2205:
2173:
2085:
2112:
43:
1611:
1172:.) They are not orogenic, forming instead over hot spots and continental rifting, and are metaluminous to mildly peralkaline and iron-rich. These granites are produced by partial melting of refractory lithology such as granulites in the lower continental crust at high thermal gradients. This leads to significant extraction of hydrous felsic melts from granulite-facies resitites. A-type granites occur in the Koettlitz Glacier Alkaline Province in the Royal Society Range, Antarctica. The rhyolites of the Yellowstone Caldera are examples of volcanic equivalents of A-type granite.
1331:
is melting crustal rock at its roof while simultaneously crystallizing at its base. This results in steady contamination with crustal material as the magma rises. This may not be evident in the major and minor element chemistry, since the minerals most likely to crystallize at the base of the chamber are the same ones that would crystallize anyway, but crustal assimilation is detectable in isotope ratios. Heat loss to the country rock means that ascent by assimilation is limited to distance similar to the height of the magma chamber.
2157:
1203:. The idea behind granitization was that fluids would supposedly bring in elements such as potassium, and remove others, such as calcium, to transform a metamorphic rock into granite. This was supposed to occur across a migrating front. However, experimental work had established by the 1960s that granites were of igneous origin. The mineralogical and chemical features of granite can be explained only by crystal-liquid phase relations, showing that there must have been at least enough melting to mobilize the magma.
283:
2134:
1189:
2189:
272:
2297:
1967:
911:
252:
1575:
1801:
883:
1847:
931:
1319:, where the granite cracks the roof rocks, removing blocks of the overlying crust which then sink to the bottom of the diapir while the magma rises to take their place. This can occur as piecemeal stopping (stoping of small blocks of chamber roof), as cauldron subsidence (collapse of large blocks of chamber roof), or as roof foundering (complete collapse of the roof of a shallow magma chamber accompanied by a
1221:). The leucosome is interpreted as partial melt of a parent rock that has begun to separate from the remaining solid residue (the melanosome). If enough partial melt is produced, it will separate from the source rock, become more highly evolved through fractional crystallization during its ascent toward the surface, and become the magmatic parent of granitic rock. The residue of the source rock becomes a
2204:
899:
1346:
1561:
There is some concern that some granite sold as countertops or building material may be hazardous to health. Dan Steck of St. Johns
University has stated that approximately 5% of all granite is of concern, with the caveat that only a tiny percentage of the tens of thousands of granite slab types have
1457:
in cool humid climates as the weather-resistant quartz yields much sand. Feldspars also weather slowly in cool climes, allowing sand to dominate the fine-earth fraction. In warm humid regions, the weathering of feldspar as described above is accelerated so as to allow a much higher proportion of clay
1175:
M-type granite was later proposed to cover those granites that were clearly sourced from crystallized mafic magmas, generally sourced from the mantle. Although the fractional crystallisation of basaltic melts can yield small amounts of granites, which are sometimes found in island arcs, such granites
1147:
ores. Their magmas are water-rich, and they readily solidify as the water outgasses from the magma at lower pressure, so they less commonly make it to the surface than magmas of I-type granites, which are thus more common as volcanic rock (rhyolite). They are also orogenic but range from metaluminous
1127:
ratio, Sr/Sr, of less than 0.708. Sr is produced by radioactive decay of Rb, and since rubidium is concentrated in the crust relative to the mantle, a low ratio suggests origin in the mantle. The elevated sodium and calcium favor crystallization of hornblende rather than biotite. I-type granites are
1098:
produced by mafic crystals settling out of the magma. Other processes must produce these great volumes of felsic magma. One such process is injection of basaltic magma into the lower crust, followed by differentiation, which leaves any cumulates in the mantle. Another is heating of the lower crust by
1330:
Assimilation is another mechanism of ascent, where the granite melts its way up into the crust and removes overlying material in this way. This is limited by the amount of thermal energy available, which must be replenished by crystallization of higher-melting minerals in the magma. Thus, the magma
1074:
Early fractional crystallisation serves to reduce a melt in magnesium and chromium, and enrich the melt in iron, sodium, potassium, aluminum, and silicon. Further fractionation reduces the content of iron, calcium, and titanium. This is reflected in the high content of alkali feldspar and quartz in
1248:
Granite magmas have a density of 2.4 Mg/m, much less than the 2.8 Mg/m of high-grade metamorphic rock. This gives them tremendous buoyancy, so that ascent of the magma is inevitable once enough magma has accumulated. However, the question of precisely how such large quantities of magma are able to
1786:
noted in the 16th century that granite in quarries was "far softer and easier to work than after it has lain exposed" while ancient columns, because of their "hardness and solidity have nothing to fear from fire or sword, and time itself, that drives everything to ruin, not only has not destroyed
1565:
A study of granite countertops was done (initiated and paid for by the Marble
Institute of America) in November 2008 by National Health and Engineering Inc. of USA. In this test, all of the 39 full-size granite slabs that were measured for the study showed radiation levels well below the European
1820:. It caused a sensation in the London monumental trade and for some years all polished granite ordered came from MacDonald's. As a result of the work of sculptor William Leslie, and later Sidney Field, granite memorials became a major status symbol in Victorian Britain. The royal sarcophagus at
1296:
lower crust where rocks are easily deformed, but runs into problems in the upper crust which is far colder and more brittle. Rocks there do not deform so easily: for magma to rise as a diapir it would expend far too much energy in heating wall rocks, thus cooling and solidifying before reaching
1206:
However, at sufficiently deep crustal levels, the distinction between metamorphism and crustal melting itself becomes vague. Conditions for crystallization of liquid magma are close enough to those of high-grade metamorphism that the rocks often bear a close resemblance. Under these conditions,
1112:
The composition and origin of any magma that differentiates into granite leave certain petrological evidence as to what the granite's parental rock was. The final texture and composition of a granite are generally distinctive as to its parental rock. For instance, a granite that is derived from
1103:
basaltic magma, which produces felsic magma directly from crustal rock. The two processes produce different kinds of granites, which may be reflected in the division between S-type (produced by underplating) and I-type (produced by injection and differentiation) granites, discussed below.
1179:
H-type granites were suggested for hybrid granites, which were hypothesized to form by mixing between mafic and felsic from different sources, such as M-type and S-type. However, the big difference in rheology between mafic and felsic magmas makes this process problematic in nature.
1985:. Because of the rarity of this granite, the best stones can cost as much as US$ 1,500. Between 60 and 70 percent of the stones used today are made from Ailsa Craig granite. Although the island is now a wildlife reserve, it is still quarried under license for Ailsa granite by
1562:
been tested. Resources from national geological survey organizations are accessible online to assist in assessing the risk factors in granite country and design rules relating, in particular, to preventing accumulation of radon gas in enclosed basements and dwellings.
1207:
granitic melts can be produced in place through the partial melting of metamorphic rocks by extracting melt-mobile elements such as potassium and silicon into the melts but leaving others such as calcium and iron in granulite residues. This may be the origin of
1155:
A-type granites show a peculiar mineralogy and geochemistry, with particularly high silicon and potassium at the expense of calcium and magnesium and a high content of high field strength cations (cations with a small radius and high electrical charge, such as
483:
Another aspect of granite classification is the ratios of metals that potentially form feldspars. Most granites have a composition such that almost all their aluminum and alkali metals (sodium and potassium) are combined as feldspar. This is the case when
3183:
Branney, M. J.; Bonnichsen, B.; Andrews, G. D. M.; Ellis, B.; Barry, T. L.; McCurry, M. (January 2008). "'Snake River (SR)-type' volcanism at the
Yellowstone hotspot track: distinctive products from unusual, high-temperature silicic super-eruptions".
1113:
partial melting of metasedimentary rocks may have more alkali feldspar, whereas a granite derived from partial melting of metaigneous rocks may be richer in plagioclase. It is on this basis that the modern "alphabet" classification schemes are based.
1770:. Granite became "an integral part of the Roman language of monumental architecture". The quarrying ceased around the third century AD. Beginning in Late Antiquity the granite was reused, which since at least the early 16th century became known as
1808:
In some areas, granite is used for gravestones and memorials. Granite is a hard stone and requires skill to carve by hand. Until the early 18th century, in the
Western world, granite could be carved only by hand tools with generally poor results.
1913:
content has an appearance similar to rough granite, and is often used as a substitute when use of real granite is impractical. Granite tables are used extensively as bases or even as the entire structural body of optical instruments,
1151:
Although both I- and S-type granites are orogenic, I-type granites are more common close to the convergent boundary than S-type. This is attributed to thicker crust further from the boundary, which results in more crustal melting.
1090:. In continental arc settings, granitic rocks are the most common plutonic rocks, and batholiths composed of these rock types extend the entire length of the arc. There are no indication of magma chambers where basaltic magmas
1709:
worked the solid granite is still a matter of debate. Tool marks described by the
Egyptologist Anna Serotta indicate the use of flint tools on finer work with harder stones, e.g. when producing the hieroglyphic inscriptions.
1303:
propagation is the mechanism preferred by many geologists as it largely eliminates the major problems of moving a huge mass of magma through cold brittle crust. Magma rises instead in small channels along self-propagating
606:
The melting temperature of dry granite at ambient pressure is 1215–1260 °C (2219–2300 °F); it is strongly reduced in the presence of water, down to 650 °C at a few hundred megapascals of pressure.
1918:, and very high precision CNC machines because of granite's rigidity, high dimensional stability, and excellent vibration characteristics. A most unusual use of granite was as the material of the tracks of the
1276:
Of these two mechanisms, Stokes diapirism has been favoured for many years in the absence of a reasonable alternative. The basic idea is that magma will rise through the crust as a single mass through
3012:
2084:
6269:
232:, that are composed mostly of coarse-grained quartz and feldspars in varying proportions. These rocks are classified by the relative percentages of quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase (the
1446:
obelisk had survived the arid conditions of its origin before its transfer to London. Within two hundred years, the red granite has drastically deteriorated in the damp and polluted air there.
