", in either "A/L" (with Ancient Greek and/or Latin) or LSH (with geography), and B/L (with mathematics and social sciences).
481:
Since then, France has had a unique dual higher education system, with small and middle-sized specialized graduate schools operating alongside the traditional university system. Some fields of study are nearly exclusive to one part of this dual system, such as medicine in
678:
Some schools are accessible after a selection based on the grades of the two last years of lycée (High school) and/or the baccalaureate (High school diploma) results. For example, in engineering, the most attractive and selective ones are the seven schools composing the
765:
remarked in a report that "their diplomas do not fit easily into the increasingly standardised international nomenclature for academic study ... Instead, students effectively study for five years and are then awarded a masters degree, with no intermediate diploma".
5085:
2209:
5390:
5816:
5641:
965:
countries are considered civil servants in training (unless they were recruited by parallel admission), and as such are paid a monthly salary in exchange for agreeing to serve France for ten years, including those years spent as students.
2401:(ESIEE Paris, Electrical & Computer Engineering / Industrial Engineering), administered by the French Ministry for the Economy and Finance - ESIEE Paris was established in 1904 and is part of the ESIEE network of graduate schools (
403:, reconstituted in 1876 after a fruitless attempt between 1848 and 1855. Finally, the training of the lower grades of staff, who might today be called ‘production engineers’, was assured to an even greater extent by the development of
729:
percentage are often the same order as during standard preparatory classes. The top-ranking five year grandes écoles also recruit some of the best students who followed one or two years of CPGE, through parallel admission procedures.
5836:
5681:
2285:
8422:
7242:
5826:
1362:
7672:
5691:
3751:
Admission to a certain number of these institutions (e.g. l'Ecole
Nationale de la Magistrature in Bordeaux) is reserved only to French citizens, raising questions relating to European mobility and institutional reciprocity.
2432:
7361:
6534:
5868:
2117:
5586:
790:
Full-time faculty researchers to assume their responsibility as teaching staff by giving lectures, accompanying students in their projects, participating in the campus life and representing the school during symposia.
2479:
5791:
2441:
6051:
5811:
312:(established in 1697) and the later école du génie de Mézières (established in 1748), wherein mathematics, chemistry and sciences were already a major part of the curriculum taught by first-rank scientists such as
4612:
2095:
5651:
1390:
5666:
5566:
3571:
2610:
1678:
1403:
6684:
983:
schools will often provide such a general and very intensive education, although this is not always the case. Most of the schools of the following first four groups train the so-called 'generaliste' engineers:
5385:
5179:"Article 2 - Arrêté du 16 mai 2018 portant organisation et fonctionnement d'un service à compétence nationale dénommé « Ecole nationale de la sécurité et de l'administration de la mer » - Légifrance"
2567:
5776:
3260:
degrees in five years including two preparatory years. The three remaining years are also accessible after selection for the best students graduating a first cycle university diploma, or from institutes of
5601:
3740:
Altogether, grandes écoles awarded approximately 60,000 master's degrees in 2013, compared with 150,000 master's degrees awarded by all French higher institutions in the same year, including universities.
2563:
1383:
683:(INSA network), but there are dozens of selective and less selective engineering schools accessible directly after the baccalaureate. Some other famous highly selective engineering school are the three
7665:
5831:
5596:
6429:
3718:
1474:, is a French network of 15 graduate schools of engineering within France's leading technological universities. All schools in the Group offer Master of Engineering degrees in various specialities:
4927:
4953:
2473:
957:". The schools encourage their students to obtain university diplomas in partner institutions while providing extra classes and support. Many ENS students obtain more than one university diploma.
8180:
3206:
442:
During the latter part of the 19th century and in the 20th century, more grandes écoles were established for education in businesses as well as newer fields of science and technology, including
6138:
6029:
5671:
2379:
7658:
5701:
2388:
5636:
2499:
6223:
2108:
1377:
691:
holders). These are usually the least selective ones and offer five-year training to students who otherwise could not have enrolled in a five-year curriculum directly after High school.
773:
have decided to adopt the standard, European
Bologna system of diplomas recently in order to better integrate themselves in the international academic competition. In their 2008 book
6024:
3699:. Only a small number of its students progress to military careers, while between a fifth and a quarter choose to remain in France to work for the state's technical administrations.
1639:
3731:(ECA), training military officers in charge of all the support functions (management, purchasing, finance, human support, human resources, legal advice, decision support, logistics)
2236:
6076:
1508:
5410:
4464:
2065:
1993:
3194:
1691:
7346:
5952:
2468:
1652:
6444:
6116:
5736:
2218:
1557:
710:(IMT Nord Europe). However, the rankings may differ significantly between years, magazines, and the metric of interest (academic excellence, employability, diversity, ...).
7319:
5686:
5554:
3757:
2196:
1778:
351:
5716:
5494:
5347:
3182:
2183:
2045:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
8145:
6288:
2786:
687:. It is also possible to join these schools in third year after a preparatory class or university and then the recruitment is based on a contest or the student results.
455:
6469:
3439:
3174:
8338:
5064:
8280:
6632:
5957:
5676:
1626:
8447:
7341:
564:, in Paris, is one of the most famous lycées providing preparatory classes for grandes écoles. (It is on the right side of the rue Saint-Jacques; on the left is the
6318:
6061:
1529:
1452:
6106:
5619:
5509:
2032:
1550:
1410:
8270:
7549:
7473:
5930:
5751:
5746:
2227:
703:
6514:
6091:
6056:
5883:
2559:
1486:
1479:
632:, and are subdivided between science (mathematics) and economics tracks - a third track also exists for students with a "technological", i.e. applied background.
6081:
1964:
1515:
745:
Some grandes écoles have a dual diploma arrangement in which a student can switch establishments in the last year to receive diplomas from both establishments.
6539:
2650:
8265:
7458:
6066:
5915:
5821:
3557:
3138:
1494:
1356:
8300:
7559:
7491:
6175:
6096:
5706:
5624:
5581:
3278:
2419:
1936:
1536:
817:
8275:
7463:
5920:
6121:
5962:
4881:
1587:
8260:
8010:
7695:
7453:
6111:
5910:
1568:
699:
7840:
7770:
5731:
5629:
4588:
2632:
2006:
6086:
1522:
7955:
7371:
6999:
6601:
6308:
5989:
5614:
5539:
3445:
2964:
2575:
2298:
2019:
1785:
1771:
1417:
285:, which dates to 1794. Their forerunners were schools aimed at graduating civil servants, such as technical officers (École d'Arts et Métiers, renamed
8025:
7830:
6588:
6479:
2747:
8407:
8374:
7611:
5123:
4822:
4552:
3106:
1844:
7925:
8185:
7885:
7578:
5340:
1437:
4760:
3396:
511:
is not employed in the French education code, with the exception of a quotation in the social statistics. It generally employs the expression of "
8195:
8160:
8070:
7850:
7835:
7730:
7720:
6273:
5661:
2165:
8120:
7890:
7795:
7785:
6509:
6474:
5942:
2459:
8095:
7975:
7710:
6464:
5873:
5514:
3150:
2597:
2542:
1902:
8130:
8085:
8035:
7865:
7820:
5656:
3451:
3360:
2584:
1397:
421:
7995:
7900:
7760:
6409:
5999:
5571:
3485:
2867:
2490:
1856:
160:
8397:
7222:
6071:
5405:
5246:
4132:
3838:
1946:
1501:
594:
physics and chemistry (PC), physics and engineering science (PSI), physics and technology (PT) and chemistry, physics and technology (TPC) .
266:
44:
8508:
8323:
5576:
1869:
954:
8255:
7427:
5895:
3515:
3509:
3384:
3218:
2361:
1235:
717:(BMD or LMD in French) to start the specialization earlier. Most students choose to get their licence, master or doctorate close to home.
680:
8498:
8442:
8295:
7639:
7356:
7336:
6699:
5333:
5097:
2906:
549:
400:
8364:
5848:
742:
recruitment is proving increasingly popular, with many students choosing to first go to a university and then enroll in a grande école.
8050:
7526:
7200:
7190:
7185:
6987:
6489:
6439:
5858:
5277:
4686:
4570:
3908:
3878:
3798:
3617:
2131:
1617:
1448:
1371:
928:
714:
340:
8457:
7940:
6348:
5878:
5561:
3001:
2370:
392:
7100:
5462:
5457:
3727:
2245:
494:
of many world universities (Caltech was originally "Polytechnic
Institute", as was ETH Zürich—"the Polytechnicum"—in addition to the
7606:
7586:
3744:
Grande école graduates in 2013 represent 10% of the French population graduating from high school 5 years before (600,000 in 2008).
7755:
7247:
7175:
6893:
6263:
5994:
4617:
2899:
2316:
1456:
7496:
6180:
1924:
8328:
8115:
8040:
7536:
6982:
6606:
6524:
6454:
6283:
5801:
3427:
2807:
2450:
937:
6873:
6838:
6233:
5291:
4607:
350:
During the 19th century, a number of higher-education grandes écoles were established to support industry and commerce, such as
8503:
8437:
7267:
6905:
6019:
1665:
825:
8200:
6786:
6419:
4071:
4048:
4006:
3970:
3540:
8427:
8333:
8170:
8165:
8090:
7880:
7531:
7521:
7252:
6925:
6806:
6484:
6449:
5474:
5019:
4992:
4796:
4637:
4548:
4500:
4482:
4446:
4406:
4362:
4344:
4326:
4308:
4236:
4218:
4200:
4182:
4162:
3947:
3893:
3270:
2156:
2078:
1243:
953:(ENS) did not award specific diplomas. Students who completed their curriculum were entitled to be known as "ENS alumni" or "
915:
108:
6977:
6558:
3548:
7750:
7125:
6883:
6776:
6160:
6004:
5888:
2641:
309:
305:
8359:
7309:
7023:
6519:
5529:
5308:
1738:
694:
The top three public engineering grandes écoles with standard admission fees (among 70), according to the French magazine
169:) prior to admission. As they are separate from universities, most of them do not deliver the undergraduate degree of the
8005:
8000:
7950:
6910:
6563:
3534:
6238:
5205:
4897:
2891:
8452:
8305:
7790:
7715:
7501:
6185:
5937:
5356:
4642:
3274:
2858:
2800:
1930:
1308:
1131:
520:
388:
3339:
1608:École nationale supérieure d'électronique, d'électrotechnique, d'informatique, d'hydraulique, et de télécommunications
713:
Most of them simply include the two-year preparatory class in their program while others like INSA Toulouse chose the
7765:
7195:
6726:
6716:
5843:
4855:
2681:
1433:
725:(Indeed, the rank obtained after standard preparatory classes determines a list of schools with their specialities).
