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of other institutions of a similar nature." Canadian academic
Philippe Lagassé found the crown "acts in various capacities, as such: crown-in-council (executive); crown-in-parliament (legislative); crown-in-court (judicial). It is also an artificial person and office as a corporation sole. At its most basic, "the Crown" is, in the UK and other Commonwealth realms, what in most other countries is "the state"."
2257:
2319:
908:, but, in his role as king of each territory, with the exception of fulfilling the UK's international responsibilities for its territories. To comply with the court's decision, the territorial governors now act on the advice of each territory's executive and the UK government can no longer disallow legislation passed by territorial legislatures.
344:. Though not used this way in all countries that had this system, in England, all rights and privileges were ultimately bestowed by the ruler. Land, for instance, was granted by the Crown to lords in exchange for feudal services and they, in turn, granted the land to lesser lords. One exception to this was common
1524:
as the "symbolic embodiment of the people—not a particular group or interest or party, but the people; the whole people"; his daughter, Helen Forsey, said of his opinion on the Crown, "for him, the essence of the monarchy was its impartial representation of the common interests of the citizenry as a
578:
argued the Crown is a corporation aggregate embracing the government and the "whole political community". J.G. Allen preferred to view the Crown as a corporation sole; one office occupied by a single person, enduring "through generations of incumbents and, historically, lends coherence to a network
3354:
When public land is required by the federal government or one of its departments, or any provincial ministry, the land itself is not transferred. What is transferred is the responsibility to manage the lands on behalf of Her
Majesty the Queen (HMQ). This is accomplished by an Order-in-Council or a
449:
of the Crown. The body of the reigning sovereign thus holds two distinct personas in constant coexistence, an ancient theory of the "King's two bodies"—the body natural (subject to infirmity and death) and the body politic (which never dies). The Crown and the sovereign are "conceptually divisible
625:
each territory vary according to relevant laws, thus making the difference between full sovereignty, semi-sovereignty, dependency, etc. The Lords of Appeal wrote, "the Queen is as much the Queen of New South Wales and
Mauritius and other territories acknowledging her as head of state as she is of
240:
suggested the Crown means "the government all of the ministers and parliamentary secretaries under whose direction the administrative work of the government is carried out by the civil servants employed in the various government departments." This interpretation was supported by section 8 of the
825:
of the
Bailiwick of Guernsey" and that this comprises "the collective governmental and civic institutions, established by and under the authority of the monarch, for the governance of these islands, including the states of Guernsey and legislatures in the other islands, the royal court and other
371:
As such, the physical crown and the property belonging to successive monarchs in perpetuity came to be separated from the person of the monarch and his or her private property. After several centuries of the monarch personally exercising supreme legislative, executive, and judicial power, these
2309:
2247:
621:, 2005)—challenged that view. Today, it is considered separate in every country, province, state, or territory, regardless of its degree of independence, that has the shared monarch as part of the respective country's government; though, limitations on the power of the monarch
4135:
3355:
Minister's Order that transfers management of land either from HMQ in right of
Ontario to HMQ in right of Canada as represented by a department or to HMQ in right of Ontario as represented by another ministry. The Crown does not transfer ownership to itself.
2313:
2251:
6938:
282:, and applies them to the realm and crown of England, is only to assert that our king is equally sovereign and independent within these his dominions, as any emperor is in his empire; and owes no kind of subjection to any other potentate on earth."
1324:, which is why republicans prefer terms like 'the Brits' or 'the Crown Forces', which undermines their authority." Due to the Irish War of Independence, "the phrase 'Crown Forces' came to represent something abhorrent in the Republican narrative".
194:
does not have a single definition. Legal scholars
Maurice Sunkin and Sebastian Payne opined, "the nature of the Crown has been taken for granted, in part because it is fundamental and, in part, because many academics have no idea what the term
1231:
may choose which name to bring the proceeding in. Judges usually refer to the prosecuting party as simply "the prosecution" in the text of judgments. In civil cases where the Crown is a party, it is a customary to list the body politic (e.g.
210:
Warren J. Newman described the Crown is "a useful and convenient means of conveying, in a word, the compendious formal, executive and administrative powers and apparatus attendant upon the modern constitutional and monarchical state."
638:; for example, the Crown in Right of the United Kingdom, the Crown in Right of Canada, the Crown in Right of the Commonwealth of Australia, etc. Because both Canada and Australia are federations, there are also crowns in right of each
3574:
1547:
Gary
Toffoli opined, "the Queen is the legal embodiment of the state at both the national and the provincial levels She is our sovereign and it is the role of the Queen, recognized by the constitutional law of Canada, to embody the
4127:
4148:
The Royal Arms and its constituent parts are protected by perpetual Crown copyright, and may only be re-used by His
Majesty the King, members of the Royal Family, government departments and official holders of the Royal
1255:, news reports will refer to the prosecuting lawyer (often called a Crown prosecutor, as in Canada and the United Kingdom) as representing the Crown; usages such as, "for the Crown, Joe Bloggs argued", being common.
2445:
629:
The Crown in each of the
Commonwealth realms is a similar, but separate, legal concept. To distinguish the institution's role in one jurisdiction from its place in another, Commonwealth law employs the expression
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3607:
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1971:
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532:). This is all in his or her position as sovereign, not as an individual; all such property is held by the Crown in perpetuity and cannot be sold by the sovereign without the proper
2489:
1781:
249:
c. 13), which set the terms "permanent civil service of the state", "permanent civil service of Her
Majesty" and "permanent civil service of the Crown" as having the same meaning.
3036:
1557:
As Peter Boyce put it, "the Crown as a concept cannot be disentangled from the person of the monarch, but standard reference to the Crown extends well beyond the Queen's person."
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made an exception for 'any right or privilege of the Crown' not written in an act of parliament, thus preserving the rights of the Crown under the unwritten royal prerogative.
1107:
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is rarely (albeit sometimes) seen on the right hand side of the 'v' in the first instance. To pursue a case against alleged unlawful activity by the government, a case in
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then developed into a means by which to differentiate the monarch's official functions from his personal choices and actions. Even within mediaeval England, there was the
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as a separation of the physical crown and property of the kingdom from the person and personal property of the monarch. It spread through English and later
4823:
2003:
395:, the concept extended into the legal lexicons of the United Kingdom and its dependencies and overseas territories and, eventually, all of the independent
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1240:) or the appropriate government minister as the party, instead. When a case is announced in court, the clerk or bailiff may refer to the Crown orally as
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In addition, use of images of the crowns for commercial purposes is specifically restricted in the UK (and in countries which are party to the
1258:
The Crown can also be a plaintiff or defendant in civil actions to which the government of the Commonwealth realm in question is a party. Such
3975:
Because of the events of the War of Independence, the phrase 'Crown Forces' came to represent something abhorrent in the Republican narrative.
3021:
646:. When referring to the Crown in multiple jurisdictions, wording is typically akin to "the Crown in right of , and all its other capacities".
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said the Crown serves as the "personal symbol of allegiance, unity, and authority for all Canadians," a concept akin to that expressed by
1413:
789:) is used to mostly mean the authority of government; its meaning changes in different contexts. In the context of people considering the
399:. There are, thus, now many distinct crowns, as a legal concept, "worn by"—or many different offices of monarch occupied by—one person as
7116:
3632:
1596:, but, rather, they are employed by the monarch, who "enjoys a general capacity to contract in accordance with the rule of ordinary law."
1228:
1888:
229:... The term "the Crown" is therefore used in constitutional law to denote the collection of such of those powers as remain extant (the
1701:
1224:
665:
2179:
6466:
3724:
790:
3542:
2070:
Twomey, Anne (17 September 2020), "Royal Succession, Abdication, and Regency in the Realms", in Hazell, Robert; Morris, Bob (eds.),
821:
and the law officers of the Crown of Guernsey submitted that, "the Crown in this context ordinarily means the Crown in right of the
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2671:
1057:
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is sometimes referred to simply as the relevant jurisdiction's name. (In countries using systems of government derived from Roman
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restricts rights to reproduce them. Although Crown Copyright usually expires 50 years after publication, Section 171(b) of the
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of the United Kingdom. The Succession to the Crown (Jersey) Law 2013 defined the Crown, for the purposes of implementing the
5638:
3212:
2822:
2583:
1340:, uniforms, government logos and elsewhere. The heraldic crown is chosen by the reigning monarch. From 1661 to the reign of
590:
493:
includes both the monarch and the government. The institution and powers of the Crown are formally vested in the king, but,
7067:
4858:
214:
1356:
began to be used from the 1860s. In 1901, the Tudor Crown design was standardised and continued in use until the reign of
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Marleau, Robert; Montpetit, Camille (2000), "1. Parliamentary Institutions > Institutional Framework > The Crown",
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The powers of a realm's crown are exercised either by the monarch, personally, or by his or her representative on the
348:: owners of land held as socage held it subject only to the crown. When such lands become ownerless, they are said to
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to give a false indication that any goods or services are supplied to the monarch or any member of the royal family.
1317:
1066:
1005:
264:... governed by one Supreme Head and King having the dignity and royal estate of the imperial Crown of the same'. In
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2118:
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also defines the Crown in Right of the Isle of Man as being separate from the Crown in Right of the United Kingdom.
