243:. It was ideally suited to literary candidates. Thus, toward the end of the Ming Dynasty, the system attracted the candidature of Tang Xianzu (1550–1616). Tang at 14 passed the imperial examination at the county level; and at 21, he did so at the provincial level; but not until he was 34 did he pass at the national level. However, he had already become a well-known poet at age 12, and among other things he went on to such distinction as a profound literati and dramatist that it would not be far-fetched to regard him as China's answer to William Shakespeare. In the late 19th century, however, the system increasingly engendered internal dissatisfaction, and was criticized as not reflecting candidates' ability to govern well, and for giving undue weight to style over content and originality of thought. Indeed, long before its abandonment, the notion of the imperial system as a route to social mobility was somewhat mythical. In Tang's magnum opus, The Peony Pavilion, sc 13, Leaving Home, the male lead, Liu Mengmei, laments: "After twenty years of studies, I still have no hope of getting into office", and on this point Tang may be speaking through Liu as his alter ego. The system was finally abolished by the
1559:. There are three main categories of Spanish public positions: temporary political posts ("personal eventual"), which require a simple procedure for hiring and dismissal and is associated to top level executives and advisors, statutory permanent posts ("funcionarios de carrera"), which require a formal procedure for access that usually involves a competition among candidates and whose tenants are subject to a special statutory relationship of work with their employers, and non statutory permanent posts ("personal laboral"), which also require a formal procedure for entry similar to the procedure required for the "funcionarios de carrera", but whose tenants are subject to normal working conditions and laws. Competitions differ notably among the state, the 17 autonomous communities and the city councils, and the "funcionarios de carrera" and "personal laboral" examinations vary in difficulty from one location to another.
106:
422:, published in 1847, that "the long duration of the Chinese empire is solely and altogether owing to the good government which consists in the advancement of men of talent and merit only", and that the British must reform their civil service by making the institution meritocratic. On the other hand, John Browne, in the 1854 debate mentioned above, 'argued that elegant writing had become an end in itself, and the stultifying effect of this on the Chinese civil service had contributed in no small measure to China's failure to develop its early lead over Western civilisations': Coolican, p. 107.
785:) of Brunei. The role of the civil service is as the government's administrative machinery to uphold the supreme authority of His Majesty the Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam, uphold the National Philosophy – MIB, Melayu Islam Beraja, ensure the development of the country and ensure the welfare of the people as well as its traditional role as the peacekeeper, law enforcer, regulator and service providers. However, the adjudication system is separate from the civil service to maintain its independence and impartiality.
426:
130:
142:
1506:, and the Public Appointments Service. The organisation of the Irish Civil Service is very similar to the traditional organization of the British Home Civil Service, and indeed the grading system in the Irish Civil Service is nearly identical to the traditional grading system of its British counterpart. In Ireland, public sector employees such as teachers or members of the country's
858:(907–960), the Song emperors were eager to implement a system where civil officials would owe their social prestige to the central court and gain their salaries strictly from the central government. This ideal was not fully achieved since many scholar officials were affluent landowners and were engaged in many anonymous business affairs in an age of
403:, near London to train and examine administrators of the company's territories in India. "The proposal for establishing this college came, significantly, from members of the East India Company's trading post in Canton, China." Examinations for the Indian "civil service"—a term coined by the Company—were introduced in 1829.
497:
The
Northcote–Trevelyan model remained essentially stable for a hundred years. This was a tribute to its success in removing corruption, delivering public services (even under the stress of two world wars), and responding effectively to political change. It also had a great international influence
459:
of 1854 made four principal recommendations: that recruitment should be on the basis of merit determined through competitive examination, that candidates should have a solid general education to enable inter-departmental transfers, that recruits should be graded into a hierarchy and that promotion
1013:
Pakistan has federal civil servants serving in federal government offices, with staff selected through the
Federal Public Service Commission. Similarly, Pakistani provinces select their own public servants through provincial Public Service Commissions. The federal services have some quota against
748:
As of
January 2007, the federal government, excluding the Postal Service, employed about 1.8 million civilian workers. The federal government is the nation's single largest employer, although it employs only about 12% of all government employees, compared to 24% at the state level and 63% at the
195:
system of recommendation by superiors for appointments to office. In the areas of administration, especially the military, appointments were based solely on merit. This was an early form of the imperial examinations, transitioning from inheritance and patronage to merit, in which local officials
869:
This class of state bureaucrats in the Song period were far less aristocratic than their Tang predecessors. The examinations were carefully structured in order to ensure that people of lesser means than what was available to candidates born into wealthy, landowning families were given a greater
394:
greatly expanded. Each had its own system, but in general, staff were appointed through patronage or outright purchase. By the 19th century, it became increasingly clear that these arrangements were falling short. "The origins of the
British civil service are better known. During the eighteenth
234:
In theory, the
Chinese civil service system provided one of the main avenues for social mobility in Chinese society, although in practice, due to the time-consuming nature of the study, the examination was generally only taken by sons of the landed gentry. The examination tested the candidate's
862:. Nonetheless, gaining a degree through three levels of examination—prefectural exams, provincial exams, and the prestigious palace exams—was a far more desirable goal in society than becoming a merchant. This was because the mercantile class was traditionally regarded with some disdain by the
757:
In the early 20th century, most cities in the US had a spoils system. Over the next few decades, the spoils system was replaced with a civil service system. U.S. state and local government entities often have competitive civil service systems that are modeled on the national system, in varying
254:
The
Chinese system was often admired by European commentators from the 16th century onward. However, the Chinese imperial examination system was hardly universally admired by all Europeans who knew of it. In a debate in the unelected chamber of the UK parliament on March 13, 1854, John Browne
1364:
are not Beamte but have similar rights. Judges are not Beamte but have similar rights too. Public attorneys are all Beamte, whereas most (but not all) professors are Beamte. The group of Beamte have the most secure employment, and the amount they are paid is set by national pay regulations
75:") may also be classed as civil servants for the purpose of statistics and possibly for their terms and conditions. Collectively a state's civil servants form its civil service or public service. The concept arose in China and modern civil service developed in Britain in the 18th century.
64:(counties, cities and similar administrations) are generally referred to as "local government civil service officers", who are considered public servants but not civil servants. Thus, in the UK, a civil servant is a public servant but a public servant is not necessarily a civil servant.