431:
6494:
5420:
3708:
2619:
7905:
7805:
7180:
6816:
6165:
5806:
2659:
1822:
1814:
1314:
246:
7815:
6898:
3564:
8105:
7960:
7629:
6888:
6675:
6459:
5178:
5044:
1424:
821:
757:
mostly do not fit into the international, Anglo-American framework regarding their diplomas, nor in the
European
8020:
7860:
7650:
6771:
6504:
1060:(INSEE : French Statistical Authority) and administered by the French Ministry for the Economy and Finance;
37:
17:
8100:
7845:
7314:
7105:
7088:
6920:
6756:
6611:
6298:
5524:
5467:
4711:
4632:
2821:
1745:
278:, of which Monge was an alumnus. The selective admission opens up to higher education based on academic merit.
8412:
8243:
7725:
7406:
7237:
6741:
5519:
5440:
4290:
4272:
3954:
1216:
1030:
or "Les Arts", administered by the French
Ministry of National Education, Higher Education and Research)
809:
643:
317:
8315:
7915:
7745:
7512:
6826:
6751:
6568:
6434:
6303:
6268:
6243:
5796:
5741:
5039:
2971:
2921:
2691:
1977:
902:
871:
618:
603:
236:
2345:
325:
281:
Some schools included in the category have roots in the 17th and 18th centuries and are older than the term
8369:
7985:
7050:
7040:
6952:
6942:
6791:
6761:
6323:
6258:
4813:
3770:
3692:
3457:
3433:
2936:
2849:
150:
8472:
8417:
8045:
7965:
7910:
7232:
7212:
6821:
5544:
5479:
5395:
5131:
4522:
3821:
3265:
2503:(ENSTA Bretagne, formerly ENSIETA), training French military engineers (25%) and civilian engineers (75%);
1917:
1064:
1014:
684:
404:
294:
286:
8205:
8030:
7930:
7740:
7443:
7294:
7287:
6853:
6796:
6766:
6363:
6213:
6133:
3598:), trains managers of hospitals and other leaders and technical experts in public health and health care;
3283:
3256:
3016:
2883:
1615:), considered the largest ENSI, with more than 400 graduates every year. It is one of the schools of the
50:
8238:
8125:
7411:
7329:
5534:
5445:
5232:
1752:
1224:
707:
8060:
7028:
6843:
6328:
4870:
4602:
4243:
3324:
2828:
854:
Guest professors are international professors who take part in special lectures, classes or programme.
336:(most of whom were later to form the teaching corps of École Polytechnique during the Napoleonic era).
111:, and take the shape of institutes dedicated to teaching, research and professional training in either
8493:
8467:
8228:
7396:
6637:
5430:
3761:
has studied the questions of training and job placement for engineers graduating from grandes écoles.
1705:École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs en Informatique Automatique Mécanique Énergétique Électronique
1197:
8190:
8080:
7855:
7282:
7140:
7130:
7095:
7077:
7072:
6868:
6529:
6218:
5721:
4518:
3312:
2793:
2674:
1953:
The following schools usually train each student for a more specific area in science or engineering:
1241:
network is the largest engineer training group in France, with 16,700+ students, administered by the
275:
8233:
7401:
6653:
6596:
5435:
1205:
1010:) – The most selective engineering school in France, administered by the French Ministry of Defense;
495:
396:
8175:
8150:
8065:
7935:
7780:
7735:
7700:
7483:
7438:
7387:
6962:
6711:
6388:
6373:
6208:
5900:
5425:
3402:
3044:
2876:
1292:
1157:
932:, near Paris (sciences, engineering, social sciences, economics and management, foreign languages).
8015:
7166:
7116:
6858:
4627:
3561:
8210:
8155:
7601:
7033:
6383:
6046:
5253:
4395:
4189:
3805:
3037:
1877:
1573:
1469:
994:
794:
Their contractual number of working hours is defined at the beginning of each academic year in a
128:
8402:
7416:
5124:"Université Paris-Dauphine - Université Paris-Dauphine - Écoles - Conférence des Grandes Ecoles"
3622:
1185:
1072:, administered by the French Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy, nicknamed
560:
379:
371:
367:
329:
8135:
8110:
8075:
7920:
7825:
7775:
7135:
6972:
6957:
6947:
6915:
6781:
6746:
6573:
6338:
6228:
4435:
3366:
3331:
2993:
2929:
1792:
1714:
1104:
884:
and may be a beginning for executive careers in public administration or business. Many French
8384:
7945:
6848:
6642:
5711:
4845:
4528:
4382:
4140:
3977:
3964:
3857:
3815:
1002:
255:
31:
8462:
7895:
7705:
7304:
6801:
6378:
6368:
6358:
6293:
3030:
3023:
3009:
2913:
1729:
1171:
471:
467:
447:
443:
695:
7990:
7980:
7448:
7067:
7062:
6967:
6731:
6721:
6616:
6343:
6278:
6101:
5905:
4261:
4207:
3390:
2943:
2835:
1543:
813:
359:
355:
313:
8392:
8354:
7217:
5484:
4030:
3646:
2210:École nationale supérieure d'électronique, informatique et radiocommunications de Bordeaux
840:. Their teaching conditions are various, but not always stipulated in a contractual form.
143:
primarily admit students based on their national ranking in written and oral exams called
8:
8140:
8055:
7870:
7810:
7596:
7277:
7057:
6994:
6935:
6878:
6668:
6353:
4622:
3790:
3479:
3378:
3243:
2986:
2842:
2769:
1561:
843:
Visiting professors are teaching staff which hold a chair along another activity, e.g. a
565:
554:
321:
230:
4279:
2354:
15. Grandes écoles of
Applied Physics and Technology or Civil and Industrial Engineering
1834:
524:(Grandes Écoles Conference) is a non-profit organization. It uses a broad definition of
7970:
7800:
7591:
7299:
6833:
6811:
6736:
6248:
6153:
5756:
4577:
3608:
3580:
3421:
2174:
1580:
7227:
5450:
3870:
3086:
1179:
7875:
7366:
5271:
5219:
5206:
https://www.defense.gouv.fr/commissariat/nos-ecoles/ecole-des-commissaires-des-armees
5015:
4988:
4851:
4792:
3900:
3655:
3373:
795:
451:
427:
226:
192:
159:, successful candidates have almost always completed two or three years of dedicated
107:
are part of an alternative educational system that operates alongside the mainstream
7155:
5366:
3325:
Schools for
Political Studies, Social Sciences, Journalism and Communication studies
260:
6143:
5504:
5400:
5375:
4297:
4171:
3935:
3696:
3491:
3416:
2814:
2734:
2555:
1804:
1034:
848:
837:
629:
4351:
3722:
for the military officers and civil servants of the French
Maritime Administration
3291:
2768:
Most French business schools are partly privately run, or managed by the regional
7680:
7468:
6200:
6148:
5925:
5786:
5696:
5591:
5549:
5048:
5009:
4982:
4786:
4424:
4413:
4388:
4119:
4057:
4015:
3924:
3863:
3409:
3235:
3074:
Some schools are accessible after a competitive entrance exam directly after the
1881:
1759:
1724:École Nationale Supérieure des Mines Telecom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire
1284:
1119:
1092:
1080:
1046:
758:
664:
290:
196:
69:
6583:
5489:
5325:
5153:
4662:
3663:
3075:
2856:
The below list contains French business schools that are officially part of the
7324:
7207:
6661:
6128:
5380:
4369:
4315:
3992:
3317:
3159:
3143:
3095:
2526:
1723:
1460:
1143:
962:
417:
363:
116:
112:
3078:. Often, students of these schools will progress to an administrative school.
628:
mathematics and economics. These prepare for the entrance exams to the French
8487:
8423:École nationale supérieure des sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques
7272:
7243:École nationale supérieure des sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques
6253:
4905:
4735:
4489:
4225:
4149:
3847:
3680:
3572:École nationale supérieure des sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques
3239:
2957:
2547:
2333:
2118:École nationale supérieure des ingénieurs en arts chimiques et technologiques
1260:
1167:
507:
There is no standard definition or official list of grandes écoles. The term
413:
333:
242:
132:
4333:
3626:
2096:École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris
1120:École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris
6578:
6039:
5761:
4559:
4537:
4453:
3211:
3199:
3187:
3123:
3099:
2442:École supérieure des techniques aéronautiques et de construction automobile
2410:
1320:
889:
124:
3885:
3607:
Today, there are only 3 grandes écoles that are officially denominated as
2726:École supérieure d'ingénieurs de recherche en matériaux et en InfoTronique
2411:École Supérieure d'Ingénieurs en Électrotechnique et Électronique d'Amiens
2286:École nationale supérieure d'informatique pour l'industrie et l'enterprise
2264:École d'ingénieur généraliste en informatique et technologies du numérique
945:(sciences, engineering, social sciences, economics and management, sport).
8432:
7376:
7351:
6424:
6404:
6190:
5781:
5766:
4507:
4471:
4428:
4254:
4112:
4101:
4065:
4042:
4023:
4000:
3985:
3943:
3928:
3915:
3828:
3503:
3498:
3474:
3349:
3227:
3166:
3127:
3091:
2713:
2708:
2397:
1268:
885:
515:" to indicate higher educational institutions that are not universities.
298:
120:
6014:
1247:. It consists of grandes écoles distributed throughout mainland France:
6499:
6170:
5853:
4761:"Qu'est-ce qu'une CPGE (classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles) ?"
3231:
3131:
2677:
known as "École
Polytechnique Féminine", was only for women until 1994;
1683:
1276:
877:
844:
613:
7564:
6034:
5034:
4712:"Le calendrier général des concours | Portail de la Fonction publique"
2508:
1190:
654:
463:
6683:
6313:
5947:
5726:
4038:
3223:
3155:
3119:
3111:
2979:
2645:(EIPurpan), formerly École Supérieure d'Agriculture de Purpan (ESAP);
2611:École nationale du génie de l'eau et de l'environnement de Strasbourg
2254:
1957:
11. Grandes écoles of Actuarial Sciences, Statistics and Econometrics
1384:École Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie et des Industries Alimentaires
1252:
988:
881:
459:
364:
L'institut des sciences et industries du vivant et de l'environnement
4613:
Conférence des directeurs des écoles françaises d'ingénieurs (CDEFI)
3287:
and selecting students that graduated baccalaureat with top honours.