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Wade, William, "The Crown, Ministers, and Officials: Legal Status and Liability", in Sunkin, M.; Payne, S. (eds.),
1965:
1625:, which is why republicans prefer terms like 'the Brits' or 'the Crown Forces', which undermines their authority."
7369:
6749:
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1526:
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1994:
516:, judges, members of the armed forces, police officers, and parliamentarians), the guardian of foster children (
117:
and is now rooted in the legal lexicon of all 15 Commonwealth realms, their various dependencies, and states in
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are often subject to specific rules and limitations, such as the enforcement of judgments against the Crown.
905:
826:
courts, the lieutenant governor, parish authorities, and the Crown acting in and through the Privy Council".
753:
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204:
63:
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1934:
863:, with all Crown land in the Bailiwick of Jersey belonging to the Crown in Right of Jersey and not to the
770:
in her various capacities as sovereign of different countries, demonstrating the divisibility of the crown
742:
39:
A symbolic representation of the Crown, present on the symbols of many institutions in Commonwealth realms
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O'Neill, Conor (2004). "Terrorism, insurgency and the military response from South Armagh to Falluja".
2343:
1606:
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733:
309:
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203:
theorised that the Crown is "an amorphous, abstract concept" and, thus, "impossible to define", while
74:). The term can be used to refer to the office of the monarch or the monarchy as institutions; to the
19:
This article is about the term referring to the state in some nations. For the television series, see
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5729:
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3299:. Vol. 52. North Ryde: Law Book Co. of Australasia Ltd. 1978. pp. 58, 203, 207. 3910867.
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functions decreased as parliaments, ministries, and courts grew through the 13th century. The term
225:. But it symbolizes the powers of government which were formerly wielded by the wearer of the crown
4692:
4373:
3910:
Tomaney, John (2000). "End of the Empire State? New Labour and Devolution in the United Kingdom".
1543:
stated in 1994, "the Crown is the consecrated spirit of Canada", and past Ontario chairman of the
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by which unowned property, primarily unclaimed inheritances, becomes the property of the Crown.
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703:
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502:
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377:
79:
27:
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3640:
1778: Lord Morris of Borth-y-Gest, Lord Simon of Glaisdale, Lord Kilbrandon, Lord Edmund-Davies
1215:, prosecutions will be brought in the name of the respective state instead of the Crown (e.g.
1113:
R (on the application of Miller and other) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union
512:
Still, the king or queen is the employer of all government officials and staff (including the
233:), together with such other powers as have been expressly conferred by statute on "the Crown".
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147:
20:
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2185:
1440:
1345:
1220:
729:
699:
419:
274:, he explained that "the meaning therefore of the legislature, when it uses these terms of
171:
114:
3773:
Overseas Territories: Seventh Report of Session 2007–08, Vol. 2: Oral and Written Evidence
3720:
1852:
524:), buildings and equipment (Crown property), state-owned companies (Crown corporations or
8:
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in 1965, but this was not recognised internationally. Declared itself a republic in 1970.
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The Queen's Other Realms: The Crown and Its Legacy in Australia, Canada and New Zealand
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3100:
3022:"Paper 143: The execution of deeds and documents by or on behalf of bodies corporate"
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The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and Canada > The Queen's role in Canada
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1540:
1500:
1372:
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643:
567:
548:
333:, Scotland, a privately owned property of Charles III and not property of the Crown
246:
237:
155:
118:
106:
35:
3445:
2382:
Executive Government Processes and Procedures in Saskatchewan: A Procedures Manual
1270:
lawsuits on behalf of the Crown were once common, but have been unusual since the
1119:, a citizen. Until the end of the 20th century, such case titles used the pattern
633:
622:
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3429:"The Crown in New Zealand: Anthropological Perspectives on an Imagined Sovereign"
3268:
3196:
3183:
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2567:
1468:
1409:
1297:
868:
675:
657:, legislature, or judges, none of which may advise the Crown in any other realm.
529:
446:
407:
can also mean the pan-national institution shared by all 15 Commonwealth realms.
326:
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126:
83:
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5173:
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4949:
4706:
4702:
4686:
4651:
4591:
3502:
1820:, Some Observations on the Queen, the Crown, the Constitution, and the Courts,
1530:
1348:
was used. The early part of Victoria's reign depicted the Imperial State Crown
1341:
834:
525:
380:
separating the person of the king from his actions in the capacity of monarch.
151:
47:
3887:
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2739:
712:
166:
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450:
but legally indivisible The office cannot exist without the office-holder".
359:
341:
330:
99:
51:
5560:
4005:(Revised ed.). London and New York: Frederick Warne. pp. 184–185.
3923:
3528:
1809:
Newman, Warren J. (2017), Lagassé, Philippe; MacDonald, Nicholas A. (eds.),
1191:) in criminal cases. If the Crown is the respondent to an appeal, the words
692:
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2569:
Canada's Constitutional Monarchy: An Introduction to Our Form of Government
2114:
1357:
1313:
1293:
1019:
864:
767:
671:
4037:
3201:. Vol. 87. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 286, 713.
3127:
The State, The Crown, and Parliament, lecture given at Carleton University
2697:"Memorandum for Understanding of Cooperation on Addressing Climate Change"
1724:
1462:
221:
The crown as an object is a piece of jewelled headgear under guard at the
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4459:
4293:
3858:
War Zone Language: Linguistic Aspects of the Conflict in Northern Ireland
3367:
2870:"DCBA 414 011759Z Apr 09 MFSI Annual Rates for the Fiscal Year 2009/2010"
2243:
1856:
1476:
1361:
1353:
1252:
1116:
1022:, the state is the prosecuting party; the case is usually designated (in
879:
842:
721:
683:
566:
governance. While the Crown's legal personality is usually regarded as a
559:
415:
301:
87:
75:
3575:"The Unregistered Design Rights (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Ordinance, 2005"
3233:
601:
Historically, the Crown was considered to be indivisible. Two judgments—
7424:
7311:
6928:
6509:
5908:
5846:
5765:
5005:
4970:
4045:
3076:
1504:
1417:
1223:
trials in the original jurisdiction will be brought in the name of the
626:
England and Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, or the United Kingdom."
521:
517:
506:
434:
353:
295:
253:
252:
The Crown was first defined as an 'imperial' crown during the reign of
134:
91:
3483:. New Zealand Law Society | Te Kāhui Ture o Aotearoa. 15 November 2019
2310:"Bill 22, Legislative Assembly Oath of Allegiance Act, 1995 > 1620"
2248:"Bill 22, Legislative Assembly Oath of Allegiance Act, 1995 > 1720"
2073:
The Role of Monarchy in Modern Democracy: European Monarchies Compared
7325:
7126:
7077:
7060:
6998:
6980:
6754:
6668:
6267:
6257:
5826:
5133:
5020:
4449:
4154:
3241:
2315:
Committee Transcripts: Standing Committee on the Legislative Assembly
2253:
Committee Transcripts: Standing Committee on the Legislative Assembly
1337:
1203:; if the defendant appeals against the Crown, the case name would be
1176:
1050:. For example, a criminal case against Smith might be referred to as
438:
400:
3240:. Vol. 53. British Institute of International Affairs. Oxford:
921:
7213:
7146:
7082:
6895:
6873:
6769:
6717:
6475:
6404:
6287:
6277:
6096:
5595:
4867:
4748:
4612:
4425:
2379:
Cabinet Secretary and Clerk of the Executive Council (April 2004),
1496:
1333:
1212:
1135:
1122:
1094:
900:, 2005, it is held that the King, in exercising his authority over
563:
442:
95:
2518:
2181:
Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > The crown in Canada
7166:
6960:
6953:
6818:
6614:
6297:
6252:
6227:
5781:
5490:
5108:
5061:
5000:
4924:
4878:
4499:
4489:
4030:
3783:. London, UK: The Stationery Office, 6 July 2008, pp. 49, 296–297
2738:. 1. Ottawa: Assembly of First Nations. p. 3. Archived from
1360:
in 1952 when a heraldic St Edward's Crown was restored. In 2022,
1301:
1265:
829:
513:
349:
7141:
7093:
6862:
6379:
6292:
5555:
5455:
5098:
4954:
4581:
4479:
4469:
4044:. London: T. C. & E. C. Jack. pp. 358–359 – via
3511:
The Waitangi Tribunal–Te Roopu Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi
2205:
2123:, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada (published 1 April 2005),
1495:
Jurisdictions in which this prerogative does not apply include
1274:
ended the practice of allowing such suits by common informers.
1070:
345:
305:
4084:
3372:"Retail Leases Comparative Analysis - The Act Binds the Crown"
2453:(2 ed.), Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 51,
1525:
whole, as opposed to those of any particular government." The
1129:
R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union
1108:
R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union
591:
Commonwealth realm § The Crown in the Commonwealth realms
7230:
6826:
4836:
3337:, Toronto: Queen's Printer for Ontario, p. 2, at 3.2.B,
3327:
3035:(4 ed.), Lincoln County, Nevada (published 1974), 1206,
801:
themselves—acted through elected parliament and government."