717:
of 1883 and subsequent laws. By 1909, almost two-thirds of the U.S. federal work force was appointed based on merit, that is, qualifications measured by tests. Certain senior civil service positions, including some heads of diplomatic missions and executive agencies, are filled by
395:
century a number of
Englishmen wrote in praise of the Chinese examination system, some of them going so far as to urge the adoption for England of something similar. The first concrete step in this direction was taken by the British East India Company in 1806." In that year, the
227:(618–907) adopted the same measures for drafting officials, and decreasingly relied on aristocratic recommendations and more and more on promotion based on the results of written examinations. The structure of the examination system was extensively expanded during the reign of
700:
In the United States, the federal civil service was established in 1871. The Civil
Service is defined as "all appointive positions in the executive, judicial, and legislative branches of the Government of the United States, except positions in the uniformed services."
460:
should be through achievement, rather than "preferment, patronage or purchase". It also recommended a clear division between staff responsible for routine ("mechanical") work, and those engaged in policy formulation and implementation in an "administrative" class.
172:. The imperial exam based on merit was designed to select the best administrative officials for the state's bureaucracy. This system had a huge influence on both society and culture in Imperial China and was directly responsible for the creation of a class of
617:). It usually consists of a written test; some posts may require physical tests (such as policemen), or oral tests (such as professors, judges, prosecutors and attorneys). The rank according to the examination score is used for filling the vacancies.
4051:
86:) but are governed by internal staff regulations. All disputes related to international civil service are brought before special tribunals created by these international organizations such as, for instance, the Administrative Tribunal of the
530:
Brazil started to move away from a patronage based public service starting in the second half of the 19th century, but written tests and merit only became the norm towards the end of the 1930s, as a result from reforms introduced during
3663:
3942:
3895:
2081:(or equivalent) whose functions include maintaining the work and rights of civil servants at arm's length from potential politicisation or political interference. Compare the governance-administrative integration of
874:
who would rewrite all of the candidates' exams in order to mask their handwriting and thus prevent favoritism by graders of the exams who might otherwise recognize a candidate's handwriting. The advent of widespread
4120:, necessarily had more of an opportunity to influence the emperor, yet men of lower social status, for instance freedmen or slaves, could also make their mark on account of their constant proximity to the emperor.
4043:
753:
region, only about 16% (or about 284,000) of the federal government workforce is employed in this region. As of 2014, there are currently 15 federal executive branch agencies and hundreds of subagencies.
3988:
1086:
Public sector employment is classified into three services; State service, Local service and
Hospital service. According to government statistics there were 5.5 million public sector employees in 2011.
102:. Its mandate is to regulate and coordinate the conditions of service of staff in the United Nations common system, while promoting and maintaining high standards in the international civil service.
670:, with each of the ten provincial governments as well as the three territorial governments also having their own separate civil services. The federal civil service consists of all employees of the
3209:
1821:
are not considered to be civil servants. Police officers and staff are also not civil servants. Total employment in the public sector in the UK was 6.04 million in 2012 according to the UK's
635:
The labor laws and social insurance for civil servants are different from private workers; even between government branches (like different states or cities), the law and insurance differ.
2520:
3869:
1026:
3953:
3899:
286:
during their term in office. In the courts, they summoned witnesses, kept track of time, and helped keep order. Outside of the courts, they escorted the magistrate and acted as
53:
by a government department or agency for public sector undertakings. Civil servants work for central and state governments, and answer to the government, not a political party.
467:
was causing a clamour for the change. The report's conclusions were immediately implemented, and a permanent, unified and politically neutral civil service was introduced as
354:(753 BC – 509 BC) or even earlier Etruscan times. The number of lictores a magistrate had was proportional to status. Lictores were in charge of punishing Roman citizens.
1787:
In
December 2011, the government of Rajoy announced that civil servants have to serve a minimum 37.5 working hours per week regardless of their place or kind of service.
959:. The state civil servants are selected through an examination conducted by state public service commissions. State civil servants serve at the pleasure of the Governor.
3737:
475:
was also set up in 1855 to oversee open recruitment and end patronage, and most of the other Northcote–Trevelyan recommendations were implemented over some years.
3367:
772:
4560:
37:
composed mainly of career civil service personnel hired rather than elected, whose institutional tenure typically survives transitions of political leadership. A
682:
are not civil servants. There are approximately 357,000 federal civil servants (2023), and more than 350,000 employees at the provincial and territorial levels.
3977:
3533:
506:
established a modern civil service in the United States, and by the turn of the 20th century almost all Western governments had implemented similar reforms...
4021:
2491:
2302:
3563:
2066:
as a basis for civil-service recruitment and promotion, and in the 19th century administrations in France and Britain followed suit. Agitation against the
846:(221–207 BC). However, the civil service examinations were practiced on a much smaller scale in comparison to the stronger, centralized bureaucracy of the
2763:
2549:
3769:
2187:
906:
892:
374:
were civil servants working as public notaries as well as general bureaucracy. Greek cities had a similar figure, however the job was done by slaves.
56:
The extent of civil servants of a state as part of the "civil service" varies from country to country. In the United Kingdom (UK), for instance, only
2669:
4072:
3852:
2581:
2512:
1029:
specifies that public servant cannot be employed without examination. The employment is usually lifelong (that is, until age about retirement).
2433:
1360:
has been a title for government employees for several centuries in German states, but became a standardized group in 1794. Soldiers other than
649:
The law does not allow servants to upgrade or downgrade posts internally; they need to be selected in separate external entrance examinations.
3921:
3483:
3283:
3797:
4649:
3873:
2143:
1562:
As of 2013, there were 2.6 million public employees in Spain, of which 571,000 were civil servants and 2 million were non-civil servants.
4623:
719:
83:
4172:
in his frequent publications on the issue is the need to clearly enshrine the principle of an independent civil service in legislation .
1540:
448:
3829:
3591:
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71:(and in some countries there is no distinction between the two). Staff members in "non-departmental public bodies" (sometimes called "
3943:"Portales SEAT y SEFP:: Secretaría de Estado para las Administraciones Territoriales :: Secretaría de Estado de Función Pública"
2273:
1517:
691:
472:
4540:
2423:
2379:
2314:
2263:
1482:
1268:, etc. In addition to employees directly employed by the state another 1.6 million persons are employed by state owned enterprises
2577:
709:). In the early 19th century, government jobs were held at the pleasure of the president—a person could be fired at any time. The
306:
were non military participants of military campaigns. They probably assisted clerks, accountants, supply officials, and aides. The
4575:
4400:
1529:
3083:
1809:
The civil service in the United Kingdom only includes Crown (i.e. central government) employees, not parliamentary employees or
2278:
2236:
855:
91:
4340:
4132:
Verheijen, Tony (2008). "Independent Civil Service Systems: a Contested Value?". In Grotz, Florian; Toonen, Th. A. J. (eds.).
