Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant

2784: 2152:, for the establishment of a park at the headwaters of the Yellowstone River. Hayden's influence on Congress is readily apparent when examining the detailed information contained in the report of the House Committee on Public Lands: "The bill now before Congress has for its objective the withdrawal from settlement, occupancy, or sale, under the laws of the United States a tract of land fifty-five by sixty-five miles, about the sources of the Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers, and dedicates and sets apart as a great national park or pleasure-ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people." When the bill was presented to Congress, the bill's chief supporters, ably prepared by Langford, Hayden and Jay Cooke, convinced their colleagues that the region's real value was as a park area, to be preserved in its natural state. The bill was approved by a comfortable margin in the Senate on January 30, 1872, and by the House on February 27. 1832:, arrived in Washington, D.C., and met Grant at the White House for a bountiful state dinner on May 7, 1870. Red Cloud, at a previous meeting with Secretary Cox and Commissioner Parker, complained that promised rations and arms for hunting had not been delivered. Afterward, Grant and Cox lobbied Congress for the promised supplies and rations. Congress responded and on July 15, 1870, Grant signed the Indian Appropriations Act into law that appropriated the tribal monies. Two days after Spotted Tail urged the Grant administration to keep white settlers from invading Native reservation land, Grant ordered all Generals in the West to "keep intruders off by military force if necessary". In 1871, Grant signed another Indian Appropriations Act that ended the governmental policy of treating tribes as independent sovereign nations. Natives would be treated as individuals or 2180:

the slaughtered buffalo. Native Americans protested at the "wanton destruction" of their food supply. Between 1872 in 1874, the buffalo herd south of the Platte River yielded 4.4 million kills by white hunters, and about 1 million animals killed by Indians. Popular concern for the destruction of the buffalo mounted, and a bill in Congress was passed, HR 921, that would have made buffalo hunting illegal for whites. Taking advice from Secretary Delano, Grant chose to pocket-veto the bill, believing that the demise of the buffalo would reduce Indian wars and force tribes to stay on their respected reservations and to adopt an agricultural lifestyle rather than roaming the plains and hunting buffalo. Ranchers wanted the buffalo gone to open pasture land for their cattle herds. With the buffalo food supply lowered, Native Americans were forced to stay on reservations.

895:(1867) repealed, stating it was a "stride toward a revolution in our free system". The law prevented the president from removing executive officers without Senate approval. Grant believed it was a major curtailment to presidential power. To bolster the repeal effort, Grant declined to make any new appointments except for vacancies, until the law was overturned. On March 9, 1869, the House repealed the law outright, but the Senate Judiciary Committee rejected the bill and only offered Grant a temporary suspension of the law. When Grant objected, the Senate Republican caucus met and proposed allowing the president to have a free hand in choosing and removing his cabinet. The Senate Judiciary Committee wrote the new bill. A muddled compromise was reached by the House and Senate. Grant signed the bill into law on April 5, having gotten virtually everything he wanted. 627: 3526: 1491:

turned a blind eye to this violation of American neutrality. In 1869, Grant was urged by popular opinion to support rebels in Cuba with military assistance and to give them U.S. diplomatic recognition. Fish, however, wanted stability and favored the Spanish government, without publicly challenging the popular anti-Spanish American viewpoint. They reassured European governments that the U.S. did not want to annex Cuba. Grant and Fish gave lip service to Cuban independence, called for an end to slavery in Cuba, and quietly opposed American military intervention. Fish worked diligently against popular pressure, and was able to keep Grant from officially recognizing Cuban independence because it would have endangered negotiations with Britain over the

