Grande Ronde River

1416: 1354: 1545: 1283: 38: 1207: 1800: 1258:, although they "reserved their right to hunt, fish and gather at all usual and accustomed areas on and off the reservation." On July 17, 1856, a U.S. Army detachment led by Col. Benjamin F. Shaw killed fifty or sixty mostly unarmed Walla Walla, Umatilla and Cayuse near present-day Elgin, in what is now known as the Grande Ronde Massacre. This further inflamed tensions and led to the failure of peace talks in 1856. In 1862, settlers began homesteading in the Grande Ronde Valley and a group of Umatilla attempted to prevent them from claiming land. Soldiers sent to deal with the dispute ended up killing four Umatilla men, causing the rest of the group to flee. This brought an end to tribal resistance of settlement in the valley. 1826:), and is heavily used by rafters and kayakers. The Wallowa River at Minam is the main launching point for the Wild and Scenic section of the river. It usually takes 2–3 days to float the Wild and Scenic stretch from Minam to the Oregon–Washington border. There are no maintained camping facilities along most of the river. Primitive campsites on the river are available on a first-come, first-served basis. Boaters can also access the river at Powwatka Bridge, Mud Creek, Troy, Boggan's Oasis and Shumaker Creek. Many boaters from Minam take out at Powwatka Bridge or Troy, while another popular shorter float is from Troy down to Boggan's Oasis or Shumaker Creek. From Shumaker down to the mouth, there is no direct return by road. 1650: 757: 1658:"This plot is at least six miles in circumference, in but few places swampy, of an excellent soil, and almost a dead level; with the Glaize and its two branches meandering in every direction through it – the banks of these streams are high and muddy, covered in particular places with dwarf Cottonwoods, and the residue in a large growth of Willows, which afford an inexhaustible stock of food for the incredible multitudes of Furr'd race who reside in their bosoms, but the S. East fork excels both the others, particularly in the number of its inhabitants of the Otter tribe – a few Deer and Racoon are the only animals you may add to the Elk, Beaver and otter as being natives of this tract." 1693: 1750: 978: 69: 1063: 1137:, or the lower section of what is now the Grande Ronde. An important fishing village, Qapqápa, was located at present-day La Grande. Upstream of there, the river was known as ʔIyéexeteš, "foaling area", by the Cayuse. The Cayuse and Walla Walla had a fishing village on the Grande Ronde called ʔUnéhe, near Courtney Creek upstream of the mouth of the Wenaha River. The Nez Perce had several villages on the Grande Ronde below the Wenaha, including Híinezpu at the mouth of Bear Creek, and Qemúynem at the confluence with the Snake River. 899: 1729:

Union and Wallowa Counties, compared to 200–300 million board feet per year in the 1960s–1980s. Although the river is no longer used for log transport, the effects of timber harvest continue to impact its tributaries. In many places, reduced forest canopy cover has elevated stream temperatures, to the detriment of cold-water fish such as trout and salmon. Since the 1970s, improved logging practices such as stream buffer zones have reduced the impact of timber harvest on the Grande Ronde.

887:, whose highest peaks reach almost 10,000 feet (3,000 m). Due to their higher elevation, the Wallowas were shaped by heavy Ice Age glaciation, leading to their nickname of the "Oregon Alps". The Wallowa Valley, the second major mountain valley in the Grande Ronde watershed, is situated just north of the Wallowa Mountains; the Wallowa River drains this area into the Grande Ronde. The northeastern part of the Grande Ronde watershed, north of the Wallowa Valley and west of 53: 1796:

section of the Grande Ronde is entirely on the Umatilla National Forest, the Recreational section passes through a mix of public and private lands. Several public access points are maintained along this stretch. From this reach upstream to the Wallowa River confluence and down to the Snake River, the Grande Ronde is accessible only by boat. Fishing is often done from drift boats and rafts, and several private outfitters run multi-day floating trips on the river.

1166:, to find a passage from the upper Snake River to the Pacific Ocean. Finding Hells Canyon to be impassable for boats, the expedition followed Native American trails on an overland route through the Blue Mountains. Starving and exhausted, they stumbled across the Grande Ronde Valley on Christmas Day, and replenished their supplies by trading with the natives. French-Canadian fur trappers who subsequently visited the area dubbed it 1830:

numerous rocks and shoals. The Narrows, located about 5 miles (8.0 km) from the confluence with the Snake, is the only Class IV rapid on the Grande Ronde and is considered quite dangerous, especially at low water during which the river constricts into a small bedrock chute. All river trips require registering for a free permit from the Bureau of Land Management, which administers watercraft use of the river.

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often leave very little water to flow out of the Grande Ronde Valley. Water deficits are most severe in the southern part of the valley, in the Catherine Creek sub-basin. On the other hand, spring snowmelt presents a high flood risk, due to the area's naturally flat topography and the redevelopment of wetlands and floodplains that once buffered high flows. As of 2022, the state of Oregon was funding plans for

1032:(low-grade coal) seams which appear in the Grouse Creek area near Troy. By 10 Ma the area had begun to drain northeast down an ancestral Grande Ronde river channel. Some of the later basalt eruptions flowed down this channel and spread over southeastern Washington. At this time, the land was still relatively flat and the river formed a meandering course through the developing soils atop the basalt layers. 76: 1145:"The Pine trees started after him. When they were close behind him, Beaver darted from one side of the river to the other, from one bank to the other. When they stopped for breath, he swam straight ahead. That is why the Grande Ronde River today winds and winds in some places and flows straight along in other places. It follows the directions Beaver took when he was running with the coal of fire." 1202:"... a beautiful level basin, or mountain valley, covered with good grass on a rich soil, abundantly watered, and surrounded by high and well timbered mountains; and its name descriptive of its form the great circle. It is a place one of few we have seen in our journey so far where a farmer would delight to establish himself, if he were content to live in the seclusion it imposes." 1689:

natural availability of water, which can vary significantly from year to year. Another 183,000 acre-feet (226,000,000 m) of surface water are used for irrigation in the Wallowa Valley. A dam regulates the level of Wallowa Lake to store up to 42,750 acre-feet (52,730,000 m); this is the largest surface water storage facility in the Grande Ronde River system.

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sub-basin extending from there to the Snake River. The Upper Grande Ronde is 1,635 square miles (4,230 km), or about 40 percent of the total; the Lower Grande Ronde is 1,517 square miles (3,930 km), or about 37 percent. The Wallowa River sub-basin accounts for the remaining 953 square miles (2,470 km), or 23 percent of the whole.

1480:, it has coordinated hundreds of projects in the Grande Ronde River basin to conserve instream flows, remove fish passage barriers, mitigate erosion and restore riparian habitats. However, chinook salmon and steelhead returns have not increased substantially in the 1992–2023 period, due to the effects of the Snake and Columbia River dams on fish migration. 1467:

century, an estimated 20,000 spring chinook salmon spawned in the river, which had declined to 12,200 by 1957 and to just over 1,000 in 1992. Steelhead returns fell from about 16,000 in the 1960s to 11,000 in the 1990s. Water quality in the Grande Ronde basin has been impacted by logging, livestock grazing and agriculture, which have led to increased

1819:, partridge and quail are common in riverside and grassland areas, and turkey and grouse are common in the upland forested areas. Due to the lack of roads, many hunters use boats on the river to access remote areas. Bird hunting locations near the river include the Wenaha Wildlife Area around Troy, and parts of Ladd Marsh in the Grande Ronde Valley. 858:(85.4 m/s), with a record high of 51,800 cubic feet per second (1,470 m/s) on February 9, 1996, and a low of 344 cubic feet per second (9.7 m/s) on August 20, 1977. Mean monthly discharge ranged from a high of 7,329 cubic feet per second (207.5 m/s) in May to a low of 721 cubic feet per second (20.4 m/s) in September. 1362:

Grande Ronde and Wenaha became known as "Eden Ridge". Over the next few years more settlers arrived, and the first building in Troy was established in 1902. By 1904, a rough road had been constructed from Elgin to Eden. The 40-mile (64 km) route through mountainous terrain was "a huge job for the small number of settlers".