2433:École Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie
1670:
969:
7045:
5863:
5771:
3553:
2700:
2483:
2472:(ISAE-SUPAERO) - was formed by a merger of two institutes known as
2149:
14. Grandes écoles of Information Technology and Telecommunications
2141:École nationale supérieure de l'électronique et de ses Applications
2122:
1679:École nationale supérieure en génie des systèmes et de l'innovation
1404:École nationale supérieure en génie des systèmes et de l'innovation
1144:
Institut des sciences et industries du vivant et de l'environnement
1047:École nationale de la statistique et de l'administration économique
639:
205:), are organised privately and therefore have more costly tuition.
5098:"L'université Paris Dauphine rejoint le cercle des grandes écoles"
5008:
Mazza, Carmelo; Quattrone, Paolo; Riccaboni, Angelo (2008-01-01).
3052:
Business schools recruiting students with professional experience:
1406:(ENSGSI, the National School of Industrial Systems and Innovation)
1112:, administered by the French Ministry of Industry) – part of
862:
Grandes écoles can be classified into following broad categories:
8285:
6009:
5415:
3713:
located in Lyon for the training of army doctors and pharmacists.
3251:
3115:
2703:), founded in 1985. A generalist engineering school, former IDLS;
2551:
2517:
2451:École spéciale des travaux publics, du Bâtiment et de l'Industrie
2398:École Supérieure d'Ingénieurs en Électrotechnique et Électronique
2276:
2201:
1332:
475:
98:
94:
2759:
2277:École Internationale des Sciences du Traitement de l'Information
2255:École d'électricité, de production et des méthodes industrielles
2046:École européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux de Strasbourg
1657:
1644:
1378:
EEIGM, the European School of Materials Sciences and Engineering
1293:
Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Centre Val de Loire
543:
8248:
7554:
6930:
6333:
5606:
3719:École nationale de la sécurité et de l'administration de la mer
3592:
3058:
2752:
2725:
2668:
17. Other private Grandes écoles offering multiple specialities
2109:École nationale supérieure de chimie et de physique de Bordeaux
1350:
1344:
942:
816:
from a French or foreign Higher Education Institution which is
90:
3579:), which trains library and information managers (part of the
3110:(EHESS), trains researchers in Social and Human Sciences, for
2389:École Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques
7681:
Public universities and higher education institutes in France
7262:
7257:
7018:
6863:
6414:
5499:
5011:
European Universities in Transition: Issues, Models and Cases
3587:
3247:
3069:
2950:
2717:
2500:École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées de Bretagne
2268:
2263:
2188:
2140:
1889:
1338:
1057:
Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques
1056:
785:
4928:"Les écoles d'ingénieurs préférées des bac S sur Parcoursup"
3702:
There are also other specialized military "grandes écoles":
2866:
Business schools recruiting students from post-baccalaureat
2175:École supérieure d'informatique, électronique et automatique
1209:(ECL, EC-Lyon, or Centrale Lyon) was founded in 1857 as the
308:
were established in the 17th century in France, such as the
7083:
5069:
2776:
Business schools recruiting students just after taking the
2325:
2307:
1386:(ENSAIA, the National School of Agronomy and Food Sciences)
1326:
920:
762:
195:
and therefore have limited tuition costs. Some, especially
8249:École nationale supérieure des arts et industries textiles
3207:École Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture de Saint-Etienne
2380:École nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique
1692:École nationale supérieure des arts et industries textiles
1100:, administered by the French Ministry for Industry) –
997:. Also some of these schools teach only a specific area):
812:, a prominent professor is permanent professor, holding a
8448:
Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales
7342:
Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales
5292:"Baccalauréat 2009, Tableaux statistiques (sources Depp)"
2402:
1631:
1393:(ENSEM, the National School of Electricity and Mechanics)
472:
Ecole Supérieure des Sciences économiques et commerciales
4465:École Supérieure de Chimie Physique Électronique de Lyon
4081:
Many winners of the Nobel prize attended a Grande école
3735:
3576:
2697:École supérieure des technologies industrielles avancées
2535:
16. Grandes écoles of Biology and other Natural Sciences
2219:École supérieure angevine en informatique et productique
2066:École supérieure de chimie physique électronique de Lyon
1994:École supérieure de chimie physique électronique de Lyon
1753:École des Mines-Télécom de Lille-Douai (IMT Lille Douai)
1391:École Nationale Supérieure d'Électricité et de Mécanique
1211:École centrale lyonnaise pour l'Industrie et le Commerce
993:(however, some of these schools are now part of the new
89:) is a specialized top-level educational institution in
5007:
4847:
The State Nobility: Elite Schools in the Field of Power
3195:École Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture de Versailles
2197:École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
1696:
1640:École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de Bretagne Sud
1444:, the ENSCBP, the ENSTBB, the ENSEGID, and the ENSPIMA;
1285:
Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Strasbourg
638:
humanities, with an emphasis on philology, history and
299:École des ingénieurs-constructeurs des vaisseaux royaux
4788:
Franco-British Academic Partnerships: The Next Chapter
3596:
1894:
1453:École polytechnique universitaire de Clermont-Auvergne
1151:) - administered by the French Ministry of Agriculture
8339:École Normale Supérieure Lettres et Sciences Humaines
7550:École nationale d'ingénieurs de Saint-Etienne (ENISE)
5065:École Normale Supérieure Lettres et Sciences Humaines
2739:
1907:
1874:
1861:
1779:École nationale supérieure des mines de Saint-Étienne
1261:
Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Toulouse
704:
Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Toulouse
352:École nationale supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne
2308:
Institut Superieur de l'electronique et du numerique
2184:École pour l'informatique et les techniques avancées
896:
in Paris, Lyon or Paris-Saclay. There are four ENS:
673:
297:, established in 1747), and shipbuilding engineers (
7347:
Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace
4954:"Comparatif 2023 des écoles d'ingénieurs en France"
3281:, are also independent national schools delivering
3175:École Nationale Supérieure de Création Industrielle
2469:
Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace
2033:École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
1653:École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de Poitiers
1601:which encompasses approximately 40 grandes écoles:
1413:(ENSIC, the National School of Chemical Industries)
1411:École Nationale Supérieure des Industries Chimiques
1269:
Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Rennes
293:, established in 1783), bridge and road engineers (
208:
7372:School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences
6602:Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management
6593:Institut national des postes et télécommunications
4812:
3167:École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts à la Villa Arson
1425:École Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture de Nancy
1277:Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Rouen
949:Until recently, unlike most other grandes écoles,
6540:Union des industries et métiers de la métallurgie
5355:
5309:"L'Express palmarès 2018 des écoles d'ingénieurs"
3183:École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon
2237:École supérieure d'ingénieurs en génie électrique
1978:Institut de Statistiques de l'Université de Paris
1793:École nationale supérieure des télécommunications
1253:Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon
1183:, which is the result of the 2015 merger between
1105:École nationale supérieure des télécommunications
1081:École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées
700:Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon
456:École nationale supérieure des télécommunications
8485:
3064:Institut Européen d'Administration des Affaires)
2326:Institut des Sciences et Techniques des Yvelines
1088:) administered by the French Ministry of Defense
93:and some other previous French colonies such as
6633:Bilan d'aptitude délivré par les grandes écoles
4843:
3758:Comité d'études sur les formations d'ingénieurs
2463:(IPSA, Aeronautical and Aerospace Engineering);
2445:(ESTACA or ISAE-ESTACA, Mechanical Engineering)
2383:(ENSMA, or ISAE-ENSMA, Mechanical Engineering);
1627:École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de Caen
1487:École polytechnique de l'université de Lorraine
274:The model was probably the military academy at
5095:
4785:Lane, Philippe; Fraser, Maurice (2011-07-08).
4663:"grande école | French education | Britannica"
4589:École normale supérieure de Fontenay-aux-Roses
3299:In 2014, Paris-Dauphine University joined the
3139:École Nationale Supérieure des Arts Décoratifs
2598:Ecole et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre
2007:École nationale supérieure de chimie de Rennes
1965:Institut de Science Financiere et d'Assurances
1420:(ENSMN, the National School of Mines of Nancy)
865:
531:
7666:
6669:
5341:
5035:11-12 Nobel laureates and 10 Fields medalists
4871:What are Grandes Ecoles Institutes in France?
3602:
2576:École supérieure de biotechnologie Strasbourg
2420:École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État
2020:École nationale supérieure de chimie de Lille
1890:École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Saint-Étienne
1786:École nationale supérieure des mines de Rabat
1772:École nationale supérieure des mines de Nancy
1760:École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris
1418:École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Nancy
1189:(ECP or Centrale Paris) founded in 1829, and
1093:École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris
1035:École nationale supérieure de chimie de Paris
544:Preparatory classes for grandes écoles (CPGE)
412:
8408:École des hautes études en sciences sociales
6607:École supérieure des communications de Tunis
4553:École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales
4526:
4380:
4160:
4138:
4130:
4069:
4046:
4004:
3962:
3855:
3836:
3813:
3629:in Brittany, is the Army Academy. Nicknamed
3107:École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales
2709:École Speciale de Mecanique et d'Electricite
2460:Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées
468:Ecole des hautes Etudes commerciales du Nord
264:
234:
200:
186:
178:
164:
154:
144:
138:
102:
57:
42:
6589:HEC Management School – University of Liège
5074:Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon (Sciences)
4736:"C'est quoi une classe préparatoire ?"
3357:, most prestigious and selective among all)
3219:Instituts Nationaux des Sciences Appliquées
2735:Centre des études supérieures industrielles
1746:École nationale supérieure des mines d'Alès
1739:École nationale supérieure des mines d'Albi
1372:Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine
906:of Paris, nicknamed "Ulm" from its address
780:
662:is the Lycée Henri-IV, facing the Panthéon.
426:. Cambridge University Press. p. 313.