3730:
3399:
3043:
3016:
2989:
2962:
2935:
2908:
2881:
2854:
2827:
2792:
2428:
2175:
999:
985:
4202:
4149:
4104:
3405:
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for undergraduates. There's also higher post ranks like auditor, fiscal, chief of police, prosecutor, judge, attorney, etc.
255:'pointed out that the only precedent for appointing civil servants by literary exams was that of the Chinese government'.
1007:
629:
620:
Entrance examinations are conducted by several institutions with a government mandate, such as CESPE (which belongs to the
1079:) is often incorrectly considered to include all government employees including employees of public corporations, such as
4602:
3359:
2253:
2161:
1970:
1800:
1499:
695:
267:(27 BC – AD 395) had several types of civil servants who fulfilled diverse functions in Roman society. They were called
4690:
4196:
4143:
4098:
3317:
2309:
1959:
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to look into the operation and organisation of the Civil Service. Influenced by the Chinese imperial examinations, the
452:
429:
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3133:
3108:
2771:
2054:, with officials feeling secure in the protection of their political masters and possibly immune from prosecution for
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4633:
3529:
3342:
3059:
2715:
2645:
2620:
991:
702:
87:
3247:
3033:
3006:
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2925:
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Cicero, Against Verres, 2.1.53-86: Latin Text with Introduction, Study Questions, Commentary and English Translation
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1473:
both require a university education or equivalent, at the very least a bachelor's or master's degree, respectively.
4585:
4013:
3157:
2979:
2898:
2483:
2384:
2331:
1547:) is usually considered to include all the employees at the different levels of the Spanish public administration:
948:
3616:
4628:
3634:
3555:
2408:
1937:
1552:
952:
742:
99:
4161:
The importance of a professional and impartial civil service has been a virtually uncontested notion ever since
956:
4695:
4685:
4595:
4590:
4370:
3708:
2542:
2268:
1933:
1929:
1822:
1804:
1796:
468:
456:
433:
79:
4135:
Crossing Borders: Constitutional Development and Internationalisation: Essays in Honour of Joachim Jens Hesse
2871:
2817:
2285:
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resulted in increasing the independence of the civil service—seen as an important principle in modern times.
1990:
1488:
675:
396:
200:. After the fall of the Han dynasty, the Chinese bureaucracy regressed into a semi-merit system known as the
3761:
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2611:
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and a small number of paid political advisors) as well as a small number of core state agencies such as the
4545:
2214:
2209:
806:
599:
236:
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105:
78:
An international civil servant or international staff member is a civilian employee who is employed by an
4393:
859:
737:. The majority of civil service appointments in the U.S. are made under the competitive service, but the
625:
441:
338:
They were the tax collectors. The name coactor is derived from its latin meaning: "to compel, to force".
1969:
Civil servants are recruited directly into the institutions after being selected by competitions set by
1238:) employed 4.6 million persons as of 2011. Public servants are organized into hired salaried employees (
82:. These international civil servants do not resort under any national legislation (from which they have
2348:
2241:
2231:
2166:
2119:
1054:
944:
605:
Career civil servants (not temporary workers or politicians) are hired only externally on the basis of
400:
3849:
943:(Group A and B). The recruits are university graduates selected through three phase exams such as the
4570:
4555:
4488:
2343:
2321:
2226:
2114:
1986:
1516:
are not considered to be civil servants, but are rather described as "public servants" (and form the
1043:
567:
1234:
870:
chance to pass the exams and obtain an official degree. This included the employment of a bureau of
621:
4503:
4493:
4364:
3913:
3475:
3279:
2326:
2297:
2258:
2199:
2109:
2078:
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are appointed, employed, and removed in accordance with the Public Sector Service and Loyalty law (
713:
meant that jobs were used to support the political parties. This was changed in slow stages by the
667:
658:
571:
491:
315:
3790:
2417:
726:, civil servants are not allowed to engage in political activities while performing their duties.
223:
established a new category of recommended candidates for the mandarinate in AD 605. The following
4675:
4670:
4580:
4535:
4513:
4498:
2374:
2360:
2204:
2192:
2027:
1818:
1556:
1361:
995:
922:
901:
745:, and other National Security positions are made under the excepted service. (U.S. Code Title V)
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499:
444:
4607:
4565:
4550:
4508:
4386:
2453:
2221:
2156:
1953:
1503:
1445:
968:
940:
547:
479:
4280:
The Civil Service of India, 1731–1894: a study of the history, evolution and demand for reform
4168:
seminal work on the topic at the end of the 19th century. An additional point highlighted by
821:) is obligated to act according to the law and is guided by public policy pronouncements. The
4462:
4254:
Coolican, Michael, No Tradesmen and No Women: The Origins of the British Civil Service (2018)
1994:
1941:
1495:
1492:
928:
679:
587:
371:
20:
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2612:
Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China
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3584:
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2051:
1437:
1253:
1070:
738:
407:
212:
165:
149:
4240:
1458:(Councillor) and above as well as academic employees such as Professors, corresponding to
8:
4530:
4333:
4286:
2578:"Confucianism and the Chinese Scholastic System: The Chinese Imperial Examination System"
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1974:
1963:
1548:
1512:
1265:
730:
610:
591:
539:
319:
220:
180:
173:
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60:(national government) employees are referred to as "civil servants" whereas employees of
4188:
The Politicization of the Civil Service in Comparative Perspective: A Quest for Control
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3306:
2634:
2585:
936:
932:
487:
216:
197:
145:
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The Politics of Efficiency: Municipal Administration and Reform in America, 1880–1920.
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3338:
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2711:
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2616:
2396:
2124:
1441:
1261:
723:
188:
110:
61:
4014:"Los funcionarios trabajarán 37,5 horas y su sueldo sigue congelado | Política"
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3439:
3221:
2104:
1810:
880:
863:
750:
734:
579:
563:
283:
201:
3428:"A institucionalização do concurso público no Brasil: uma análise sócio-histórica"
1928:
Civil servants in the devolved government in Northern Ireland are not part of the
330:
The carnifex punished slaves and foreigners, unlike lictores who punished Romans.
215:
and recommendation. The first civil service examination system was established by
4186:
4133:
4088:
3856:
3389:
1014:
provincial posts, while provincial services have some quota in federal services.