3973:
1831:
over a rubber stencil. Leaving the letters, numbers, and emblems exposed and the remainder of the stone covered with rubber, the blaster can create virtually any kind of artwork or epitaph.
1759:
dedicated to Lord Shiva was built in 1010. The massive
Gopuram (ornate, upper section of shrine) is believed to have a mass of around 81 tonnes. It was the tallest temple in south India.
2133:
1240:, but recent work suggests that this is not a viable mechanism. In-situ granitization requires heating by the asthenospheric mantle or by underplating with mantle-derived magmas.
1323:
eruption.) There is evidence for cauldron subsidence at the Mt. Ascutney intrusion in eastern
Vermont. Evidence for piecemeal stoping is found in intrusions that are rimmed with
263:
Granite is nearly always massive (lacking any internal structures), hard, and tough. These properties have made granite a widespread construction stone throughout human history.
4504:
1566:
Union safety standards (section 4.1.1.1 of the
National Health and Engineering study) and radon emission levels well below the average outdoor radon concentrations in the US.
1782:
chisels was largely forgotten during the Middle Ages. As a result, Medieval stoneworkers were forced to use saws or emery to shorten ancient columns or hack them into discs.
4399:
1824:
was probably the pinnacle of its work, and at 30 tons one of the largest. It was not until the 1880s that rival machinery and works could compete with the MacDonald works.
1139:
such as biotite and muscovite instead of hornblende. Their strontium isotope ratio is typically greater than 0.708, suggesting a crustal origin. They also commonly contain
1120:(igneous source) granite and S-type (sedimentary sources). Both types are produced by partial melting of crustal rocks, either metaigneous rocks or metasedimentary rocks.
3256:"Petrogenesis of Ashigawa and Tonogi granitic intrusions, southern part of the Miocene Kofu Granitic Complex, central Japan: M-type granite in the Izu arc collision zone"
2172:
1816:, inspired by seeing ancient Egyptian granite carvings. In 1832, the first polished tombstone of Aberdeen granite to be erected in an English cemetery was installed at
6254:
3643:
3295:
Castro, A.; Moreno-Ventas, I.; de la Rosa, J.D. (October 1991). "H-type (hybrid) granitoids: a proposed revision of the granite-type classification and nomenclature".
1997:
Granite is one of the rocks most prized by climbers, for its steepness, soundness, crack systems, and friction. Well-known venues for granite climbing include the
1086:
alone can convert a basaltic magma to a granitic magma, but the quantities produced are small. For example, granitic rock makes up just 4% of the exposures in the
1312:
systems and networks of active shear zones. As these narrow conduits open, the first magma to enter solidifies and provides a form of insulation for later magma.
456:
True granites are further classified by the percentage of their total feldspar that is alkali feldspar. Granites whose feldspar is 65% to 90% alkali feldspar are
2111:
4458:
1733:
temple complex. Completed in 774 AD, it is an artificial grotto constructed entirely of granite. The main Buddha of the grotto is a highly regarded piece of
363:
examination is required for identification of specific types of granitoids. Granites can be predominantly white, pink, or gray in color, depending on their
2971:
449:. Granitic rock with more than 60% quartz, which is uncommon, is classified simply as quartz-rich granitoid or, if composed almost entirely of quartz, as
3995:
3600:
Oxburgh, E. R.; McRae, Tessa (27 April 1984). "Physical constraints on magma contamination in the continental crust: an example, the
Adamello complex".
1363:, which are the result of granite's expanding and fracturing as pressure is relieved when overlying material is removed by erosion or other processes.
1449:
Soil development on granite reflects the rock's high quartz content and dearth of available bases, with the base-poor status predisposing the soil to
1923:
2775:
1232:(temperature at which partial melting commences) of these rocks. It was long debated whether crustal thickening in orogens (mountain belts along
5584:
3219:
Whalen, J. B. (1 August 1985). "Geochemistry of an Island-Arc
Plutonic Suite: the Uasilau-Yau Yau Intrusive Complex, New Britain, P.N.G".
4371:
Bai, Shuo-wei; Zhang, Jin-sheng; Wang, Zhi (January 2016). "Selection of a sustainable technology for cutting granite block into slabs".
3403:
Clark, Chris; Fitzsimons, Ian C. W.; Healy, David; Harley, Simon L. (1 August 2011). "How Does the Continental Crust Get Really Hot?".
2355:
3802:
6264:
2616:"Long-term Creep of Rocks: Results with Large Specimens Obtained in about 20 Years and Those with Small Specimens in about 3 Years"
6259:
4616:
4410:
2585:
5865:
2223:
4214:
Heitzman, James (1991). "Ritual Polity and Economy: The Transactional Network of an Imperial Temple in Medieval South India".
3852:
3144:"Geology, geochemistry, and geochronology of an A-type granite in the Mulock Glacier area, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica"
1977:
stones are traditionally fashioned of Ailsa Craig granite. The first stones were made in the 1750s, the original source being
1870:
in Scotland, which is constructed principally from local granite, is known as "The Granite City". Because of its abundance in
4580:
4561:
4539:
4071:
4044:
2758:
2156:
1597:
Major modern exporters of granite include China, India, Italy, Brazil, Canada, Germany, Sweden, Spain and the United States.
4036:
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Health and Safety for Municipal Infrastructure, Land Use and Planning, and Industry
3653:
6305:
4435:
1442:
Climatic variations also influence the weathering rate of granites. For about two thousand years, the relief engravings on
1228:
The partial melting of solid rocks requires high temperatures and the addition of water or other volatiles which lower the
1083:
1315:
These mechanisms can operate in tandem. For example, diapirs may continue to rise through the brittle upper crust through
4856:
4109:
2802:
1544:
gas, which is formed by the decay of uranium. Radon gas poses significant health concerns and is the number two cause of
2720:
236:), with true granite representing granitic rocks rich in quartz and alkali feldspar. Most granitic rocks also contain
4184:
4149:
3974:"Pre- and Post-Market Measurements of Gamma Radiation and Radon Emanation from a Large Sample of Decorative Granites"
3711:
3055:
2785:
2498:
2389:
1905:
of reference, since they are relatively impervious, inflexible, and maintain good dimensional stability. Sandblasted
600:
160:
4174:
4088:
4323:
2672:"Calculation of phase relations involving haplogranitic melts using an internally consistent thermodynamic dataset"
4462:
1385:, with potassium ions, bicarbonate, and silica in solution as byproducts. An end product of granite weathering is
6109:
3752:
1747:
of the Chola Dynasty in South India built the world's first temple entirely of granite in the 11th century AD in
3675:
2535:
4333:
3363:
2812:
1946:
material. This is because it is extremely durable, permeable and requires little maintenance. For example, in
1443:
425:
convention) contains between 20% and 60% quartz by volume, with 35% to 90% of the total feldspar consisting of
6320:
4594:
4019:
2575:
Harvey Blatt; Robert J. Tracy (1997). Petrology (2nd ed). New York: Freeman. p. 66. ISBN 0-7167-2438-3.|p=185
611:
1199:
Granitization is an old, and largely discounted, hypothesis that granite is formed in place through extreme
6325:
6315:
6274:
3863:
3680:
1922:, Devon, England, in 1820. Granite block is usually processed into slabs, which can be cut and shaped by a
1915:
1812:
A key breakthrough was the invention of steam-powered cutting and dressing tools by Alexander MacDonald of
1711:
1116:
The letter-based Chappell & White classification system was proposed initially to divide granites into
3486:
Weinberg, R. F.; Podladchikov, Y. (1994). "Diapiric ascent of magmas through power law crust and mantle".
2188:
4609:
2215:
6019:
5893:
5858:
4200:
3602:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences
1738:
1071:
in its silica content, which became further enriched in silica as it rose through the overlying crust.
622:
A worldwide average of the chemical composition of granite, by weight percent, based on 2485 analyses:
531:. Granites in which there is not enough aluminum to combine with all the alkali oxides as feldspar (Al
6099:
5979:
3648:
1955:
1132:
deposits. I-type granites are orogenic (associated with mountain building) and usually metaluminous.
2427:
2219:
1040:) magmas. Felsic magmas are thought to form by addition of heat or water vapor to rock of the lower
42:
4686:
4673:
3432:"Regional metamorphism at extreme conditions: Implications for orogeny at convergent plate margins"
2927:
Baker, P. E. (February 1968). "Comparative volcanology and petrology of the atlantic island-arcs".
2648:
2018:
20:
3950:
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6310:
6029:
4909:
4889:
4849:
4549:
2179:
1775:
1491:
1091:
446:
4478:"3 Types of Rock for Climbing: Granite, Sandstone & Limestone: The Geology of Rock Climbing"
6119:
5334:
4602:
4254:"Reviving Antiquity with Granite: Spolia and the Development of Roman Renaissance Architecture"
2422:
2143:
1919:
1762:
Imperial Roman granite was quarried mainly in Egypt, and also in Turkey, and on the islands of
1281:
1250:
1087:
555:. Granites in which there is an excess of aluminum beyond what can be taken up in feldspars (Al
4477:
4061:
2514:
Barbarin, Bernard (1 April 1996). "Genesis of the two main types of peraluminous granitoids".
1633:), named for the light crimson hue of its exposed limestone surfaces, is the third largest of
6300:
5943:
5851:
5299:
4459:"National Geographic News — Puffins Return to Scottish Island Famous for Curling Stones"
4034:
2058:
1879:
1817:
1756:
1646:
1610:
1233:
1049:
614:
overall, but strong secondary permeability through cracks and fractures if they are present.
3050:(Second ; Pearson new international ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education. p. 381.
2359:
2226:, are made of green granite. The walls as well as the floor are clad with the same material.