2563:. Massive fraud characterized the election, but Baxter was declared the winner and took office. Brooks never gave up; finally, in 1874, a local judge ruled Brooks was entitled to the office and swore him in. Both sides mobilized militia units, and rioting and fighting bloodied the streets. Speculation swirled as to who President Grant would side with – either Baxter or Brooks. Grant delayed, requesting a joint session of the Arkansas government to figure out peacefully who would be the Governor, but Baxter refused to participate. On May 15, 1874, Grant issued a Proclamation that Baxter was the legitimate Governor of Arkansas, and hostilities ceased. In the fall of 1874 the people of Arkansas voted out Baxter, and Republicans and the 3563:

110 convictions, and $ 3,000,000 in tax revenues that were returned to the Treasury Department. Bristow and Pierrpont brought evidence to Grant of Babcock's involvement. Grant asked Babcock with Bristow and Pierrepont in attendance at the White House about the evidence. Babcock gave Grant an explanation that the evidence did not concern the Ring, and Grant quietly accepted Babcock's words at face value. During the prosecution of the Whiskey Ring leaders, Grant testified on behalf of his friend Babcock. As a result, Babcock was acquitted. However, the deposition by Grant was a great embarrassment to his reputation. The Babcock trial turned into an impeachment trial against the President by Grant's political opponents.

1388:, headed by Sumner, recommended against treaty passage. Sumner, the leading spokesman for African American civil rights, believed that annexation would be enormously expensive and involve the U.S. in an ongoing civil war, and would threaten the independence of Haiti and the West Indies, thereby blocking black political progress. On May 31, 1870, Grant went before Congress and urged passage of the Dominican annexation treaty. Strongly opposed to ratification, Sumner successfully led the opposition in the Senate. On June 30, 1870, the Santo Domingo annexation treaty failed to pass the Senate; 28 votes in favor of the treaty and 28 votes against. Grant's cabinet was divided over the Santo Domingo annexation attempt, and 937:, or previous condition of servitude." On December 24, 1869, Grant established federal military rule in Georgia and restored black legislators who had been expelled from the state legislature. On February 3, 1870, the amendment reached the requisite number of state ratifications (then 27) and was certified as the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Grant hailed its ratification as "a measure of grander importance than any other one act of the kind from the foundation of our free government to the present day". By mid-1870 former Confederate states: Virginia, Texas, Mississippi, and Georgia had ratified the 15th Amendment and were readmitted to the Union. 2252: 452: 3538: 804: 2343: 1417:, an African American civil rights activist, as one of the Commissioners who voyaged to the Dominican Republic. Returning to the United States after several months, the Commission in April 1871, issued a report that stated the Dominican people desired annexation and that the island would be beneficial to the United States. To celebrate the Commission's return, Grant invited the Commissioners to the White House, except Frederick Douglass. African American leaders were upset, and the issue of Douglass not being invited to the White House dinner was brought up during the 1872 presidential election by 1976:

themselves and practice military drilling. By the Fourth of July, 1871 Mormon militia in Salt Lake City, Utah were on the verge of fighting territorial troops; in the end, violence was averted. Grant, however, who believed Utah was in a state of rebellion was determined to arrest those who practiced polygamy outlawed under the Morrill Act. In October 1871 hundreds of Mormons were rounded up by U.S. marshals, put in a prison camp, arrested, and put on trial for polygamy. One convicted polygamist received a $ 500 fine and three years in prison under hard labor. On November 20, 1871, Mormon leader

37: 1794: 1952: 1472:, while the treaty negotiations were taking place. The investigation had initially been called to settle a dispute between an American businessman Davis Hatch against the United States government. Báez had imprisoned Hatch without trial for his opposition to the Báez government. Hatch had claimed that the United States had failed to protect him from imprisonment. The majority Congressional report dismissed Hatch's claim and exonerated both Babcock and Ingalls. The Hatch incident, however, kept certain Senators from being enthusiastic about ratifying the treaty. 2668:, and the escaped Republicans were removed from the hallways of the state building. However, Governor Kellogg then requested that Trobriand reseat the Republicans. Trobriand returned to the Statehouse and used bayonets to force the Democrats out of the building. The Republicans then organized their own house with their own speakers all being protected by the Federal Army. Sheridan, who had annexed the Department of the Gulf to his command at 9:00 p.m., claimed that the federal troops were being neutral since they had also protected the Democrats earlier. 2156:

Yellowstone Act prohibited fish and game, including buffalo, from "wanton destruction" within the confines of the park. However, Congress did not appropriate funds or legislation for the enforcement against poaching; as a result, Secretary Delano could not hire people to aid tourists or protect Yellowstone from encroachment. By the 1880s buffalo herds dwindled to only a few hundred, a majority found mostly in Yellowstone National Park. As the Indian wars ended, Congress appropriated money and enforcement legislation in 1894, signed into law by President

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meant to be an American and partly in order to live down General Orders No. 11, Grant consciously worked to assist Jews and secure them equality. ... Through his appointments and policies, Grant rejected calls for a 'Christian nation' and embraced Jews as insiders in America, part of 'we the people.' During his administration, Jews achieved heightened status on the national scene, anti-Jewish prejudice declined, and Jews looked forward optimistically to a liberal epoch characterized by sensitivity to human rights and interreligious cooperation.

4223: 1396: 2760:. Blacks and whites both opened fire; six whites and one black were killed. Grant, upset over the Ellenton and Cainhoy riots, finally declared a Presidential Proclamation on October 17, 1876, and ordered all persons, within 3 days, to cease their lawless activities and disperse to their homes. A total of 1,144 federal infantrymen were sent into South Carolina, and the violence stopped; election day was quiet. Both Hampton and Chamberlain claimed victory, and for a while both acted as governor; Hampton took the office in 1877 after President 1268: 1521: 2913: 3280:(1830–1893) proposed the amendment to the federal Constitution. Blaine, who actively sought Catholic votes when he ran for president in 1884, believed that possibility of hurtful agitation on the school question should be ended. In 1875, the proposed amendment passed by a vote of 180 to 7 in the House of Representatives, but failed by four votes to achieve the necessary two-thirds vote in the Senate. Nothing like it ever became federal legislation. However, many states did adopt similar amendments to their state constitution. 2020: 7063: 1980:, in ill health, had been charged with polygamy. Young's attorney stated that Young had no intention to flee the court. Other persons during the polygamy shutdown were charged with murder or intent to kill. The Morrill Act, however, proved hard to enforce since proof of marriage was required for conviction. Grant personally found polygamy morally offensive. On December 4, 1871, Grant said polygamists in Utah were "a remnant of barbarism, repugnant to civilization, to decency, and to the laws of the United States." 446: 2712: 2513:. Two months later each candidate was sworn in as governor on January 13, 1873. A federal judge ruled that Kellogg was the rightful winner of the election and ordered him and the Republican-based majority to be seated. The White League supported McEnery and prepared to use military force to remove Kellogg from office. Grant ordered troops to enforce the court order and protect Kellogg. On March 4, Federal troops under a flag of truce and Kellogg's state militia defeated McEnery's fusionist party's insurrection. 1072:, who was mired in corruption charges, allowed the Klan to rise to power. Grant, who was fed up with their violent tactics, ordered the Ku Klux Klan to disperse from South Carolina and lay down their arms under the authority of the Enforcement Acts on October 12, 1871. There was no response, and so on October 17, 1871, Grant issued a suspension of habeas corpus in all 9 counties in South Carolina. Grant ordered federal troops in the state who then captured the Klan, who were vigorously prosecuted by Att. Gen. 4236: 3589:, after Custer had testified at a Congressional committee one month before against Grant's brother Orville and Sec. Belknap. There had been rumors Custer had talked with the press concerning the Indian post profiteering. Custer personally went to the White House