74:
8398:Conservatoire national des arts et métiers
7673:
7659:
7635:
7223:Conservatoire national des arts et métiers
6676:
6662:
5348:
5334:
5072:(humanities), was merged in 2010 with the
4784:
4133:Conservatoire national des arts et métiers
3839:Conservatoire national des arts et métiers
3070:Grandes écoles without preparatory classes
2299:Institut supérieur d'électronique de Paris
2228:École supérieure d'électronique de l'Ouest
2166:École nationale des sciences géographiques
1947:Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers
1732:and École des Mines de Nantes, merged 2017
1597:Écoles Nationales Supérieures d'Ingénieurs
1449:Polytechnic Institute of Clermont-Auvergne
1220:(ECM, EC-Marseille, or Centrale Marseille)
786:Full-time researchers and teaching faculty
289:, established in 1780), mine supervisors (
267:Conservatoire national des arts et métiers
45:Conservatoire national des arts et métiers
8375:Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale
8256:Institut national des sciences appliquées
7101:Polytechnic University of Hauts-de-France
3588:École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique
3151:École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts
2651:École nationale supérieure d'horticulture
2374:(ENAC), French civil aviation University;
2362:École des ingenieurs de la Ville de Paris
1236:Institut National des Sciences Appliquées
836:Adjunct Professors hold chair in another
681:Institut National des Sciences Appliquées
347:, although it trains only army officers.
8286:Institut supérieur de mécanique de Paris
2633:École supérieure d'agricultures d'Angers
2491:Institut supérieur des matériaux du Mans
1427:(ENSA Nancy, the School of Architecture)
663:
653:
573:Classes préparatoires aux Grandes Écoles
553:
423:The Cambridge Economic History of Europe
304:Five military engineering academies and
36:
8360:École française d'archéologie d'Athènes
3654:) is the Air Force Academy, located in
3468:of Journalism and communication studies
3002:Institut supérieur du commerce de Paris
2887:(École supérieure de commerce de Dijon)
2808:ESDES School of Business and Management
2748:École supérieure d'ingénieurs de Rennes
1850:network is an engineer training group:
910:(Ulm Street) (sciences and humanities);
380:Central School of Arts and Manufactures
368:École centrale des Arts et Manufactures
27:French institutions of higher education
14:
8486:
8438:Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris
7587:University of Burgundy - Franche-Comté
7268:Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris
5276:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3303:and now has the status of university,
3154:, best known as "les Beaux-Arts" (for
3038:Institut Mines-Télécom Business School
2585:École Nationale Supérieure de Géologie
2543:École nationale supérieure agronomique
1903:École nationale d'ingénieurs de Tarbes
1398:École Nationale Supérieure de Géologie
1065:École nationale des ponts et chaussées
851:giving lectures once or twice a week.
550:Classe préparatoire aux Grandes Écoles
149:, which are organized annually by the
8443:Institut national d'histoire de l'art
7654:
7527:École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay
7337:Institut national d'histoire de l'art
6657:
5329:
4976:
4974:
4638:List of public universities in France
4571:École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay
3909:École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr
3879:École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr
3799:École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr
3769:Of the 29 persons who have served as
3736:Facts and influence in French culture
3618:École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr
1857:École nationale d'ingénieurs de Brest
1244:French Ministry of National Education
1162:; its students are commonly known as
929:École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay
831:
732:
356:École supérieure de Commerce de Paris
341:École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr
68:
8458:Muséum national d'histoire naturelle
5096:L'étudiant, Journal (8 April 2014).
4980:
4687:"C'est quoi une grande école ?"
3487:Centre de Formation des Journalistes
2371:École nationale de l'aviation civile
2246:École catholique des arts et métiers
1870:École nationale d'ingénieurs de Metz
1228:(ECN, EC-Nantes, or Centrale Nantes)
715:Bachelor's master's doctorate system
8509:Universities and colleges in France
7248:École nationale supérieure maritime
6564:National School of Mineral Industry
4618:Conférence des grandes écoles (CGE)
3675:and its graduates and students are
3535:Institut national du service public
2925:(École de Management de Strasbourg)
824:-accredited and ranked amongst the
775:European Universities in Transition
521:Conférence des grandes écoles (CGE)
295:École royale des ponts et chaussées
30:For the film released in 2004, see
24:
8499:Educational institutions in France
8453:Institut polytechnique de Grenoble
7537:École normale supérieure de Rennes
7357:National Museum of Natural History
6559:École Hassania des travaux publics
4984:OECD Economic Surveys: France 2007
4971:
4643:Superior Graduate Schools in Italy
3549:École Nationale de la Magistrature
3292:Universities that have joined the
2801:ESCE International Business School
2512:(SUPMECA, Mechanical Engineering);
2317:Institut d'informatique d'Auvergne
2079:Institut d'Optique Graduate School
1457:Institut d'informatique d'Auvergne
1309:Institut polytechnique de Grenoble
1201:(ECLi, EC-Lille or Centrale Lille)
1132:Institut d'Optique Graduate School
938:École Normale Supérieure de Rennes
748:
251:École centrale des travaux publics
25:
8520:
6520:École de design Nantes Atlantique
4608:Commission des titres d'ingénieur
3764:
3728:École des commissaires des armées
3691:is also under supervision of the
3637:but are generally referred to as
3633:, its graduates and students are
3441:Sciences Po Saint-Germain-en-Laye
1815:Telecom & Management SudParis
1434:Polytechnic Institute of Bordeaux
1170:, one of the centrepieces of the
1020:École nationale d'Arts et Métiers
674:Recruitment at baccalauréat level
8428:École pratique des hautes études
8365:École française d'Extrême-Orient
7634:
7625:
7624:
7532:École normale supérieure de Lyon
7253:École pratique des hautes études
4850:. Stanford UP. pp. 133–35.
4549:École normale supérieure (Paris)
4501:École normale supérieure (Paris)
4483:École normale supérieure (Paris)
4447:École normale supérieure (Paris)
4407:École normale supérieure (Paris)
4363:École normale supérieure (Paris)
4345:École normale supérieure (Paris)
4327:École normale supérieure (Paris)
4309:École normale supérieure (Paris)
4237:École normale supérieure (Paris)
4219:École normale supérieure (Paris)
4201:École normale supérieure (Paris)
4183:École normale supérieure (Paris)
4163:École pratique des hautes études
4072:École nationale d'administration
4049:École nationale d'administration
4007:École nationale d'administration
3971:École nationale d'administration
3948:École normale supérieure (Paris)
3894:École normale supérieure (Paris)
3541:École nationale d'administration
2892:École de management de Normandie
2392:(ENSMM, Mechanical Engineering);
1315:Grenoble Institute of Technology
916:École Normale Supérieure de Lyon
153:. While anyone can register for
133:public policy and administration
7886:Valenciennes/Hainault-Cambrésis
5301:
5284:
5239:
5195:
5171:
5146:
5116:
5089:
5079:
5076:to create the current ENS Lyon.
5056:
5028:
5001:
4946:
4920:
4890:
4875:
4825:from the original on 2022-01-12
3695:, it is no longer officially a
3458:University of Toulouse-Capitole
3045:ESC Toulouse School of Business
2683:HEI - Hautes Etudes d'Ingénieur
2509:Institut Supérieur de Mécanique
1986:12. Grandes écoles of Chemistry
892:laureates were educated at the
109:French public university system
8348:Écoles françaises à l'étranger
7687:Public universities in France,
7612:Federal University of Toulouse
7106:Polytechnic Institute of Paris
6612:Technical University of Madrid
6299:European Business School Paris
4864:
4837:
4805:
4791:. Liverpool University Press.
4778:
4753:
4728:
4704:
4679:
4655:
4633:List of universities in France
3773:, 17 attended a Grande école.
2822:European Business School Paris
2620:École de Biologie Industrielle
1666:École d'ingénieurs ENSIL-ENSCI
1191:École Supérieure d'Electricité
464:École supérieure d'électricité
401:National Institute of Agronomy
366:(Agro ParisTech) in 1826, and
339:In 1802, Napoleon created the
310:école de l'artillerie de Douai
119:, or applied sciences such as
13:
1:
8504:Public universities in France
6569:Louvain School of Engineering
5357:Conférence des Grandes écoles
4716:www.fonction-publique.gouv.fr
4648:
3301:Conférence des grandes écoles
3294:Conférence des grandes écoles
2922:EM Strasbourg Business School
2907:ESC Rennes School of Business
2859:Conférence des grandes écoles
2692:ESTIA Institute of Technology
2660:Institut Sup'Biotech de Paris
2157:École Centrale d'Électronique
2058:13. Grandes écoles of Physics
1330:) which has six departments (
1193:(or Supélec) founded in 1894.
857:
826:Shanghai 2019 top 500 ranking
582:There are five categories of
343:, which is also considered a
306:graduate schools of artillery
225:originated in 1794 after the
7607:Sorbonne Paris Cité Alliance
7325:Brest-Rennes-Nantes-Toulouse
4932:grandes-ecoles.studyrama.com
4814:"France's educational elite"
3434:University of Grenoble-Alpes
3340:Institut d'études politiques
2972:Grenoble École de management
2850:PSB Paris School of Business
2642:École d'ingénieurs de Purpan
2601:(EOST), whose graduates are
2588:(ENSG), whose graduates are
2280:(EISTI, now called CY Tech);
1845:École Nationale d'Ingénieurs
1767:)(also member of ParisTech);
838:Higher Education Institution
151:French Ministry of Education
7:
8413:École Nationale des Chartes
8316:Écoles normales supérieures
7579:University systems (groups)
7513:Écoles normales supérieures
7407:École centrale de Marseille
7238:École Nationale des Chartes
6166:Télécom Physique Strasbourg
5014:. Edward Elgar Publishing.