5923:
5918:
3904:
3827:
3806:
3609:
3542:
3495:
3443:
3304:
3267:
3228:
3108:
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2936:
2683:
2523:
2414:
1530:
986:
970:
891:
818:
592:
90:
48:
4400:"What Free Men Can Do: The Winter War, the Use of Delay, and Lessons for the 21st Century"
8:
6084:
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1910:
1902:
1638:
1483:
1366:
1356:
1229:
1021:
990:
843:
476:
and low in plagioclase, and are usually S-type granites or A-type granites, as described
3908:
3613:
3546:
3499:
3447:
3308:
3271:
3232:
3112:
2990:
2940:
2687:
2527:
2418:
6046:
5928:
5130:
4842:
4231:
3625:
3558:
3511:
3201:
3165:
3124:
3002:
2952:
2558:
2440:
2256:
2066:
1475:
1450:
1374:
1300:
1270:
1237:
1169:
1068:
348:
256:
200:
86:
3927:
3892:
2593:
2461:
2341:
6208:
6155:
5085:
4576:
4557:
4535:
4329:
4180:
4131:
4067:
4040:
4013:
3932:
3859:
3707:
3629:
3562:
3359:
3316:
3205:
3169:
3128:
3051:
2998:
2956:
2808:
2781:
2754:
2494:
2385:
2268:
2211:
2098:
1943:
1634:
1499:
1360:
1316:
1124:
950:
208:
204:
3515:
3007:
2444:
1737:, and along with the temple complex to which it belongs, Seokguram was added to the
1381:. As demonstrated in the following reaction, this causes potassium feldspar to form
1292:
allowing it to pass without major heat loss. This is entirely feasible in the warm,
1123:
I-type granites are characterized by a high content of sodium and calcium, and by a
591:
of granite is between 2.65 and 2.75 g/cm (165 and 172 lb/cu ft), its
6295:
6114:
6036:
5964:
5782:
5494:
5281:
5150:
4728:
4380:
4265:
4223:
4121:
3922:
3912:
3867:
3617:
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3451:
3412:
3312:
3275:
3236:
3193:
3155:
3116:
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2944:
2860:
2691:
2627:
2531:
2432:
2405:
Le Bas, M. J.; Streckeisen, A. L. (1991). "The IUGS systematics of igneous rocks".
2337:
2279:
2273:
2118:
2026:
2022:
2014:
1986:
1821:
1767:
1744:
1041:
962:
797:
324:
131:
4384:
3160:
3143:
1590:
are considered one of the oldest industries in the world, existing as far back as
6228:
5984:
5948:
5938:
5594:
5354:
5207:
4708:
4695:
4678:
4665:
4652:
4647:
4630:
3848:
3456:
3431:
3240:
2696:
2671:
2030:
2010:
1998:
1927:
1875:
1863:
1674:
1650:
1587:
1487:
1309:
1285:
1129:
1067:
subducted with the oceanic plate. The melted sediments would have produced magma
998:
919:
779:
754:
674:
649:
628:
485:
426:
371:
298:
184:
4505:"Leopoldina e Teresa Cristina: descubra o que aconteceu com as "mães do Brasil""
997:. Granite often occurs as relatively small, less than 100 km stock masses (
6175:
6104:
5933:
5908:
5787:
5629:
5222:
5145:
4746:
3897:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3416:
3097:"A-type granites: geochemical characteristics, discrimination and petrogenesis"
3096:
2356:"Granitoids – Granite and the Related Rocks Granodiorite, Diorite and Tonalite"
2302:
2241: – Granite skin peeling like an onion (desquamation) because of weathering
2070:
1883:
1851:
1783:
1779:
1555:
1389:, which is often made up of coarse-grained fragments of disintegrated granite.
1386:
1349:
1305:
1117:
1053:
1013:
736:
464:
is 35% to 65% alkali feldspar. A granite containing both muscovite and biotite
356:
335:) peppering the lighter color minerals. Occasionally some individual crystals (
212:
173:
4624:
3197:
2865:
2848:
1855:
1537:
from the granite uplands and associated, often highly radioactive pegmatites.
282:
6289:
6238:
6140:
6094:
6074:
5898:
5832:
5747:
5712:
5559:
5120:
5025:
4721:
4135:
3554:
2493:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 139–143.
2436:
2050:
2042:
1898:
1686:
1666:
1662:
1623:
1591:
1526:
1370:
1135:
S-type granites are sodium-poor and aluminum-rich. As a result, they contain
1095:
1057:
958:
923:
718:
501:
421:
feldspar on the A-Q-P half of the diagram. True granite (according to modern
4285:
4227:
4126:
3917:
1827:
Modern methods of carving include using computer-controlled rotary bits and
6170:
6124:
6058:
5874:
5757:
5737:
5609:
5256:
5234:
5175:
5075:
5020:
5005:
4871:
4802:
4798:
4626:
3936:
3893:"The Conway Granite of New Hampshire As a Major Low-Grade Thorium Resource"
3621:
3254:
Saito, Satoshi; Arima, Makoto; Nakajima, Takashi; Kimura, Jun-Ichi (2004).
2262:
2002:
1878:, America's first railroad, was built to haul granite from the quarries in
1828:
1734:
1715:
1479:
1459:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1100:
974:
939:
696:
493:
461:
457:
438:
394:
321:
275:
245:
233:
176:
4153:
1558:
has been noted for its relatively high thorium concentration of 56±6 ppm.
1540:
Cellars and basements built into soils over granite can become a trap for
1490:, which in turn is a common component of granitic rocks, more abundant in
6079:
6014:
5646:
5537:
5517:
5507:
5434:
5384:
5309:
5155:
5090:
5060:
5015:
4973:
4946:
4941:
4931:
4894:
4298:
3727:
2250:
2102:
1978:
1871:
1654:
1619:
1545:
1519:
954:
887:
450:
418:
360:
344:
188:
4089:"Decorative Stones in the Pre-Ottoman Islamic Buildings of Cairo, Egypt"
3280:
3255:
3095:
Whalen, Joseph B.; Currie, Kenneth L.; Chappell, Bruce W. (April 1987).
2632:
2615:
2562:
1966:
1866:
and as flooring tiles in public and commercial buildings and monuments.
6233:
6160:
5989:
5974:
5812:
5797:
5772:
5767:
5677:
5662:
5579:
5547:
5512:
5502:
5484:
5464:
5409:
5389:
5344:
5266:
5251:
5227:
5187:
5160:
5140:
5110:
5070:
5045:
5035:
5030:
5010:
4919:
4751:
4270:
4253:
4235:
3120:
2948:
2062:
2006:
1931:
1698:
1670:
1579:
1378:
1340:
1217:) that is permeated by sheets and channels of light granitic rock (the
1079:
943:
910:
552:
414:
406:
387:
379:
375:
364:
340:
336:
332:
271:
113:
3531:"Observations on the origins and ascent mechanisms of granitic magmas"
3530:
3507:
2296:
1926:. In military engineering, Finland planted granite boulders along its
1874:, granite was commonly used to build foundations for homes there. The
1064:
6217:
6213:
6180:
6165:
6145:
6041:
5994:
5903:
5827:
5817:
5807:
5792:
5762:
5742:
5727:
5722:
5687:
5682:
5641:
5634:
5599:
5569:
5554:
5532:
5474:
5454:
5449:
5439:
5424:
5404:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5359:
5349:
5324:
5289:
5202:
5170:
5115:
5105:
5080:
5055:
5050:
4990:
4951:
4914:
3891:
Adams, J. A.; Kline, M. C.; Richardson, K. A.; Rogers, J. J. (1962).
2285:
2139:
2125:
2095:
2054:
2046:
2038:
1951:
1894:
1722:
1706:
1642:
1515:
1382:
1293:
1289:
1222:
1209:
1157:
1025:
1002:
978:
903:
867:
596:
576:
473:
434:
422:
383:
352:
314:
251:
241:
228:
216:
169:
117:
105:
60:
3993:
1954:
black granite stone is used for the paving and kerbs throughout the
6150:
5802:
5777:
5702:
5672:
5667:
5589:
5574:
5542:
5522:
5419:
5394:
5271:
5246:
5239:
5217:
5212:
5165:
5100:
4985:
4936:
4926:
4884:
4811:
4777:
1982:
1906:
1867:
1813:
1800:
1778:, granite becomes harder with age. The technology required to make
1730:
1726:
1574:
1534:
1277:
1165:
1140:
1060:
1044:, rather than by decompression of mantle rock, as is the case with
1009:
994:
871:
442:
410:
347:. A granitic rock with a porphyritic texture is known as a granite
302:
6270:
Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association
4529:
2549:
Washington, Henry S. (1921). "The Granites of Washington, D. C.".
2147:
882:
437:, while granitic rocks dominated by plagioclase are classified as
297:, a grain, in reference to the coarse-grained structure of such a
203:
that slowly cools and solidifies underground. It is common in the
5913:
5822:
5752:
5717:
5692:
5624:
5459:
5399:
5339:
5304:
5197:
5125:
5040:
4968:
4963:
4879:
4834:
4785:
4781:
4764:
2613:
2244:
2163:
2034:
1974:
1846:
1748:
1682:
1551:
1511:
1503:
1495:
1463:
1320:
1161:
1006:
966:
915:
588:
505:
445:. Granitic rocks with over 90% alkali feldspar are classified as
430:
328:
317:
109:
56:
33:
3581:
3323:
930:
6223:
6203:
6089:
6024:
5999:
5888:
5843:
5732:
5707:
5604:
5564:
5527:
5429:
5294:
5192:
5182:
5135:
5095:
5065:
4995:
4980:
4958:
4904:
4899:
4794:
4768:
4760:
4735:
4703:
4690:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2328:
Read, H.H. (January 1943). "Meditations on granite: Part one".
1947:
1835:
1771:
1694:
1690:
1507:
1454:
1265:
1048:
magmas. It has also been suggested that some granites found at
1045:
1037:
1017:
982:
935:
402:
398:
306:
196:
180:
94:
76:
52:
3469:
3467:
2828:
6185:
6053:
6009:
5969:
5697:
5619:
5614:
5479:
5444:
5364:
5319:
5314:
4660:
3294:
3182:
3076:
2484:
2482:
2195:
2122:
2091:
1752:
1678:
1673:
or capstone, which is now on display in the main hall of the
1658:
1541:
291:
192:
3358:. San Francisco, Calif.: Freeman, Cooper. pp. 379–380.