to clear matters up with the President. However, Grant refused to see him three times. When Custer left Washington on May 3 to return to Fort Lincoln, he had been removed from overall command by Grant and denied any participation of the 1624:. On August 25, 1872, the Tribunal awarded the United States $ 15.5 million in gold; $ 1.9 million was awarded to Great Britain. Historian Amos Elwood Corning noted that the Treaty of Washington and arbitration "bequeathed to the world a priceless legacy". In addition to the $ 15.5 million arbitration award, the treaty resolved some disputes over borders and fishing rights. On October 21, 1872, William I, Emperor of Germany, settled a boundary dispute in favor of the United States. 1344: 2929:, flying the American flag carrying war materials and men to aid the Cuban insurrection (in violation of American and Spanish law) was intercepted and taken to Cuba. After a hasty trial, the local Spanish officials executed 53 would-be insurgents, eight of whom were United States citizens; orders from Madrid to delay the executions arrived too late. War scares erupted in both the U.S. and Spain, heightened by the bellicose dispatches from the American minister in Madrid, retired general 3230:. Two months after Custer's death Grant castigated him in the press, saying "I regard Custer's massacre as a sacrifice of troops, brought on by Custer himself, that was wholly unnecessary – wholly unnecessary." As the nation was shocked by the death of Custer, Grant's peace policy became militaristic; Congress appropriated funds for 2,500 more troops, two more forts were constructed, the army took over the Indian agencies and Indians were barred from purchasing rifles and ammunition. 141: 2833: 2876:. This act provided that paper money in circulation would be exchanged for gold specie and silver coins and would be effective January 1, 1879. The act also implemented that gradual steps would be taken to reduce the number of greenbacks in circulation. At that time there were "paper coin" currency worth less than $ 1.00, and these would be exchanged for silver coins. Its effect was to stabilize the currency and make the consumers money as "good as gold". In an age without a 1264:. They had to cooperate to get a treaty ratified. When Sumner stopped Grant's plan to annex Santo Domingo, Grant had his vengeance by systematically destroying Sumner's power and ending his career. Historians have high regard for the diplomatic professionalism, independence, and good judgment of Hamilton Fish. The main issues involved Britain, Canada, Santo Domingo, Cuba, and Spain. Worldwide, it was a peaceful era, with no major wars directly affecting the United States. 2756:. During the massacre, state representative Simon Coker was killed. On October 7, Governor Chamberlain declared martial law and told all the "rifle club" members to put down their weapons. In the meantime, Wade Hampton never ceased to remind Chamberlain that he did not rule South Carolina. Out of desperation, Chamberlain wrote to Grant and asked for federal intervention. The "Cainhoy riot" took place on October 15 when Republicans held a rally at "Brick Church" outside 2169: 819:"calmly, without prejudice, hate, or sectional pride; remembering that the greatest good for the greatest number is the object to be obtained." Second, Grant spoke on the nation's financial situation, advocating "a return to a specie basis." Third, Grant spoke on foreign policy, advocating Americans be respected with equality worldwide. Fourth, Grant advocated the passage of the 15th Amendment, that blacks, or former slaves, receive the constitutional right to vote. 2383: 756: 2439:

12,000 marchers who participated, including several units of African American soldiers. At the inaugural ball there were some 6,000 people in attendance. Great care was taken to ensure that Grant's inaugural ball would be in spacious quarters and would feature an elegant assortment of appetizers, food, and champagne. A large temporary wooden building was constructed at Judiciary Square to accommodate the event. Grant arrived around 11:30pm and the dancing began.