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are common in the lower river in Washington. The Grande Ronde's tributary, the Wenaha River, is one of only a few Oregon rivers where fishing for bull trout is permitted (catch-and-release only). Because the 1855 Treaty of Walla Walla grants rights to Umatilla and Nez Perce subsistence fishing in the

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In the mid-20th century, logging on federal (National Forest) lands increased greatly in both Union and Wallowa Counties, but the rate of harvest dropped off by the 1990s, with private industry making up the bulk of timber harvest in the 21st century. In 2004, about 118 million board feet were cut in

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Fur trappers eradicated beaver from the area and settlers drained most of the wetlands for agriculture in the 19th century. The State Ditch diverted the Grande Ronde River away from this flood-prone lowland area, leaving Catherine and Ladd Creeks as the only surface water inflows. In 1949, Ladd Marsh

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The Grande Ronde Valley became well established as an agricultural center in the 1860s and 1870s, providing food to gold mining districts in Idaho to the east. La Grande, founded in 1862, was the first permanent American settlement in northeast Oregon. Within a few years, farmers and ranchers had dug

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system. These populations have declined due to the building of dams downstream on the Columbia and Snake Rivers, as well as habitat degradation in the Grande Ronde watershed. Despite efforts to protect and restore aquatic habitat, anadromous fish populations in the 21st century remain much lower than

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Along the Oregon–Washington border, the river is accessible by road from Powwatka Bridge (Wildcat Creek) 8 miles (13 km) upstream from Troy, to Shumaker Creek about 10 miles (16 km) downstream from Boggan's Oasis. The mouth of the river is also reachable by road from Asotin. While the Wild

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The watershed is mostly rangeland and forest, with agriculture limited to the Grande Ronde and Wallowa Valleys. Population density is light at about 16.6 persons per square mile (6.4/km). The largest city is La Grande, which as of the 2020 census had a population of 13,026. Other major towns include

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Most of the river's 4,105-square-mile (10,630 km) watershed is in Oregon; only 341 square miles (880 km), or 8 percent, are in Washington. The U.S. Geological Survey considers the Upper Grande Ronde sub-basin to be the section upstream of the Wallowa River, with the Lower Grande Ronde

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By discharge, the Grande Ronde is the third largest tributary of the Snake River. Although water is diverted off the upper river for irrigation, water consumption in the Grande Ronde Valley represents only about 9 percent of its flow at the mouth, and with no large dams regulating its flow, the

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The Grande Ronde Valley was once home to extensive wetlands. The perennial Tule Lake was located in the southern part of the valley, where the Grande Ronde and Catherine Creek converged to form the most significant area of wetlands. The lake fluctuated from 1,600 to 2,300 acres (650 to 930 ha)

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were widespread in the region for thousands of years, but their populations were almost eliminated by the 1880s due to hunting and habitat encroachment. Elk were reintroduced in the early 1900s. As of 2020, the Blue Mountains elk herd which ranges in the northern part of the Grande Ronde and Wenaha

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onto Nez Perce treaty lands in the 1860s. Some Nez Perce leaders were pressured into signing a second treaty that greatly shrank the size of their reservation, eliminating all the lands in Washington and Oregon, and thus the Grande Ronde watershed, from their use. Several Nez Perce bands, including

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and resulting in the river's twisting course through its lower canyons. Along the lower Grande Ronde, the canyons have cut through and exposed the horizontal basalt layers, forming distinctive terraced cliffs. Although the Columbia River basalts encompass almost all the surface geology of the area,

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Because the river is free-flowing, water levels can rise or fall quickly depending on precipitation and snowmelt. The most popular boating season is from about May to July. Before May, the river is typically running too high with spring melt, and by August water levels have fallen enough to expose

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in the area. The forest reserve was established in order to settle land disputes between cattle and sheep ranchers, and to protect the watershed from overgrazing. The canyons of the lower Grande Ronde were used for wintering livestock as well as growing fruits and vegetables. By the 1930s, many of

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at the confluence of the Grande Ronde and Snake. Although the Rogers laid out the townsite with plans to sell lots, the town failed to grow because of the lack of road access. Steamboats on the Snake River were the primary means of transportation between Lewiston, the mouth of the Grande Ronde and

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explored the lower Grande Ronde River on an 1834 expedition, after also failing to find a way down the Snake through Hells Canyon. Bonneville's party crossed the Wallowa Mountains and down Joseph Canyon to reach the Grande Ronde, recording the name "Way-lee-way". At the confluence they encountered

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Several sections of the Grande Ronde and its tributaries are federally protected as National Wild and Scenic Rivers. The Wild and Scenic section of the Grande Ronde extends for 43.8 miles (70.5 km) from Rondowa, at the confluence of the Wallowa River, to the Oregon–Washington state line. The

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Logging has been a major industry in the Grande Ronde watershed since settlement in the 1860s. A water-powered sawmill was first built on the river in 1862 at Oro Dell, just upstream of La Grande. By 1890, the Grande Ronde Lumber Company had acquired large tracts of timberland in the upper Grande

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in the upper Grande Ronde basin upstream of the Wallowa River, most of which store water for irrigation or recreation purposes. None of these reservoirs are on the main stem of the river, and their impact on the river's overall flow is negligible. As a consequence, irrigators mostly depend on the

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In 1992, the Northwest Power Planning Council organized the Grande Ronde Model Watershed (GRMW) project to develop a comprehensive management strategy for the Grande Ronde and adjacent Imnaha River watersheds. The GRMW is intended to foster cooperation between public agencies, private landowners,

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rates and stream temperatures, and reduced water flows in late summer. In 1982 the Lookingglass Fish Hatchery was built to rear chinook salmon on Lookingglass Creek, a tributary of the Grande Ronde. The hatchery was one of several built throughout the Snake River system as part of the Lower Snake

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The rugged, relatively inaccessible area around Troy was not settled until near the turn of the 20th century. William Adams and his wife Lou homesteaded near the Grande Ronde in 1893; their isolation in the wilderness prompted comparisons to Adam and Eve, and the well-timbered plateau between the

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with warm, dry summers and cold, moderately snowy winters. Mean temperatures range from a daily minimum 24 °F (−4 °C) in January to a daily maximum of 84 °F (29 °C) in July. Annual precipitation ranges from 14 inches (360 mm) in the valleys to 60 inches (1,500 mm) at

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While water flows in the Upper Grande Ronde River Basin typically peak in March and April, agricultural water demand is highest in June and July. On average, the valley experiences an annual water supply deficit between about June and November. In late summers of dry years, irrigation diversions

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in size, expanding to more than 10,000 acres (4,000 ha) in especially wet years. Beaver were widespread, and their ponds were a major factor in forming wetlands, creating a diversity of water depths and vegetation communities that provided shade and food sources for salmon and other fish.

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The fertile, well-watered valley, with its grasslands offering rich forage for animals, was a welcome respite after traveling through the deserts of eastern Oregon and Idaho. Native Americans in the valley engaged in a lucrative trade of oxen, trading one healthy, well-fed animal for every two

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The Grande Ronde River watershed has between 3,000 and 4,000 miles (4,800 and 6,400 km) of current or former salmon-bearing streams. Historically, twenty-one tributaries of the Grande Ronde supported salmon spawning, but by 1995, only eight tributaries did so. Before the turn of the 20th

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to its confluence with the Grande Ronde. The entire 21.6-mile (34.8 km) main stem of the Wenaha River is protected, with the section in the Umatilla National Forest designated "Wild", and from there to Troy as "Scenic" and "Recreational". Parts of three other streams in the Grande Ronde

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The USGS also measured stream flow at several other locations along the river. At La Grande, just before the river enters the Grande Ronde Valley, the average discharge was 389 cubic feet per second (11.0 m/s) for the period 1903–1989. This was from a drainage area of 678 square miles

678:. Much of the Wild and Scenic section in Oregon, as well as the lowermost stretches of the river in Washington, can only be reached by water. The river's undeveloped surroundings and abundant wildlife make it a popular location for sport fishing, hunting, wildlife viewing, and boating. 857:

on the Grande Ronde, located downstream of the Wenaha confluence near Troy. The station measures runoff from an area of 3,275 square miles (8,480 km), or about 80 percent of the entire watershed. The mean annual discharge between 1944 and 2023 was 3,016 cubic feet per second

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higher elevations. Most precipitation in the Grande Ronde watershed falls as snow. Due to the lower elevation of the Blue Mountains, snowmelt occurs earlier in the upper Grande Ronde drainage, typically peaking in March or April; the Wallowa River, by contrast, peaks in May or June.

862:(1,760 km), or 16 percent of the entire Grande Ronde watershed. At Elgin, the average discharge was 670 cubic feet per second (19 m/s) for the period 1955–1981, from a drainage area of 1,250 square miles (3,200 km), or 30 percent of the entire watershed. 745:. The river once flowed in a large U-shaped bend through the east side of the valley, but is now artificially diverted to the north via the State Ditch, bypassing the long meandering section to the east. At the end of the ditch the original channel – which now carries water from 1365:

With most of this land unsuitable for agriculture, the primary industry became livestock grazing. By the time the Wenaha Forest Reserve (now the Wenaha Ranger District of the Umatilla National Forest) was established in 1905, about 200,000 sheep, 40,000 cattle and 15,000 horses

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and down to the Grande Ronde near the Wenaha River. From there it followed the Grande Ronde to Indian Valley where a branch crossed east towards the Wallowa Valley. The Wallowa Valley was a favorite hunting ground for the Wallowa band of Nez Perce, which in the 1870s was led by

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along more than 2 miles (3.2 km) of the riverbed. The tailings buried the natural floodplain and forced the river into a constricted channel on the west side of the valley. Starting about 2010, the Forest Service has conducted restoration work along this reach.