558:
The Crown also represents the legal embodiment of executive,
122:
3433:
Sites: A Journal of Social Anthropology and Cultural Studies
3331:
Disposition of Public Land to Other Governments and Agencies
6444:
6262:
5103:
5093:
5083:
5066:
4322:
2808:
British Government and the Constitution: Text and Materials
2177:
1520:
In the Canadian context, the monarch has been described by
608:
477:, the state is the equivalent concept.) However, the terms
422:), the living embodiment of the state/crown in each of the
4288:
4286:
4198:"Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988: Section 171"
3799:. In the High Court of New Zealand Christchurch Registry.
2867:
1146:) in the name of the Crown. Accordingly, the abbreviation
797:
defines the Crown as "the people of New Zealand—including
7203:
4252:
3360:
2487:
1881:
Johnston, W. Dawson; Johnston, Jean Browne, eds. (1896).
497:, its functions are exercised in the sovereign's name by
7280:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
4221:
3747:"The Air Navigation (Isle of Man) Order 2007 (No. 1115)"
2388:, Regina: Queen's Printer for Saskatchewan, p. 10,
791:
claims and settlements related to the Treaty of Waitangi
570:, it can, at least for some purposes, be described as a
186:
as the institution from which all state authority flows.
4366:
The Nature of the Crown: A Legal and Political Analysis
4283:
2933:(Map). Queen's Printer for Canada. 2006. Archived from
1756:
The Nature of the Crown: A Legal and Political Analysis
1195:
will be spelled out, instead of using the abbreviation
1121:
R v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union,
260:
which declared that 'this realm of England is an empire
4120:
4036:
2318:, Toronto: Queen's Printer for Ontario, archived from
2256:, Toronto: Queen's Printer for Ontario, archived from
1824:(1), Edmonton: Centre for Constitutional Studies: 56,
1592:
in Canada are not contracted by an abstraction called
1097:. The titles of these cases now follow the pattern of
132:
The term is also found in various expressions such as
121:
with them. It is not to be confused with any physical
4420:
3154:
Saunders, Cheryl (2015). "The Concept of the Crown".
2800:
2798:
2044:
The Theory and Practice of Revolt in Medieval England
1499:, where unowned property becomes the property of the
859:
define the Crown's operation in that jurisdiction as
3912:
International Journal of Urban and Regional Research
3194:
3064:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 418
2848:, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, p. 79,
2634:
Bowden, James; Philippe, Lagassé (6 December 2012),
1919:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 63.
1849:
Town Investments Ltd v Department of the Environment
1458:
1332:
The Crown is represented by the image of a crown in
469:, and similar, are all synonymous and the monarch's
3827:"Saving 'Bobby Sands Street' > Words of Freedom"
2155:. Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.
1063:
coat of arms of the sovereign of the United Kingdom
946:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3601:"Review of the Roles of the Jersey Crown officers"
3543:"Review of the Roles of the Jersey Crown officers"
3019:
2902:. Parliamentary Counsel Office. 25 February 2024.
2795:
2702:. Toronto: Queen's Printer for Canada. p. 1.
528:), and the copyright for government publications (
441:, while the sovereign in all realms is the living
3328:Ministry of Natural Resources (24 January 2006),
3234:Royal Institute of International Affairs (1983).
2531:, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 2,
2353:. Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. p. 1.
2218:, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 3,
1773:Town Investments v Department for the Environment
1304:. The term was used by various iterations of the
7477:
4364:Sunkin, Maurice; Payne, Sebastian, eds. (1999).
2733:"A First Nations–Federal Crown Political Accord"
1880:
1447:. It is also an offence under Section 12 of the
352:; i.e. return to direct ownership of the Crown (
3987:
3985:
3983:
3427:Shore, Cris; Kawharu, Margaret (17 June 2014).
2412:
885:
815:the Crown in Right of the Bailiwick of Guernsey
3481:"Definition of 'the Crown' a difficult matter"
2633:
1967:Essential 25000 English-Cebuano Law Dictionary
1621:'s words, "he term 'security forces' suggests
1138:, criminal prosecutions are undertaken by the
312:and a property of the Crown in Right of Canada
6460:
4852:
4406:
4330:"Trade Descriptions Act 1968: Section 12"
3833:. Irlandinitiative Heidelberg. Archived from
2805:Turpin, Colin; Tomkins, Adam (28 June 2007).
2804:
2344:Table Research Branch of the House of Commons
2338:
2336:
2079:, London: Bloomsbury Publishing, p. 34,
1722:
340:The concept of the Crown took form under the
4052:
3980:
3855:
3513:. Wellington, N.Z.: Bridget Williams Books.
3501:
3426:
2872:. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from
2727:
2691:
2663:
2184:, Queen's Printer for Canada, archived from
2113:
2025:
2023:
1909:
1534:
1229:Commonwealth director of public prosecutions
1054:and verbally read as "the Crown and Smith".
584:
520:), as well as the owner of all state lands (
403:(supreme monarch) of each country. However,
207:stated the Crown "means simply the Queen".
98:(the Crown on the bench) governance and the
4824:Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence
4363:
3873:
3721:"Succession to the Crown (Jersey) Law 2013"
3695:"Written Question to H.M. Attorney General"
3663:"Review of the Roles of the Crown Officers"
2811:. Cambridge University Press. p. 366.
2065:
2063:
1753:
1420:and any of its constituent parts under the
1263:
489:, though related, have different meanings:
357:
6467:
6453:
4859:
4845:
4413:
4399:
4025:
4019:
3237:The British Year Book of International Law
3195:Lauterpacht, E.; Greenwood, C. J. (1992).
3139:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2333:
2284:Hunting Stuart and The Voice of the People
1887:. Michigan: Sheehan & Co. p. 32.
1754:Sunkin, Maurice; Payne, Sebastian (1999),
1605:For exceptions in the United Kingdom, see
4374:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198262732.001.0001
3444:
2143:
2141:
2020:
1780:, 359 (House of Lords 1978),
1569:who are themselves servants of the Crown.
1364:opted for a modified Tudor Crown design.
1284:The term "Crown forces" has been used by
1006:Learn how and when to remove this message
873:Crown in Right of the Bailiwick of Jersey
16:Political term in the Commonwealth realms
3948:Ambiguous Republic: Ireland in the 1970s
3944:
3824:
3153:
3059:
2986:
2958:
2614:, Sydney: Federation Press, p. 81,
2565:
2150:"As David Johnson Enters Rideau Hall..."
2060:
2029:
1992:
1929:
1868:
1611:
1079:immune to prosecution and civil lawsuits
1056:
828:
538:
409:
165:
34:
3991:
3909:
3366:
3124:
2763:
2664:Elizabeth II (9 October 2012), "83.1",
2491:House of Commons Procedure and Practice
2440:
2307:
2041:
2002:, House of Commons Library, p. 8,
1767:
1765:
1683:
1645:
1585:Attorney General of Quebec v. Labrecque
1507:, where it becomes the property of the
1430:Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
7478:
4894:List of current non-sovereign monarchs
4260:"Trade Marks Act 1994: Section 99"
4072:from the original on 27 September 2022
3945:Ferriter, Diarmaid (1 November 2012).
3825:Morrison, Danny (24–26 January 2004).
3794:"The Queen v Brenton Harrison Tarrant"
3273:. Vol. 23. Vancouver: UBC Press.
3270:Canadian Yearbook of International Law
3266:
2770:, Toronto: Dundurn Press, p. 20,
2609:
2572:, Toronto: Dundurn Press, p. 17,
2494:, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada,
2277:
2242:
2147:
2138:
2069:
1963:
1808:
1320:, "he term 'security forces' suggests
1217:The State of Western Australia v Smith
1199:(i.e. the case name at trial would be
604:Ex parte Indian Association of Alberta
146:; as well as in some offices, such as
6448:
5124:
4840:
4394:
4310:from the original on 5 September 2024
4294:"Use of Royal Arms, Names and Images"
4229:"Trade Marks Act 1994: Section 4"
3965:from the original on 5 September 2024
3727:from the original on 5 September 2024
3408:from the original on 5 September 2024
3303:from the original on 5 September 2024
3248:from the original on 5 September 2024
3215:from the original on 5 September 2024
3125:Lagassé, Philippe (2 November 2021),
3107:from the original on 5 September 2024
3074:
3062:The Constitutional History of England
2906:from the original on 5 September 2024
2843:
2825:from the original on 5 September 2024
2784:from the original on 5 September 2024
2709:from the original on 20 November 2010
2586:from the original on 22 February 2024
2548:from the original on 22 November 2009
1974:from the original on 5 September 2024
1704:from the original on 5 September 2024
1687:Constitutional and Administrative Law
1666:from the original on 5 September 2024
1251:In reporting on court proceedings in
804:
429:In each Commonwealth realm, the term
4108:from the original on 11 October 2023
3613:from the original on 10 October 2017
3020:The Law Commission (November 1996),
3002:from the original on 10 October 2017
2360:from the original on 25 October 2012
2225:from the original on 21 October 2020
2159:from the original on 23 January 2020
1945:from the original on 10 October 2017
1762:
1042:(if the monarch is female), and the
1038:(if the current monarch is male) or
944:adding citations to reliable sources
915:
904:, does not act on the advice of the
243:Pensions (Colonial Service) Act 1887
58:and their subdivisions (such as the
3060:Maitland, Frederic William (1908),
2959:George V (9 April 1925), "s. 180",
2636:"Succeeding to the Canadian throne"
2096:from the original on 16 August 2022
1993:Torrance, David (11 January 2023),
1831:from the original on 16 August 2022
1443:, and their use is governed by the
819:the Crown in Right of the Bailiwick
271:Commentaries on the Laws of England
138:, which some countries refer to as
13:
4889:List of current sovereign monarchs
4357:
3806:from the original on 7 August 2022
2969:from the original on 9 August 2020
2674:from the original on 2 August 2012
2520:Citizenship and Immigration Canada
2046:. Ashgate: Aldershot. p. 30.