4596:
4291:École Nationale des Chartes
4273:École Nationale des Chartes
3581:University of Lyon Alliance
3514:Journalism School (part of
3502:Journalism School (part of
3422:University of Lyon Alliance
3266:Universités de Technologies
3017:Montpellier Business School
2884:Burgundy School of Business
2780:, most of them are private:
2623:(EBI), whose graduates are
2403:Official website in English
1823:Télécom Physique Strasbourg
1301:4. Instituts polytechniques
1217:École centrale de Marseille
972:grandes écoles d'ingénieurs
951:écoles normales supérieures
866:Écoles normales supérieures
644:École nationale des Chartes
619:Écoles normales supérieures
604:Écoles normales supérieures
378:Between 1832 and 1870, the
318:Charles Étienne Louis Camus
51:3rd arrondissement of Paris
10:
8525:
8292:Universités de technologie
4603:Academic grading in France
3693:French Ministry of Defence
3603:Military officer academies
2895:(Normandy Business School)
2829:IESEG School of Management
2787:ESSCA School of Management
2762:grandes écoles de commerce
2454:(ESTP, Civil Engineering);
2249:(ECAM Lyon - Groupe ECAM);
1918:Universités de technologie
923:(sciences and humanities);
869:
685:Universités de Technologie
626:Économique et commerciale:
547:
460:Hautes Études commerciales
393:Ecole des Arts industriels
387:expanded, enriched by the
326:Sylvestre-François Lacroix
216:
177:degrees. Admission to the
29:
8473:Université Paris-Dauphine
8418:Arts et Métiers ParisTech
8383:
8347:
8314:
8219:
7836:French West Indies/Guiana
7686:
7620:
7577:
7545:
7510:
7482:
7425:
7385:
7233:École des ponts ParisTech
7213:Arts et Métiers ParisTech
7164:
7153:
7141:Grenoble Alpes University
7114:
7008:
6707:
6698:
6625:
6548:
6530:Université Paris-Dauphine
6397:
6199:
5480:École des ponts ParisTech
5396:Arts et Métiers ParisTech
5363:
4527:
4523:École des ponts ParisTech
4519:Paris Dauphine University
4381:
4161:
4139:
4131:
4070:
4047:
4005:
3963:
3856:
3837:
3822:École des ponts ParisTech
3814:
3709:École de santé des armées
3313:Paris-Dauphine University
2794:EDC Paris Business School
2675:EPF School of Engineering
1530:Polytech Clermont-Ferrand
1158:Centrale Graduate Schools
1070:École des Ponts ParisTech
1015:Arts et Métiers ParisTech
642:, named after the school
486:only, or architecture in
287:Arts et Métiers ParisTech
183:is extremely selective.
8220:Autonomous public higher
7522:École normale supérieure
7484:Institutes of technology
7412:École centrale de Nantes
7176:Instituts polytechniques
7009:Collegiate universities
5040:École Normale Supérieure
4844:Pierre Bourdieu (1998).
4109:Physics & Chemistry
3955:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
3611:of the French Republic.
3446:University of Versailles
3403:University of Strasbourg
2917:(NGO - Association 1901)
2877:Audencia Business School
2870:, high selectivity rate:
1225:École centrale de Nantes
903:École Normale Supérieure
894:École Normale Supérieure
872:École normale supérieure
781:Faculty in Grande Ecoles
708:École des Mines de Douai
502:
499:English-speaking world.
405:Ecoles d’Arts et métiers
397:Ecole centrale lyonnaise
389:Ecole des Eaux et Forêts
301:, established in 1741).
291:École des mines de Paris
237:École normale supérieure
8468:Palais de la Découverte
8370:École française de Rome
8229:École centrale de Lille
7430:des sciences appliquées
7397:École centrale de Lille
4742:(in French). 2019-03-19
4693:(in French). 2011-02-11
4396:Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
4056:
4029:
4014:
3991:
3976:
3953:
3934:
3914:
3899:
3884:
3869:
3846:
3827:
3804:
3789:
3081:These schools include:
2958:Excelia Business School
1574:Paris-Saclay University
1198:École centrale de Lille
995:Paris-Saclay University
658:Just as famous for its
129:business administration
7402:École centrale de Lyon
7295:Institut Mines-Télécom
7136:University of Lorraine
6597:Polytechnique Montréal
6574:Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech
6229:Emlyon Business School
6134:Institut Mines-Télécom
5386:Bordeaux Sciences Agro
5183:www.legifrance.gouv.fr
4884:Les écoles de l'an III
4436:Claude Cohen-Tannoudji
3621:, formerly located in
3398:Sciences Po Strasbourg
3367:University of Bordeaux
2994:INSEEC Business School
2930:Emlyon Business School
2530:(chemistry, mechanics)
1717:schools of engineering
1715:Institut Mines-Telecom
1472:schools of engineering
1206:École centrale de Lyon
991:schools of engineering
961:from France and other
670:
668:
650:in number of students.
646:. By far the smallest
616:, essentially for the
569:
440:
395:at Lille in 1854, the
391:at Nancy in 1826, the
265:
235:
201:
187:
179:
165:
155:
145:
139:
103:
58:
53:
43:
8463:Observatoire de Paris
8385:Grands établissements
7167:Grands établissements
7117:Grands établissements
5037:were educated at the
4628:Grands établissements
4244:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
3031:Skema Business School
3024:NEOMA Business School
3010:KEDGE Business School
2951:ESSEC Business School
2914:EDHEC Business School
2427:, Civil Engineering);
2346:Télécom Saint-Étienne
2257:(EPMI - Groupe ECAM);
1611:(ENSEEIHT, nicknamed
1569:Polytech Paris-Saclay
1436: : includes the
1172:Industrial Revolution
970:Engineering schools (
806:Prominent professors:
721:examinations is low.
667:
657:
557:
448:NEOMA Business School
444:Rouen Business School
376:
173:but deliver master's
166:classes préparatoires
40:
8403:École centrale Paris
8222:education institutes
7417:École Centrale Paris
6889:Sorbonne Paris North
6617:University of Lisbon
6525:Sciences Po Grenoble
6279:ESCP Business School
4908:on 22 September 2014
4821:. 17 November 2003.
4262:Roger Martin du Gard
4208:Jean Baptiste Perrin
3779:President of France
3453:Sciences Po Toulouse
3429:Sciences Po Grenoble
3391:University of Rennes
3362:Sciences Po Bordeaux
3307:, and grande école.
3269:(UTC, UTT, UTBM) in
3005:(ISC Paris, private)
2944:ESCP Business School
2836:IPAG Business School
2770:chambers of commerce
2521:(Marine Engineering)
2289:(ENSIIE, previously
2169:(ENSG - géomatique);
2129:), also part of the
1812:). On the campus of
1544:Polytech Nice Sophia
1523:Polytech Montpellier
1186:École centrale Paris
1166:(a reference to the
979:education networks.
876:These schools train
798:workload timetable.
706:(INSA Toulouse) and
561:Lycée Louis-le-Grand
372:École centrale Paris
362:, founded in 1819),
360:ESCP Business School
330:Siméon Denis Poisson
314:Pierre-Simon Laplace
241:, the mathematician
8301:Belfort-Montbéliard
7597:Normandy University
7492:Belfort-Montbéliard
7439:Centre Val-de-Loire
7131:Dauphine University
6921:Polynésie française
6549:Universities abroad
5712:École Polytechnique
5203:www.defense.gouv.fr
4987:. OECD Publishing.
4981:OECD (2007-06-27).
4882:Michel Nusimovici,
4623:Education in France
4529:École Polytechnique
4383:École Polytechnique
4141:École Polytechnique
3978:François Mitterrand
3965:École Polytechnique
3858:École Polytechnique
3816:École Polytechnique
3791:Patrice de MacMahon
3771:President of France
3689:École polytechnique
3679:. It is located in
3480:Sorbonne University
3379:University of Lille
3305:grand établissement
3284:diplôme d'ingénieur
3257:diplôme d'ingénieur
3244:Centre-Val de Loire
2987:ICN Business School
2868:preparatory classes
2843:ISG Business School
1937:Belfort-Montbéliard
1572:, component of the
1562:Sorbonne University
1076:) – founded in 1747
1028:les Arts et Metiers
1003:École polytechnique
256:École polytechnique
231:National Convention
161:preparatory classes
70:[ɡʁɑ̃dekɔl]
32:Grande École (film)
7592:University of Lyon
6899:Paris-East Créteil
6854:Nouvelle-Calédonie
6752:Bordeaux Montaigne
6638:Mastère spécialisé
6626:Accredited degrees
6470:ENSCI–Les Ateliers
6249:ESC Bretagne Brest
5938:Institut d'optique
5047:2011-06-15 at the
4667:www.britannica.com
3609:military academies
3538:(INSP), (formerly
3516:Sciences Po Rennes
3511:Sciences Po Rennes
3386:Sciences Po Rennes
3343:(IEP, Sciences Po)
2760:Business schools (
2423:(ENTPE, nicknamed
1880:2022-06-21 at the
1516:Polytech Marseille
1054:) – formed by the
1022:previously called
832:Adjunct professors
733:Parallel admission
698:, are in 2023 the
671:
669:
570:
513:écoles supérieures
209:Classification of
202:Écoles de commerce
171:diplôme de licence
54:
8481:
8480:
8393:Collège de France
8355:Casa de Velázquez
8106:Southern Brittany
8041:Panthéon-Sorbonne
7861:Savoie Mont Blanc
7648:
7647:
7573:
7572:
7444:Euro-Méditerranée
7428:Institut national
7367:Paris Observatory
7218:Collège de France
7201:Clermont-Auvergne
7149:
7148:
7012:
6884:Sorbonne Nouvelle
6874:Panthéon-Sorbonne
6693:
6685:Universities and
6651:
6650:
5767:ESIEE Engineering
5227:Missing or empty
5021:978-1-84844-141-5
4994:978-92-64-03329-0
4798:978-1-78138-656-9
4594:
4593:
4079:
4078:
4031:François Hollande
3901:Charles de Gaulle
3656:Salon-de-Provence
3623:Saint-Cyr-l'École
3374:Sciences Po Lille
3355:Sciences Po Paris
1798:TELECOM ParisTech
1558:Polytech Sorbonne
1495:Polytech Grenoble
1296:– founded in 2014
1288:– founded in 2003
1280:– founded in 1985
1272:– founded in 1966
1264:– founded in 1963
1256:– founded in 1957
1135:(IOGS, nicknamed
452:Sciences Po Paris
399:in 1857, and the
259:), and the abbot
227:French Revolution
16:(Redirected from
8516:
8101:Western Brittany
7846:French Polynesia
7841:French Polynesia
7771:Clermont-Ferrand
7675:
7668:
7661:
7652:
7651:
7638:
7637:
7628:
7627:
7388:Écoles centrales
7162:
7161:
7041:Clermont-Ferrand
7010:
6705:
6704:
6691:
6678:
6671:
6664:
6655:
6654:
6440:ENS Paris-Saclay
6201:Business schools
6062:Clermont-Ferrand
5401:Chimie ParisTech
5376:Agrocampus Ouest
5350:
5343:
5336:
5327:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5305:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5288:
5282:
5281:
5275:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5258:
5252:. Archived from
5251:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5230:
5225:
5223:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5165:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5130:. Archived from