3265:, pure morals, unfettered religious sentiments, and of equal rights and privileges to all men, irrespective of nationality, color, or religion." In regard to public education, Grant endorsed that every child should receive "the opportunity of a good common school education, unmixed with sectarian, pagan, or atheist tenets. Leave the matter of religion to the family altar, the church, and the private schools... Keep the church and the state forever separate." 13052: 12388: 2052:, that would give women federal workers equal pay for equal work. Two years later Grant signed a modified Senate version of the Arnell Bill into law. The law required that all federal female clerks would be paid the fully compensated salary; however, lower tiered female clerks were exempted. The law increased women's clerk salaries from 4% to 20% during the 1870s; however, the culture of patronage and patriarchy continued. To placate the burgeoning 3718:, practiced by Grant, was unrestrained with almost forty family members or relatives who financially benefited from government appointments or employment. His associations with these scandals have tarnished his personal reputation while president and afterward. Despite the scandals, by the end of Grant's second term the corruption in the Departments of Interior (1875), Treasury (1874), and Justice (1875) were cleaned up by his new cabinet members. 2517: 11484: 2065: 3301:, that he had been deceived concerning the Mormons. However, on December 7, 1875, after his return to Washington, Grant wrote to Congress in his seventh annual State of the Union address that as "an institution polygamy should be banished from the land…" Grant believed that polygamy negatively affected children and women. Grant advocated that a second law, stronger than the Morrill Act, be passed to "punish so flagrant a crime against 2220:. The temporary Commission recommended administering competitive exams and issuing regulations on the hiring and promotion of government employees. Grant ordered their recommendations in effect in 1872; having lasted for two years until December 1874. At the New York Custom House, a port that took in hundreds of millions of dollars a year in revenue, applicants for an entry position now had to pass a written civil service examination. 13062: 11472: 2415: 2611: 1639: 1720: 3210:

put the defeated Sioux on the reservation. On August 15, 1876, President Grant signed a proviso giving the Sioux nation $ 1,000,000 in rations, while the Sioux relinquished all rights to the Black Hills, except for a 40-mile land tract west of the 103rd meridian. On August 28, a seven-man committee, appointed by Grant, gave additional harsh stipulations for the Sioux in order to receive government assistance.

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penetrate the main hotbed of KKK activity in upstate South Carolina. Grant sent in Army troops, but Whitley's agents learned they were lying below until the troops were withdrawn. Whitley warned Akerman, who convinced Grant to declare martial law and send in US marshals backed by federal troops to arrest 500 Klansmen; hundreds more fled the state, and hundreds of others surrendered in return for leniency.