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Irrigation is the largest consumer of Grande Ronde River water. The Grande Ronde Valley has about 100,000 acres (40,000 ha) of irrigated farmland, consuming 211,000 acre-feet (260,000,000 m) of surface water and 87,000 acre-feet (107,000,000 m) of

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in the Wallowa Valley. The rail line follows the winding Grande Ronde River canyon from Elgin to Rondowa, where it turns east up the Wallowa River canyon. It was primarily used to haul wood, grain and livestock and had a regular passenger service until 1960. The

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the original homesteaders had sold out, and ranches consolidated into fewer, larger operations. Although livestock is still one of the region's main industries, some parts of the Grande Ronde watershed have since been closed to grazing. In what would become the

1016:. In parts of the Grande Ronde River basin, the basalt layers are more than 5,000 feet (1,500 m) thick. The Grande Ronde basalt sub-group erupted between 17 and 15.5 Ma and accounts for more than 80 percent of the total volume of the flows. 1483:

Bull trout, once widely distributed in Oregon, now inhabit only a few streams due to the effects of logging, mining and agriculture. The Grande Ronde, Wenaha, and Wallowa Rivers and their tributaries host eleven surviving bull trout populations.

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and through Baker Valley before entering the Grande Ronde Valley via Ladd Canyon. Passing through La Grande, it crossed the Grande Ronde River upstream at what is now Hilgard Junction State Park, before diverging northwest along what is now the

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counties in Washington. The Blue Mountains, mostly rising to about 7,700 feet (2,300 m), form the western boundary of the watershed as they extend through northeast Oregon and southeast Washington. East of the Grande Ronde Valley are the

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range in Oregon. Union and Wallowa Counties each have eight known wolf packs. The range of four wolf packs in Washington also extends into or adjacent to the Grande Ronde watershed. The river bottoms also provide wintering habitat for

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older rocks are exposed in a few places, including the Wallowa and Elkhorn mountains, and along the lower river in Washington where it cuts into rock below the basalt layers. In contrast, the Grande Ronde Valley was formed as a large

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exhausted, starving ones. They let the oxen graze and fatten up in the valley before selling them to the next party of travelers. An estimated 300,000 emigrants traveled through the Grande Ronde Valley from the 1840s to the 1870s.

630:. Nearby gold discoveries drove emerging farming and logging industries in the Grande Ronde region, and by the 1880s most indigenous peoples had been forced away from the area and onto reservations, though several tribes maintain 1035:

From the end of the basalt eruptions around 6 Ma, the rate of uplift greatly increased as the present-day Blue Mountains began to rise. As the land rose, the river's gradient increased and it began to incise into the landscape,

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The river was used for centuries by multiple Native American tribes, who fished, gathered and hunted across much of the watershed and convened in the Grande Ronde Valley for trade. European exploration began with the

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and chinook salmon. Steelhead fishing is typically best from September or October to early December, when water temperatures fall low enough to draw steelhead out of the Snake River. Only hatchery fish with clipped

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The Grande Ronde is the third largest after the Clearwater River, with a mean annual discharge of 14,860 cu ft/s (421 m/s), and Salmon River, with a mean annual discharge of 11,090 cu ft/s

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were once widespread across the watershed. Most of the original grasslands have been replaced by agriculture or heavily altered by livestock grazing, which has caused erosion and introduced invasive plants such as

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A Nez Perce legend tells that the course of the lower Grande Ronde was created by Beaver, after he stole fire from the pine trees in the Blue Mountains to bring to the other animals so they could warm themselves.

930:. Most of the Wallowa Mountains, and the Grande Ronde's headwaters in the Elkhorn Mountains, are in the Wallowa-Whitman National Forest. The Blue Mountains to the north are mostly in the Umatilla National Forest. 4391: 1019:

The outline of the Grande Ronde watershed began to take shape about 14 Ma, as tectonic uplift combined with the effects of basalt eruptions blocked westward drainage from the region to form a large geologic

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at Horseshoe Bend, where it crosses the state border three times (into Washington, back into Oregon and into Washington again). It receives Menatchee and Cottonwood Creeks from the left, then is crossed by

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developed into productive farming areas, further efforts to regulate and dam the river in the 20th century proved unsuccessful. Due to its free-flowing nature, the river provides a significant amount of

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from the south would also visit the area. The valley was a place to trade and peacefully settle disputes, as well as to fish, bathe in hot springs, and bring the elderly and sick to recuperate.

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roadless stretch from Rondowa to Wildcat Creek is designated "Wild", and from there downstream is "Recreational". The Wallowa River is designated "Recreational" for 10 miles (16 km) from

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sued in 1974, the dam projects were "indefinitely postponed". Downstream of Troy, the Wenaha Dam was proposed in 1963 for flood control and power generation. This 550-foot (170 m) high

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points upstream. Mining traffic ceased in 1904, though boats started carrying passengers and mail again around 1910. The mouth of the Grande Ronde remained inaccessible by road until 1937.

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each year. Municipal and industrial users consume about 10,000 acre-feet (12,000,000 m) of combined surface and groundwater. Some of this water re-enters the river via irrigation

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down the river. Around the turn of the 20th century, about 10–20 million board feet of logs were floated down the river each year to mills in La Grande. In 1926, the

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People came to the Grande Ronde region via an extensive network of trails that laced the Blue Mountains. Trails connected the Grande Ronde Valley southeast to the

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The Grande Ronde River supports an estimated 38 fish species, of which 15 are introduced. Like many rivers in the Columbia Basin, it once supported large runs of

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As the wave of settlement spread to northeast Oregon, the 1850s saw increasing hostilities between Native Americans and settlers, particularly after the 1847

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The Grande Ronde River's watershed is located mostly in Union and Wallowa Counties in Oregon and Asotin County in Washington, with small parts extending into

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Below Elgin, the Grande Ronde enters a series of deep, winding canyons for the remaining 95 miles (153 km) of its course to the Snake River. It receives

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proposed several dams on the upper Grande Ronde and Catherine Creek in response to repeated flooding in the Grande Ronde Valley. Congress authorized the

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During the 1860s, gold prospecting from Lewiston soon extended up the Snake to the Grande Ronde's mouth, following rumors of a massive gold discovery on

1195: 749:– rejoins from the right. At the northern end of the valley, the Grande Ronde flows through Rhinehart Gap into the smaller Indian Valley and the city of 725:

The Grande Ronde Valley, measuring about 35 miles (56 km) from north to south and up to 15 miles (24 km) from east to west, consists mostly of

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An example of stream restoration work along the upper Grande Ronde River, showing log structures that create pools to increase spawning habitat for fish

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tribes, who traveled to these areas in summer to hunt, fish and gather roots and berries. The Grande Ronde headwaters above the valley were considered

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in the valley. Gold was also discovered in Tanner Gulch near the river's headwaters in 1862, and from the 1870s to the early 1900s the area hosted

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territory. The Grande Ronde Valley itself was a major rendezvous site for the Nez Perce and tribes west of the Blue Mountains such as the Cayuse,

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Wildlife Area was established in the southern part of the valley to conserve wetland habitat for migrating waterfowl. This is now the largest

820:. Below here, the river cuts through progressively more arid, sparsely vegetated landscapes with large areas of exposed rock. It is joined by 1357:

The Grande Ronde River around Troy, first homesteaded in the late 1890s, was one of the last parts of the watershed subject to US settlement.

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Due to its abundant wildlife, the Grande Ronde area is frequented by hunters. Big game hunting for elk, deer, mountain goat, bighorn sheep,

1709:, water conservation and floodplain restoration in order to mitigate spring flooding and summer water shortages in the Grande Ronde Valley. 1353: 626:. By the 1850s, the wave of settlement had spread to northeast Oregon, and the river was the scene of several conflicts, including the 1856 4978: 1001:

that raised the land above sea level. The general outline of the Columbia River basin and its tributaries began to take shape about 40 Ma.

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would have backed water more than 30 miles (48 km) up the Grande Ronde River. On October 28, 1988, the Grande Ronde was designated a

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intruded into the crust beneath this area, the largest of which would eventually form the Wallowa Mountains as the region experienced

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The Grande Ronde watershed is bordered by several other watersheds of the Columbia River basin. To the west are the watersheds of the

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developed on the old Oregon Trail about 5 miles (8.0 km) west of La Grande, as a supply point for miners, ranchers and loggers.

277: 3841: 3461: 1109:. A major trail used by the Nez Perce ran from their villages at the Snake and Clearwater River confluence (modern-day Lewiston) up 1893: 1725:

acquired the Grande Ronde Lumber Company's holdings. The river drives ended, with log hauls switching to rail, and later to truck.

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that led by Chief Joseph, refused to leave their lands in northeast Oregon. Joseph's band held out in the Wallowa Valley until the

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248–65 million years ago (Ma). At that time, the area was still part of a shallow inland sea. About 160–100 Ma, multiple igneous

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The Grande Ronde River is considered one of the top recreational fisheries in the Pacific Northwest, particularly for steelhead/

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The Nez Perce retained control of their lands along the lower Grande Ronde River in the 1855 treaty. However, gold strikes near

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Grande Ronde River, the allowable harvest of fall chinook is apportioned evenly between the sport and subsistence fisheries.