706:
387:
244:
4273:
Outlawing the Spoils: A History of the Civil Service Reform Movement, 1865–1883.
279:
4472:
3513:
Pioneer Public Service: An Administrative History of United Canada, 1841–1867.
3060:"LacusCurtius • Public Executioners in Ancient Rome (Smith's Dictionary, 1875)"
2981:
From Jupiter to Christ: On the History of Religion in the Roman Imperial Period
2749:
Roman Antiquities; or, an Account of the manners and customs of the Romans, etc
2129:
2043:
2039:
1413:
1395:, however some specific tasks of official nature are supposed to be handled by
810:
794:
778:
383:
311:
169:
109:
2017 share of government employee compensation in public spending according to
95:
68:
3676:
3664:"Civil Service Adoption in America: The Political Influence of City Employees"
2951:
Beck, Hans; Duplá, Antonio; Jehne, Martin; Polo, Francisco Pina (2011-09-08).
2046:. But the political appointment of bureaucrats can run the risk of tolerating
282:
were usually professional civil servants, providing assistance to the elected
4664:
4467:
4452:
4423:
3685:
3453:
3444:
3427:
3233:
2082:
2071:
2067:
2023:
1973:, the official selection office. They are allocated to departments, known as
1814:
1370:
842:
is the Imperial bureaucracy of China, which can be traced as far back as the
710:
663:
Historians have explored the powerful role of civil service since the 1840s.
483:
351:
50:
2513:"China's Examination Hell: The Civil Service Examinations of Imperial China"
4448:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2035:
1459:
847:
425:
382:
In the 18th century, in response to economic changes and the growth of the
264:
248:
224:
4363:
879:
in the Song period allowed many more examination candidates access to the
179:
Originally appointments to the bureaucracy were based on the patronage of
164:
The origin of the modern meritocratic civil service can be traced back to
4443:
4433:
3391:
In quest of Indian folktales: Pandit Ram Gharib Chaube and William Crooke
2606:
2389:
1003:
843:
839:
575:
551:
464:
411:
362:
They were generally employed to make announcements in public and crowds.
350:
were public officers tasked to assist magistrates since the times of the
240:
211:(581–618), which initiated a civil service bureaucracy recruited through
208:
184:
4191:. Routledge Studies in Governance and Public Policy. London: Routledge.
825:
is the primary legislative framework for the Civil Service in Cambodia.
239:
and his ability to compose poetry using fixed and traditional forms and
4438:
3620:
2003:
1002:
and other civil-service posts; Pakistan inherited this system from the
391:
34:
4093:. Vol. 11 (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 195.
3638:
2006:) can favour appointments to administrative positions on the basis of
2413:
2011:
1999:
671:
415:
299:
295:
268:
228:
157:
134:
57:
3822:"L'emploi dans la fonction publique en 2012 – Insee Première – 1496"
3700:
3303:
3182:"LacusCurtius • Praeco — The Roman Crier (Smith's Dictionary, 1875)"
4457:
3225:
3084:"LacusCurtius • The Roman Civil Service (Smith's Dictionary, 1875)"
2031:
2019:
2007:
935:. The civil services of India can be classified into two types—the
876:
851:
595:
555:
192:
129:
4352:
3872:. Bundesministerium des Innern, für Bau und Heimat. Archived from
2954:
Consuls and Res Publica: Holding High Office in the Roman Republic
1454:: higher civil service, including civil servant positions such as
1432:: senior civil service, including civil servant positions such as
666:
In Canada, the civil service at the federal level is known as the
4525:
4249:
Report of the President's Committee on Administrative Management.
3035:
The Roman Assemblies from Their Origin to the End of the Republic
2086:
1355:
1244:
871:
463:
The report was well-timed, because bureaucratic chaos during the
141:
4378:
3914:"Beihilfe für Richter gilt wie für Beamte – beihilferatgeber.de"
2020:
close relationships between political and administrative figures
1944:, which is associated with but separate from the Civil Service.
854:
and the loss of civil authority during the late Tang period and
3308:
The Higher Civil Service in the United States: Quest for Reform
2793:"Titus Livius (Livy), The History of Rome, Book 45, chapter 29"
1507:
1023:
583:
559:
347:
287:
72:
4357:
4042:
Statistics, David Matthews, Office for National (2011-09-14).
196:
would select candidates to take part in an examination of the
3635:"Louisiana State University Libraries – Federal Agency Index"
2488:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
1248:), judges, and soldiers. They are employed by public bodies (
910:
749:
local level. Although most federal agencies are based in the
291:
4338:
Civil Service Abroad, Great Britain, Canada, France, Germany
3850:
Index Gute Arbeit: Sonderauswertung Öffentlicher Dienst 2011
3619:. Bureau of Labor Statistics. March 12, 2008. Archived from
3210:"The Roman Civil Service (Clerical and Sub-Clerical Grades)"
3158:"LacusCurtius • The Roman Lictor (Smith's Dictionary, 1875)"
2484:"Managing Conflict of Interest in the Public Service - OECD"
638:
The posts usually are ranked by titles, the most common are
4090:
The Cambridge Ancient History: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192
2454:"UK Civil Service – Definitions – What is a Civil Servant?"
1487:
The civil service of Ireland includes the employees of the
1080:
133:
Imperial Civil Service Examination hall with 7500 cells in
4332:
White, Leonard D., Charles H. Bland, Walter R. Sharp, and
494:
which came close to toppling British rule in the country.
4293:
http://www.gsdrc.org/go/topic-guides/civil-service-reform
3248:"LacusCurtius • Roman Scribes (Smith's Dictionary, 1875)"
2572:
2570:
897:
Hong Kong and Macau have separate civil service systems:
850:(960–1279). In response to the regional military rule of
231:. The system reached its apogee during the Song dynasty.
67:
The study of the civil service is a part of the field of
4247:
Brownlow, Louis, Charles E. Merriam, and Luther Gulick,
3335:
The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History
1399:
since they are subject to a special loyalty obligation.
809:. In executing this important role, each civil servant (
3585:"2012 Census of Governments: Employment Summary Report"
2819:
Cicero's Law: Rethinking Roman Law of the Late Republic
1977:(DGs), each covering one or more related policy areas.