3335:
3064:
3029:
3027:
3025:
2897:
898:
5469:
5414:
5329:
5261:
4201:"Seokguram Grotto [UNESCO World Heritage] (경주 석굴암)"
3953:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 4 May 2015
3569:
3464:
3384:
3372:
2536:
10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0295:GOTTMT>2.3.CO;2
1763:
1702:
1345:
1136:
465:
310:
237:
6255:
International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers
3890:
3402:
2479:
1176:
must occur together with large amounts of basaltic rocks.
3704:
Physical Geography: Great Systems and Global Environments
3022:
2885:
2873:
2669:
1838:, which has a completely different chemical composition.
1144:
259:, plagioclase feldspar, quartz, biotite, and/or amphibole
149:
143:
137:
4548:
4216:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
3253:
359:
term for lighter-colored, coarse-grained igneous rocks.
2748:
2614:
Kumagai, Naoichi; Sadao Sasajima; Hidebumi Ito (1978).
2382:
Petrology : igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
2214:(also King of Portugal as Pedro IV) and his two wives
2469:
British Geological Survey: Rock Classification Scheme
1213:. A migmatite consists of dark, refractory rock (the
551:, and they contain unusual sodium amphiboles such as
161:
146:
3485:
3094:
2384:(2nd ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. p. 45.
2292:
429:. Granitic rocks poorer in quartz are classified as
152:
140:
4530:Blasik, Miroslava; Hanika, Bogdashka, eds. (2012).
4502:
2620:
Journal of the Society of Materials Science (Japan)
2259: – List of rock types recognized by geologists
1506:. By contrast, more mafic rocks, such as tonalite,
1373:, and other acids present in rain and soil waters,
949:Granitic rock is widely distributed throughout the
477:
134:
3260:Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences
2373:
1020:are often associated with the margins of granitic
575:, and they contain aluminum-rich minerals such as
4059:
4032:
2404:
2247: – Highly altered granitic rock or pegmatite
1308:which form along new or pre-existing fracture or
1260:Two main mechanisms are thought to be important:
1107:
595:usually lies above 200 MPa (29,000 psi), and its
472:granite. Two-mica granites are typically high in
6287:
4110:"Reading Tool Marks on Egyptian Stone Sculpture"
4063:A Handbook of Minerals, Crystals, Rocks and Ores
3847:
2646:
4575:. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Scientific.
4570:
4284:Friends of West Norwood Cemetery newsletter 71
4001:. Archived from the original on 3 November 2010
3048:Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology
2972:"Two contrasting granite types: 25 years later"
2491:Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology
2358:. Geology.about.com. 2010-02-06. Archived from
2253: – Type of granite, with a single feldspar
393:Granitic rocks are classified according to the
4325:History of the Granite Industry of New England
3702:Marsh, William M.; Kaufman, Martin M. (2012).
3142:Cottle, John M.; Cooper, Alan F. (June 2006).
2704:
2462:"Rock Classification Scheme - Vol 1 - Igneous"
1834:The stone known as "black granite" is usually
1462:soil series a prime example of the consequent
989:surrounded by a range of hills, formed by the
5859:
4850:
4610:
4291:
4053:
3994:Environmental Health and Engineering (2008).
3587:
3473:
3390:
3341:
3329:
3148:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
3070:
2969:
2914:
2834:
2551:Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences
2488:
1787:them but has not even altered their colour."
1236:) was sufficient to produce granite melts by
401:and are named according to the percentage of
327:of feldspar and quartz with scattered darker
4370:
4286:Alexander MacDonald (1794–1860) – Stonemason
4150:"Egyptian Genius: Stoneworking for Eternity"
4086:
3701:
3599:
3141:
2849:"The off-crust origin of granite batholiths"
2794:
2507:
2489:Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009).
1641:, likely dating 2510 BC, was constructed of
1143:of metamorphosed sedimentary rock, and host
862:The medium-grained equivalent of granite is
219:exposed over hundreds of square kilometers.
4456:
4358:The Haytor Granite Tramway and Stover Canal
4026:
3841:
3706:. Cambridge University Press. p. 510.
3535:Journal of the Geological Society of London
1525:Many large granite plutons are sources for
390:. Phenocrysts are usually alkali feldspar.
386:. The plagioclase is typically sodium-rich
5866:
5852:
4857:
4843:
4617:
4603:
4532:Granite: Occurrence, Mineralogy and Origin
4461:. National Geographic News. Archived from
3575:
3082:
3033:
2891:
2879:
2807:. Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co.
2742:
2548:
2456:
2454:
2379:
2330:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association
2150:and is a popular rock climbing destination
1930:to block invasion by Russian tanks in the
1795:
1063:below continental crust, were formed from
4573:Granite Petrology and the Granite Problem
4554:Landforms and Geology of Granite Terrains
4503:De Matteo, Giovanna (12 September 2020).
4436:"Sydney Streets technical specifications"
4397:
4269:
4125:
3926:
3916:
3828:"Radon and Cancer: Questions and Answers"
3455:
3429:
3279:
3159:
3101:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
3006:
2970:Chappell, B. W.; White, A. J. R. (2001).
2864:
2713:
2695:
2631:
2426:
1897:have traditionally used polished granite
1243:
1024:. In some locations, very coarse-grained
222:Granite is typical of a larger family of
6265:Mason Contractors Association of America
4213:
3981:Nineteenth International Radon Symposium
3378:
3353:
2751:Introduction to Mineralogy and Petrology
2513:
2398:
2380:Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996).
2321:
1965:
1845:
1799:
1609:
1573:
1522:rocks usually have equally low amounts.
1498:. Some granites contain around 10 to 20
1352:sand and granitoid from which it derived
1344:
1187:
929:
909:
897:
881:
343:, in which case the texture is known as
281:
270:
250:
6260:Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland
4321:
4107:
3820:
3528:
2800:
2451:
1862:Granite has been extensively used as a
1714:has postulated that the Egyptians used
1486:of weak emission, and a constituent of
1359:occurs on a large scale in the form of
985:. Granites sometimes occur in circular
617:
320:, which form an interlocking, somewhat
301:rock. Granitic rocks mainly consist of
6288:
4556:. Leiden, Netherlands: A. A. Balkema.
4398:Chersicla, Rick (January–March 2017).
4251:
3776:
3218:
3045:
2846:
2224:Monument to the Independence of Brazil
1327:containing fragments of country rock.
870:igneous rock equivalent of granite is
582:
5847:
4838:
4598:
4534:. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science.
4355:
4349:
4176:Sculptures of Unified Silla: 통일신라의 조각
4066:. New India Publishing. p. 585.
4060:Parmodh Alexander (15 January 2009).
4039:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 40.
4033:Nelson L. Nemerow (27 January 2009).
3996:"Natural Stone Countertops and Radon"
3971:
3853:"Nuclear Energy and the Fossil Fuels"
2926:
2773:
2218:(not pictured, facing his grave) and
1705:, and wall and floor veneer. How the
953:. Much of it was intruded during the
4360:. Newton Abbot: David & Charles.
4328:(2018 ed.). Franklin Classics.
4247:
4245:
2979:Australian Journal of Earth Sciences
2670:Holland, Tim; Powell, Roger (2001).
2327:
1804:Granites (cut and polished surfaces)
1533:, where the uranium washes into the
1469:
3951:"Granite Countertops and Radiation"
3779:"Granite Countertops and Radiation"
3753:"Cecil – North Carolina State Soil"
2586:"Rock Types and Specific Gravities"
2069:in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and the
961:that underlies the relatively thin
286:Mineral assemblage of igneous rocks
248:) contain almost no dark minerals.
13:
4864:
4523:
3430:Zheng, Y.-F.; Chen, R.-X. (2017).
3018:from the original on Oct 22, 2022.
2749:Haldar, S.K.; Tišljar, J. (2014).
1578:Granite dimension stone quarry in
523:O. Such granites are described as
290:The word "granite" comes from the
14:
6337:
4590:
4475:
4242:
3758:. Soil Science Society of America
2407:Journal of the Geological Society
1961:
1257:) is still a matter of research.
1253:to make room for themselves (the
1078:The presence of granitic rock in
244:minerals, though a few (known as
215:only a few centimeters across to
5873:
4457:Roach, John (October 27, 2004).
3732:Land Use Impacts on Soil Quality
2999:10.1046/j.1440-0952.2001.00882.x
2847:Castro, Antonio (January 2014).
2295:
2203:
2187:
2171:
2155:
2132:
2110:
2083:
1992:
1297:higher levels within the crust.
1183:
1036:Granite forms from silica-rich (
130:
41:
6110:Non-explosive demolition agents
4496:
4469:
4450:
4428:
4391:
4364:
4315:
4278:
4207:
4193:
4167:
4142:
4101:
4080:
3987:
3965:
3943:
3884:
3795:
3770:
3745:
3720:
3695:
3668:
3636:
3593:
3522:
3488:Journal of Geophysical Research
3479:
3436:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences
3423:
3396:
3354:McBirney, Alexander R. (1984).
3347:
3288:
3247:
3212:
3176:
3135:
3088:
3039:
2963:
2920:
2840:
2767:
2663:
2640:
2607:
2578:
1514:, have 1 to 5 ppm uranium, and
1474:Granite is a natural source of
1016:of granitic composition called
1005:that are often associated with
207:of Earth, where it is found in
3644:"Granite [Weathering]"
2780:. Discovery Publishing House.
2569:
2542:
2348:
2009:massif (and peaks such as the
1889:
1718:, which has greater hardness.