1089:is brought by the Crown against a
597:Monarchy in the Canadian provinces
536:of his or her relevant ministers.
433:, at its broadest, now means the
14:
7522:
4178:from the original on 15 June 2024
4138:from the original on 16 July 2024
4099:The Public Safety Foundation (UK)
3461:from the original on 14 June 2021
3042:from the original on 23 July 2020
2767:The Crown and Canadian Federalism
2419:, Queen's Printer, archived from
2395:from the original on 11 June 2011
2178:Department of Canadian Heritage,
2009:from the original on 2 March 2023
1758:, Oxford: Oxford University Press
1735:from the original on 11 July 2021
1649:The Crown and Canadian Federalism
1439:) under sections 4 and 99 of the
1127:. Either form may be abbreviated
467:His Majesty the King in Right of
7447:
7446:
5407:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
4562:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
4162:"Reproduction of the Royal Arms"
3344:from the original on 18 May 2015
2868:Department of National Defence.
2148:Forsey, Helen (1 October 2010).
2127:from the original on 5 July 2009
1964:Nguyen, Nam H. (18 March 2018).
1891:from the original on 1 July 2024
1818:Review of Constitutional Studies
1793:
1461:
1395:
1383:
1371:
920:
911:
741:
711:
691:
664:
319:
294:
4884:Imperial, royal and noble ranks
4190:
3938:
3849:
3818:
3786:
3765:
3739:
3713:
3687:
3655:
3625:
3593:
3567:
3535:
3495:
3473:
3420:
3394:
3321:
3315:
3287:
3260:
3227:
3188:
3166:
3156:Melbourne University Law Review
3147:
3118:
3068:
3053:
3013:
2980:
2952:
2918:
2888:
2861:
2837:
2757:
2721:
2685:
2657:
2627:
2603:
2597:
2559:
2512:
2481:
2434:
2406:
2372:
2308:Toffoli, Gary (10 April 1996),
2301:
2287:. Toronto: Simon & Pierre.
2271:
2236:
2207:Department of Canadian Heritage
2199:
2171:
2107:
2035:
1986:
1957:
1923:
1903:
1874:
1811:"The Crown in the 21st Century"
1599:
1572:
1560:
1551:
1527:Department of Canadian Heritage
1514:
1489:
1316:. As noted by Irish republican
1308:(IRA) during conflicts such as
1277:
1225:director of public prosecutions
931:needs additional citations for
258:Ecclesiastical Appeals Act 1532
7012:Right of way (property access)
4866:
3951:. Profile Books. p. 247.
3856:Hawes-Bilger, Cordula (2007).
3639:. 21 June 2010. Archived from
2670:, Queen's Printer for Canada,
1996:The Crown and the Constitution
1862:
1842:
1802:
1787:
1747:
1716:
1690:. Pearson/Longman. p. 7.
1677:
1639:
1067:Westminster Magistrates' Court
776:
105:The concept of the Crown as a
50:in all its aspects within the
1:
3446:10.11157/sites-vol11iss1id267
1723:CharlotteDunn (4 June 2018).
1632:
1099:R (on the application of ) v
906:Cabinet of the United Kingdom
724:, representing Elizabeth II,
161:
7486:British Overseas Territories
6474:
4899:List of monarchy referendums
4128:"Frequently asked questions"
4039:A Complete Guide to Heraldry
2764:Jackson, Michael D. (2013),
2667:Financial Administration Act
1646:Jackson, Michael D. (2013),
1327:
1296:groups, to refer to British
1246:our sovereign lady the queen
902:British Overseas Territories
886:British Overseas Territories
861:the Crown in Right of Jersey
7:
7318:Two Treatises of Government
4368:. Oxford University Press.
4092:"Symbols of State Guidance"
3404:. Te Aka Māori Dictionary.
2610:Boyce, Peter John (2008a),
1884:English Historical Reprints
1545:Monarchist League of Canada
1454:
1449:Trade Descriptions Act 1968
1242:our sovereign lord the king
1169:HMA v Al Megrahi and Fahima
750:Queen of the United Kingdom
308:, Ontario; the seat of the
176:coat of arms of New Zealand
10:
7527:
4210:, 1988 c. 48 (s. 171)
4027:Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles
3296:The Australian law journal
3244:. pp. 253, 257, 258.
3029:Halsbury's Laws of England
2992:"The Crown as Corporation"
2965:, London: King's Printer,
1935:"The Crown as Corporation"
1607:Crown Proceedings Act 1947
1350:created for her coronation
1336:and other imagery such as
1156:His/Her Majesty's Advocate
1077:The Crown is, in general,
594:
588:
445:of the state, or symbolic
310:Governor General of Canada
285:
18:
7442:
7239:
7041:
6921:
6814:
6807:
6656:
6613:
6558:
6482:
6311:
6220:
5934:
5697:
5631:
5443:
5434:
5330:
5312:
5244:
5159:
5117:
5049:
4963:
4907:
4874:
4818:Annexed by Canada in 1949
4813:
4605:
4432:
4342:, 1968 c. 29 (s. 12)
4272:, 1994 c. 26 (s. 99)
3888:10.1080/03071840408523120
3198:International Law Reports
3093:10.1017/S0008197318000338
3077:"The Office of the Crown"
3075:Allen, J.G. (July 2018),
2896:"Crown Entities Act 2004"
2566:Tidridge, Nathan (2011),
2348:"Compendium of Procedure"
2212:Canada: Symbols of Canada
1539:", or, "I am the state".
1445:Lord Chamberlain's Office
1310:Irish War of Independence
1272:Common Informers Act 1951
1238:Commonwealth of Australia
857:law officers of the Crown
781:In New Zealand, the term
653:of the appropriate local
585:Divisibility of the Crown
576:Frederic William Maitland
201:Nicholas Browne-Wilkinson
78:; or to the functions of
7370:The Great Transformation
6728:Labor theory of property
5036:Self-proclaimed monarchy
4241:, 1994 c. 26 (s. 4)
3860:. Francke. p. 148.
3779:23 November 2022 at the
3182:24 February 2017 at the
2962:Law of Property Act 1925
2844:Smith, David E. (1995),
2042:Valente, Claire (2003).
1482:
1402:2022 pattern Tudor Crown
1390:1901 pattern Tudor Crown
1152:High Court of Justiciary
1093:on the application of a
813:, legislation refers to
545:Parliament of Queensland
7491:Commonwealth of Nations
6939:Forest-dwelling (India)
6901:restraint on alienation
6681:Common good (economics)
5304:Vatican City (Holy See)
3924:10.1111/1468-2427.00271
2900:New Zealand Legislation
1796:The Nature of the Crown
1582:found in the 1980 case
1292:, including members of
793:, professor of history
574:headed by the monarch.
505:the elected chamber of
437:or the polity known as
215:Lord Simon of Glaisdale
178:, and located atop the
125:, such as those of the
109:developed first in the
46:broadly represents the
7378:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
7152:Primitive accumulation
7007:Right of way (transit)
6792:Tragedy of the commons
6674:fictitious commodities
5586:Islands of Refreshment
5016:Legitimacy (political)
1684:Carroll, Alex (2003).
1535:
1264:
1175:Most jurisdictions in
1074:
871:in Jersey law, as the
848:
786:
555:
499:ministers of the Crown
463:the Crown in Right of
426:
378:doctrine of capacities
358:
235:
187:
40:
28:Crown (disambiguation)
26:. For other uses, see
7431:The Wealth of Nations
7411:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
7403:The Ethics of Liberty
5397:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4986:Criticism of monarchy
4976:Abolition of monarchy
4542:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4340:The National Archives
4270:The National Archives
4239:The National Archives
4208:The National Archives
4169:The National Archives
4132:The National Archives
4068:. 27 September 2022.
3633:"It's a power thing…"
3267:Bourne, C.B. (1986).
3087:(2), Cambridge: 300,
3081:Cambridge Law Journal
2413:The Royal Household,
1853:[1977] UKHL 2
1426:The National Archives
1416:to depictions of the
1306:Irish Republican Army
1091:minister of the Crown
1060:
1034:can stand for either
832:
811:Bailiwick of Guernsey
595:Further information:
589:Further information:
572:corporation aggregate
542:
413:
387:merged with those of
219:
169:
148:minister of the Crown
38:
7294:Progress and Poverty
6628:Common-pool resource
5229:United Arab Emirates
4510:Realm of New Zealand
3997:Brooke-Little, J. P.
3837:on 28 September 2007
3723:. States of Jersey.