838:
One of the oldest examples of a civil service based on
3556:"ENAP – Canadian governments compared > Provincial"
3509:
The Ottawa Men: The Civil Service Mandarins, 1935–1957
2567:
4306:
Literature in the Public Service: Sublime Bureaucracy
4259:
In Praise of Bureaucracy: Weber, Organisation, Ethics
4116:
Members of higher social groups, such as senators or
420:
Desultory Notes on the Government and People of China
414:
of China. Thomas Taylor Meadows, Britain's consul in
3527:
805:) of Cambodia is the policy implementing arm of the
4327:
Introduction to the Study of Public Administration.
4291:. Birmingham, UK: GSDRC, University of Birmingham.
4005:
3332:
3617:"Federal Government, Excluding the Postal Service"
3305:
2950:
2654:
2633:
1385:öffentlich-rechtliches Dienst- und Treueverhältnis
883:whose mastery was required for passing the exams.
4315:(Institute of Contemporary British History, 1995)
2870:Cicero, Marcus Tullius; Gildenhard, Ingo (2011).
927:In India, civil servants are selected as per the
406:British efforts at reform were influenced by the
4662:
2977:
2923:
2869:
207:This system was reversed during the short-lived
98:, an independent expert body established by the
3661:
3132:Olivetti, Olivetti Media Communication-Enrico.
3107:Olivetti, Olivetti Media Communication-Enrico.
2582:California State Polytechnic University, Pomona
2188:Civil Service of the People's Republic of China
1422:: medium-level civil service, corresponding to
994:(Federal Public Service Commission) conducts a
893:Civil Service of the People's Republic of China
310:also assisted religious affairs especially the
298:. It is also possible they were messengers and
931:. Civil servants serve at the pleasure of the
386:, the bureaucracy of institutions such as the
4394:
3662:Anzia, Sarah F.; Trounstine, Jessica (2024).
3590:. United States Census Bureau. 6 March 2014.
3304:Mark W. Huddleston, William W. Boyer (1996).
2924:Delbruck, Hans; Delbr_ck, Hans (1990-01-01).
2535:
2505:
1980:
1817:employees such as those in education and the
674:. Ministers' exempt staff and members of the
436:, established in 1855 on his recommendations.
318:dedicated to managing the streets, and had a
4650:Civil service reform in developing countries
4184:
4071:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3532:. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada.
3004:
2543:"Imperial China: Civil Service Examinations"
2144:Civil service reform in developing countries
3701:"Origins of Modern Civil Service in Brunei"
3337:. Princeton University Press. p. 142.
3134:"ONLINE LATIN DICTIONARY - Latin - English"
3109:"ONLINE LATIN DICTIONARY - Latin - English"
2640:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
2434:2014 Veterans Health Administration scandal
1958:The European Civil Service administers the
1412:: ordinary civil service, corresponding to
4401:
4387:
4320:History of the United States Civil Service
4185:Peters, B. Guy; Pierre, Jon, eds. (2004).
4138:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 249.
4041:
3560:etatscanadiens-canadiangovernments.enap.ca
3530:"Population of the Federal Public Service"
2896:
1784:More recent figures can be found at SEAT.
907:Secretariat for Administration and Justice
16:Non-elected branch of governmental service
4358:Brazilian Civil Servants official website
4131:
3675:
3637:. Lib.lsu.edu. 2009-09-15. Archived from
3443:
2733:Chapter 5: The Northcote–Trevelyan Report
2136:
1518:public service of the Republic of Ireland
692:Government employees in the United States
4086:
3791:"Local Government employment statistics"
3425:
3387:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3031:
2903:(in Latin). Cambridge University Press.
2730:
2710:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
2424:Pay-for-Performance (Federal Government)
2380:Pay-for-Performance (Federal Government)
2264:Civil Service of the Republic of Ireland
1483:Civil Service of the Republic of Ireland
909:is responsible for the civil service in
424:
148:(r. 581–604), who established the first
140:
128:
104:
3394:. Indiana University Press. p. 6.
3005:Giroire, Cécile; Roger, Daniel (2007).
2842:
2815:
2764:"Suetonius • Life of Julius Caesar, 20"
2745:
2631:
2077:Some governmental structures include a
1962:, of which the largest employer is the
1530:Civil Service of the Russian Federation
377:
176:irrespective of their family pedigree.
90:. Specific referral can be made to the
4663:
3523:
3521:
3357:
3333:Kazin; Edwards; Rothman, eds. (2010).
2690:
2672:from the original on December 16, 2011
2349:New Zealand Public Service Departments
2279:Civil Service Commission (Isle of Man)
2237:Civil Service Commission (Philippines)
2034:much of the task of administering the
1250:Körperschaften des öffentlichen Rechts
535:first term as the nation's President.
92:International Civil Service Commission
4382:
4353:The UK Civil Service official website
4011:
3870:"Beschäftigte im öffentlichen Dienst"
3698:
3657:
3655:
3264:
3207:
3203:
3201:
2705:
2429:Pay for performance (human resources)
2176:Civil Service Commission (Somaliland)
1416:in the military, now largely obsolete
1000:Central Superior Services of Pakistan
986:Central Superior Services of Pakistan
955:(UPSC). Additionally, there are also
951:(ESE) among others, conducted by the
33:is a collective term for a sector of
4012:Calvo, Vera Gutiérrez (2011-12-30).
3131:
3106:
2464:from the original on 11 October 2019
2042:who continued the traditions of the
1387:). Most tasks can be either done by
729:The U.S. civil service includes the
630:Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
4044:"Public Sector Employment, Q2 2011"
3711:from the original on 1 October 2022
3528:Government of Canada (2011-04-18).
3518:
3326:
2900:Contributions to Latin Lexicography
2523:from the original on March 19, 2012
2367:
2269:Civil Service of the United Kingdom
2254:Civil Service of the European Union
2162:Civil Service Commission of Nigeria
1500:Office of the Revenue Commissioners
696:United States federal civil service
486:from 1858, after the demise of the
13:
4624:National civil service commissions
4219:
3652:
3597:from the original on 28 March 2015
3511:(Oxford UP, 1982); J.E. Hodgetts,
3312:. University of Pittsburgh Press.
3198:
2816:Plessis, Paul J. du (2016-08-30).
2555:from the original on April 1, 2011
2402:
2310:Civil service in the United States
1960:institutions of the European Union
715:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
504:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
498:and was adapted by members of the
14:
4707:
4408:
4346:
4288:Civil service reform: Topic guide
4234:The European Administrative Elite
3896:"State employees as of June 2013"
3668:American Political Science Review
3277:
2693:The Complete Works of Tang Xianzu
1947:
1790:
628:Foundation (which is part of the
3032:Botsford, George Willis (2001).