1369:of granite occurs when dilute
1284:, causing them to behave as a
1108:Alphabet classification system
278:with granite field highlighted
266:
1:
4385:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.10.052
4373:Journal of Cleaner Production
3161:10.1080/00288306.2006.9515159
2342:10.1016/S0016-7878(43)80008-0
2309:
1627:
1377:feldspar in a process called
1334:
957:age; it is the most abundant
938:veins at Gros la Tête cliff,
877:
6275:Worshipful Company of Masons
4108:Serotta, Anna (2023-12-19).
3864:American Petroleum Institute
3681:Geological Society of London
3457:10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.03.009
3317:10.1016/0012-8252(91)90020-G
2649:"The temperatures of magmas"
2288: – Two feldspar granite
2282: – Type of igneous rock
2276: – Type of igneous rock
2265: – Rare type of granite
2073:, British Columbia, Canada.
1841:
1669:once had a polished granite
1661:Granite". The mostly ruined
1605:
1478:, like most natural stones.
1280:. As it rises, it heats the
7:
6306:National symbols of Finland
3830:. National Cancer Institute
2231:
2162:Rixö red granite quarry in
1569:
1028:masses occur with granite.
211:. These range in size from
10:
6342:
3777:US EPA, OAR (2015-05-04).
3417:10.2113/gselements.7.4.235
3241:10.1093/petrology/26.3.603
2710:Blatt and Tracy 1996, p.66
2697:10.1093/petrology/42.4.673
2076:
1739:UNESCO World Heritage List
1653:) contains a huge granite
1614:Cleopatra's Needle, London
1548:in the US behind smoking.
1338:
1148:to strongly peraluminous.
1084:fractional crystallization
965:veneer of the continents.
850:
832:
807:
786:
768:
743:
725:
707:
685:
663:
638:
355:is a general, descriptive
331:mica and amphibole (often
18:
6247:
6196:
6133:
6100:Lewis (lifting appliance)
6067:
5957:
5881:
5655:
5493:
5280:
4870:
4638:
4018:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3972:Steck, Daniel J. (2009).
3803:"Decay series of Uranium"
3649:University College London
3588:Philpotts & Ague 2009
3474:Philpotts & Ague 2009
3391:Philpotts & Ague 2009
3342:Philpotts & Ague 2009
3330:Philpotts & Ague 2009
3198:10.1007/s00445-007-0140-7
3071:Philpotts & Ague 2009
2915:Philpotts & Ague 2009
2866:10.1016/j.gsf.2013.06.006
2835:Philpotts & Ague 2009
2753:. Elsevier. p. 116.
2647:Larsen, Esper S. (1929).
2117:The granite peaks of the
2101:and for the piers of the
1956:Central Business District
1937:
1852:granite castle of Aulanko
1790:
1774:. Through the process of
1665:dating from the reign of
1288:and thus flow around the
1031:
610:Granite has poor primary
374:in granites is typically
100:
82:
72:
67:
40:
31:
4571:Marmo, Vladimir (1971).
4550:Twidale, Charles Rowland
4252:Waters, Michael (2016).
4179:. 국립중앙박물관. 8 July 2015.
4114:Rivista del Museo Egizio
3555:10.1144/gsjgs.155.5.0843
3046:Winter, John D. (2014).
2437:10.1144/gsjgs.148.5.0825
2182:on Baffin Island, Canada
2146:, is actually a granite
2019:Adamello-Presanella Alps
1645:and granite blocks. The
1554:occurs in all granites.
969:of granite tend to form
460:, while the feldspar in
447:alkali feldspar granites
21:Granite (disambiguation)
4910:Basaltic trachyandesite
4890:Alkali feldspar granite
4228:10.1163/156852091x00157
4127:10.29353/rime.2023.5098
3918:10.1073/pnas.48.11.1898
3186:Bulletin of Volcanology
2929:Bulletin Volcanologique
2801:Twidale, C. R. (1982).
2180:Auyuittuq National Park
2045:), the Fitzroy Massif,
1796:Sculpture and memorials
1729:shrine and part of the
1600:
1492:alkali feldspar granite
195:with a high content of
168:) is a coarse-grained (
4322:Brayley, A.W. (1913).
3622:10.1098/rsta.1984.0004
3576:Blatt & Tracy 1996
3529:Clemens, John (1998).
3083:Blatt & Tracy 1996
3034:Blatt & Tracy 1996
2892:Blatt & Tracy 1996
2880:Blatt & Tracy 1996
2210:The graves of Emperor
2144:Yosemite National Park
1971:
1920:Haytor Granite Tramway
1859:
1805:
1615:
1583:
1529:-hosted or roll front
1353:
1244:Ascent and emplacement
1196:
1088:South Sandwich Islands
946:
927:
907:
895:
468:is called a binary or
339:) are larger than the
299:completely crystalline
287:
279:
260:
5300:Banded iron formation
4258:Architectural History
4222:(1/2). BRILL: 23–54.
3297:Earth-Science Reviews
2653:American Mineralogist
2090:Granite was used for
1969:
1942:Granite is used as a
1880:Quincy, Massachusetts
1849:
1818:Kensal Green Cemetery
1803:
1757:Brihadeeswarar Temple
1725:Grotto in Korea is a
1647:Great Pyramid of Giza
1613:
1577:
1348:
1339:Further information:
1234:convergent boundaries
1191:
1094:into granites, or of
1050:convergent boundaries
933:
913:
901:
885:
285:
274:
254:
104:Differing amounts of
6321:Symbols of Wisconsin
5924:Massive precut stone
5919:Post-tensioned stone
4465:on November 2, 2004.
4409:: 63. Archived from
4356:Ewans, M.C. (1966).
3221:Journal of Petrology
2853:Geoscience Frontiers
2676:Journal of Petrology
1989:for curling stones.
1586:Granite and related
1531:uranium ore deposits
1271:Fracture propagation
618:Chemical composition
593:compressive strength
571:O) are described as
547:O) are described as
91:plagioclase feldspar
49:plagioclase feldspar
19:For other uses, see
16:Type of igneous rock
6326:Industrial minerals
6316:Sculpture materials
6120:Stonemason's hammer
6085:Ceramic tile cutter
3909:1962PNAS...48.1898A
3614:1984RSPTA.310..457O
3590:, pp. 347–350.
3547:1998JGSoc.155..843C
3500:1994JGR....99.9543W
3448:2017JAESc.145...46Z
3381:, pp. 379–380.
3332:, pp. 104–105.
3309:1991ESRv...31..237C
3281:10.2465/jmps.99.104
3272:2004JMPeS..99..104S
3233:1985JPet...26..603W
3113:1987CoMP...95..407W
3085:, pp. 203–206.
2991:2001AuJES..48..489C
2941:1968BVol...32..189B
2777:Earth Science Today
2729:The Open University
2688:2001JPet...42..673H
2633:10.2472/jsms.27.155
2528:1996Geo....24..295B
2419:1991JGSoc.148..825L
2239:Exfoliating granite
1639:Pyramid of Menkaure
1484:radioactive isotope
1367:Chemical weathering
1357:Physical weathering
1230:solidus temperature
1170:rare earth elements
991:metamorphic aureole
583:Physical properties
405:, alkali feldspar (
397:for coarse grained
255:Granite containing
234:QAPF classification
201:alkali metal oxides
179:composed mostly of
47:Granite containing
28:
5656:Specific varieties
4765:Diabase (Dolerite)
4271:10.1017/arh.2016.5
4087:James A. Harrell.
3728:"Land Use Impacts"
3656:on 15 October 2014
3541:(Part 5): 843–51.
3121:10.1007/BF00402202
2949:10.1007/BF02596591
2774:Singh, G. (2009).
2257:List of rock types
2067:Sugarloaf Mountain
1972:
1860:
1806:
1657:fashioned of "Red
1616:
1584:
1466:great soil group.
1444:Cleopatra's Needle
1361:exfoliation joints
1354:
1238:radiogenic heating
1197:
947:
928:
908:
902:A granite peak at
896:
288:
280:
261:
257:potassium feldspar
209:igneous intrusions
87:potassium feldspar
26:
6283:
6282:
6209:Hardstone carving
6156:Polygonal masonry
5980:Decorative stones
5841:
5840:
5086:Nepheline syenite
4832:
4831:
4827:
4826:
4799:Microgranodiorite
4729:Subvolcanic rocks
4582:978-0-444-40852-5
4563:978-0-415-36435-5
4541:978-1-62081-566-3
4073:978-81-907237-8-7
4046:978-0-470-08305-5
3983:. pp. 28–51.
3860:Shell Oil Company
3608:(1514): 457–472.
3578:, pp. 21–22.
3508:10.1029/93JB03461
3356:Igneous petrology
2837:, pp. 15–16.
2804:Granite landforms
2760:978-0-12-408133-8
2269:Orbicular granite
2212:Pedro I of Brazil
1685:). Other uses in
1635:Egyptian pyramids
1588:marble industries
1500:parts per million
1470:Natural radiation
1125:strontium isotope
951:continental crust
860:
859:
661:14.42% (alumina)
205:continental crust
123:
122:
6333:
6115:Plug and feather
5965:Artificial stone
5868:
5861:
5854:
5845:
5844:
5783:Rapakivi granite
5495:Metamorphic rock
5282:Sedimentary rock
5151:Quartz monzonite
4859:
4852:
4845:
4836:
4835:
4641:
4640:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4596:
4595:
4586:
4567:
4545:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4482:Liveabout.dotcom
4476:Green, Stewart.
4473:
4467:
4466:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4415:
4404:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4295:
4289:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4249:
4240:
4239:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4152:. Archived from
4146:
4140:
4139:
4129:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4017:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4000:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3978:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3930:
3920:
3903:(11): 1898–905.
3888:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3872:
3866:. Archived from
3857:
3849:Hubbert, M. King
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3809:on March 9, 2012
3805:. Archived from
3799:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3757:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3652:. Archived from
3640:
3634:
3633:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3483:
3477:
3471:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3400:
3394:
3388:
3382:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3303:(3–4): 237–253.
3292:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3163:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3010:
2976:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2626:(293): 157–161.
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2592:. Archived from
2582:
2576:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2557:(19): v459–470.