3701:on 27 September 2011
2996:Law Quarterly Review
1939:Law Quarterly Review
1916:An Expanding Society
1725:"Crown Dependencies"
1441:Trade Marks Act 1994
1115:, where "Miller" is
1020:criminal proceedings
940:improve this article
855:, statements by the
700:Queen of New Zealand
420:Imperial State Crown
115:British colonisation
64:overseas territories
7496:Commonwealth realms
7417:The Social Contract
7105:population transfer
7022:prior-appropriation
6701:homestead principle
6425:Trinidad and Tobago
6312:Commonwealth realms
6197:United Baltic Duchy
5340:Antigua and Barbuda
5332:Commonwealth realms
5026:Order of succession
4790:Trinidad and Tobago
4440:Antigua and Barbuda
4422:Commonwealth realms
4304:The Royal Household
3555:on 22 November 2011
2846:The Invisible Crown
2423:on 20 February 2009
1855: at para. 16,
1234:State of Queensland
1105:, for short. Thus,
878:Legislation in the
853:Bailiwick of Jersey
424:Commonwealth realms
397:Commonwealth realms
182:, to symbolize the
174:is included in the
56:Commonwealth realms
7397:Murray N. Rothbard
6708:Free-rider problem
4335:legislation.gov.uk
4265:legislation.gov.uk
4234:legislation.gov.uk
4203:legislation.gov.uk
4032:"Chapter 22"
4002:Boutell's Heraldry
2988:Maitland, Frederic
2646:on 10 January 2013
2470:on 4 February 2016
2120:Interpretation Act
2117:(2005), "46.1.b",
1931:Maitland, Frederic
1784:from the original.
1075:
849:
805:Crown Dependencies
760:, 18 December 2012
726:Queen of Australia
556:
547:, symbolising the
534:advice and consent
427:
385:kingdom of England
266:William Blackstone
188:
111:Kingdom of England
60:Crown Dependencies
41:
7473:
7472:
7384:What Is Property?
7177:human trafficking
7162:Regulatory taking
7037:
7036:
6782:Right to property
6442:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6127:Piedmont-Sardinia
5879:Sip Song Chau Tai
5689:Thirteen Colonies
5430:
5429:
4834:
4833:
4383:978-0-19-826273-2
3958:978-1-84765-856-2
3867:978-3-7720-8200-9
3675:on 12 August 2011
3280:978-0-7748-0259-8
3208:978-0-949009-99-9
3172:Lords of Appeal,
2876:on 28 August 2009
2818:978-1-139-46536-6
2777:978-1-4597-0989-8
2745:on 6 October 2005
2621:978-1-86287-700-9
2579:978-1-4597-0084-0
2538:978-1-100-12739-2
2508:on 8 October 2012
2460:978-0-662-46012-1
2447:A Crown of Maples
2442:MacLeod, Kevin S.
2294:978-0-88924-259-3
2281:(8 August 1996).
2279:Davies, Robertson
2246:(10 April 1996),
2188:on 27 August 2011
2086:978-1-5099-3103-3
1697:978-0-582-47343-0
1659:978-1-4597-0989-8
1536:L'État, c'est moi
1509:duke of Lancaster
1422:royal prerogative
1378:St Edward's Crown
1346:St Edward's Crown
1300:which operate in
1286:Irish republicans
1260:crown proceedings
1209:Western Australia
1144:procurator fiscal
1142:(or the relevant
1016:
1015:
1008:
990:
837:, displaying the
758:10 Downing Street
640:Canadian province
471:legal personality
366:royal prerogative
247:50 & 51 Vict.
231:royal prerogative
184:New Zealand Crown
172:St Edward's Crown
7518:
7450:
7449:
7354:John Stuart Mill
7274:Friedrich Engels
7255:Frédéric Bastiat
7248:
7100:Forced migration
7068:Collectivization
6812:
6811:
6691:First possession
6664:Bundle of rights
6469:
6462:
6455:
6446:
6445:
6366:Irish Free State
6132:Poland–Lithuania
5441:
5440:
5392:Papua New Guinea
5122:
5121:
4861:
4854:
4847:
4838:
4837:
4827:
4819:
4532:Papua New Guinea
4415:
4408:
4401:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4299:The Royal Family
4290:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4177:
4166:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4145:
4143:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4107:
4096:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4043:
4034:
4023:
4017:
4016:
3993:Boutell, Charles
3989:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3970:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3907:
3876:The RUSI Journal
3871:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3805:
3798:
3790:
3784:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3753:on 28 March 2021
3749:. Archived from
3743:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3697:. Archived from
3691:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3674:
3668:. Archived from
3667:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3612:
3605:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3577:. Archived from
3571:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3554:
3548:. Archived from
3547:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3507:Wheen, Nicola R.
3499:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3448:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3378:. Archived from
3364:
3358:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3343:
3336:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3192:
3186:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3138:
3130:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3041:
3026:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3007:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2940:on 26 March 2009
2939:
2932:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2802:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2744:
2737:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2708:
2701:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2642:, archived from
2631:
2625:
2624:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2547:
2530:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2504:, archived from
2485:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2469:
2463:, archived from
2452:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2394:
2387:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2359:
2352:
2340:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2217:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2145:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2095:
2078:
2067:
2058:
2057:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2008:
2001:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1970:. Nam H Nguyen.
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1911:Kitson Clark, G.
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1830:
1815:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1791:
1785:
1775:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1729:The Royal Family
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1643:
1626:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1549:
1541:Robertson Davies
1538:
1518:
1512:
1501:duke of Cornwall
1493:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1437:Paris Convention
1399:
1387:
1375:
1269:
1205:Smith v The King
1011:
1004:
1000:
997:
991:
989:
948:
924:
916:
841:surmounted by a
745:
734:Government House
719:Governor-General
715:
695:
668:
644:Australian state
568:corporation sole
549:Queensland Crown
543:The mace of the
363:
323:
298:
263:
228:
156:Crown prosecutor
119:free association
107:corporation sole
7526:
7525:
7521:
7520:
7519:
7517:
7516:
7515:
7476:
7475:
7474:
7469:
7438:
7242:
7241:
7235:
7185:husband-selling
7122:Illegal logging
7117:Illegal fishing
7046:
7033:
6944:Freedom to roam
6917:
6830:(agrarian land)
6803:
6760:Property rights
6652:
6609:
6571:Estate (landed)
6554:
6478:
6473:
6443:
6434:
6359:princely states
6307:
6243:Kingdom of Fiji
6216:
5962:Austria-Hungary
5930:
5693:
5627:
5426:
5412:Solomon Islands
5326:
5308:
5240:
5155:
5113:
5045:
4991:Democratization
4959:
4903:
4870:
4865:
4835:
4830:
4822:
4817:
4809:
4601:
4572:Solomon Islands
4428:
4419:
4384:
4360:
4358:Further reading
4355:
4354:
4345:
4343:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4313:
4311:
4292:
4291:
4284:
4275:
4273:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4244:
4242:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4213:
4211:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4141:
4139:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4075:
4073:
4065:College of Arms
4058:
4057:
4053:
4024:
4020:
4013:
3990:
3981:
3968:
3966:
3959:
3943:
3939:
3868:
3854:
3850:
3840:
3838:
3823:
3819:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3781:Wayback Machine
3770:
3766:
3756:
3754:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3730:
3728:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3704:
3702:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3646:
3644:
3643:on 10 June 2011
3631:
3630:
3626:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3584:
3582:
3581:on 21 July 2011
3573:
3572:
3568:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3521:
3509:, eds. (2004).
3503:Hayward, Janine
3500:
3496:
3486:
3484:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3464:
3462:
3425:
3421:
3411:
3409:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3385:
3383:
3382:on 14 July 2022
3365:
3361:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3334:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3306:
3304:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3281:
3265:
3261:
3251:
3249:
3232:
3228:
3218:
3216:
3209:
3193:
3189:
3184:Wayback Machine
3171:
3167:
3152:
3148:
3132:
3131:
3123:
3119:
3110:
3108:
3073:
3069:
3058:
3054:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3024:
3018:
3014:
3005:
3003:
2985:
2981:
2972:
2970:
2957:
2953:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2909:
2907:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2842:
2838:
2828:
2826:
2819:
2803:
2796:
2787:
2785:
2778:
2762:
2758:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2695:(21 May 2004).