2746:(LL.D.), Alexander ADAM (1825).
2385:Pay for performance (healthcare)
2354:
2332:Civil Service Reform Act of 1978
2291:
1801:His Majesty's Diplomatic Service
949:Engineering Services Examination
823:Common Statute of Civil Servants
685:
150:civil service examination system
4205:from the original on 2020-07-29
4177:
4152:from the original on 2020-07-29
4125:
4107:from the original on 2020-02-28
4079:
4054:from the original on 2015-04-09
4035:
4024:from the original on 2014-08-23
3994:from the original on 2020-02-25
3970:
3935:
3924:from the original on 2015-11-22
3906:
3888:
3862:
3843:
3832:from the original on 2015-09-24
3814:
3803:from the original on 2015-09-23
3783:
3772:from the original on 2015-04-26
3754:
3743:from the original on 2020-02-20
3723:
3692:
3627:
3609:
3577:
3566:from the original on 2011-09-13
3548:
3536:from the original on 2016-06-22
3497:
3486:from the original on 2021-09-12
3468:
3419:
3408:from the original on 2016-05-12
3381:
3370:from the original on 2013-12-28
3351:
3297:
3286:from the original on 2012-01-04
3240:
3174:
3150:
3125:
3100:
3076:
3052:
3025:
2998:
2978:Rüpke (theoloog), Jörg (2014).
2971:
2944:
2917:
2890:
2863:
2836:
2809:
2785:
2756:
2739:
2724:
2708:China and Historical Capitalism
2699:
2615:. New York: Thames and Hudson.
2494:from the original on 2019-08-05
2409:Civil Service Retirement System
2303:Minister responsible (Manitoba)
2002:systems of government (such as
1938:Foreign and Commonwealth Office
953:Union Public Service Commission
258:
100:United Nations General Assembly
4371:New International Encyclopedia
3426:Maia, B. (30 September 2021).
2957:. Cambridge University Press.
2822:. Edinburgh University Press.
2684:
2625:
2600:
2476:
2446:
2062:China (960–1279) standardised
1934:Northern Ireland Civil Service
1932:, but constitute the separate
1823:Office for National Statistics
1805:Northern Ireland Civil Service
1797:Civil Service (United Kingdom)
1405:are divided into four levels:
1369:). Beamte are prohibited from
1048:
1032:
642:for high school literates and
80:intergovernmental organization
49:, is a person employed in the
1:
3978:"El empleo público en España"
3731:"Handbook For Civil Servants"
3699:Yunos, Rozan (January 2010).
3038:. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.
2846:A Companion to the Roman Army
2440:
2286:Civil Service Restoration Act
1991:Civil control of the military
1379:have work contracts, whereas
1242:), appointed civil servants (
1075:The civil service in France (
676:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
600:government-owned corporations
509:
490:'s rule in India through the
397:Honourable East India Company
237:Nine Classics of Confucianism
4313:The Civil Service Since 1945
3476:"Concurso Público In Brazil"
3358:Walker, David (2003-07-09).
3280:"China: A Teaching Workbook"
3214:The Journal of Roman Studies
2843:Erdkamp, Paul (2011-03-31).
2418:Federal Government Merit Pay
2215:Civil Services of Tamil Nadu
2210:Civil Service in early India
1436:and above, corresponding to
1314:government owned enterprises
1037:
860:economic revolution in China
833:
807:Royal Government of Cambodia
357:
290:They also helped in writing
152:in China; a painting by the
7:
3762:"Résultats de la recherche"
3515:(U of Toronto Press, 1955).
3505:The Civil Service of Canada
3138:online-latin-dictionary.com
3113:online-latin-dictionary.com
2984:. Oxford University Press.
2247:
2092:
973:
788:
546:) are those working in the
514:
469:Her Majesty's Civil Service
442:Chancellor of the Exchequer
434:Her Majesty's Civil Service
399:established a college, the
341:
325:
124:
10:
4712:
3507:(1929); Jack Granatstein,
3432:Revista do Serviço Público
3388:Naithani, Sadhana (2006).
2897:Nettleship, Henry (2010).
2636:A Concise History of China
2632:Roberts, J. A. G. (1999).
2337:
2242:Civil Service of Singapore
2232:Civil Services of Pakistan
2193:Civil Service of Hong Kong
2167:Rivers State Civil Service
2120:Civil service organisation
2097:
1984:
1981:Civil service independence
1951:
1794:
1527:
1480:
1476:
1223:
1068:
1055:New Zealand public service
1052:
1041:
983:
977:
966:
945:Civil Services Examination
920:
890:
886:
770:
689:
656:
538:Civil servants in Brazil (
523:
457:Northcote–Trevelyan Report
401:East India Company College
333:
274:
119:
18:
4691:Bureaucratic organization
4642:
4616:
4481:
4416:
4266:The Values of Bureaucracy
4242:Chinese Ideas in the West
3677:10.1017/S0003055424000431
3008:Roman Art from the Louvre
2849:. John Wiley & Sons.
2344:Australian Public Service
2227:Civil service in Malaysia
2181:
2150:
2146:e.g. Nigeria, Congo, etc.
2115:Civil service examination
2026:, for example, set their
1987:Central bank independence
1523:
1462:and above in the military
1424:non-commissioned officers
1230:Public Service in Germany
1064:
1059:
1044:Australian Public Service
1017:
980:Civil service of Pakistan
814:
798:
766:
652:
519:
365:
4681:Civil service by country
4634:Civil service by country
3445:10.21874/rsp.v72.i3.4639
3208:Jones, A. H. M. (1949).
2876:. Open Book Publishers.
2548:. Princeton University.
2327:Civil service reform act
2315:Civil Service Commission
2298:Public Service of Canada
2274:Civil Service Commission
2259:Civil Service of Germany
2200:Bangladesh Civil Service
2110:Civil service commission
2079:civil service commission
2064:competitive examinations
1936:. Some employees of the
1534:
962:
916:
828:
668:Public Service of Canada
659:Public Service of Canada
492:Indian Rebellion of 1857
473:Civil Service Commission
84:immunity of jurisdiction
4087:Boardman, John (2000).
4020:. Politica.elpais.com.
3918:www.beihilferatgeber.de
3282:. Columbia University.
2930:. U of Nebraska Press.
2706:Brook, Timothy (1999).