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Ladd Marsh Wildlife Area, south of La Grande, includes some of the only remaining wetland habitat in the Grande Ronde Valley

196: 1849: 1342: 1345:, which flows into the Snake a short distance upstream from the Grande Ronde. By 1865 the Rogers brothers had established 37: 1884: 4687: 891:, is defined by extensive flat-topped plateaus through which the river and its tributaries have cut canyons, creating a 4795: 4342: 3998: 1211: 781: 583: 3065: 2987: 756: 4866: 4649: 4450: 3942: 3195: 3096: 2970: 2945: 2803: 2712: 1854: 1799: 1378:

A number of dams were proposed for the Grande Ronde throughout the 20th century, though none were built. In 1944 the

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The ancestral topography and drainage patterns were completely altered between 17–6 Ma with the eruption of the

3911: 3362: 3157: 927: 922:(2,052) in the Wallowa Valley. About 46 percent of the watershed is public land, managed primarily by the 2476: 1879: 2772: 3158:"The Farthest Post: Fort Astoria, the Fur Trade, and Fortune on the Final Frontier of the Pacific Northwest" 3041:

Cáw Pawá Láakni, They Are Not Forgotten: Sahaptian Place Names Atlas of the Cayuse, Umatilla and Walla Walla

2728: 1556:, which is home to about 13 amphibian species, 285 bird species, 92 mammal species, and 21 reptile species. 1070:

The lower Grande Ronde watershed downstream of the Grande Ronde Valley was once within the territory of the

4170: 4071: 3940: 3038: 2832:"Preliminary report on Northeastern Oregon lignite and coal resources, Union, Wallowa and Wheeler Counties" 1379: 1250:. The Walla Walla, Cayuse and Umatilla surrendered their lands in the upper Grande Ronde River in the 1855 22: 1455:(landlocked sockeye) are still present in Wallowa Lake. The Grande Ronde was once the largest producer of 792:. From Troy, the terrain around the river becomes more open, with forests giving way to grassy ridges and 1395: 1255: 1005: 879: 875: 2879:

National Proceedings: Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations, General Technical Report PNW-GTR-389

2750: 1431:

in freshwater streams. These fish formed a major part of the diet for indigenous peoples in the region.

1402:

from the Wallowa River to near the Oregon–Washington border, making the section off limits to new dams.

3231: 1722: 1692: 1553: 1383: 1372: 809: 699: 4829: 977: 4938: 3789: 3412: 2167: 1335: 813: 804: 263: 132: 4295: 2673: 718:

state parks, passing through a narrow canyon before entering the Grande Ronde Valley at the city of

3735:"Non-Native Exploration, Settlement, and Land Use of the Greater Hells Canyon Area, 1800s to 1950s" 3509: 1844: 1749: 1643: 1155: 777: 711: 695: 619: 1618:

in the Blue and Wallowa Mountains. As elevation increases, principal tree species transition from

1074:. The higher elevations in the Blue Mountains to the west were used by the Nez Perce and multiple 4859:

Paddling Washington: Flatwater and Whitewater Routes in Washington State and the Inland Northwest

4343:"Upper Grande Ronde River Watershed Partnership: Place-Based Integrated Water Resources Planning" 3889: 1440: 1325:

by rail. By 1890 the OR&N had constructed a branch line to Elgin; in 1907 it was extended to

1174:

in 1827. Ogden also referred to the river as the "Clay River", the origin of which is not known.

871: 166: 3664: 3389: 2312: 4712: 2620:"Geologic Controls on Physical Habitat Distribution, Grande Ronde River, Oregon and Washington" 1346: 850: 825: 769: 691: 259: 178: 128: 3732: 3440:"Washington Territorial Volunteers kill 50 Cayuse in the Grande Ronde Valley on July 17, 1856" 2580: 1049:

sediment deposits, up to 2,000 feet (610 m) thick in places, form the flat valley floor.

4665: 4320: 1286:

The Grande Ronde River near Lookingglass Creek, with the railroad tracks now operated by the

1251: 966: 627: 433: 2502:"USGS Gage #13319000 Grande Ronde River at La Grande, OR: Surface-Water Monthly Statistics" 2432: 2403: 1706: 1702: 1586: 1509: 1223: 1062: 1021: 687: 182: 124: 4049: 3941:

Keefe, MaryLouise; Anderson, David J.; Carmichael, Richard W.; Jonasson, Brian C. (1995).

2381: 2358: 2335: 2285: 2262: 2239: 2216: 2117: 2091: 2068: 2010: 1548:

Looking over the Grande Ronde River canyon from Eden Ridge in the Umatilla National Forest

1302:

cut in the surrounding mountains was floated down the Grande Ronde and Catherine Creek to

1012:

events that engulfed much of eastern Washington and Oregon in the region now known as the

622:

in the early 1800s; later, the Grande Ronde Valley provided a key resting point along the

8: 3848: 3557: 2910: 2528:"USGS Gage #13323500 Grande Ronde River near Elgin, OR: Surface-Water Monthly Statistics" 2193: 1919: 1808: 1561:

drainages numbered just over 4,000 head. Much of the Grande Ronde is also located within

1505: 1178: 1159: 934: 923: 817: 742: 603: 3314:"Offbeat Oregon History: Grande Ronde Valley, Oregon Trail's Eden, used-oxen dealership" 3128: 3039:

Hunn, Eugene S.; Morning Owl, E. Thomas; Cash, Phillip E Cash; Engum, Karson Jennifer.

3007: 1557: 1497: 1493: 1106: 1098: 1087: 919: 829: 824:

from the right before emptying into the Snake River at the unincorporated community of

765: 666:

About 44 miles (71 km) of the Grande Ronde in Oregon are federally protected as a

611: 571: 114: 1191: 1028:

developed; over millions of years, layers of peat were buried under sediment, forming

4862: 4645: 4446: 4195: 3191: 3092: 3044: 2988:"The Invalidity of the Nez Perce Treaty of 1863 and the Taking of the Wallowa Valley" 2966: 2941: 2831: 2799: 2708: 1615: 1607: 1575: 1525: 1232: 1171: 1163: 942: 892: 884: 719: 631: 599: 587: 143: 1472:

River Compensation Plan, to mitigate anadromous fish losses caused by dam projects.

4856: 4443:

Managing the Columbia River: Instream Flows, Water Withdrawals, and Salmon Survival

4244: 3161: 2999: 1816: 1635: 1529: 1448: 1322: 1266: 1247: 1183: 1075: 1071: 1037: 1013: 989:, or crustal fragments, that accreted onto the North American continent during the 579: 525: 485: 1953:"National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data from The National Map" 1122:

in spring, and hunting and fishing in the Wallowa Valley in late summer and fall.

4923: 4916: 4756: 3873: 3818: 3763: 3215: 2892: 2878: 1788: 1603: 1533: 1496:. Other native and introduced fish species in the Grande Ronde watershed include 1489: 1428: 1424: 1311: 1262: 1091: 1083: 998: 753:, where it receives Clark Creek from the right and Phillips Creek from the left. 746: 702:, a sub-range of the Blue Mountains. The river initially flows north through the 655: 647: 425: 1602:. The Grande Ronde watershed includes part of the 146,000-acre (59,000 ha) 1619: 1521: 1459:

in the Snake River system, but the wild coho run had also disappeared by 1986.

1452: 1444: 1432: 1326: 1102: 954: 950: 946: 833: 738: 659: 651: 638: 575: 3819:

Wallowa and Grande Ronde Rivers Final Management Plan/Environmental Assessment

2938:

Forest Dreams, Forest Nightmares: The Paradox of Old Growth in the Inland West

2404:"USGS Gage #13342500 Clearwater River at Spalding, ID: Water-Data Report 2013" 1198:. Emphasizing the agricultural potential of the valley, he described it thus: 898: 4932: 3686: 1775: 1768: 1759: 1631: 1594: 1567: 1517: 1513: 1485: 1468: 1390:

dams in 1968, but they were delayed due to environmental concerns. After the

1387: 1334:

now operates the line; since 2004 it has hosted a heritage rail service, the

1307: 1271: 1079: 915: 903: 821: 773: 750: 730: 698:, about 7,460 feet (2,270 m) above sea level. The headwaters are in the 671: 429: 292: 279: 211: 198: 147: 100: 3642: 2433:"USGS Gage #13317000 Salmon River at White Bird, ID: Water-Data Report 2013" 1984:"USGS Gage #13333000 Grande Ronde River at Troy, OR: Water-Data Report 2023" 780:, it turns east, receiving Bear and Elbow Creeks from the left and Wildcat, 772:

at Rondowa, where it is joined from the right by its largest tributary, the

4117:"Grande Ronde and Imnaha River basin Spring Chinook Salmon Hatchery Review" 3733:

Buckendorf, Madeline Kelly; Bauer, Barbara Perry; Jacox, Elizabeth (2001).