2690:
2686:
2677:
2675:
2662:
2658:
2649:
2647:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2589:
2587:
2580:
2564:
2560:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2528:
2525:Discover Canada
2517:
2513:
2502:
2486:
2482:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2450:
2439:
2435:
2426:
2424:
2411:
2407:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2341:
2334:
2325:
2323:
2322:on 11 June 2011
2306:
2302:
2295:
2276:
2272:
2263:
2261:
2260:on 11 June 2011
2241:
2237:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2204:
2200:
2191:
2189:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2146:
2139:
2130:
2128:
2112:
2108:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2076:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2021:
2012:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1928:
1924:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1892:
1879:
1875:
1871:, pp. 9–10
1867:
1863:
1847:
1843:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1792:
1788:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1698:
1682:
1678:
1669:
1667:
1660:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1519:
1515:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1469:Monarchy portal
1467:
1460:
1457:
1410:Crown copyright
1407:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1330:
1298:security forces
1280:
1150:is used in the
1087:judicial review
1012:
1001:
995:
992:
949:
947:
937:
925:
914:
892:Lords' decision
888:
869:Perth Agreement
839:badge of Jersey
807:
779:
774:
773:
772:
771:
763:
762:
761:
746:
738:
737:
736:, 25 March 1994
716:
708:
707:
696:
688:
687:
676:Queen of Canada
669:
599:
593:
587:
530:Crown copyright
501:drawn from and
447:personification
338:
337:
336:
335:
334:
327:Balmoral Castle
324:
315:
314:
313:
299:
288:
261:
226:
223:Tower of London
164:
127:British regalia
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7524:
7514:
7513:
7511:Legal fictions
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7467:
7466:
7465:
7455:
7443:
7440:
7439:
7437:
7436:
7435:
7434:
7422:
7421:
7420:
7408:
7407:
7406:
7394:
7389:
7388:
7387:
7375:
7374:
7373:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7350:
7349:
7337:
7336:
7335:
7323:
7322:
7321:
7309:
7304:
7302:Garrett Hardin
7299:
7298:
7297:
7285:
7284:
7283:
7271:
7266:
7265:
7264:
7251:
7249:
7237:
7236:
7234:
7233:
7228:
7227:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7201:
7200:
7199:
7194:
7193:
7192:
7187:
7179:
7174:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7113:
7112:
7107:
7097:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7073:Eminent domain
7070:
7065:
7064:
7063:
7056:Bioprospecting
7052:
7050:
7048:redistribution
7039:
7038:
7035:
7034:
7032:
7031:
7030:
7029:
7024:
7014:
7009:
7004:
7003:
7002:
6990:
6985:
6984:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6963:
6958:
6957:
6956:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6925:
6923:
6919:
6918:
6916:
6915:
6914:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6883:
6878:
6877:
6876:
6866:
6859:
6854:
6853:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6832:
6824:
6815:
6809:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6801:
6800:
6799:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6778:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6757:
6752:
6750:Natural rights
6747:
6742:
6741:
6740:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6704:
6703:
6698:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6677:
6676:
6666:
6660:
6658:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6619:
6617:
6611:
6610:
6608:
6607:
6606:
6605:
6595:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6562:
6560:
6556:
6555:
6553:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6486:
6484:
6480:
6479:
6472:
6471:
6464:
6457:
6449:
6440:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6363:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6321:
6315:
6313:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6224:
6222:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6117:Ottoman Empire
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6077:Kartli-Kakheti
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5938:
5936:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5928:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5759:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5701:
5699:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5635:
5633:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5625:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5486:Central Africa
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5447:
5445:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5422:United Kingdom
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5336:
5334:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5318:
5316:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5250:
5248:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5238:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5165:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5130:
5128:
5119:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5079:Prince regnant
5076:
5075:
5074:
5064:
5059:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4996:Decolonization
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4950:Personal union
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4920:Constitutional
4917:
4911:
4909:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4864:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4841:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4820:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4797:
4787:
4777:
4767:
4757:
4745:
4735:
4725:
4720:
4710:
4700:
4690:
4680:
4670:
4665:
4655:
4645:
4635:
4625:
4620:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4592:United Kingdom
4589:
4579:
4569:
4559:
4549:
4539:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4507:
4497:
4487:
4477:
4467:
4457:
4447:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4429:
4418:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4382:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4321:
4282:
4251:
4220:
4189:
4153:
4119:
4083:
4060:"Royal Cypher"
4051:
4018:
4011:
3979:
3957:
3937:
3918:(3): 675–688.
3866:
3848:
3817:
3785:
3764:
3738:
3712:
3686:
3654:
3637:Guernsey Press
3624:
3592:
3566:
3534:
3519:
3494:
3472:
3419:
3393:
3359:
3320:
3314:
3286:
3279:
3259:
3226:
3207:
3187:
3175:Ex parte Quark
3165:
3146:
3117:
3067:
3052:
3012:
2998:(17): 131–46,
2979:
2951:
2917:
2887:
2860:
2854:
2836:
2817:
2794:
2776:
2756:
2720:
2684:
2656:
2640:Ottawa Citizen
2626:
2620:
2602:
2596:
2578:
2558:
2537:
2511:
2500:
2480:
2459:
2433:
2405:
2371:
2346:(March 2008).
2332:
2300:
2293:
2270:
2235:
2198:
2170:
2137:
2106:
2085:
2059:
2052:
2034:
2019:
1985:
1956:
1941:(17): 131–46.
1922:
1902:
1873:
1861:
1841:
1801:
1786:
1761:
1746:
1715:
1696:
1676:
1658:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1619:Danny Morrison
1610:
1598:
1590:civil servants
1571:
1559:
1550:
1531:King Louis XIV
1513:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1456:
1453:
1401:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1344:, an image of
1342:Queen Victoria
1329:
1326:
1318:Danny Morrison
1279:
1276:
1158:, in place of
1014:
1013:
928:
926:
919:
913:
910:
897:Ex parte Quark
890:Following the
887:
884:
835:flag of Jersey
806:
803:
778:
775:
765:
764:
748:Elizabeth II,
747:
740:
739:
717:
710:
709:
698:Elizabeth II,
697:
690:
689:
670:
663:
662:
661:
660:
659:
619:House of Lords
614:Ex parte Quark
586:
583:
526:Crown entities
503:responsible to
495:conventionally
325:
318:
317:
316:
300:
293:
292:
291:
290:
289:
287:
284:
163:
160:
152:Crown attorney
90:(the Crown-in-
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7523:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7483:
7481:
7464:
7461:
7460:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:Categories:
7445:
7444:
7441:
7433:
7432:
7428:
7427:
7426:
7423:
7419:
7418:
7414:
7413:
7412:
7409:
7405:
7404:
7400:
7399:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7392:David Ricardo
7390:
7386:
7385:
7381:
7380:
7379:
7376:
7372:
7371:
7367:
7366:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7359:Elinor Ostrom
7357:
7355:
7352:
7348:
7347:
7343:
7342:
7341:
7338:
7334:
7333:
7329:
7328:
7327:
7324:
7320:
7319:
7315:
7314:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7296:
7295:
7291:
7290:
7289:
7286:
7282:
7281:
7277:
7276:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7263:
7262:
7258:
7257:
7256:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7246:
7238:
7232:
7229:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7206:
7205:
7202:
7198:
7195:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7182:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7169:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7157:Privatization
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7137:Legal plunder
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7102:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7095:
7091:
7089:
7088:Expropriation
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7062:
7059:
7058:
7057:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7049:
7044:
7040:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7019:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7001:
7000:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6968:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6955:
6952:
6951:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6926:
6924:
6920:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6875:
6872:
6871:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6864:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6829:
6825:
6823:
6822:(watercourse)
6821:
6817:
6816:
6813:
6810:
6806:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6765:primogeniture
6763:
6762:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6745:Legal plunder
6743:
6739:
6736:
6735:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6696:appropriation
6694:
6693:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6686:Excludability
6684:
6682:
6679:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6655:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6620:
6618:
6616:
6612:
6604:
6601:
6600:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6587:
6584:
6583:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6557:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6470:
6465:
6463:
6458:
6456:
6451:
6450:
6447:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6367:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6310:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6238:Easter Island
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6225:
6223:
6219:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5933:
5926:
5925:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5777:Jabal Shammar
5775:
5773:
5770:
5767:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5630:
5624:
5623:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5433:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5329:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5269:Liechtenstein
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5120:
5116:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5073:
5072:Queen regnant
5070:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5031:Republicanism
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5011:Head of state
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4962:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4945:Non-sovereign
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4910:
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4468:
4465:
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4411:
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4325:
4309:
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4295:
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4255:
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4230:
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4199:
4193:
4174:
4170:
4163:
4157:
4150:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4104:
4101:. July 2023.
4100:
4093:
4087:
4071:
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4040:
4033:
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4022:
4014:
4008:
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3913:
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3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3869:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3836:
3832:
3831:Irish History
3828:
3821:
3802:
3795:
3789:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3768:
3752:
3748:
3742:
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3596:
3580:
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3551:
3544:
3538:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3520:1-877242-32-2
3516:
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3508:
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3498:
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3098:
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3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3071:
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3038:
3034:
3031:(Affidavit),
3030:
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2855:0-8020-7793-5
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2527:
2526:
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2503:
2501:2-89461-378-4
2497:
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2174:
2158:
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2126:
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2121:
2116:
2110:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2075:
2074:
2066:
2064:
2055:
2053:0-7546-0901-4
2049:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2030:Torrance 2023
2026:
2024:
2005:
1998:
1997:
1989:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1960:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1877:
1870:
1869:Torrance 2023
1865:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1779:
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1766:
1757:
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1726:
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1655:
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1642:
1638:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1580:Supreme Court
1575:
1568:
1563:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1522:Eugene Forsey
1517:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1459:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:in perpetuity
1411:
1398:
1386:
1374:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1140:lord advocate
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1101:, notated as
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1024:case citation
1021:
1010:
1007:
999:
996:December 2021
988:
985:
981:
978:
974:
971:
967:
964:
960:
957: –
956:
952:
951:Find sources:
945:
941:
935:
934:
929:This article
927:
923:
918:
917:
912:In the courts
909:
907:
903:
899:
898:
893:
883:
881:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
847:
844:
840:
836:
831:
827:
824:
820:
816:
812:
802:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
769:
759:
755:
751:
744:
735:
731:
727:
723:
720:
714:
705:
701:
694:
686:, 1 July 1967
685:
681:
677:
673:
667:
658:
656:
652:
647:
645:
641:
637:
635:
627:
624:
620:
616:
615:
610:
606:
605:
598:
592:
582:
580:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
554:
553:in-Parliament
550:
546:
541:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
479:the sovereign
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
451:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
425:
421:
418:(wearing the
417:
412:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
369:
367:
362:
361:
360:Bona vacantia
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:feudal system
332:
331:Aberdeenshire
328:
322:
311:
307:
303:
297:
283:
281:
277:
273:
272:
267:
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
239:
234:
232:
224:
218:
216:
212:
208:
206:
202:
199:amounts to".