2546:
2540:
2539:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2466:
2458:
2449:
2448:
2430:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2325:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2280:Rapakivi granite
2274:Quartz monzonite
2216:Maria Leopoldina
2207:
2191:
2175:
2159:
2136:
2119:Cordillera Paine
2114:
2087:
2041:(especially the
2027:Grandes Jorasses
2023:Aiguille du Midi
2015:Mourne Mountains
1987:Kays of Scotland
1745:Rajaraja Chola I
1632:
1629:
1128:known for their
914:Pink granite at
853:
835:
810:
789:
771:
746:
728:
710:
688:
666:
641:
636:72.04% (silica)
625:
624:
603:is 3–6·10 Pa·s.
191:. It forms from
164:
159:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
45:
29:
25:
6341:
6340:
6336:
6335:
6334:
6332:
6331:
6330:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6279:
6243:
6192:
6129:
6063:
5985:Dimension stone
5953:
5877:
5872:
5842:
5837:
5651:
5595:Pseudotachylite
5489:
5276:
5208:Tephriphonolite
4866:
4863:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4814:
4806:
4801:
4797:
4789:
4784:
4780:
4772:
4767:
4763:
4755:
4750:
4749:
4741:
4733:
4726:
4712:
4706:
4699:
4693:
4682:
4676:
4669:
4663:
4656:
4650:
4634:
4631:silicon dioxide
4623:
4593:
4583:
4564:
4542:
4526:
4524:Further reading
4521:
4520:
4510:
4508:
4507:(in Portuguese)
4501:
4497:
4487:
4485:
4474:
4470:
4455:
4451:
4441:
4439:
4438:. November 2020
4434:
4433:
4429:
4419:
4417:
4416:on 18 July 2020
4413:
4402:
4396:
4392:
4369:
4365:
4354:
4350:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4320:
4316:
4307:
4305:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4283:
4279:
4250:
4243:
4212:
4208:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4187:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4159:
4157:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4106:
4102:
4093:
4091:
4085:
4081:
4074:
4058:
4054:
4047:
4031:
4027:
4011:
4010:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3988:
3976:
3970:
3966:
3956:
3954:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3889:
3885:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3855:
3846:
3842:
3833:
3831:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3812:
3810:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3787:
3785:
3775:
3771:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3736:
3734:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3700:
3696:
3686:
3684:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3659:
3657:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3598:
3594:
3586:
3582:
3574:
3570:
3527:
3523:
3484:
3480:
3472:
3465:
3428:
3424:
3401:
3397:
3389:
3385:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3352:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3328:
3324:
3293:
3289:
3252:
3248:
3217:
3213:
3181:
3177:
3140:
3136:
3093:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3044:
3040:
3032:
3023:
3015:
2974:
2968:
2964:
2925:
2921:
2913:
2898:
2890:
2886:
2878:
2874:
2845:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2747:
2743:
2733:
2731:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2668:
2664:
2645:
2641:
2612:
2608:
2599:
2597:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2547:
2543:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2487:
2480:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2452:
2428:10.1.1.692.4446
2403:
2399:
2392:
2378:
2374:
2365:
2363:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2301:
2294:
2291:
2234:
2227:
2222:(left), in the
2208:
2199:
2192:
2183:
2176:
2167:
2160:
2151:
2137:
2128:
2115:
2106:
2088:
2079:
2037:, parts of the
2011:Aiguille du Dru
1999:Yosemite Valley
1995:
1964:
1940:
1928:Mannerheim Line
1901:to establish a
1892:
1876:Granite Railway
1864:dimension stone
1844:
1798:
1793:
1675:Egyptian Museum
1630:
1608:
1603:
1572:
1488:alkali feldspar
1472:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1343:
1337:
1325:igneous breccia
1286:power-law fluid
1246:
1186:
1130:porphyry copper
1110:
1054:tectonic plates
1034:
920:South Australia
880:
856:
851:
838:
833:
826:
822:
813:
808:
801:
792:
787:
774:
769:
762:
758:
749:
744:
731:
726:
713:
708:
700:
691:
686:
678:
669:
664:
657:
653:
644:
639:
632:
620:
585:
570:
566:
562:
558:
546:
542:
538:
534:
522:
518:
513:
509:
497:
489:
427:alkali feldspar
372:alkali feldspar
269:
185:alkali feldspar
162:
133:
129:
63:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6339:
6329:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6311:Plutonic rocks
6308:
6303:
6298:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6251:
6249:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6211:
6206:
6200:
6198:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6190:
6189:
6188:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6137:
6135:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6071:
6069:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6050:
6049:
6039:
6034:
6033:
6032:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5961:
5959:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5909:Letter cutting
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5885:
5883:
5879:
5878:
5871:
5870:
5863:
5856:
5848:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5788:Rhomb porphyry
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5659:
5657:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5630:Talc carbonate
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5551:
5550:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5499:
5497:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5286:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5223:Trachyandesite
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5146:Quartz diorite
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4917:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4876:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4865:Types of rocks
4862:
4861:
4854:
4847:
4839:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4824:
4809:
4807:
4792:
4790:
4775:
4773:
4758:
4756:
4747:Picrite basalt
4744:
4742:
4736:Plutonic rocks
4722:Volcanic rocks
4718:
4715:
4714:
4710:
4701:
4697:
4684:
4680:
4671:
4667:
4658:
4654:
4645:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4629:classified by
4622:
4621:
4614:
4607:
4599:
4592:
4591:External links
4589:
4588:
4587:
4581:
4568:
4562:
4546:
4540:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4495:
4468:
4449:
4427:
4390:
4363:
4348:
4334:
4314:
4290:
4277:
4241:
4206:
4192:
4185:
4166:
4141:
4100:
4079:
4072:
4052:
4045:
4025:
3986:
3964:
3942:
3883:
3840:
3819:
3794:
3769:
3744:
3719:
3712:
3694:
3667:
3635:
3592:
3580:
3568:
3521:
3478:
3463:
3422:
3411:(4): 235–240.
3395:
3383:
3371:
3364:
3346:
3344:, p. 511.
3334:
3322:
3287:
3266:(3): 104–117.
3246:
3227:(3): 603–632.
3211:
3192:(3): 293–314.
3175:
3154:(2): 191–202.
3134:
3107:(4): 407–419.
3087:
3075:
3073:, p. 148.
3063:
3056:
3038:
3036:, p. 185.
3021:
2985:(4): 489–499.
2962:
2935:(1): 189–206.
2919:
2917:, p. 378.
2896:
2894:, p. 172.
2884:
2882:, p. 128.
2872:
2839:
2827:
2813:
2793:
2786:
2766:
2759:
2741:
2721:"Microgranite"
2712:
2703:
2682:(4): 673–683.
2662:
2639:
2606:
2577:
2568:
2541:
2522:(4): 295–298.
2506:
2499:
2478:
2450:
2413:(5): 825–833.
2397:
2390:
2372:
2347:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2303:Geology portal
2290:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2209:
2202:
2200:
2198:, South Africa
2193:
2186:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2152:
2138:
2131:
2129:
2116:
2109:
2107:
2089:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2071:Stawamus Chief
1994:
1991:
1970:Curling stones
1963:
1962:Curling stones
1960:
1939:
1936:
1924:cutting center
1899:surface plates
1891:
1888:
1886:in the 1820s.
1884:Neponset River
1843:
1840:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1784:Giorgio Vasari
1780:tempered metal
1776:case-hardening
1631: 2590 BC
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1571:
1568:
1556:Conway granite
1471:
1468:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1336:
1333:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1245:
1242:
1185:
1182:
1109:
1106:
1033:
1030:
1012:ranges. Small
981:, and rounded
879:
876:
858:
857:
854:
849:
846:
840:
839:
836:
831:
828:
824:
820:
815:
814:
811:
806:
803:
799:
794:
793:
790:
785:
782:
776:
775:
772:
767:
764:
760:
756:
751:
750:
747:
742:
739:
733:
732:
729:
724:
721:
715:
714:
711:
706:
703:
698:
693:
692:
689:
684:
681:
676:
671:
670:
667:
662:
659:
655:
651:
646:
645:
642:
637:
634:
630:
619:
616:
584:
581:
568:
564:
560:
556:
544:
540:
536:
532:
520:
516:
511:
507:
495:
487:
399:plutonic rocks
268:
265:
224:granitic rocks
121:
120:
102:
98:
97:
84:
80:
79:
74:
73:Classification
70:
69:
65:
64:
46:
38:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6338:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6252:
6250:
6248:Organizations
6246:
6240:
6239:Machicolation
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6219:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6195:
6187:
6184:
6183:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6132:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6095:Diamond blade
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6075:Angle grinder
6073:
6072:
6070:
6066:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5956:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5869:
5864:
5862:
5857:
5855:
5850:
5849:
5846:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5748:Litchfieldite
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5713:Hyaloclastite
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5654:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5560:Litchfieldite
5558:
5556:
5553:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5279:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5121:Phonotephrite
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5026:Hyaloclastite
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4860:
4855:
4853:
4848:
4846:
4841:
4840:
4837:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4732:
4730:
4725:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4713:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4692:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4628:
4627:igneous rocks
4620:
4615:
4613:
4608:
4606:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4584:
4578:
4574:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4537:
4533:
4528:
4527:
4506:
4499:
4483:
4479:
4472:
4464:
4460:
4453:
4437:
4431:
4412:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4386:
4382:
4379:: 2278–2291.
4378:
4374:
4367:
4359:
4352:
4337:
4331:
4327:
4326:
4318:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4287:
4281:
4272:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4248:
4246:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4210:
4202:
4196:
4188:
4186:9788981641306
4182:
4178:
4177:
4170:
4156:on 2007-10-14
4155:
4151:
4145:
4137:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4104:
4090:
4083:
4075:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4056:
4048:
4042:
4038:
4037:
4029:
4021:
4015:
3997:
3990:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3952:
3946:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3887:
3873:on 2008-05-27
3869:
3865:
3861:
3854:
3851:(June 1956).