5120:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5093:
5087:
5083:
5077:
5060:
5054:
5053:
5032:
5026:
5025:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4978:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4958:www.letudiant.fr
4950:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4904:. Archived from
4894:
4888:
4879:
4873:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4816:
4809:
4803:
4802:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4659:
4532:
4531:
4386:
4385:
4298:Jean-Paul Sartre
4280:François Mauriac
4172:Gabriel Lippmann
4166:
4165:
4144:
4143:
4136:
4135:
4106:1903 & 1911
4096:Grande école(s)
4084:
4083:
4075:
4074:
4052:
4051:
4010:
4009:
3968:
3967:
3936:Georges Pompidou
3861:
3860:
3842:
3841:
3819:
3818:
3785:Grande école(s)
3776:
3775:
3755:Since 1975, the
3697:military academy
3560:), which trains
3492:Assas University
3417:Sciences Po Lyon
2815:ESIEE Management
2556:Agrocampus Ouest
2550:), Montpellier (
2546:(ENSA), Paris (
1835:Institut Eurécom
1810:ex - Telecom INT
1805:Telecom SudParis
1730:Telecom Bretagne
1551:Polytech Orleans
1490:(Polytech Nancy)
1357:Génie Industriel
1114:Institut Télécom
1040:Chimie ParisTech
630:business schools
438:
437:
270:
240:
204:
197:business schools
190:
182:
168:
158:
148:
142:
106:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
72:
67:
63:
48:
21:
8524:
8523:
8519:
8518:
8517:
8515:
8514:
8513:
8484:
8483:
8482:
8477:
8379:
8343:
8310:
8221:
8215:
7816:Marne la Vallée
7688:
7682:
7679:
7649:
7644:
7616:
7569:
7541:
7506:
7478:
7449:Hauts-de-France
7429:
7421:
7381:
7228:CentraleSupélec
7145:
7110:
7004:
6694:
6682:
6652:
6647:
6621:
6544:
6393:
6195:
6052:Annecy-Chambéry
5906:Hauts-de-France
5787:ESPCI ParisTech
5697:ENSTA ParisTech
5662:ENSG-Géomatique
5647:ENSEIRB-MATMECA
5637:ENSCBP Bordeaux
5592:ENSAE ParisTech
5550:Mines ParisTech
5520:École des mines
5359:
5354:
5324:
5323:
5314:
5312:
5307:
5306:
5302:
5294:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5269:
5268:
5262:
5260:
5256:
5249:
5247:"Archived copy"
5245:
5244:
5240:
5228:
5226:
5217:
5216:
5210:
5208:
5201:
5200:
5196:
5187:
5185:
5177:
5176:
5172:
5163:
5161:
5154:"ESA Lyon-Bron"
5152:
5151:
5147:
5137:
5135:
5128:www.cge.asso.fr
5122:
5121:
5117:
5107:
5105:
5094:
5090:
5084:
5080:
5061:
5057:
5051:
5049:Wayback Machine
5033:
5029:
5022:
5006:
5002:
4995:
4979:
4972:
4962:
4960:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4937:
4935:
4926:
4925:
4921:
4911:
4909:
4898:"HEC - History"
4896:
4895:
4891:
4880:
4876:
4869:
4865:
4858:
4842:
4838:
4828:
4826:
4819:Daily Telegraph
4811:
4810:
4806:
4799:
4783:
4779:
4770:
4768:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4745:
4743:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4720:
4718:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4696:
4694:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4671:
4669:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4651:
4599:
4578:Anne L'Huillier
4425:Mines ParisTech
4414:Georges Charpak
4389:Mines ParisTech
4120:Henri Becquerel
4087:Nobel laureate
4062:2017 – present
4058:Emmanuel Macron
4016:Nicolas Sarkozy
3925:Mines ParisTech
3871:Philippe Pétain
3864:Mines ParisTech
3767:
3738:
3671:) is nicknamed
3605:
3410:Sciences Po Aix
3353:(also known as
3334:citizens only.
3327:
3297:
3087:École du Louvre
3072:
2766:
2414:(ESIEE Amiens);
2101:ESPCI ParisTech
1882:Wayback Machine
1765:MINES ParisTech
1581:Polytech Savoie
1537:Polytech Nantes
1480:Polytech Angers
1470:Réseau Polytech
1451:: includes the
1442:ENSEIRB-MATMECA
1375:: includes the
1312:: includes the
1180:CentraleSupélec
1125:ESPCI ParisTech
1098:MINES ParisTech
1086:ENSTA ParisTech
1052:ENSAE ParisTech
976:
874:
868:
860:
834:
788:
783:
761:. In 2007, the
751:
749:Degrees awarded
735:
696:L'Étudiant noir
676:
552:
546:
537:
505:
439:
434:
418:Postan, Michael
411:
219:
214:
193:publicly funded
117:social sciences
86:
83:
80:
77:
65:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8522:
8512:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8494:Grandes écoles
8479:
8478:
8476:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8450:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8389:
8387:
8381:
8380:
8378:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8351:
8349:
8345:
8344:
8342:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8320:
8318:
8312:
8311:
8309:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8289:
8288:
8283:
8278:
8273:
8268:
8263:
8258:
8252:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8225:
8223:
8217:
8216:
8214:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8191:Cergy-Pontoise
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8116:Upper Brittany
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8046:Panthéon-Assas
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7856:Grenoble Alpes
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7692:
7690:
7684:
7683:
7678:
7677:
7670:
7663:
7655:
7646:
7645:
7643:
7642:
7632:
7621:
7618:
7617:
7615:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7583:
7581:
7575:
7574:
7571:
7570:
7568:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7546:
7543:
7542:
7540:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7518:
7516:
7508:
7507:
7505:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7488:
7486:
7480:
7479:
7477:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7435:
7433:
7423:
7422:
7420:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7393:
7391:
7383:
7382:
7380:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7333:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7292:
7291:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7208:Agro ParisTech
7205:
7204:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7172:
7170:
7159:
7156:Grandes écoles
7151:
7150:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7126:PSL University
7122:
7120:
7112:
7111:
7109:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7096:Gustave Eiffel
7093:
7092:
7091:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7054:
7053:
7043:
7038:
7037:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7015:
7013:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6991:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6939:
6938:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6902:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6830:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6708:
6702:
6696:
6695:
6687:Grandes Écoles
6681:
6680:
6673:
6666:
6658:
6649:
6648:
6646:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6629:
6627:
6623:
6622:
6620:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6552:
6550:
6546:
6545:
6543:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6401:
6399:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6254:La Rochelle BS
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6205:
6203:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6157:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6131:
6129:SIGMA Clermont
6126:
6125:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6047:Polytech Group
6044:
6043:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6025:ENSTA Bretagne
6022:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5986:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5934:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5893:
5892:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5558:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5485:École de l'air
5482:
5477:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5455:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5426:École centrale
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5381:Agro ParisTech
5378:
5372:
5370:
5367:grandes écoles
5361:
5360:
5353:
5352:
5345:
5338:
5330:
5322:
5321:
5300:
5283:
5238:
5194:
5170:
5145:
5134:on 29 May 2014
5115:
5088:
5078:
5055:
5027:
5020:
5000:
4993:
4970:
4945:
4919:
4889:
4874:
4863:
4856:
4836:
4804:
4797:
4777:
4752:
4727:
4703:
4678:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4370:Maurice Allais
4366:
4365:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4316:Alfred Kastler
4312:
4311:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4285:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4077:
4076:
4063:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4036:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4018:
4012:
4011:
3998:
3995:
3993:Jacques Chirac
3989:
3988:
3983:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3960:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3941:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3922:
3919:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3853:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3834:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3811:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3766:
3765:Notable alumni
3763:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3723:
3714:
3685:
3684:
3659:
3647:École de l'Air
3642:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3584:
3568:
3545:
3527:Grandes Écoles
3520:
3519:
3507:
3495:
3483:
3466:Grandes Écoles
3462:
3461:
3449:
3437:
3425:
3413:
3406:
3394:
3382:
3370:
3358:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3318:PSL University
3296:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3262:
3215:
3210:(ENSASE), for
3203:
3191:
3179:
3171:
3163:
3160:PSL University
3147:
3144:PSL University
3135:
3103:
3096:history of art
3071:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3049:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2998:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2918:
2910:
2903:
2900:Groupe ESC Pau
2896:
2888:
2880:
2854:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2765:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2743:
2730:
2721:
2704:
2687:
2678:
2665:
2664:
2663:(Sup'Biotech).