198:
193:
185:
181:
177:
173:
170:The image of
168:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
136:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
103:
101:
100:civil service
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:jurisprudence
49:
45:
37:
33:
29:
25:
23:
7458:Property law
7429:
7415:
7401:
7382:
7368:
7364:Karl Polanyi
7344:
7340:Marcel Mauss
7330:
7316:
7307:David Harvey
7292:
7288:Henry George
7278:
7269:Ronald Coase
7259:
7244:
7190:wife selling
7172:bride buying
7110:repatriation
7092:
7043:Disposession
6997:
6886:Property law
6861:
6857:Forest types
6827:
6819:
6808:Applications
6738:rent-seeking
6723:Gift economy
6581:Intellectual
6415:South Africa
6410:Sierra Leone
6357:
6187:Two Sicilies
6122:Papal States
5922:
5861:
5754:
5620:
5380:Cook Islands
5233:
5219:Saudi Arabia
5148:
4770:South Africa
4760:Sierra Leone
4747:
4723:Newfoundland
4515:Cook Islands
4365:
4344:, retrieved
4333:
4324:
4312:. Retrieved
4297:
4274:, retrieved
4263:
4254:
4243:, retrieved
4232:
4223:
4212:, retrieved
4201:
4192:
4180:. Retrieved
4168:
4156:
4147:
4140:. Retrieved
4131:
4122:
4110:. Retrieved
4098:
4086:
4074:. Retrieved
4063:
4054:
4038:
4021:
4001:
3974:
3967:. Retrieved
3947:
3940:
3915:
3911:
3882:(5): 22–25.
3879:
3875:
3857:
3851:
3839:. Retrieved
3835:the original
3830:
3820:
3808:. Retrieved
3788:
3772:
3767:
3755:. Retrieved
3751:the original
3741:
3729:. Retrieved
3715:
3703:. Retrieved
3699:the original
3689:
3677:. Retrieved
3670:the original
3657:
3645:. Retrieved
3641:the original
3636:
3627:
3615:. Retrieved
3595:
3583:. Retrieved
3579:the original
3569:
3557:. Retrieved
3550:the original
3537:
3510:
3497:
3485:. Retrieved
3475:
3463:. Retrieved
3439:(1): 17–38.
3436:
3432:
3422:
3410:. Retrieved
3396:
3384:. Retrieved
3380:the original
3375:
3362:
3353:
3346:, retrieved
3330:
3323:
3317:
3305:. Retrieved
3295:
3289:
3269:
3262:
3250:. Retrieved
3236:
3229:
3217:. Retrieved
3197:
3190:
3174:
3168:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3126:
3120:
3109:, retrieved
3084:
3080:
3070:
3061:
3055:
3046:11 September
3044:, retrieved
3032:
3028:
3015:
3004:, retrieved
2995:
2982:
2973:11 September
2971:, retrieved
2961:
2954:
2942:. Retrieved
2935:the original
2926:
2920:
2908:. Retrieved
2899:
2890:
2878:. Retrieved
2874:the original
2863:
2845:
2839:
2827:. Retrieved
2807:
2786:, retrieved
2766:
2759:
2749:29 September
2747:. Retrieved
2740:the original
2729:Elizabeth II
2723:
2711:. Retrieved
2693:Elizabeth II
2687:
2676:, retrieved
2666:
2659:
2648:, retrieved
2644:the original
2639:
2629:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2588:, retrieved
2568:
2561:
2550:, retrieved
2524:
2514:
2506:the original
2490:
2483:
2472:, retrieved
2465:the original
2446:
2436:
2425:, retrieved
2421:the original
2415:
2408:
2397:, retrieved
2381:
2374:
2362:. Retrieved
2324:, retrieved
2320:the original
2314:
2303:
2283:
2273:
2262:, retrieved
2258:the original
2252:
2244:Derwyn, Shea
2238:
2227:, retrieved
2211:
2201:
2190:, retrieved
2186:the original
2180:
2173:
2161:. Retrieved
2152:
2129:, retrieved
2119:
2115:Elizabeth II
2109:
2098:, retrieved
2072:
2043:
2037:
2011:, retrieved
1995:
1988:
1976:. Retrieved
1966:
1959:
1947:. Retrieved
1938:
1925:
1915:
1905:
1893:. Retrieved
1883:
1876:
1864:
1848:
1844:
1833:, retrieved
1821:
1817:
1804:
1798:, p. 24
1795:
1789:
1772:
1755:
1749:
1737:. Retrieved
1728:
1718:
1706:. Retrieved
1686:
1679:
1668:, retrieved
1648:
1641:
1613:
1601:
1593:
1583:
1574:
1562:
1553:
1516:
1491:
1434:
1408:
1358:Elizabeth II
1331:
1314:the Troubles
1294:paramilitary
1290:nationalists
1283:
1281:
1278:Crown forces
1257:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1216:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1133:
1128:
1120:
1112:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1082:
1076:
1069:building in
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1002:
993:
983:
976:
969:
962:
950:
938:Please help
933:verification
930:
895:
889:
877:
872:
865:Crown Estate
860:
850:
822:
818:
814:
808:
782:
780:
768:Elizabeth II
672:Elizabeth II
648:
631:
628:
612:
611:, 1982) and
602:
600:
581:
557:
511:
490:
486:
482:
478:
466:
462:
458:
454:
452:
430:
428:
404:
382:
373:
370:
339:
279:
275:
269:
251:
238:Lord Diplock
236:
220:
213:
209:
205:William Wade
196:
191:
189:
143:
139:
133:
131:
104:
43:
42:
32:
21:
7332:Das Kapital
7219:progressive
7209:inheritance
7132:Land reform
6906:real estate
6881:Land tenure
6869:Inheritance
6797:anticommons
6733:Law of rent
6713:Game theory
6643:Information
6623:Common land
6520:Cooperative
6354:British Raj
6326:(Sri Lanka)
6212:Württemberg
5924:South Yemen
5812:Maguindanao
5705:Afghanistan
5466:Barotseland
5402:Saint Lucia
5375:New Zealand
5284:Netherlands
5057:Chhatrapati
5041:Sovereignty
4981:Aristocracy
4552:Saint Lucia
4520:New Zealand
3376:Clayton Utz
3368:Clayton Utz
3006:9 September
2910:24 February
2474:28 November
2192:19 February
2153:The Monitor
2032:, p. 7
1949:9 September
1739:1 September
1652:, Dundurn,
1477:Crown Court
1362:Charles III
1354:Tudor Crown
1253:New Zealand
1117:Gina Miller
1046:stands for
955:"The Crown"
880:Isle of Man
843:Plantagenet
777:New Zealand
752:, with her
722:Bill Hayden
702:, with her
684:Rideau Hall
678:, with her
632:the Crown
623:in right of
560:legislative
518:Crown wards
416:Charles III
302:Rideau Hall
140:public land
88:legislative
82:(the Crown-
76:rule of law
24:(TV series)
7501:Common law
7480:Categories
7463:by country
7425:Adam Smith
7312:John Locke
6976:indigenous
6971:aboriginal
6891:alienation
6586:indigenous
6576:Intangible
6490:Collective
6420:Tanganyika
6335:The Gambia
6263:Niuē-Fekai
6202:Yugoslavia
6102:Montenegro
5909:Upper Yafa
5904:Upper Asir
5541:Madagascar
5274:Luxembourg
5006:Government
4971:Abdication
4940:Hereditary
4868:Monarchies
4780:Tanganyika
4638:The Gambia
4046:Wikisource
4012:0723230935
3757:7 November
3705:7 November
3679:7 November
3647:7 November
3617:7 November
3585:7 November
3559:7 November
3412:20 January
3307:29 October
3252:29 October
3219:29 October
2678:6 December
2650:6 December
2590:29 October
2552:3 December
2364:14 October
2229:4 December
2163:23 January
1633:References
1623:legitimacy
1567:Executives
1505:Lancashire
1418:Royal Arms
1352:, while a
1338:cap badges
1322:legitimacy
966:newspapers
823:république
787:te Karauna
522:Crown land
507:parliament
453:The terms
443:embodiment
435:government
354:Crown land
254:Henry VIII
180:escutcheon
162:Definition
144:state land
135:Crown land
92:parliament
84:in-council
7326:Karl Marx
7127:Land Back
7078:Enclosure
7061:biopiracy
6999:Bergregal
6981:squatting
6755:Ownership
6669:Commodity
6648:Knowledge
6559:By nature
6515:Customary
6505:Community
6390:Mauritius
6283:Rarotonga
6268:Nuku Hiva
6258:Mangareva
6233:Bora Bora
6112:Neuchâtel
6082:Lithuania
5987:Catalonia
5874:Sri Lanka
5827:Manchukuo
5802:Kurdistan
5756:Indonesia
5679:Talamanca
5639:Araucanía
5622:and other
5601:Wassoulou
5345:Australia
5021:Oligarchy
4713:Mauritius
4450:Australia
4426:dominions
3969:21 August
3932:0309-1317
3904:152582870
3896:0307-1847
3841:25 August
3731:6 October
3455:1179-0237
3402:"Karauna"
3242:H. Frowde
3101:149843556
2788:17 August
1978:3 October
1708:17 August
1594:the state
1328:Symbolism
1221:Victorian
1201:R v Smith
1189:The Queen
1177:Australia
1166:; as in,
1073:, England
1052:R v Smith
795:Alan Ward
783:the Crown
655:ministers
642:and each
491:The Crown
487:the Crown
475:civil law