3850:
3844:
3829:
3823:
3808:
3804:
3798:
3784:
3780:
3773:
3754:
3748:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3715:
3713:9781107376649
3709:
3705:
3698:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3671:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3584:
3577:
3572:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3525:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3482:
3476:, p. 80.
3475:
3470:
3468:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3393:, p. 44.
3392:
3387:
3380:
3379:McBirney 1984
3375:
3367:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3338:
3331:
3326:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3179:
3171:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3079:
3072:
3067:
3059:
3057:9781292021539
3053:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3014:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2893:
2888:
2881:
2876:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2831:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2797:
2789:
2787:9788183564380
2783:
2779:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2707:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2596:on 2017-08-31
2595:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2572:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2502:
2500:9780521880060
2496:
2492:
2485:
2483:
2475:: 1–52. 1999.
2474:
2470:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2393:
2391:0-7167-2438-3
2387:
2383:
2376:
2362:on 2009-08-10
2361:
2357:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2304:
2298:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2059:Cornish coast
2056:
2052:
2051:Baffin Island
2048:
2044:
2043:Trango Towers
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:Rock climbing
1990:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1909:with a heavy
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1839:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1802:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1687:Ancient Egypt
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1667:Amenemhat III
1664:
1663:Black Pyramid
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1625:
1621:
1612:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1592:Ancient Egypt
1589:
1581:
1576:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1527:palaeochannel
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1455:podzolization
1452:
1451:acidification
1447:
1445:
1436:+ 2 K + 2 HCO
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:carbonic acid
1368:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1204:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1184:Granitization
1181:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1114:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1092:differentiate
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1058:oceanic crust
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
959:basement rock
956:
952:
945:
941:
937:
934:Granite with
932:
925:
924:Hiltaba Suite
922:(part of the
921:
917:
912:
905:
900:
893:
889:
884:
875:
873:
869:
865:
847:
845:
842:
841:
829:
827:
817:
816:
804:
802:
796:
795:
783:
781:
778:
777:
765:
763:
753:
752:
740:
738:
735:
734:
722:
720:
717:
716:
704:
702:
695:
694:
682:
680:
673:
672:
660:
658:
648:
647:
635:
633:
627:
626:
623:
615:
613:
608:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
580:
578:
574:
554:
550:
530:
526:
514:
503:
499:
491:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:syenogranites
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:granodiorites
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
389:
385:
382:and is often
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
323:
319:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
293:
284:
277:
273:
264:
258:
253:
249:
247:
246:leucogranites
243:
239:
235:
231:
230:
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
175:
171:
167:
166:
157:
127:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
96:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
44:
39:
36:
35:
30:
22:
6301:Felsic rocks
6171:Tuckpointing
6125:Straightedge
6059:Stone veneer
6004:
5875:Stonemasonry
5758:Luxullianite
5738:Lapis lazuli
5683:Blue Granite
5610:Serpentinite
5585:Metapsammite
5335:Conglomerate
5257:Trondhjemite
5235:Trachybasalt
5176:Pantellerite
5076:Monzogranite
5021:Hornblendite
5006:Granodiorite
5000:
4872:Igneous rock
4819:
4816:Microgranite
4815:
4810:
4803:Granodiorite
4793:
4782:Microdiorite
4776:
4759:
4745:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4719:
4687:Intermediate
4674:Intermediate
4572:
4553:
4531:
4509:. Retrieved
4498:
4486:. Retrieved
4481:
4471:
4463:the original
4452:
4440:. Retrieved
4430:
4418:. Retrieved
4411:the original
4406:
4393:
4376:
4372:
4366:
4357:
4351:
4339:. Retrieved
4324:
4317:
4306:. Retrieved
4302:
4293:
4280:
4261:
4257:
4219:
4215:
4209:
4195:
4175:
4169:
4158:. Retrieved
4154:the original
4144:
4117:
4113:
4103:
4092:. Retrieved
4082:
4062:
4055:
4035:
4028:
4003:. Retrieved
3989:
3980:
3967:
3955:. Retrieved
3945:
3900:
3896:
3886:
3875:. Retrieved
3868:the original
3843:
3832:. Retrieved
3822:
3811:. Retrieved
3807:the original
3797:
3786:. Retrieved
3782:
3772:
3760:. Retrieved
3747:
3735:. Retrieved
3731:
3722:
3703:
3697:
3685:. Retrieved
3679:
3676:"Hydrolysis"
3670:
3658:. Retrieved
3654:the original
3647:
3638:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3583:
3571:
3538:
3534:
3524:
3494:(B5): 9543.
3491:
3487:
3481:
3439:
3435:
3425:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3386:
3374:
3355:
3349:
3337:
3325:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3263:
3259:
3249:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3151:
3147:
3137:
3104:
3100:
3090:
3078:
3066:
3047:
3041:
2982:
2978:
2965:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2887:
2875:
2859:(1): 63–75.
2856:
2852:
2842:
2830:
2818:. Retrieved
2803:
2796:
2776:
2769:
2750:
2744:
2732:. Retrieved
2724:
2715:
2706:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2598:. Retrieved
2594:the original
2589:
2580:
2571:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2490:
2472:
2468:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2381:
2375:
2364:. Retrieved
2360:the original
2350:
2336:(2): 64–85.
2333:
2329:
2323:
2263:Luxullianite
2105:(background)
1996:
1973:
1941:
1934:of 1939–40.
1893:
1861:
1833:
1829:sandblasting
1826:
1811:
1807:
1761:
1743:
1735:Buddhist art
1720:
1712:Patrick Hunt
1617:
1596:
1585:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1539:
1524:
1480:Potassium-40
1473:
1448:
1441:
1365:
1355:
1329:
1324:
1314:
1299:
1275:
1259:
1255:room problem
1254:
1251:country rock
1249:shove aside
1247:
1227:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1201:metasomatism
1198:
1193:Thin section
1178:
1174:
1154:
1150:
1134:
1122:
1115:
1111:
1101:underplating
1077:
1073:
1069:intermediate
1035:
948:
940:Aride Island
890:, a granite
864:microgranite
863:
861:
621:
612:permeability
609:
605:
587:The average
586:
573:peraluminous
572:
563:> CaO + K
548:
529:metaluminous
528:
524:
482:
469:
462:monzogranite
455:
395:QAPF diagram
392:
369:
361:Petrographic
322:equigranular
294:
289:
276:QAPF diagram
262:
227:
223:
221:
177:igneous rock
125:
124:
34:Igneous rock
32:
6080:Bush hammer
6015:Lime mortar
5894:Rustication
5647:Whiteschist
5538:Greenschist
5518:Cataclasite
5508:Amphibolite
5435:Phosphorite
5385:Itacolumite
5310:Calcarenite
5156:Quartzolite
5091:Nephelinite
5061:Lamprophyre
5016:Harzburgite
4974:Napoleonite
4947:Charnockite
4942:Carbonatite
4932:Blairmorite
4895:Anorthosite
4511:29 December
4303:Geology.com
4264:: 149–179.
3783:www.epa.gov
2734:28 December
2251:Hypersolvus
2194:Granite in
2178:Granite in
2103:Eads Bridge
1979:Ailsa Craig
1890:Engineering
1872:New England
1856:Hämeenlinna
1655:sarcophagus
1620:Red Pyramid
1546:lung cancer
1520:sedimentary
1082:shows that
1080:island arcs
987:depressions
963:sedimentary
955:Precambrian
888:Cheesewring
549:peralkaline
451:quartzolite
419:plagioclase
345:porphyritic
337:phenocrysts
267:Description
189:plagioclase
68:Composition
6290:Categories
6234:Stone wall
6161:Repointing
6134:Techniques
5990:Fieldstone
5975:Cast stone
5929:Monumental
5813:Teschenite
5798:Shonkinite
5773:Pietersite
5768:Novaculite
5678:Borolanite
5663:Adamellite
5580:Metapelite
5548:Calcflinta
5513:Blueschist
5503:Anthracite
5485:Wackestone
5465:Travertine
5410:Lumachelle
5390:Jaspillite
5345:Diamictite
5267:Websterite
5252:Troctolite
5228:Benmoreite
5188:Shonkinite
5161:Rhyodacite
5141:Pyroxenite
5111:Peridotite
5071:Lherzolite
5046:Kimberlite
5036:Ignimbrite
5031:Icelandite
5011:Granophyre
4920:Shoshonite
4752:Peridotite
4648:Ultramafic
4488:3 December
4442:25 January
4420:3 December
4341:3 December
4335:0342278657
4308:2022-01-25
4160:2008-01-06
4094:2008-01-06
4005:2023-02-20
3877:2014-11-10
3834:2008-10-19
3813:2008-10-19
3788:2024-09-12
3365:0877353239
2820:10 October
2814:0444421165
2600:2017-08-27
2366:2010-05-09
2310:References
2099:riverfront
2063:Cairngorms
2007:Mont Blanc
1932:Winter War
1671:pyramidion
1580:Taivassalo
1516:limestones
1379:hydrolysis
1341:Weathering
1335:Weathering
1282:wall rocks
1215:melanosome
1210:migmatites
1195:of granite
1022:intrusions
1003:batholiths
979:bornhardts
944:Seychelles
894:in England
878:Occurrence
553:riebeckite
435:monzonites
423:petrologic
415:microcline
407:orthoclase
388:oligoclase
380:microcline
376:orthoclase
365:mineralogy
341:groundmass
333:hornblende
229:granitoids
217:batholiths
170:phaneritic
118:amphiboles
114:hornblende
6229:Sculpture
6218:Footstone
6214:Headstone
6181:Brickwork
6166:Scabbling
6146:Flushwork
6042:Sandstone
6020:Limestone
5995:Flagstone
5958:Materials
5939:Sculpture
5904:Dry stone
5828:Variolite
5818:Theralite
5808:Tachylite
5793:Rodingite
5763:Mangerite
5743:Larvikite
5728:Jasperoid
5723:Jadeitite
5688:Epidosite
5642:Tectonite
5635:Soapstone
5600:Quartzite
5570:Migmatite
5555:Itabirite
5533:Granulite
5475:Turbidite
5455:Sylvinite
5450:Siltstone
5440:Sandstone
5425:Oil shale
5405:Limestone
5380:Gritstone
5375:Greywacke
5370:Geyserite
5360:Evaporite
5350:Diatomite
5325:Claystone
5290:Argillite
5203:Tachylyte
5171:Comendite
5116:Phonolite
5106:Pegmatite
5081:Monzonite
5056:Lamproite
5051:Komatiite
4991:Foidolite
4952:Enderbite
4915:Mugearite
4484:. Dotdash
4136:2611-3295
3957:7 January
3630:120776326
3563:129958999
3442:: 46–73.