2045: 1952: 1590: 1219: 1115: 1110: 1009: 981:

Horizontal basalt layers form cliffs above the Grande Ronde River in Oregon

962: 958: 888: 789: 785: 734: 675: 643: 623: 610:

lava flows in its lower course. While it joins the Snake River upstream of

591: 413: 353: 43: 4392:"Water plan for Upper Grande Ronde Basin receives state level recognition" 4368: 3165: 2382:"U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Map: Limekiln Rapids, Washington quad" 1476:

fisheries management and environmental interests. Funded primarily by the

3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3339: 1784: 1780: 1764: 1718: 1681: 1677: 1623: 1501: 1456: 1236: 854: 563: 247: 242: 52: 3439: 3132: 3116: 3011: 2359:"U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Map: Fields Spring, Washington quad" 2336:"U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Map: Mountain View, Washington quad" 832:

and 169 miles (272 km) upstream of the Snake's confluence with the

4589: 4523: 1822:

The Grande Ronde has mostly beginner to intermediate level whitewater (

1753:

Topographic map showing the Wild and Scenic section of the Grande Ronde

1714: 1599: 1579: 1436: 1321:(OR&N) built its tracks through the valley, connecting the area to 1274:

of 1877, when they were forced to flee ahead of the US Army's arrival.

797: 726: 595: 4757:

Snake Wild and Scenic River Study Draft Report/Environmental Statement

4611: 4545: 3594: 3579: 1646:, a member of Hunt's 1811 expedition, described the wetlands as such: 1294:

ditches, rerouted and channelized streams to drain the area's natural

1218:

Starting in the 1840s, settlers began to move through the area on the

1125:

The Nez Perce and Cayuse called the upper section of the Grande Ronde

4567: 3003: 2069:"U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Map: McIntyre Creek, Oregon quad" 1815:

draws about 40,000 people each year to the Umatilla National Forest.

1685: 1627: 1611: 1571: 1562: 1210:

A historic log cabin in Gangloff Park, La Grande. In the distance is

793: 3794:

A History of Forest Conservation in the Pacific Northwest, 1891–1913

2011:"U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Map: Crawfish Lake, Oregon quad" 1920:"U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Map: Anthony Lakes, Oregon quad" 3943:

Early Life History Study of Grande Ronde River Basin Chinook Salmon

2702: 1737: 1460: 1129:, meaning "cottonwood stream". The joining of this stream with the 1046: 1025: 990: 846: 614:, more than 90 percent of the river's watershed is in Oregon. 4857:

Landers, Rich; Hansen, Dan; Huser, Verne; North, Douglass (2008).

606:

in its middle course, and through rugged canyons cut from ancient

4001:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. March 12, 2017 1367: 1303: 1295: 1119: 1045:, or fault-block, dropped below rising mountains on either side. 1029: 986: 2893:

Final Environmental Impact Statement, Grande Ronde Planning Unit

2118:"U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Map: La Grande, Oregon quad" 760:

The Grande Ronde at Red Bridge State Park, upstream of La Grande

4499:"Upper Grande Ronde Mine Tailings Restoration Project Phase II" 4366: 3875:

Water Resource Development of the Columbia River Basin, Vol. IV

1812: 1787:

for trout is good along the Wild and Scenic stretch in Oregon.

1733: 1732:

Early gold mining along the river's headwaters was followed by

1299: 1042: 994: 607: 567: 110: 4415: 4093: 2793: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2263:"U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Map: Promise, Oregon quad" 2240:"U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Map: Rondowa, Oregon quad" 2092:"U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Map: Hilgard, Oregon quad" 1463:

coho were reintroduced to the Grande Ronde watershed in 2017.

706:, turning east where Meadow Creek joins it from the left near 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2194:"U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Map: Conley, Oregon quad" 796:. The 27-mile (43 km) stretch between the Wallowa River 548: 508: 83:

Location of the mouth of the Grande Ronde River in Washington

3842:"Wenaha Wild and Scenic River Comprehensive Management Plan" 2217:"U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Map: Elgin, Oregon quad" 1771:

and Joseph Creek – also carry Wild and Scenic designations.

1552:

The Grande Ronde watershed occupies the eastern part of the

1214:, named after one of the first white settlers in the valley. 1186:

and the Wallowa Nez Perce. Bonneville also called the river

670:, in addition to parts of several tributaries including the 2586:. Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission. May 28, 2004 2307: 2305: 2303: 2286:"U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Map: Troy, Oregon quad" 2166:. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. February 2012. Archived from 1664: 2546: 686:

The Grande Ronde's source is an alpine meadow in southern

2963:"Hang Them All": George Wright and the Plateau Indian War 2698: 2696: 2694: 534: 528: 494: 488: 3890:"Celebrating 50 Years of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act" 3847:. National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. Archived from 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 2300: 1803:

The Wild and Scenic Grande Ronde River northeast of Troy

594:. The river flows generally northeast from its forested 4801:. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. December 2017 3821:(Report). U.S. Bureau of Land Management. December 1993 1170:, meaning "great circle", a name which was recorded by 953:, which all flow directly into the Columbia River. The 4367:

Christensen, Niklas; Salminen, Ed (January 31, 2018).

4176:. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. May 2020 3213: 3063: 2691: 1392:

Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation

42:

The Grande Ronde River just above Wildcat Creek, near

4472:. Columbia River Basin Federal Caucus. Archived from 3155: 3025: 2837:. Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries 2796:

Rocks, Minerals, and Geology of the Pacific Northwest

1696:

View north over La Grande and the Grande Ronde Valley

1447:, which primarily spawned in Wallowa Lake, have been 1024:, the "Troy basin". A landscape of shallow lakes and 969:

to the south are all tributaries of the Snake River.

551: 537: 511: 497: 4906: 2703:

Benke, Arthur C.; Cushing, Colbert E., eds. (2005).

2373: 1913: 1911: 985:

The Grande Ronde River basin is founded on multiple

562:) is a 210-mile (340 km) long tributary of the 554: 545: 540: 531: 514: 505: 500: 491: 4239: 4237: 4235: 3948:(Report). University of North Texas Digital Library 3839: 3787: 4025:"NWPCC Hears About Watershed Project in NE Oregon" 3618:Grande Ronde River Basin Tributary Habitat Program 3532:"The story of Wallowa Valley tied to Chief Joseph" 2859:. Washington State Department of Natural Resources 2849: 2617: 2379: 2356: 2350: 2333: 2327: 2283: 2260: 2237: 2214: 2191: 2164:Grande Ronde River Basin Tributary Habitat Program 2115: 2089: 2066: 2060: 2008: 1917: 1154:The Grande Ronde Valley was explored and named by 356:, about 45.3 mi (72.9 km) from the mouth 4759:(Report). U.S. National Park Service. April 1979. 3917:. Idaho Governor's Office of Species Conservation 3114: 2985: 2960: 2664: 2482:. Oregon Water Resources Department. January 2022 2002: 1908: 1375:, grazing allotments were cancelled around 1965. 918:(2,152) in the southern Grande Ronde Valley, and 4930: 4852: 4850: 4830:"Boating on the Wallowa and Grande Ronde Rivers" 4467:"Upper Grande Ronde River Mine Tailings Project" 4232: 4114: 3971: 3706: 3704: 3637: 3635: 3387: 3209: 3207: 2111: 2109: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4294:. U.S. Forest Service. May 1995. Archived from 3974:"Grande Ronde River Basin Fish Management Plan" 3766:(Report). U.S. Government Printing Office. 1958 3611:"Upper Grande Ronde River Tributary Assessment" 3337: 3311: 3185: 2935: 1606:, the largest intact bunchgrass prairie in the 4022: 3790:"Reserves in Oregon, Boundary Work, 1897–1907" 3121:The Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society 3086: 2829: 849:and reaches its lowest level in the fall. The 4912:Current flow conditions, Grande Ronde at Troy 4847: 3999:"Coho Salmon Return to Oregon's Grande Ronde" 3936: 3934: 3932: 3701: 3632: 3490:. Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission 3204: 2106: 1736:mining in the 1930s and 1940s that deposited 1451:from the basin since the early 1900s, though 1149: 784:and Courtney Creeks from the right, then the 16:River in Oregon and Washington, United States 4771:"Ladd Marsh Wildlife Area Game Bird Hunting" 4639: 4626: 4220:. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 3878:. U.S. Government Printing Office. Jun 1958. 3783: 3781: 3712:"Boater's Guide Map 10 Feature Descriptions" 3620:. Grande Ronde Model Watershed. January 2014 3437: 3410: 3151: 3149: 2908: 2254: 2231: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 4959:Wild and Scenic Rivers of the United States 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4389: 4018: 4016: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2185: 2083: 1717:were constructed to store water for annual 803:The Grande Ronde flows northeast, entering 800:and Wildcat Creek is inaccessible by road. 4954:Archaeological sites in Washington (state) 4688:"Grande Ronde River Wild and Scenic River" 4321:"Ladd Marsh Wildlife Area Visitors' Guide" 4196:"Specific Wolves and Wolf Packs in Oregon" 4074:. Northwest Power and Conservation Council 3967: 3965: 3963: 3929: 3813: 3811: 3360: 3296: 3110: 3108: 2904: 2902: 2660: 2208: 75: 21:For other places with a similar name, see 4416:Andrews, Alicia; Kutara, Kristin (2005). 3778: 3276:"National Park Service – National Trails" 3146: 2794:Moclock, Leslie; Selander, Jacob (2021). 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2277: 2132: 1840:List of tributaries of the Columbia River 1670: 1239:through the Grande Ronde Valley in 1844. 1194:surveyed the Grande Ronde Valley for the 933:The Grande Ronde watershed experiences a 386:51,800 cu ft/s (1,470 m/s) 4813: 4776:. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife 4614:. National Wild and Scenic Rivers System 4592:. National Wild and Scenic Rivers System 4570:. National Wild and Scenic Rivers System 4548:. National Wild and Scenic Rivers System 4526:. National Wild and Scenic Rivers System 4323:. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife 4247:. National Wild and Scenic Rivers System 4198:. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife 4151:. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife 4094:"About the Grande Ronde Model Watershed" 4052:. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife 4013: 3979:. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2667:"History of the Northern Blue Mountains" 2598: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 1894:United States Department of the Interior 1798: 1748: 1691: 1648: 1543: 1414: 1352: 1281: 1205: 1061: 976: 897: 755: 4050:"Lookingglass Hatchery Visitors' Guide" 3960: 3808: 3105: 3089:Indian Legends of the Pacific Northwest 2899: 1667:wetland remaining in northeast Oregon. 1158:in the early 19th century. In 1811 the 366:3,016 cu ft/s (85.4 m/s) 57:Map of the Grande Ronde River watershed 4931: 4796:"Wenaha Wildlife Area Management Plan" 4115:Feldhaus, Joseph; et al. (2022). 3667:. Eastern Oregon Visitor's Association 3312:John, Finn J.D. (September 15, 2017). 3066:"How Beaver Stole Fire from the Pines" 2637: 2157:"Catherine Creek Tributary Assessment" 1874: 1872: 1870: 330:4,105 sq mi (10,630 km) 4418:"Oregon's Timber Harvests: 1849–2004" 4072:"Lower Snake River Compensation Plan" 3764:Hearings on H.R. 12858, 85th Congress 3388:Schroeder, James (October 17, 2023). 3318:Columbia County Chronicle & Chief 3234:. Historic Oregon City. April 2, 2019 2986:Flanagan, John K. (January 1, 1999). 2812: 2672:. U.S. Forest Service. Archived from 2454: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1539: 1319:Oregon Railway and Navigation Company 1235:. Moses "Black" Harris led the first 1057: 729:and also includes the communities of 3117:"The First-Born on the Oregon Trail" 2895:(Report). U.S. Forest Service. 1978. 2881:(Report). U.S. Forest Service. 1996. 2618:Caldwell, Dylan J. (June 18, 2007). 1610:. Higher elevations transition into 1427:, which migrate from the Pacific to 1277: 1066:The Grande Ronde River in Washington 828:, 24 miles (39 km) upstream of 376:344 cu ft/s (9.7 m/s) 4979:Rivers of Asotin County, Washington 3462:"Report by William H. Rector, 1862" 3299:The Far Western Frontier: 1830–1860 1885:Geographic Names Information System 1867: 845:Grande Ronde runs high with spring 788:from the left at the settlement of 13: 4917:Grande Ronde Wild and Scenic River 4445:. National Academies Press. 2004. 4348:. Union County, Oregon. April 2019 4023:Mehaffey, K.C. (August 18, 2023). 3742:Hells Canyon Complex FERC No. 1971 3488:"Treaty with the Nez Perces, 1855" 3091:. University of California Press. 3043:. University of Washington Press. 2940:. University of Washington Press. 2025: 1967: 1934: 14: 4990: 4900: 4642:Complete Angler's Guide to Oregon 4369:"Wallowa County Water Assessment" 3840:USDA Forest Service (June 2015). 3363:"Walla Walla Treaty Council 1855" 3338:Tate, Cassandra (April 3, 2013). 3160:. College of William & Mary. 2532:National Water Information System 2506:National Water Information System 2440:National Water Information System 2411:National Water Information System 1988:National Water Information System 1855:List of longest streams of Oregon 4974:Rivers of Wallowa County, Oregon 4835:. U.S. Bureau of Land Management 4788: 4763: 4749: 4727: 4705: 4693:. U.S. Bureau of Land Management 4680: 4658: 4604: 4582: 4560: 4538: 4516: 4491: 4149:Oregon Native Fish Status Report 4122:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 3582:. The Historical Marker Database 3190:. University of Nebraska Press. 2965:. University of Oklahoma Press. 1332:Wallowa Union Railroad Authority 1288:Wallowa Union Railroad Authority 1196:Corps of Topographical Engineers 1162:chartered an expedition, led by 853:(USGS) has only one operational 768:from the left then crosses into 524: 484: 74: 67: 51: 36: 4886: 4644:. Wilderness Adventures Press. 4459: 4435: 4423:. Oregon Department of Forestry 4409: 4383: 4360: 4335: 4313: 4281: 4259: 4210: 4188: 4163: 4134: 4108: 4086: 4064: 4042: 3991: 3904: 3882: 3866: 3833: 3756: 3726: 3679: 3657: 3645:. Joseph Branch Trail-with-Rail 3572: 3550: 3524: 3502: 3480: 3454: 3431: 3404: 3381: 3354: 3331: 3305: 3290: 3268: 3246: 3224: 3214:McArthur, Lewis Ankeny (1928). 3179: 3080: 3057: 2979: 2954: 2929: 2885: 2871: 2787: 2765: 2743: 2721: 2520: 2494: 2425: 2396: 1890:United States Geological Survey 1478:Bonneville Power Administration 816:at Boggan's Oasis southwest of 704:Wallowa-Whitman National Forest 4969:Rivers of Union County, Oregon 4964:Tributaries of the Snake River 4949:Archaeological sites in Oregon 4504:. Grande Ronde Model Watershed 4096:. Grande Ronde Model Watershed 3297:Billington, Ray Allen (1962). 3156:Fletchall, Bronwyn M. (2008). 3068:. Talking Stories Encyclopedia 2442:. U.S. Geological Survey. 2013 2413:. U.S. Geological Survey. 2013 1990:. U.S. Geological Survey. 2023 928:U.S. Bureau of Land Management 668:National Wild and Scenic River 446:National Wild and Scenic River 271: • coordinates 190: • coordinates 1: 3413:"Grande Ronde Massacre, 1856" 3301:. New York: Harper & Row. 1860: 1744: 1310:operations. The community of 154:Physical characteristics 4944:Rivers of Washington (state) 4907:Grande Ronde Model Watershed 4390:Mason, Dick (July 6, 2022). 3788:Rakestraw, Lawrence (1955). 3560:. U.S. National Park Service 3512:. U.S. National Park Service 3438:Wilma, David (May 3, 2007). 3392:. U.S. National Park Service 3390:"Walla Walla Council (1855)" 3278:. U.S. National Park Service 3064:Sugiyama, Michelle Scalise. 2581:"Grande Ronde Subbasin Plan" 2313:"Wallowa/Grande Ronde River" 1850:List of rivers of Washington 1380:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1338:, between Elgin and Joseph. 1133:or Wallowa River formed the 865: 839: 566:, flowing through northeast 310: • elevation 233:7,460 ft (2,270 m) 229: • elevation 7: 3665:"Eagle Cap Excursion Train" 3468:. Oregon Historical Society 3419:. Oregon Historical Society 3369:. Oregon Historical Society 3256:. Oregon Secretary of State 3232:"Benjamin Bonneville Route" 2917:. Oregon Historical Society 2707:. Elsevier Academic Press. 