166: 3432:. Grant, however, often remained loyal to cabinet members or appointees involved in corruption or mismanagement, refusing to believe in their guilt. The Democrats along with the Liberal Republicans had gained control of the House of Representatives and held many Committee meetings to stop political graft. The Emma Silver mine was a minor embarrassment associated with American Ambassador to Britain, 1593: 3659:. Results were split. Tilden received 51% of the popular vote; Hayes 48%; many black Republicans were not allowed to vote, however. Twenty key electoral votes remained undecided and in dispute. Both Republicans and Democrats claimed victory and the threat of a second civil war was eminent. Grant was watchful; encouraged Congress to settle the election by commission; and determined to keep a 2532:. Kellogg's two appointees had seized control of the Court House on March 25 with the aid and protection of black state militia troops. Then on April 13, White League forces attacked the courthouse and massacred 50 black militiamen who had been captured. A total of 105 blacks were killed trying to defend the Colfax courthouse for Governor Kellogg. On April 21, Grant sent in the U.S. 2607:, based in Louisiana for this regional territory, dispatched federal troops, who reinstated Crosby as sheriff and restored the peace. When questioned about the matter, Governor Ames denied that he had told Crosby to use African American militia. On June 7, 1875, Crosby was shot to death by a white deputy while drinking in a bar. The origins of the shooting remained a mystery. 1909:. In another setback, William Welsh, a prominent merchant, prosecuted the Bureau in a Congressional investigation over malfeasance. Although Parker was exonerated, legislation passed in Congress that authorized the board to approve goods and services payments by vouchers from the Bureau. Parker resigned from office, and Grant replaced Parker with reformer Francis A. Walker. 1790:. Public outcry increased when General Sheridan defended Baker's actions. On July 15, 1870, Grant signed Congressional legislation that barred military officers from holding either elected or appointed office or suffering dismissal from the Army. In December 1870, Grant submitted to Congress the names of the new appointees, most of whom were confirmed by the Senate. 3775:. Historian Joan Waugh said Grant took steps where a few other presidents attempted "in the areas of Native American policy, civil service reform, and African American rights." Waugh said Grant "executed a successful foreign policy and was responsible for improving Anglo-American relations." Interest in his presidency has also increased by historians, that included 2473:, the leader in promoting civil rights, was shattered by the Senator's opposition to Grant's plan to acquire Santo Domingo by treaty. Grant retaliated, firing men Sumner had recommended and having allies strip Sumner of his chairmanship of the Foreign Relations Committee. Sumner joined the Liberal Republican movement in 1872 to fight Grant's reelection. 984:, in December 1871, continued to prosecute the Klan throughout 1872 until the Spring of 1873 during Grant's second term in office. Williams' clemency and moratorium on Klan prosecutions was due in part to the fact that the Justice Department, having been inundated by Klan outrage cases, did not have the effective manpower to continue the prosecutions. 3492:. Delano had allowed "Indian Attorneys" who were paid by Native American tribes $ 8.00 a day plus food and travel expenses for sham representation in Washington. Delano exempted his department from Grant's civil service reform implementation in federal offices. Delano told Grant the Interior Department was too large to implement civil service reform. 1173:, and revitalized tax collections to hasten the collection of revenue. These changes soon led the Treasury to have a monthly surplus. By May 1869, Boutwell reduced the national debt by $ 12 million. By September the national debt was reduced by $ 50 million, which was achieved by selling the growing gold surplus at weekly auctions for 1774:. The commission monitored purchases and began to inspect Native agencies. It attributed much of the trouble in Native country to the encroachment of whites. The board approved of the destruction of Native culture. The Natives were to be instructed in Christianity, agriculture, representative government, and assimilated on reservations. 551:. He relied heavily on former Army associates, who had a thin understanding of politics and a weak sense of civilian ethics. Numerous scandals plagued his administration, including allegations of bribery, fraud, and cronyism. Grant did respond to corruption charges. At times, he appointed reformers, such as for the prosecution of the 1371:. To keep the island nation and Báez secure in power, Grant ordered naval ships to secure the island from invasion and internal insurrection. Báez signed an annexation treaty on November 19, 1869. Secretary Fish drew up a final draft of the proposal and offered $ 1.5 million to the Dominican national debt, the annexation of 3382:. The Republicans were divided on the currency issue. Grant, who with hard money Northeastern Republicans, vetoed an inflation bill. Grant was blamed for the nation's problems, while he was accused of wanting a third term. Grant never officially campaigned, but traveled West, to emphasize his relatively popular Indian policy. 3269:

an obsessive nativist. He expressed his resentment of immigrants and animus toward Catholicism only rarely. But these sentiments reveal themselves frequently enough in his writings and major actions as general....In the 1850s he joined a Know Nothing lodge and irrationally blamed immigrants for setbacks in his career."

3393:. The Democrats won the U.S. House, gaining 182 seats, while the Republicans retained 103 seats. The Republicans retained control of the Senate, but the new class included 14 Democrats and 11 Republicans. The Democratic Party also had strong victories in New Jersey, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Missouri, and Illinois. 3730:

heavily in 1874. Grant's financial policies favored Wall Street, but his term ended with the nation mired in a deep economic depression that Grant could not comprehend or deal with. Revisionist historians during the first half of the twentieth century have tended to prop up a romantic view of the Confederacy and the

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the necessity of such a significant workforce and accept their civil rights. Grant believed the island country would increase exports and lower the trade deficit. He hoped that U.S. ownership of the island would push Spain to abolish slavery in Cuba and Puerto Rico, and perhaps Brazil as well. On March 15, 1870, the

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the following controversial election in November, passions rose high, and violence mixed with fraud were rampant; the state of affairs in New Orleans was becoming out of control. The results were that 53 Republicans and 53 Democrats were elected with 5 remaining seats to be decided by the legislature.