2655:
2646:
2637:
2628:
2615:
2606:
2593:
2580:
2571:
2532:
2531:
2527:SIGMA Clermont
2522:
2513:
2504:
2495:
2486:
2464:
2455:
2446:
2437:
2428:
2415:
2406:
2393:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2351:
2350:
2342:
2330:
2321:
2312:
2303:
2294:
2281:
2272:
2259:
2250:
2241:
2232:
2231:(Groupe ESEO);
2223:
2214:
2205:
2192:
2179:
2170:
2161:
2146:
2145:
2136:
2113:
2104:
2091:
2074:
2055:
2054:
2041:
2028:
2015:
2002:
1983:
1982:
1973:
1912:
1911:
1898:
1885:
1865:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1819:
1801:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1710:
1709:
1700:
1687:
1674:
1661:
1648:
1635:
1622:
1592:
1591:
1588:Polytech Tours
1584:
1577:
1565:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1502:Polytech Lille
1498:
1491:
1483:
1465:
1464:
1461:SIGMA Clermont
1445:
1430:
1367:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1281:
1273:
1265:
1257:
1230:
1229:
1221:
1213:
1202:
1194:
1160:of engineering
1153:
1152:
1140:
1128:
1116:
1101:
1089:
1077:
1061:
1043:
1031:
1011:
975:
968:
963:European Union
947:
946:
933:
924:
911:
870:Main article:
867:
864:
859:
856:
833:
830:
787:
784:
782:
779:
771:Grandes écoles
769:However, some
759:Bologna system
755:Grandes écoles
750:
747:
734:
731:
675:
672:
660:classes prépas
652:
651:
633:
623:
608:
595:
591:Scientifiques:
548:Main article:
545:
542:
536:
534:grandes écoles
530:
504:
501:
432:
414:Mathias, Peter
409:
385:grandes écoles
322:Étienne Bézout
261:Henri Grégoire
218:
215:
213:
211:grandes écoles
207:
191:are generally
188:Grandes écoles
180:grandes écoles
140:Grandes écoles
104:Grandes écoles
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8521:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8491:
8489:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8451:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8390:
8388:
8386:
8382:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8352:
8350:
8346:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8321:
8319:
8317:
8313:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8291:
8290:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8253:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8226:
8224:
8218:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8031:New Caledonia
8029:
8027:
8026:New Caledonia
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8011:Orleans/Tours
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7936:Montpellier 2
7934:
7932:
7931:Montpellier 1
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7831:French Guiana
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7726:Franche-Comté
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7701:Aix-Marseille
7699:
7697:
7696:Aix-Marseille
7694:
7693:
7691:
7685:
7676:
7671:
7669:
7664:
7662:
7657:
7656:
7653:
7641:
7633:
7631:
7623:
7622:
7619:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7602:Paris-Est Sup
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7584:
7582:
7580:
7576:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7547:
7544:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7519:
7517:
7515:
7514:
7509:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7489:
7487:
7485:
7481:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7436:
7434:
7432:
7431:
7424:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7394:
7392:
7390:
7389:
7384:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7362:Oniris Nantes
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7320:Saint-Étienne
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7297:
7296:
7293:
7289:
7288:Rennes-Angers
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7275:
7274:
7273:Institut Agro
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7178:
7177:
7174:
7173:
7171:
7169:
7168:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7157:
7152:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7123:
7121:
7119:
7118:
7113:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7090:
7087:
7086:
7085:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7021:
7020:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7007:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6983:Paul Sabatier
6981:
6979:
6976:
6975:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6958:Saint-Étienne
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6839:Montpellier 3
6837:
6835:
6832:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6814:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6712:Aix-Marseille
6710:
6709:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6697:
6690:
6688:
6679:
6674:
6672:
6667:
6665:
6660:
6659:
6656:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6624:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:Fondation 2ie
6554:
6553:
6551:
6547:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6490:ESM Saint-Cyr
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6400:
6396:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6244:EM Strasbourg
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6202:
6198:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6048:
6045:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5897:
5894:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5657:ENSG-Géologie
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5556:
5555:Saint-Étienne
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5456:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5391:AgroSup Dijon
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5362:
5358:
5351:
5346:
5344:
5339:
5337:
5332:
5331:
5328:
5310:
5304:
5293:
5287:
5279:
5273:
5259:on 2013-03-16
5255:
5248:
5242:
5234:
5221:
5207:
5204:
5198:
5184:
5180:
5174:
5159:
5155:
5149:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5119:
5103:
5099:
5092:
5086:
5082:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5066:
5059:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5023:
5017:
5013:
5012:
5004:
4996:
4990:
4986:
4985:
4977:
4975:
4959:
4955:
4949:
4934:. 24 May 2019
4933:
4929:
4923:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4893:
4887:
4885:
4878:
4872:
4867:
4859:
4857:9780804733465
4853:
4849:
4848:
4840:
4824:
4820:
4815:
4808:
4800:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4781:
4766:
4762:
4756:
4741:
4737:
4731:
4717:
4713:
4707:
4692:
4688:
4682:
4668:
4664:
4658:
4654:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4490:Serge Haroche
4488:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4445:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4384:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4352:Gérard Debreu
4350:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4226:Henri Bergson
4224:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4190:Paul Sabatier
4188:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4150:Henri Moissan
4148:
4147:
4142:
4134:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4082:
4073:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4050:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4008:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3966:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3859:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3848:Albert Lebrun
3845:
3840:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3817:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3640:
3639:saint-cyriens
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3459:
3456:(part of the
3455:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3444:(part of the
3443:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3432:(part of the
3431:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3420:(part of the
3419:
3418:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3401:(part of the
3400:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3389:(part of the
3388:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3377:(part of the
3376:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3365:(part of the
3364:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3254:) delivering
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3198:(ENSAV), for
3197:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3186:(ENSAL), for
3185:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2763:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2569:
2568:Sciences Agro
2566:), Bordeaux (
2565:
2561:
2558:), Toulouse (
2557:
2553:
2549:
2548:AgroParisTech
2545:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2334:Telecom Nancy
2331:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1659:
1658:ENSI Poitiers
1655:
1654:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1509:Polytech Lyon
1506:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1168:piston engine
1165:
1161:
1159:
1150:
1149:AgroParisTech
1146:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1110:Télécom Paris
1107:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1000:
999:
998:
996:
992:
990:
984:
980:
973:
967:
964:
960:
956:
952:
944:
940:
939:
934:
931:
930:
925:
922:
918:
917:
912:
909:
905:
904:
899:
898:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
873:
863:
855:
852:
850:
846:
841:
839:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
808:according to
807:
803:
799:
797:
792:
778:
776:
772:
767:
764:
760:
756:
746:
743:
740:
730:
726:
722:
718:
716:
711:
709:
705:
702:(INSA Lyon),
701:
697:
692:
688:
686:
682:
666:
661:
656:
649:
645:
641:
637:
634:
631:
627:
624:
621:
620:
615:
612:
609:
606:
605:
599:
596:
592:
589:
588:
587:
585:
580:
578:
574:
567:
563:
562:
556:
551:
541:
535:
532:Admission to
529:
527:
523:
522:
516:
514:
510:
500:
497:
496:Polytechnique
491:
489:
485:
479:
477:
474:in 1907, and
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
435:
433:9780521215909
429:
425:
424:
419:
415:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
381:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
337:
335:
334:Gaspard Monge
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
279:
277:
272:
269:
268:
262:
258:
257:
252:
248:
247:Lazare Carnot
244:
243:Gaspard Monge
239:
238:
232:
228:
224:
212:
206:
203:
198:
194:
189:
184:
181:
176:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
141:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
105:
100:
96:
92:
71:
62:
61:
52:
47:
46:
39:
33:
19:
8156:Upper Alsace
8051:New Sorbonne
7511:
7426:
7386:
7165:
7154:
7115:
6762:Bretagne-Sud
6700:Universities
6686:
6584:HEC Montréal
6579:HEC Lausanne
6324:ICN Graduate
6259:ESC Clermont
6239:EM Normandie
6112:Paris-Saclay
6040:Supmicrotech
5859:INP Toulouse
5807:Grenoble INP
5762:ESIEE Amiens
5530:Albi-Carmaux
5490:École navale
5365:
5364:Engineering
5313:. Retrieved
5303:
5286:
5261:. Retrieved
5254:the original
5241:
5229:|title=
5209:. Retrieved
5202:
5197:
5186:. Retrieved
5182:
5173:
5162:. Retrieved
5157:
5148:
5136:. Retrieved
5132:the original
5127:
5118:
5106:. Retrieved
5101:
5091:
5081:
5073:
5063:
5058:
5038:
5030:
5010:
5003:
4983:
4961:. Retrieved
4957:
4948:
4936:. Retrieved
4931:
4922:
4910:. Retrieved
4906:the original
4901:
4892:
4883:
4877:
4866:
4846:
4839:
4827:. Retrieved
4818:
4807:
4787:
4780:
4769:. Retrieved
4764:
4755:
4744:. Retrieved
4739:
4730:
4719:. Retrieved
4715:
4706:
4695:. Retrieved
4690:
4681:
4670:. Retrieved
4666:
4657:
4560:Alain Aspect
4538:Esther Duflo
4454:Yves Chauvin
4080:
4035:2012 – 2017
4020:2007 - 2012
3997:1995 – 2007
3982:1981 – 1995
3959:1974 – 1981
3940:1969 – 1974
3905:1959 – 1969
3890:1946 – 1947
3875:1940 – 1944
3852:1932 – 1940
3833:1931 – 1932
3810:1887 – 1894
3795:1873 – 1879
3768:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3726:
3717:
3707:
3701:
3688:
3686:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:École Navale
3662:
3651:
3645:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3616:
3606:
3586:
3570:
3547:
3539:
3533:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3510:
3497:
3486:
3473:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3452:
3440:
3428:
3415:
3408:
3397:
3385:
3372:
3361:
3354:
3348:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3328:
3311:
3304:
3300:
3298:
3293:
3282:
3264:
3255:
3246:(located in
3217:
3212:architecture
3205:
3200:architecture
3193:
3188:architecture
3181:
3173:
3165:
3149:
3137:
3124:anthropology
3105:
3100:anthropology
3085:
3080:
3076:baccalauréat
3073:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3000:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2937:ESC Clermont
2935:
2928:
2920:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2890:
2882:
2875:
2865:
2864:
2857:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:baccalauréat
2777:
2775:
2774:
2767:
2761:
2746:
2733:
2724:
2712:also called
2707:
2696:
2690:
2682:
2667:
2666:
2658:
2649:
2640:
2636:(ESA) ;
2631:
2624:
2618:
2609:
2602:
2596:
2589:
2583:
2574:
2541:
2534:
2533:
2525:
2516:
2507:
2498:
2489:
2474:
2467:
2458:
2449:
2440:
2431:
2424:
2418:
2409:
2396:
2387:
2378:
2369:
2360:
2353:
2352:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2324:
2315:
2306:
2297:
2290:
2284:
2275:
2262:
2253:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2195:
2182:
2173:
2164:
2160:(ECE Paris);
2155:
2148:
2147:
2139:
2132:INP Toulouse
2130:
2126:
2125:, nicknamed
2116:
2107:
2100:
2094:
2087:
2086:, nicknamed
2083:
2077:
2070:
2064:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2037:
2031:
2024:
2018:
2011:
2005:
1998:
1992:
1985:
1984:
1976:
1969:
1963:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1901:
1888:
1868:
1855:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1728:
1722:
1712:
1711:
1703:
1690:
1677:
1664:
1651:
1638:
1625:
1618:INP Toulouse
1616:
1612:
1606:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1567:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1485:
1478:
1467:
1466:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1401:(ENSG), the
1396:
1389:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1321:Grenoble INP
1319:
1313:
1307:
1300:
1299:
1291:
1283:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1251:
1242:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1223:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1196:
1184:
1178:
1163:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
986:
985:
981:
977:
971:
958:
950:
948:
936:
927:
914:
907:
901:
893:
890:Fields Medal
875:
861:
853:
849:entrepreneur
842:
835:
805:
804:
800:
793:
789:
774:
770:
768:
754:
752:
744:
738:
736:
727:
723:
719:
712:
693:
689:
677:
659:
647:
635:
625:
617:
610:
602:
597:
590:
583:
581:
576:
572:
571:
559:
538:
533:
526:grande école
525:
519:
517:
512:
509:grande école
508:
506:
492:
487:
483:
480:
441:
422:
384:
377:
349:
345:grande école
344:
338:
303:
283:grande école
282:
280:
273:
263:created the
254:
250:
249:created the
233:created the
223:grande école
222:
220:
210:
185:
175:grande école
174:
170:
137:
125:architecture
113:pure natural
84:great school
60:grande école
59:
55:
41:Gate of the
18:Grande École
8433:Sciences Po
8181:Champollion
8081:La Rochelle
7926:Montpellier
7751:Montesquieu
7377:Sciences Po
7352:VetAgro Sup
7330:Lille-Douai
7283:Montpellier
7089:Côte d'Azur
7078:Montpellier
6978:Jean Jaurès
6948:La Rochelle
6425:ENAC Alumni
6405:CELSA Paris
6364:Montpellier
6191:VetAgro Sup
6087:Montpellier
5782:ESME-Sudria
5620:Montpellier
5468:ECAM Rennes
5311:(in French)
5160:(in French)
5104:(in French)
5052:(in French)
4963:21 December
4767:(in French)
4691:Le Monde.fr
4508:Jean Tirole
4472:Albert Fert
4429:ESPCI Paris
4305:Literature
4287:Literature
4269:Literature
4255:ESPCI Paris
4233:Literature
4113:ESPCI Paris
4102:Marie Curie
4066:Sciences Po
4043:Sciences Po
4024:Sciences Po
4001:Sciences Po
3986:Sciences Po
3944:Sciences Po
3929:Sciences Po
3921:1969; 1974
3916:Alain Poher
3829:Paul Doumer
3806:Sadi Carnot
3625:but now in
3565:magistrates
3504:Sciences Po
3499:Sciences Po
3475:CELSA Paris
3350:Sciences Po
3261:technology;
3158:) (part of
3128:linguistics
3092:archaeology
2720:since 1905;
2714:ESME Sudria
2554:), Rennes (
2240:(ESIGELEC);
2069:(ESCPE, or
1997:(ESCPE, or
1921:(UT) group:
1671:ENSIL-ENSCI
886:Nobel Prize
878:researchers
753:The French
575:(CPGE), or
484:universités
450:) in 1871,
374:) in 1829.