2666:Encyclopædia Britannica
2662:"Chinese civil service"
2375:Performance-related pay
2361:Civil service in Brazil
2205:Civil Services of India
996:competitive examination
923:Civil Services of India
902:Hong Kong Civil Service
761:
574:governments, including
526:Brazilian Civil Service
247:in 1905 as part of the
4629:Government occupations
3950:www.seap.minhap.gob.es
3503:R. MacGregor Dawson,
2222:Civil service of Japan
2157:Nigerian Civil Service
2137:By continent or region
1954:European Civil Service
1741:other public employees
1696:other public employees
1654:other public employees
1553:autonomous communities
1504:Office of Public Works
969:Civil service of Japan
941:Central Civil Services
782:
773:Civil Service (Brunei)
622:University of Brasília
614:
543:
480:Imperial Civil Service
437:
418:, China argued in his
161:
138:
113:
39:civil service official
4696:Justices of the peace
4686:Public administration
4463:Public administration
4365:"Civil Service"
3252:penelope.uchicago.edu
3186:penelope.uchicago.edu
3162:penelope.uchicago.edu
3088:penelope.uchicago.edu
3064:penelope.uchicago.edu
2797:www.perseus.tufts.edu
2768:penelope.uchicago.edu
2691:Xianzu, Tang (2018).
1995:Judicial independence
1942:HM Diplomatic Service
1438:commissioned officers
929:Constitution of India
680:Canadian Armed Forces
607:entrance examinations
482:, was implemented in
428:
408:imperial examinations
346:SImilary to accensi,
144:
132:
108:
4482:By country/territory
3876:on 11 September 2019
2927:Warfare in antiquity
2322:Civil service reform
1975:Directorates-General
1489:Departments of State
1362:conscripted soldiers
1283:Municipal Government
1071:French Civil Service
1008:Indian Civil Service
720:political appointees
478:The same model, the
378:Modern civil service
235:memorization of the
213:written examinations
166:imperial examination
4334:Fritz Morstein Marx
4325:White, Leonard D.,
3985:www.seat.mpr.gob.es
3480:The Brazil Business
2735:. pp. 106–107.
2458:civilservant.org.uk
1964:European Commission
1878:Health & Social
1632:Health & Social
1577:Regional Government
1367:Besoldungsordnungen
1280:Regional Government
1235:Öffentlicher Dienst
1156:Health & Social
793:The Civil Service (
777:The Civil Service (
731:competitive service
544:servidores públicos
447:, commissioned Sir
412:meritocratic system
322:dedicated to them.
320:centuriate assembly
221:Emperor Yang of Sui
174:scholar-bureaucrats
19:For the album, see
4311:Theakston, Kevin,
4232:Armstrong, J. A.,
4170:Joachim Jens Hesse
3855:2017-12-06 at the
1930:Home Civil Service
1834:Central government
1574:Central Government
1549:central government
1277:Federal Government
1266:federal government
1096:Central Government
937:All India Services
933:President of India
488:East India Company
449:Stafford Northcote
438:
432:, an architect of
217:Emperor Wen of Sui
198:Confucian classics
162:
146:Emperor Wen of Sui
139:
114:
41:, also known as a
4658:
4657:
4429:Government agency
4318:Van Riper, Paul.
4297:Schiesl, Martin,
4271:Hoogenboom, Ari,
4264:du Gay, P., ed.,
3859:DGB (PDF, German)
3401:978-0-253-34544-8
3045:978-1-58477-165-4
3018:978-1-55595-283-9
2991:978-0-19-870372-3
2964:978-1-139-49719-0
2937:978-0-8032-9199-7
2910:978-1-108-01272-0
2883:978-1-906924-53-9
2856:978-1-4443-9376-7
2829:978-1-4744-0884-4
2731:Coolican (2018).
2588:on April 18, 2000
2397:Incentive program
2125:Community service
2040:elected officials
2038:, sidelining the
1926:
1925:
1782:
1781:
1353:
1352:
1221:
1220:
1077:fonction publique
783:Perkhidmatan Awam
724:Hatch Act of 1939
598:, and workers in
453:Charles Trevelyan
445:William Gladstone
430:Charles Trevelyan
189:Emperor Wu of Han
111:Our World in Data
62:local authorities
4703:
4596:Northern Ireland
4403:
4396:
4389:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4367:
4304:Sullivan, Ceri,
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4167:
4158:
4157:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4113:
4112:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4070:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4009:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3993:
3982:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3958:
3952:. Archived from
3947:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3898:. Archived from
3892:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3866:
3860:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3802:
3795:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3742:
3735:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3705:The Brunei Times
3696:
3690:
3689:
3679:
3659:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3596:
3589:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3525:
3516:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3482:. 24 July 2014.
3472:
3466:
3465:
3447:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3311:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3275:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3205:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3011:. Hudson Hills.
3002:
2996:
2995:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2770:. Archived from
2760:
2754:
2753:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2639:
2629:
2623:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2584:. Archived from
2574:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2554:
2547:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2450:
2368:Pay and benefits
2105:Civic technology
2028:household slaves
1837:Local government
1828:
1827:
1811:local government
1565:
1564:
1467:Gehobener Dienst
1430:Gehobener Dienst
1420:Mittlerer Dienst
1410:Einfacher Dienst
1271:
1270:
1205:% Civil servants
1099:Local Government
1090:
1089:
990:In Pakistan the
864:scholar-official
819:Montrey Reachkar
816:
800:
751:Washington, D.C.
735:excepted service
615:concurso público
568:Federal District
558:branches of the
251:reform package.
202:nine-rank system
191:established the
4711:
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4661:
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4220:Further reading
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3857:Wayback Machine
3848:
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1997:
1983:
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1940:are members of
1807:
1795:Main articles:
1793:
1545:función pública
1537:
1532:
1526:
1485:
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1448:in the military
1426:in the military
1294:State employees
1286:Social Security
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881:Confucian texts
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739:Foreign Service
698:
690:Main articles:
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388:Office of Works
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245:Qing government
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47:public employee
27:
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12:
11:
5:
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4347:External links
4345:
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4285:Rao, S. 2013.
4283:
4278:Mathur, P.N.,
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4237:
4230:
4221:
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4198:978-1135996260
4197:
4176:
4163:Woodrow Wilson
4145:978-3899495874
4144:
4124:
4100:978-0521228046
4099:
4078:
4048:www.ons.gov.uk
4034:
4004:
3987:(in Spanish).
3969:
3934:
3905:
3902:on 2015-02-21.