3206:128878481
3170:128395509
3129:128541930
2957:128993656
2725:OpenLearn
2423:CiteSeerX
2315:Citations
2286:Subsolvus
2140:Half Dome
2126:Patagonia
2096:St. Louis
2055:Ogawayama
2047:Patagonia
2039:Karakoram
2031:Bregaglia
1952:Australia
1911:aggregate
1895:Engineers
1882:, to the
1858:, Finland
1842:Buildings
1741:in 1995.
1723:Seokguram
1707:Egyptians
1643:limestone
1606:Antiquity
1582:, Finland
1535:sediments
1502:(ppm) of
1476:radiation
1458:with the
1383:kaolinite
1290:intrusion
1223:granulite
1219:leucosome
1158:zirconium
1141:xenoliths
1096:cumulates
1075:granite.
1065:sediments
1026:pegmatite
1001:) and in
904:Huangshan
868:extrusive
597:viscosity
577:muscovite
474:potassium
443:tonalites
384:perthitic
353:Granitoid
315:amphibole
242:amphibole
174:intrusive
106:muscovite
101:Secondary
61:amphibole
59:, and/or
6197:Products
6151:Knapping
5944:Slipform
5803:Taconite
5778:Pyrolite
5703:Ganister
5673:Aphanite
5668:Appinite
5590:Phyllite
5575:Mylonite
5543:Hornfels
5523:Eclogite
5420:Mudstone
5395:Laterite
5355:Dolomite
5272:Wehrlite
5247:Trachyte
5240:Hawaiite
5218:Tonalite
5213:Tephrite
5166:Rhyolite
5131:Porphyry
5101:Obsidian
4986:Essexite
4937:Boninite
4927:Basanite
4885:Andesite
4812:Rhyolite
4778:Andesite
4707:>69%
4651:<45%
4552:(2005).
4407:Infantry
4299:"Gabbro"
4014:cite web
3937:16591014
3762:23 March
3737:23 March
3516:19470906
3405:Elements
3013:Archived
3008:33503865
2659:: 81–94.
2563:24532555
2445:28548230
2232:See also
2166:, Sweden
2025:and the
2003:Bugaboos
1983:Scotland
1944:pavement
1907:concrete
1868:Aberdeen
1822:Frogmore
1814:Aberdeen
1731:Bulguksa
1727:Buddhist
1689:include
1570:Industry
1496:syenites
1301:Fracture
1278:buoyancy
1166:tantalum
1061:subducts
1056:, where
1052:between
1046:basaltic
1010:mountain
1007:orogenic
995:hornfels
967:Outcrops
872:rhyolite
470:two-mica
431:syenites
411:sanidine
349:porphyry
318:minerals
303:feldspar
6296:Granite
6141:Flaming
6005:Granite
5949:Snecked
5914:Masonry
5899:Carving
5823:Unakite
5753:Llanite
5718:Ijolite
5693:Felsite
5625:Suevite
5460:Tillite
5400:Lignite
5340:Coquina
5305:Breccia
5198:Syenite
5126:Picrite
5041:Ijolite
5001:Granite
4969:Diorite
4964:Diabase
4880:Adakite
4820:Granite
4786:Diorite
4694:63–69%
4677:52–63%
4664:45–52%
4633:content
4625:Common
4236:3632277
3905:Bibcode
3687:10 July
3660:10 July
3610:Bibcode
3543:Bibcode
3496:Bibcode
3444:Bibcode
3305:Bibcode
3268:Bibcode
3229:Bibcode
3109:Bibcode
2987:Bibcode
2937:Bibcode
2684:Bibcode
2590:EduMine
2524:Bibcode
2516:Geology
2415:Bibcode
2245:Greisen
2164:Lysekil
2123:Chilean
2121:in the
2094:on the
2077:Gallery
2035:Corsica
2029:), the
1975:Curling
1749:Tanjore
1695:lintels
1693:, door
1691:columns
1683:Dahshur
1651:2580 BC
1552:Thorium
1512:diorite
1504:uranium
1464:Ultisol
1392:2 KAlSi
1321:caldera
1317:stoping
1294:ductile
1264:Stokes
1162:niobium
1018:aplites
983:massifs
916:Hiltaba
906:, China
589:density
329:biotite
126:Granite
110:biotite
83:Primary
57:biotite
27:Granite
6224:Mosaic
6204:Castle
6176:Veneer
6105:Trowel
6090:Chisel
6037:Mortar
6025:Marble
6000:Gabion
5934:Rubble
5889:Ashlar
5733:Kenyte
5708:Gossan
5605:Schist
5565:Marble
5528:Gneiss
5430:Oolite
5295:Arkose
5193:Sovite
5183:Scoria
5136:Pumice
5096:Norite
5066:Latite
4996:Gabbro
4981:Dunite
4959:Dacite
4905:Basalt
4900:Aplite
4795:Dacite
4769:Gabbro
4761:Basalt
4704:Felsic
4691:felsic
4579:
4560:
4538:
4332:
4234:
4183:
4134:
4070:
4043:
3935:
3928:221093
3925:
3710:
3628:
3561:
3514:
3362:
3204:
3168:
3127:
3054:
3005:
2955:
2811:
2784:
2757:
2561:
2497:
2443:
2425:
2388:
2220:Amélie
2061:, the
2057:, the
2021:, the
2017:, the
2013:, the
2005:, the
2001:, the
1948:Sydney
1938:Paving
1836:gabbro
1791:Modern
1772:spolia
1768:Giglio
1755:. The
1508:gabbro
1412:O → Al
1266:diapir
1168:, and
1118:I-type
1038:felsic
1032:Origin
999:stocks
936:quartz
866:. The
855:
848:0.05%
837:
830:0.12%
812:
805:0.30%
791:
784:0.71%
773:
766:1.22%
748:
741:1.68%
730:
723:1.82%
712:
705:3.69%
690:
683:4.12%
668:
643:
567:O + Na
543:O + Na
539:< K
525:normal
519:O + Na
515:> K
417:) and
403:quartz
325:matrix
313:, and
307:quartz
295:granum
197:silica
187:, and
181:quartz
116:-type
112:, and
95:quartz
93:, and
77:Felsic
53:quartz
6186:Wythe
6068:Tools
6054:Slate
6030:Types
6010:Grout
5970:Brick
5882:Types
5698:Flint
5620:Slate
5615:Skarn
5480:Varve
5445:Shale
5365:Flint
5320:Chert
5315:Chalk
4661:Mafic
4414:(PDF)
4403:(PDF)
4232:JSTOR
3999:(PDF)
3977:(PDF)
3871:(PDF)
3856:(PDF)
3756:(PDF)
3626:S2CID
3559:S2CID
3512:S2CID
3202:S2CID
3166:S2CID
3125:S2CID
3016:(PDF)
3003:S2CID
2975:(PDF)
2953:S2CID
2559:JSTOR
2465:(PDF)
2441:S2CID
2196:Paarl
2148:arête
2092:setts
1903:plane
1753:India
1716:emery
1703:jambs
1699:sills
1681:(see
1679:Cairo
1659:Aswan
1624:Egypt
1542:radon
1482:is a
1460:Cecil
1428:+ 4 H
1408:+ 9 H
1400:+ 2 H
1375:alter
1310:fault
1306:dykes
1137:micas
1042:crust
1014:dikes
975:domes
665:14.42
640:72.04
599:near
504:>
478:below
466:micas
413:, or
357:field
292:Latin
226:, or
213:dikes
193:magma
6047:List
5470:Tufa
5415:Marl
5330:Coal
5262:Tuff
4644:Type
4577:ISBN
4558:ISBN
4536:ISBN
4513:2022
4490:2020
4444:2022
4422:2020
4343:2020
4330:ISBN
4181:ISBN
4132:ISSN
4068:ISBN
4041:ISBN
4020:link
3959:2020
3933:PMID
3764:2022
3739:2022
3708:ISBN
3689:2014
3662:2014
3360:ISBN
3052:ISBN
2822:2020
2809:ISBN
2782:ISBN
2755:ISBN
2736:2021
2495:ISBN
2386:ISBN
1916:CMMs
1850:The
1766:and
1764:Elba
1721:The
1649:(c.
1618:The
1601:Uses
1518:and
1510:and
1494:and
1453:and
1424:(OH)
1387:grus
1350:Grus
971:tors
886:The
852:0.05
834:0.12
788:0.71
770:1.22
745:1.68
727:1.82
709:3.69
687:4.12
370:The
311:mica
238:mica
199:and
163:GRAN
5833:Wad
4709:SiO
4696:SiO
4679:SiO
4666:SiO
4653:SiO
4381:doi
4377:112
4266:doi
4224:doi
4122:doi
3923:PMC
3913:doi
3618:doi
3606:310
3551:doi
3539:155
3504:doi
3452:doi
3440:145
3413:doi
3313:doi
3276:doi
3237:doi
3194:doi
3156:doi
3117:doi
2995:doi
2945:doi
2861:doi
2692:doi
2628:doi
2532:doi
2433:doi
2411:148
2338:doi
1981:in
1854:in
1677:in
1622:of
1432:SiO
1145:tin
993:or
977:or
892:tor
844:MnO
809:0.3
798:TiO
780:MgO
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