253:(later the
229:, when the
121:engineering
8488:Categories
8281:Strasbourg
8196:Versailles
8186:Versailles
8166:Toulouse 1
8151:Strasbourg
8146:Strasbourg
7956:Nancy/Metz
7736:Bordeaux 1
7689:by academy
7469:Strasbourg
7000:Versailles
6963:Strasbourg
6943:La Réunion
6500:HEC Alumni
6475:ENV Alfort
6460:ENSA Nancy
6455:ENS Rennes
6309:ESC Troyes
6269:ESC Rennes
6171:Unilasalle
6005:ITECH Lyon
5963:ISARA Lyon
5926:Strasbourg
5854:IFP School
5777:ESITC Caen
5315:2019-03-13
5263:2014-11-12
5211:2020-12-13
5188:2020-12-13
5164:2020-12-13
5138:17 January
5108:6 November
5102:L'étudiant
4912:5 February
4829:5 February
4771:2022-04-29
4746:2022-04-29
4721:2022-04-29
4697:2022-04-29
4672:2022-04-29
4649:References
4545:Economics
4515:Economics
4461:Chemistry
4377:Economics
4359:Economics
4334:Louis Néel
4251:Chemistry
4197:Chemistry
4157:Chemistry
3782:In Office
3627:Coëtquidan
3236:Strasbourg
3222:(INSA) in
3132:statistics
2965:ESC Troyes
2562:), Nancy (
2339:ex - ESIAL
2213:(ENSEIRB);
2088:SupOptique
1828:ex - ENSPS
1708:(ENSIAME);
1324:(formerly
1318:, and the
1137:SupOptique
959:Normaliens
955:normaliens
882:professors
858:Categories
845:consultant
810:L'Etudiant
614:humanities
470:in 1906 ,
8296:Compiègne
8244:Marseille
8211:Paris-Sud
8171:Le Mirail
8061:Descartes
7951:Perpignan
7756:Pau/Adour
7746:Montaigne
7497:Compiègne
6911:Perpignan
6689:in France
6410:CFJ Paris
6349:ISC Paris
6314:HEC Paris
6219:EDC Paris
6082:Marseille
5475:ECE Paris
5463:ECAM Lyon
5441:Marseille
5043:in Paris
4765:L'Etudant
4093:Category
4039:HEC Paris
3918:(Acting)
3886:Léon Blum
3677:Bordaches
3631:Saint-Cyr
3490:(part of
3478:(part of
3316:(part of
3271:Compiègne
3156:fine arts
3142:(part of
3120:geography
3112:sociology
2997:(private)
2980:HEC Paris
2729:(ESIREM);
2686:in Lille;
2614:(ENGEES);
2494:(ISMANS);
2436:(ENSSAT);
2112:(ENSCPB);
1925:Compiègne
1560:, in the
1074:les Ponts
989:ParisTech
908:rue d'Ulm
640:languages
478:in 1909.
466:in 1894,
462:in 1881,
458:in 1878,
454:in 1872,
354:in 1816,
221:The term
49:, in the
8271:Toulouse
8206:Nanterre
8176:Sabatier
8161:Toulouse
8136:Le Havre
8111:Rennes 1
8076:Poitiers
8071:Poitiers
8056:Sorbonne
8021:Rabelais
7966:Poincaré
7961:Verlaine
7881:Littoral
7851:Grenoble
7826:Burgundy
7811:Paris 13
7806:Paris 12
7776:Auvergne
7731:Bordeaux
7721:Besançon
7630:Category
7474:Toulouse
7196:Bordeaux
7191:Toulouse
7186:Lorraine
7181:Grenoble
7051:Capitole
7046:Toulouse
6973:Toulouse
6936:Rennes 2
6916:Poitiers
6879:Sorbonne
6869:Nanterre
6844:Mulhouse
6807:Littoral
6792:Le Havre
6772:Chambéry
6747:Bordeaux
6742:Besançon
6727:Antilles
6510:INP-ENVT
6450:ENS Lyon
6389:Toulouse
6304:Grenoble
6209:Audencia
6139:Bretagne
6117:Sorbonne
6067:Grenoble
6015:Polyméca
5931:Toulouse
5869:ENSIACET
5864:ENSEEIHT
5772:ESIGELEC
5677:ENSICAEN
5625:Mulhouse
5411:CPE Lyon
5272:cite web
5220:cite web
5045:Archived
4938:18 March
4823:Archived
4597:See also
4585:Physics
4567:Physics
4497:Physics
4479:Physics
4443:Physics
4421:Physics
4403:Physics
4341:Physics
4323:Physics
4215:Physics
4179:Physics
4127:Physics
3575:(Lyon) (
3562:judicial
3554:Bordeaux
3240:Toulouse
2701:Biarritz
2603:Eostiens
2590:Géoliens
2484:Toulouse
2320:(ISIMA);
2222:(ESAIP);
2178:(ESIEA);
2143:(ENSEA);
2123:ENSIACET
2071:CPE-Lyon
1999:CPE-Lyon
1878:Archived
1632:ENSICAEN
1422:and the
796:lump sum
636:Chartes:
611:Lettres:
566:Sorbonne
420:(1978).
410:—
276:Mézières
156:concours
146:concours
8261:de Lyon
8126:Réunion
8121:Réunion
8066:Diderot
8016:Orléans
7971:Nancy 2
7911:Lumière
7906:Bernard
7896:Limoges
7891:Limoges
7801:Paris 8
7796:Créteil
7786:Corsica
7741:Segalen
7706:Avignon
7565:Supméca
6894:Paris 8
6859:Orléans
6834:Le Mans
6802:Limoges
6737:Avignon
6692:(EPSCP)
6445:ENS LSH
6384:Telecom
6264:ESC Pau
6107:Orléans
6035:Supméca
6010:SupAgro
5817:ENSIMAG
5587:ENITIAA
5505:EI Cesi
5416:CY Tech
4902:hec.edu
4886:, 2010.
3635:cyrards
3279:Belfort
3252:Bourges
3116:history
2654:(ENSH);
2625:Ebistes
2579:(ESBS);
2552:SupAgro
2518:SeaTech
2475:SUPAERO
2365:(EIVP);
2329:(ISTY);
2311:(ISEN);
2302:(ISEP);
2202:EPITECH
1981:(ISUP).
1940:(UTBM)
1934:(UTT);
1928:(UTC),
1800:)
1599:(ENSI),
1333:ENSIMAG
1164:pistons
476:Supaero
358:(today
217:Origins
99:Tunisia
95:Morocco
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66:French:
8329:Cachan
8306:Troyes
8266:Rennes
8239:Nantes
8096:Rennes
7991:Nantes
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7976:Nantes
7946:Unîmes
7941:Valéry
7921:Monnet
7916:Moulin
7876:Artois
7781:Pascal
7711:Amiens
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7502:Troyes
7459:Rennes
7082:
7068:Rennes
7063:Nantes
7034:Saclay
6968:Toulon
6931:Rennes
6827:Lyon 3
6822:Lyon 2
6817:Lyon 1
6797:Guyane
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6535:Oniris
6430:ENSFEA
6398:Others
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6000:ISMANS
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5837:ESISAR
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5702:ENSTIB
5692:ENSSAT
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3090:, for
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2480:ENSICA
1931:Troyes
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1645:ENSIBS
1459:, the
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584:prépas
577:prépas
490:only.
488:écoles
430:
91:France
8324:Paris
8276:Rouen
8141:Rouen
8131:Rouen
8091:Reims
8086:Reims
8036:Paris
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7986:Maine
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5295:(PDF)
5257:(PDF)
5250:(PDF)
4740:Cersa
4582:2023
4564:2022
4542:2019
4512:2014
4494:2012
4476:2007
4458:2005
4440:1997
4418:1992
4400:1991
4374:1988
4356:1983
4338:1970
4320:1966
4302:1964
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4212:1926
4194:1912
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4124:1903
4090:Year
3681:Brest
3523:Other
3248:Blois
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2718:Paris
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2025:ENSCL
2012:ENSCR
1895:ENISE
1848:(ENI)
1339:Ense3
1024:ENSAM
941:near
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820:- or
818:AACSB
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648:prépa
503:Today
131:, or
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5278:link
5233:help
5140:2022
5110:2016
5070:Lyon
5062:The
5016:ISBN
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