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city government elected White reform party candidates consisting of Republicans and Democrats. They promised to lower city spending and taxes. Despite such intentions, the reform movement turned racist when the new White city officials went after the county government, which had a majority of African

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The second inauguration of Ulysses Grant's presidency was held on Tuesday, March 4, 1873, commencing the second four-year term of his presidency. Subsequently, the inaugural ball ended early when the food froze. Departing from the White House, a parade escorted Grant down the newly paved Pennsylvania

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put in place examinations in their respected departments advocated by reformers. Grant and all reformers agreed that the prevailing system of appointments was unsound, for it maximized party advantage and minimized efficiency and the nonpartisan interest of good government. Historian John Simon says

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in all U.S. Territories. Mormons who practiced polygamy in Utah, for the most part, resisted the Morrill law and the territorial governor. During the 1868 election, Grant had mentioned he would enforce the law against polygamy. Tensions began as early as 1870, when Mormons in Ogden, Utah began to arm

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Hamilton Fish (1808 – 1893) was a wealthy New Yorker of Dutch descent who served as Governor of New York (1849 to 1850), and United States Senator (1851 to 1857). Historians emphasize his judiciousness and efforts towards reform and diplomatic moderation. Fish settled the controversial

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During the first two years of the Grant administration with George Boutwell at the Treasury helm expenditures had been reduced to $ 292 million in 1871 – down from $ 322 million in 1869. The cost of collecting taxes fell to 3.11% in 1871. Grant reduced the number of employees working in the

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On May 19, 1869, Grant protected the wages of those working for the U.S. Government. In 1868, a law was passed that reduced the government working day to 8 hours; however, much of the law was later repealed allowing day wages to also be reduced. To protect workers Grant signed an executive order that

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Around the World with General Grant: A Narrative of the Visit of General U.S. Grant, Ex-president of the United States, to Various Countries in Europe, Asia, and Africa, in 1877, 1878, 1879. To which are Added Certain Conversations with General Grant on Questions Connected with American Politics and

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helped give him popularity in the South. Although he kept civil rights on the political agenda, the Republican party at the end of Grant's second term shifted to pursuing conservative fiscal policies. His weak response to the Panic of 1873 hurt the economy and seriously damaged his party, which lost

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civil rights. Grant had urged the passing of the 15th Amendment and signed into law the Civil Rights Bill of 1875 that gave all citizens access to places of public enterprise. He leaned heavily toward the Radical camp and often sided with their Reconstruction policies, signing into law Force Acts to

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Grant's presidency has traditionally been viewed by historians as incompetent and full of corruption. An examination of his presidency reveals Grant had both successes and failures during his two terms in office. In recent years historians have elevated his presidential rating because of his support

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resistance collapsed. The North disapproved of Grant's federal intervention into the election. Republican representation dropped by 60 percent. Racism in both the North and South caused the rejection of Reconstruction. In his December 1874 annual message to Congress, Grant condemned violence against

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met the Sioux at the Battle of Little Big Horn and part of his command was slaughtered. Approximately 253 federal soldiers and civilians were killed compared to 40 Indians. Custer's death and the Battle of Little Big Horn shocked the nation. Sheridan avenged Custer, pacified the northern Plains, and

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Between 1868 and 1873, the American economy was robust, primarily caused by railroad building, manufacturing expansion, and thriving agriculture production. Financial debt, however, particularly in railroad investment, spread throughout both the private and federal sectors. The market began to break

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in to keep law and order in the state. Sheridan had arrived in New Orleans a few days before the January 4, 1875, legislature opening meeting. At the convention the Democrats again with military force took control of the state building out of Republican hands. Initially, the Democrats were protected