3887:
3861:
3842:
3813:
3782:
3753:
3722:
3691:
3651:
3626:
3623:on 2009-01-14.
3608:
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3517:
3496:
3467:
3438:(3): 663–684.
3418:
3400:
3380:
3350:
3343:
3325:
3319:978-0822974734
3318:
3296:
3278:Bodde, Derke.
3263:
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3226:10.2307/297706
3220:(1–2): 38–55.
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2024:Roman emperors
1982:
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1952:Main article:
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1948:European Union
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1557:municipalities
1536:
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1528:Main article:
1525:
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1513:Garda Síochána
1491:(excluded are
1481:Main article:
1478:
1475:
1471:Höherer Dienst
1464:
1463:
1452:Höherer Dienst
1449:
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1414:enlisted ranks
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856:Five Dynasties
835:
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803:Sevakamm Civil
799:សេវាកម្មស៊ីវិល
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96:United Nations
94:(ICSC) of the
69:public service
43:public servant
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3990:
3986:
3979:
3973:
3959:on 2015-06-21
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3641:on 2014-09-24
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2798:
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2774:on 2012-05-30
2773:
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2727:
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2647:0-674-00075-7
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2621:0-500-05090-2
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2517:History Today
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2017:
2013:
2009:
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1996:
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1967:
1965:
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2676:December 7,
2592:December 7,
2559:October 25,
2527:October 25,
2390:Pay to play
1813:employees.
1252:), such as
1049:New Zealand
1033:Australasia
1004:British Raj
844:Qin dynasty
840:meritocracy
707:§ 2101
576:congressmen
552:legislative
465:Crimean War
410:system and
314:, formed a
284:magistrates
269:apparitores
241:calligraphy
209:Sui dynasty
185:Han dynasty
181:aristocrats
168:founded in
156:and artist
4665:Categories
4617:Categories
4494:Bangladesh
4439:Bureaucrat
4209:2018-05-01
4156:2018-04-30
4111:2018-05-01
4058:2015-04-03
4028:2014-02-18
3998:2020-02-25
3963:2015-06-20
3928:2015-11-21
3836:2015-06-20
3807:2015-04-03
3776:2015-04-03
3747:2020-02-20
3645:2014-02-18
3601:8 December
3570:2011-07-27
3490:2021-09-12
3412:2015-10-14
3374:2003-07-09
3366:. London.
3290:2012-08-05
3257:2024-09-25
3191:2024-09-25
3167:2024-09-25
3143:2024-09-25
3118:2024-09-25
3093:2024-09-25
3069:2024-09-25
2802:2018-02-09
2778:2018-02-09
2498:2018-12-09
2468:5 November
2441:References
2052:corruption
2016:favoritism
2004:monarchies
2000:Autocratic
1985:See also:
1922:6,037,000
1905:2,031,000
1889:1,929,000
1583:University
1543:in Spain (
1493:government
1442:lieutenant
1254:counties (
640:technician
626:Cesgranrio
624:) and the
611:Portuguese
540:Portuguese
510:By country
392:Navy Board
160:(600–673).
154:chancellor
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4647:See also:
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4581:Singapore
4514:Hong Kong
4489:Australia
4183:Compare:
4085:Compare:
3686:0003-0554
3462:247648128
3454:2357-8017
3234:1753-528X
2414:Merit pay
2012:patronage
1919:1,565,000
1916:2,290,000
1913:2,182,000
1897:1,989,000
1886:1,565,000
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1496:ministers
1434:Inspektor
1110:Education
1038:Australia
758:degrees.
592:president
588:ministers
572:municipal
548:executive
416:Guangzhou
358:Praecones
316:collegium
300:orderlies
229:Wu Zetian
158:Yan Liben
135:Guangdong
4571:Pakistan
4556:Malaysia
4458:Diplomat
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4150:Archived
4105:Archived
4067:cite web
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2670:Archived
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2521:Archived
2492:Archived
2490:. 2005.
2462:Archived
2093:See also
2032:freedmen
2022:. Early
2008:nepotism
1873:193,000
1858:278,000
1831:Category
1568:Category
1371:striking
1349:5,733.8
1329:1,602.1
1309:4,171.7
1274:Category
1200:5,506.8
1183:2,147.1
1167:1,394.0
1120:1,360.6
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939:and the
877:printing
872:copyists
852:jiedushi
789:Cambodia
733:and the
596:republic
580:senators
556:judicial
515:Americas
390:and the
348:lictores
342:Lictores
326:Carnifex
288:heralds.
193:xiaolian
125:In China
4566:Nigeria
4541:Ireland
4526:Germany
4374:. 1905.
4322:(1958).
4118:equites
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3715:11 July
3540:25 June
2416: (
2338:Oceania
2098:General
2087:Orgburo
2070:in the
2018:, with
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1866:193,000
1863:Defence
1853:278,000
1612:Defence
1477:Ireland
1446:captain
1343:2,170.9
1340:2,501.5
1303:1,220.7
1300:2,114.4
1224:Germany
1191:2,441.8
1141:Defence
1113:1,360.6
887:Current
866:class.
834:History
644:analyst
594:of the
560:Federal
334:Coactor
280:Accensi
275:Accensi
120:History
73:QUANGOs
24:(album)
4576:Russia
4531:Greece
4521:France
4504:Canada
4499:Brazil
4329:(1955)
4308:(2013)
4301:(1977)
4282:(1977)
4275:(1961)
4268:(2005)
4261:(2000)
4251:(1937)
4236:(1973)
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2083:Stalin
2036:Empire
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1900:42,000
1848:Police
1843:Total
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1591:Police
1586:Total
1524:Russia
1510:, the
1502:, the
1403:Beamte
1397:Beamte
1393:Beamte
1381:Beamte
1357:Beamte
1289:Total
1264:, the
1262:states
1256:Kreise
1245:Beamte
1151:280.7
1136:324.4
1125:Police
1105:Total
1065:France
1060:Europe
1018:Taiwan
767:Brunei
741:, the
705:
653:Canada
590:, the
584:mayors
554:, and
520:Brazil
502:. The
372:scriba
366:Scriba
302:. The
292:edicts
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4546:Italy
4536:India
4509:China
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3957:(PDF)
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3801:(PDF)
3794:(PDF)
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3734:(PDF)
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1175:516.1
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1144:280.7
1128:284.4
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911:Macau
829:China
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3542:2016
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3339:ISBN
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2851:ISBN
2824:ISBN
2712:ISBN
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