459:the Crown
455:the state
439:the state
431:the Crown
405:the Crown
401:sovereign
383:When the
374:the Crown
197:the Crown
192:the Crown
190:The term
80:executive
68:provinces
44:The Crown
22:The Crown
7506:Monarchy
7453:Property
7346:The Gift
7245:key work
7240:Scholars
7224:property
7181:spousal
7147:Poaching
7083:Eviction
7027:riparian
6988:Littoral
6896:easement
6874:executor
6845:literary
6770:usufruct
6718:Georgism
6598:Tangible
6593:Personal
6500:Communal
6483:By owner
6476:Property
6405:Rhodesia
6400:Pakistan
6319:Barbados
6288:Rimatara
6278:Rapa Iti
6207:Valencia
6182:Tavolara
6172:Scotland
6137:Portugal
6097:Moldavia
5982:Bulgaria
5977:Brittany
5952:Asturias
5832:Mongolia
5822:Maldives
5684:Trinidad
5674:Suriname
5632:Americas
5616:Zimbabwe
5611:Zanzibar
5596:Wituland
5571:Ngazidja
5566:Ndzuwani
5501:Ethiopia
5224:Thailand
5204:Malaysia
5184:Cambodia
5134:Eswatini
4930:Elective
4915:Absolute
4804:monarchy
4794:monarchy
4784:monarchy
4774:monarchy
4764:monarchy
4754:monarchy
4749:Rhodesia
4742:monarchy
4738:Pakistan
4732:monarchy
4717:monarchy
4707:monarchy
4697:monarchy
4687:monarchy
4677:monarchy
4662:monarchy
4652:monarchy
4642:monarchy
4632:monarchy
4617:monarchy
4613:Barbados
4596:monarchy
4586:monarchy
4576:monarchy
4566:monarchy
4556:monarchy
4546:monarchy
4536:monarchy
4504:monarchy
4494:monarchy
4484:monarchy
4474:monarchy
4464:monarchy
4454:monarchy
4444:monarchy
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4214:3 August
4173:Archived
4149:Warrant.
4142:3 August
4136:Archived
4103:Archived
4070:Archived
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3963:Archived
3801:Archived
3777:Archived
3725:Archived
3608:Archived
3529:60361482
3459:Archived
3406:Archived
3386:14 April
3348:25 April
3339:archived
3301:Archived
3246:Archived
3213:Archived
3180:Archived
3135:citation
3129:, Ottawa
3111:13 April
3105:archived
3037:archived
3000:archived
2990:(1901),
2967:archived
2904:Archived
2823:Archived
2782:archived
2731:(2004).
2704:Archived
2672:archived
2584:archived
2543:archived
2522:(2009),
2444:(2012),
2390:archived
2355:Archived
2220:archived
2209:(2010),
2157:Archived
2131:7 August
2125:archived
2091:archived
2004:archived
1972:Archived
1943:Archived
1933:(1901).
1913:(1967).
1889:Archived
1826:archived
1782:archived
1733:Archived
1702:Archived
1664:archived
1497:Cornwall
1455:See also
1412:applies
1334:heraldry
1213:Tasmania
1193:The King
1185:The King
1136:Scotland
1123:ex parte
1095:claimant
1030:, where
785:(Māori:
732:outside
634:in Right
564:judicial
514:viceroys
389:Scotland
280:imperial
268:'s 1765
217:stated:
96:judicial
7261:The Law
7167:Slavery
6993:Mineral
6961:Hunting
6954:pannage
6949:Grazing
6934:Fishing
6820:Acequia
6787:Rivalry
6775:women's
6633:Digital
6615:Commons
6550:Unowned
6525:Private
6395:Nigeria
6370:Ireland
6298:Tahuata
6273:Raiatea
6253:Huahine
6228:Abemama
6221:Oceania
6192:Tuscany
6147:Romania
6142:Prussia
6107:Navarre
6087:Majorca
6067:Ireland
6062:Imereti
6057:Iceland
6052:Hungary
6047:Hanover
6042:Granada
6032:Germany
6027:Georgia
6022:Galicia
6012:Finland
6002:Corsica
5997:Cilicia
5967:Bavaria
5957:Austria
5942:Albania
5914:Vietnam
5857:Sarawak
5847:Qu'aiti
5782:Kathiri
5745:Dapitan
5720:Bukhara
5669:Miskito
5591:Tunisia
5581:Shilluk
5491:Dahomey
5481:Burundi
5471:Bagirmi
5451:Adamawa
5370:Jamaica
5365:Grenada
5350:Bahamas
5314:Oceania
5264:Denmark
5259:Belgium
5254:Andorra
5169:Bahrain
5144:Morocco
5139:Lesotho
5118:Current
5109:Pharaoh
5062:Emperor
5001:Dynasty
4955:Regency
4935:Federal
4925:Diarchy
4879:Monarch
4728:Nigeria
4673:Ireland
4500:Jamaica
4490:Grenada
4460:Bahamas
4433:Current
4346:25 July
4314:19 July
4276:25 July
4245:25 July
4182:25 July
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4076:11 July
3999:(ed.).
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2829:3 March
2399:30 July
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1895:23 July
1548:state."
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1065:on the
980:scholar
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754:Cabinet
730:Cabinet
728:, with
704:Cabinet
680:Cabinet
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364:is the
350:escheat
286:Concept
256:in the
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7142:Piracy
7094:Farhud
6922:Rights
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6835:Estate
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6638:Global
6540:Social
6530:Public
6495:Common
6430:Uganda
6380:Malawi
6345:Guyana
6324:Ceylon
6303:Tahiti
6293:Rurutu
6248:Hawaii
6177:Serbia
6162:Saxony
6152:Russia
6037:Greece
6017:France
6007:Cyprus
5992:Crimea
5972:Bosnia
5947:Aragon
5935:Europe
5899:Taiwan
5869:Sikkim
5852:Ryukyu
5837:Najran
5735:Chehab
5715:Bengal
5664:Mexico
5649:Brazil
5576:Rwanda
5556:Maravi
5456:Ankole
5444:Africa
5436:Former
5417:Tuvalu
5360:Canada
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5299:Sweden
5289:Norway
5279:Monaco
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5179:Brunei
5174:Bhutan
5126:Africa
5099:Sultan
5050:Titles
4964:Topics
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4693:Malawi
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706:, 1981
651:advice
562:, and
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306:Ottawa
276:empire
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72:states
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7017:Water
6911:title
6840:legal
6828:Ejido
6566:Croft
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6385:Malta
6375:Kenya
6350:India
6340:Ghana
6167:Savoy
6157:Samos
6072:Italy
5919:Yemen
5894:Tibet
5889:Syria
5842:Nepal
5817:Mahra
5797:Kumul
5792:Korea
5787:Khiva
5766:Qajar
5750:Hejaz
5740:China
5725:Burma
5654:Haiti
5644:Aztec
5561:Mwali
5551:Maore
5531:Libya
5526:Kongo
5521:Kaffa
5516:Gumma
5511:Gomma
5506:Ghana
5496:Egypt
5476:Bornu
5461:Aussa
5322:Tonga
5294:Spain
5214:Qatar
5189:Japan
4703:Malta
4683:Kenya
4668:India
4648:Ghana
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987:JSTOR
973:books
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123:crown
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7214:poll
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6603:real
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5807:Laos
5772:Iraq
5762:Iran
5730:Cebu
5710:Asir
5698:Asia
5659:Inca
5606:Yeke
5546:Mali
5536:Luba
5385:Niue
5235:list
5209:Oman
5161:Asia
5150:list
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5084:Raja
5067:King
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4078:2024
4007:ISBN
3971:2015
3953:ISBN
3928:ISSN
3892:ISSN
3862:ISBN
3843:2015
3812:2022
3759:2011
3733:2021
3707:2011
3681:2011
3649:2011
3619:2011
3587:2011
3561:2011
3525:OCLC
3515:ISBN
3489:2021
3467:2021
3451:ISSN
3414:2023
3388:2023
3350:2010
3309:2015
3275:ISBN
3254:2015
3221:2015
3203:ISBN
3141:link
3113:2023
3048:2015
3008:2015
2975:2015
2946:2009
2912:2024
2882:2009
2850:ISBN
2831:2024
2813:ISBN
2790:2017
2772:ISBN
2751:2009
2715:2009
2680:2012
2652:2012
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2592:2015
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2401:2009
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2231:2016
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2102:2023
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2015:2023
1980:2020
1951:2015
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1741:2021
1710:2017
1692:ISBN
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