1833: 1684:. There are eighteen small 1256:Umatilla Indian Reservation 1190:, "river of ice". In 1843, 637:While the Grande Ronde and 602:, through the agricultural 578:is situated in the eastern 348: • location 255: • location 174: • location 10: 4995: 4218:"Wolf packs in Washington" 3115:Barry, J. Neilson (1911). 2992:American Indian Law Review 2961:Cutler, Donald L. (2016). 2665:Tucker, Gerald J. (1940). 1723:Mount Emily Lumber Company 1405: 1384:U.S. Bureau of Reclamation 1373:Wenaha-Tucannon Wilderness 1231:route towards present-day 1150:Exploration and settlement 1052: 972: 902:The Grande Ronde River at 574:in the United States. Its 382: • maximum 372: • minimum 362: • average 20: 4171:"Blue Mountains Elk Herd" 4142:"Grande Ronde Bull Trout" 3972:Hurtado, Joel A. (1993). 2773:"Enterprise city, Oregon" 1713:Ronde watershed. Several 1492:are federally designated 1336:Eagle Cap Excursion Train 1182:the winter camp of Chief 1105:valley, and north to the 814:Grande Ronde River Bridge 805:Asotin County, Washington 681: 472: 468: 460: 452: 443: 439: 419: 407: 399: 394: 390: 380: 370: 360: 346: 338: 334: 326: 322:210 mi (340 km) 318: 308: 269: 264:Asotin County, Washington 253: 241: 237: 227: 188: 172: 162: 158: 153: 139: 120: 106: 96: 91: 62: 50: 35: 30: 4879: 3536:Wallowa County Chieftain 3186:Ronda, James P. (1990). 2936:Langston, Nancy (2009). 2729:"La Grande city, Oregon" 2534:. U.S. Geological Survey 2508:. U.S. Geological Survey 2380:U.S. Geological Survey. 2357:U.S. Geological Survey. 2334:U.S. Geological Survey. 2284:U.S. Geological Survey. 2261:U.S. Geological Survey. 2238:U.S. Geological Survey. 2215:U.S. Geological Survey. 2192:U.S. Geological Survey. 2116:U.S. Geological Survey. 2090:U.S. Geological Survey. 2067:U.S. Geological Survey. 2048:. U.S. Geological Survey 2009:U.S. Geological Survey. 1955:. U.S. Geological Survey 1918:U.S. Geological Survey. 1845:List of rivers of Oregon 1585:Grasslands dominated by 1554:Blue Mountains ecoregion 1439:are federally listed as 1038:entrenching its meanders 778:Umatilla National Forest 710:. It then flows through 634:rights along the river. 421: • right 314:820 ft (250 m) 3217:Oregon Geographic Names 3087:Clark, Ella E. (2023). 2830:Ferns, Mark L. (1985). 2705:Rivers of North America 1410: 872:Umatilla County, Oregon 409: • left 4861:. Mountaineers Books. 4269:. Conservation Gateway 3466:Oregon History Project 2625:. Union County, Oregon 1804: 1754: 1697: 1671:Industries and economy 1660: 1654: 1549: 1420: 1358: 1290: 1215: 1204: 1147: 1067: 1008:, a series of massive 1006:Columbia River basalts 982: 906: 851:U.S. Geological Survey 761: 696:Anthony Lakes Ski Area 293:46.08028°N 116.97972°W 212:44.95944°N 118.26056°W 4737:. U.S. Forest Service 4735:"Game Bird/Waterfowl" 4715:. U.S. Forest Service 4640:Shewey, John (2011). 3912:"Tribal Perspectives" 3892:. U.S. Forest Service 3714:. U.S. Forest Service 3166:10.21220/s2-gqe9-6733 2315:. U.S. Forest Service 1802: 1752: 1703:off-stream reservoirs 1695: 1656: 1652: 1547: 1418: 1400:Wild and Scenic River 1356: 1285: 1252:Treaty of Walla Walla 1209: 1200: 1143: 1065: 980: 965:to the east, and the 901: 759: 628:Grande Ronde massacre 4479:on February 24, 2024 4301:on February 24, 2017 4245:"Grande Ronde River" 3689:. Revisit Washington 3580:"Historic La Grande" 3558:"The Flight of 1877" 3254:"Baker to La Grande" 3188:Astoria & Empire 2775:. U.S. Census Bureau 2753:. U.S. Census Bureau 2751:"Union city, Oregon" 2731:. U.S. Census Bureau 2679:on February 18, 2017 2173:on February 24, 2024 1896:. September 10, 1979 1880:"Grande Ronde River" 1707:groundwater recharge 1587:bluebunch wheatgrass 1254:in exchange for the 688:Union County, Oregon 298:46.08028; -116.97972 217:44.95944; -118.26056 183:Union County, Oregon 131:counties in Oregon, 4371:. County of Wallowa 3854:on January 24, 2017 3510:"The Treaty Period" 3417:Oregon Encyclopedia 3367:Oregon Encyclopedia 2915:Oregon Encyclopedia 1506:northern pikeminnow 1179:Benjamin Bonneville 1160:Pacific Fur Company 935:continental climate 924:U.S. Forest Service 663:historical levels. 632:subsistence fishing 604:Grande Ronde Valley 522:or, less commonly, 395:Basin features 289: / 208: / 4922:2021-03-24 at the 2909:Hartman, Rebecca. 2046:"The National Map" 1805: 1755: 1698: 1655: 1558:Rocky Mountain elk 1550: 1540:Plants and animals 1498:mountain whitefish 1494:species of concern 1441:threatened species 1421: 1359: 1291: 1265:led to a flood of 1216: 1177:U.S. Army officer 1107:Walla Walla Valley 1068: 1058:Indigenous peoples 983: 961:to the north, the 907: 830:Asotin, Washington 766:Lookingglass Creek 762: 727:irrigated farmland 612:Asotin, Washington 480:Grande Ronde River 456:Wild, Recreational 31:Grande Ronde River 4267:"Zumwalt Prairie" 3411:Lang, William F. 3050:978-0-295-99026-2 1616:coniferous forest 1608:Pacific Northwest 1576:white-tailed deer 1526:largescale sucker 1278:Later development 1172:Peter Skene Ogden 1164:Wilson Price Hunt 893:dissected plateau 885:Wallowa Mountains 700:Elkhorn Mountains 600:La Grande, Oregon 588:Wallowa Mountains 582:, bounded by the 476: 475: 4986: 4939:Rivers of Oregon 4894: 4890: 4873: 4872: 4854: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4834: 4826: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4800: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4775: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4692: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4666:"Northeast Zone" 4662: 4656: 4655: 4637: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4503: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4478: 4471: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4422: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4347: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4300: 4293: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4241: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4175: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4146: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4121: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4020: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4006: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3978: 3969: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3947: 3938: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3916: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3853: 3846: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3815: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3785: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3739: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3708: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3639: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3615: 3607: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3538:. August 5, 2007 3528: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3361:Trafzer, Cliff. 3358: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3340:"Cayuse Indians" 3335: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3211: 3202: 3201: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3153: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3112: 3103: 3102: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3036: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3004:10.2307/20070622 2983: 2977: 2976: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2906: 2897: 2896: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2857:"Blue Mountains" 2853: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2836: 2827: 2810: 2809: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2700: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2678: 2671: 2662: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2624: 2615: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2585: 2577: 2544: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2498: 2492: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2481: 2473: 2452: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2437: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2408: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2309: 2298: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2212: 2206: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2172: 2161: 2153: 2130: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2113: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2087: 2081: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2042: 2023: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1980: 1965: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1949: 1932: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1915: 1906: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1876: 1763:watershed – the 1636:mountain hemlock 1530:bridgelip sucker 1435:, steelhead and 1248:Whitman Massacre 1188:Fourche de Glace 1076:Columbia Plateau 1014:Columbia Plateau 716:Hilgard Junction 644:spawning habitat 580:Columbia Plateau 561: 560: 557: 556: 553: 550: 547: 543: 542: 539: 536: 533: 530: 521: 520: 517: 516: 513: 510: 507: 503: 502: 499: 496: 493: 490: 464:October 28, 1988 422: 410: 383: 373: 363: 349: 304: 303: 301: 300: 299: 294: 290: 287: 286: 285: 282: 230: 223: 222: 220: 219: 218: 213: 209: 206: 205: 204: 201: 191: 175: 78: 77: 71: 55: 40: 28: 27: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4983: 4929: 4928: 4924:Wayback Machine 4903: 4898: 4897: 4893:(314 m/s). 4891: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4876: 4869: 4855: 4848: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4827: 4814: 4804: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4793: 4789: 4779: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4768: 4764: 4755: 4754: 4750: 4740: 4738: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4718: 4716: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4696: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4681: 4671: 4669: 4664: 4663: 4659: 4652: 4638: 4627: 4617: 4615: 4610: 4609: 4605: 4595: 4593: 4590:"Lostine River" 4588: 4587: 4583: 4573: 4571: 4566: 4565: 4561: 4551: 4549: 4544: 4543: 4539: 4529: 4527: 4524:"Wallowa River" 4522: 4521: 4517: 4507: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4482: 4480: 4476: 4469: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4453: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4414: 4410: 4400: 4398: 4388: 4384: 4374: 4372: 4365: 4361: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4340: 4336: 4326: 4324: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4304: 4302: 4298: 4291: 4287: 4286: 4282: 4272: 4270: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4250: 4248: 4243: 4242: 4233: 4223: 4221: 4216: 4215: 4211: 4201: 4199: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4179: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4154: 4152: 4144: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4125: 4123: 4119: 4113: 4109: 4099: 4097: 4092: 4091: 4087: 4077: 4075: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4055: 4053: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4033: 4031: 4021: 4014: 4004: 4002: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3961: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3939: 3930: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3895: 3893: 3888: 3887: 3883: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3857: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3838: 3834: 3824: 3822: 3817: 3816: 3809: 3799: 3797: 3786: 3779: 3769: 3767: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3747: 3745: 3737: 3731: 3727: 3717: 3715: 3710: 3709: 3702: 3692: 3690: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3670: 3668: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3648: 3646: 3641: 3640: 3633: 3623: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3595: 3585: 3583: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3563: 3561: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3541: 3539: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3515: 3513: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3471: 3469: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3436: 3432: 3422: 3420: 3409: 3405: 3395: 3393: 3386: 3382: 3372: 3370: 3359: 3355: 3345: 3343: 3336: 3332: 3322: 3320: 3310: 3306: 3295: 3291: 3281: 3279: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3259: 3257: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3237: 3235: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3220:. Koke-Chapman. 3212: 3205: 3198: 3184: 3180: 3170: 3168: 3154: 3147: 3137: 3135: 3113: 3106: 3099: 3085: 3081: 3071: 3069: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3037: 3026: 3016: 3014: 2984: 2980: 2973: 2959: 2955: 2948: 2934: 2930: 2920: 2918: 2907: 2900: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2862: 2860: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2828: 2813: 2806: 2792: 2788: 2778: 2776: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2756: 2754: 2749: 2748: 2744: 2734: 2732: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2715: 2701: 2692: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2669: 2663: 2638: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2616: 2599: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2578: 2547: 2537: 2535: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2511: 2509: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2474: 2455: 2445: 2443: 2435: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2416: 2414: 2406: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2387: 2385: 2378: 2374: 2364: 2362: 2355: 2351: 2341: 2339: 2332: 2328: 2318: 2316: 2311: 2310: 2301: 2291: 2289: 2282: 2278: 2268: 2266: 2259: 2255: 2245: 2243: 2236: 2232: 2222: 2220: 2213: 2209: 2199: 2197: 2190: 2186: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2159: 2155: 2154: 2133: 2123: 2121: 2114: 2107: 2097: 2095: 2088: 2084: 2074: 2072: 2065: 2061: 2051: 2049: 2044: 2043: 2026: 2016: 2014: 2007: 2003: 1993: 1991: 1982: 1981: 1968: 1958: 1956: 1951: 1950: 1935: 1925: 1923: 1916: 1909: 1899: 1897: 1878: 1877: 1868: 1863: 1836: 1789:Smallmouth bass 1747: 1673: 1614:and eventually 1604:Zumwalt Prairie 1542: 1534:mountain sucker 1490:Pacific lamprey 1425:anadromous fish 1413: 1408: 1280: 1192:John C. Frémont 1152: 1127:Qapqápnim Wéele 1060: 1055: 999:tectonic uplift 975: 951:John Day Rivers 868: 842: 810:State Route 129 776:. Entering the 747:Catherine Creek 684: 648:anadromous fish 639:Wallowa Valleys 590:to the west of 544: 527: 523: 504: 487: 483: 448: 426:Catherine Creek 420: 408: 381: 371: 361: 347: 311: 297: 295: 291: 288: 283: 280: 278: 276: 275: 272: 256: 228: 216: 214: 210: 207: 202: 199: 197: 195: 194: 189: 173: 87: 86: 85: 84: 81: 80: 79: 58: 46: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4992: 4982: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4927: 4926: 4914: 4909: 4902: 4901:External links 4899: 4896: 4895: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4867: 4846: 4812: 4787: 4762: 4748: 4726: 4704: 4679: 4668:. eRegulations 4657: 4650: 4625: 4612:"Joseph Creek" 4603: 4581: 4559: 4546:"Wenaha River" 4537: 4515: 4490: 4458: 4451: 4434: 4408: 4382: 4359: 4334: 4312: 4280: 4258: 4231: 4209: 4187: 4162: 4133: 4107: 4085: 4063: 4041: 4012: 3990: 3959: 3928: 3903: 3881: 3865: 3832: 3807: 3777: 3755: 3725: 3700: 3678: 3656: 3631: 3593: 3571: 3549: 3523: 3501: 3479: 3453: 3430: 3403: 3380: 3353: 3330: 3304: 3289: 3267: 3245: 3223: 3203: 3196: 3178: 3145: 3127:(2): 164–170. 3104: 3097: 3079: 3056: 3049: 3024: 2978: 2971: 2953: 2946: 2928: 2898: 2884: 2870: 2848: 2811: 2804: 2786: 2764: 2742: 2720: 2713: 2690: 2636: 2597: 2545: 2519: 2493: 2453: 2424: 2395: 2372: 2349: 2326: 2299: 2276: 2253: 2230: 2207: 2184: 2131: 2105: 2082: 2059: 2024: 2001: 1966: 1933: 1907: 1865: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1835: 1832: 1746: 1743: 1672: 1669: 1620:ponderosa pine 1541: 1538: 1522:redside shiner 1445:Sockeye salmon 1433:Chinook salmon 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1279: 1276: 1151: 1148: 1103:Umatilla River 1101:, west to the 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 974: 971: 955:Tucannon River 867: 864: 841: 838: 834:Columbia River 770:Wallowa County 683: 680: 660:Columbia River 584:Blue Mountains 570:and southeast 474: 473: 470: 469: 466: 465: 462: 458: 457: 454: 450: 449: 444: 441: 440: 437: 436: 423: 417: 416: 411: 405: 404: 401: 397: 396: 392: 391: 388: 387: 384: 378: 377: 374: 368: 367: 364: 358: 357: 350: 344: 343: 340: 336: 335: 332: 331: 328: 324: 323: 320: 316: 315: 312: 309: 306: 305: 273: 270: 267: 266: 257: 254: 251: 250: 245: 239: 238: 235: 234: 231: 225: 224: 192: 186: 185: 176: 170: 169: 167:Blue Mountains 164: 160: 159: 156: 155: 151: 150: 141: 137: 136: 122: 118: 117: 108: 104: 103: 98: 94: 93: 89: 88: 82: 73: 72: 66: 65: 64: 63: 60: 59: 56: 48: 47: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4991: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4925: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4889: 4885: 4870: 4868:9781594852619 4864: 4860: 4853: 4851: 4831: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4797: 4791: 4772: 4766: 4758: 4752: 4736: 4730: 4714: 4708: 4689: 4683: 4667: 4661: 4653: 4651:9781932098860 4647: 4643: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4613: 4607: 4591: 4585: 4569: 4568:"Minam River" 4563: 4547: 4541: 4525: 4519: 4500: 4494: 4475: 4468: 4462: 4454: 4452:9780309091558 4448: 4444: 4438: 4419: 4412: 4397: 4396:Bend Bulletin 4393: 4386: 4370: 4363: 4344: 4338: 4322: 4316: 4297: 4290: 4284: 4268: 4262: 4246: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4219: 4213: 4197: 4191: 4172: 4166: 4150: 4143: 4137: 4118: 4111: 4095: 4089: 4073: 4067: 4051: 4045: 4030: 4026: 4019: 4017: 4000: 3994: 3975: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3944: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3913: 3907: 3891: 3885: 3877: 3876: 3869: 3850: 3843: 3836: 3820: 3814: 3812: 3796:. NPS History 3795: 3791: 3784: 3782: 3765: 3759: 3744:. Idaho Power 3743: 3736: 3729: 3713: 3707: 3705: 3688: 3682: 3671:September 27, 3666: 3660: 3644: 3638: 3636: 3619: 3612: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3581: 3575: 3559: 3553: 3537: 3533: 3527: 3511: 3505: 3489: 3483: 3467: 3463: 3457: 3442:. HistoryLink 3441: 3434: 3418: 3414: 3407: 3391: 3384: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3342:. 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TopoQuest 1785:Fly fishing 1765:Minam River 1715:splash dams 1678:groundwater 1624:Douglas-fir 1580:bald eagles 1502:brook trout 1457:coho salmon 1267:prospectors 1237:wagon train 1224:Burnt River 1212:Mount Emily 1135:Way-lee-way 1088:Walla Walla 943:Walla Walla 855:stream gage 743:Summerville 564:Snake River 400:Tributaries 296: / 284:116°58′47″W 248:Snake River 215: / 203:118°15′38″W 23:Grand Ronde 4933:Categories 1861:References 1809:black bear 1745:Recreation 1719:log drives 1686:reservoirs 1600:cheatgrass 1449:extirpated 1437:bull trout 1347:Rogersburg 1022:depression 920:Enterprise 826:Rogersburg 798:confluence 712:Red Bridge 690:, west of 596:headwaters 572:Washington 461:Designated 327:Basin size 260:Rogersburg 200:44°57′34″N 115:Washington 4713:"Hunting" 1628:grand fir 1612:shrubland 1572:mule deer 1563:gray wolf 1233:Pendleton 1072:Nez Perce 1026:peat bogs 866:Watershed 840:Discharge 794:rangeland 720:La Grande 658:) in the 656:steelhead 620:fur trade 576:watershed 339:Discharge 281:46°4′49″N 144:La Grande 4920:Archived 3346:March 7, 3133:20609869 3012:20070622 2863:March 4, 2017:March 4, 1834:See also 1738:tailings 1461:Hatchery 1382:and the 1323:Portland 1304:sawmills 1296:wetlands 1263:Lewiston 1184:Tuekakas 1120:prairies 1092:Shoshone 1084:Umatilla 1047:Alluvial 991:Mesozoic 987:terranes 947:Umatilla 926:and the 880:Garfield 876:Columbia 847:snowmelt 694:and the 598:west of 354:Troy, OR 121:Counties 92:Location 3858:May 20, 3643:"About" 2841:June 4, 2683:June 7, 1570:, elk, 1453:Kokanee 1406:Ecology 1312:Hilgard 1053:History 1030:lignite 995:plutons 973:Geology 818:Anatone 812:on the 672:Wallowa 129:Wallowa 97:Country 4865: 4648: 4449: 3194: 3131: 3095: 3047: 3010: 2969: 2944: 2802: 2711: 1817:chukar 1734:dredge 1368:grazed 1327:Joseph 1300:Timber 1090:. 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