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militia and 400 Metropolitan police, made a counterattack on the 8,000 White League troops. Consisting of former Confederate soldiers, the experienced White League troops routed Longstreet's army. On September 17, Grant sent in Federal troops, and they restored the government back to Kellogg. During

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Civil Service Reform rests entirely with Congress. If members will give up claiming patronage, that will be a step gained. But there is an immense amount of human nature in the members of Congress, and it is human nature to seek power and use it to help friends. You cannot call it corruption – it is

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Early on Grant met with tribal chiefs of the Choctaw, Creek, Cherokee, and Chickasaw nations who expressed interest to teach "wild" Natives outside their own settled districts farming skills. Grant told the Native chiefs that American settlement would lead to inevitable conflict, but that the "march

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of Indiana, giving in to Fish's demands that Cuba rebels be rejected, and moving his Southern patronage from the radical blacks and carpetbaggers who were allied with Sumner to more moderate Republicans. This set the stage for the Liberal Republican revolt of 1872 when Sumner and his allies publicly

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Grant was determined to keep the Dominican Republic treaty in the public debate, mentioning Dominican Republic annexation in his December 1870 State of the Union Address. Grant was able to get Congress in January 1871 to create a special Commission to investigate the island. Senator Sumner continued

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Not only did Grant believe that the island would be of strategic value to the Navy, particularly Samaná Bay, but also he sought to use it as a bargaining chip in domestic affairs. By providing a haven for the freedmen, he believed that the exodus of black labor would force Southern whites to realize

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On taking office Grant's first move was signing the Act to Strengthen the Public Credit, which the Republican Congress had just passed. It ensured that all public debts, particularly war bonds, would be paid only in gold rather than in greenbacks. The price of gold on the New York exchange fell to $

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The Ku Klux Klan consisted of local secret organizations formed to violently oppose Republican rule during Reconstruction; there was no organization above the local level. Wearing white hoods to hide their identity the Klan would attack and threaten Republicans. The Klan was strong in South Carolina

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In the first few years of Grant's first term in office, there were 1000 indictments against Klan members with over 550 convictions from the Department of Justice. By 1871, there were 3000 indictments and 600 convictions with most only serving brief sentences while the ringleaders were imprisoned for

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and Bristow formed an anti-corruption team to weed out criminal activity during Grant's second term. The Whiskey Ring was organized throughout the United States, and by 1875 it was a fully operating criminal association. The investigation and closure of the Whiskey Ring resulted in 230 indictments,

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Eager to prove that he was above prejudice, Grant appointed more Jews to public office than had any of his predecessors and, in the name of human rights, he extended unprecedented support to persecuted Jews in Russia and Romania. Time and again, partly as a result of this enlarged vision of what it

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who donated substantially to Grant's presidential campaign. After the wartime order, however, the Jewish community was angry with Grant. While running for president, in 1868, Grant publicly apologized for the expulsion order, and once elected, he took actions intended to make amends. He appointed

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In a speech in 1875 to a veteran's meeting, Grant called for a Constitutional amendment that would mandate free public schools and prohibit the use of public money for sectarian schools. He was echoing nativist sentiments that were strong in his Republican Party. Tyler Anbinder says, "Grant was not

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up to the original $ 400,000,000 amount. Going further, the bill authorized an additional $ 46 million in banknotes and raised their maximum to $ 400 million. Eastern bankers vigorously lobbied Grant to veto the bill because of their reliance on bonds and foreign investors who did business in gold.

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category from the 2009 C-SPAN presidential rating survey Grant scored a 9 getting into the top ten. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 proved a very little value to Blacks. The Justice Department and the federal judges generally refused to enforce it, and the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional in

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Throughout his presidency, Grant was continually concerned with the civil rights of all Americans, "irrespective of nationality, color, or religion." Grant had no role in writing the Civil Rights Act of 1875 but he did sign it a few days before the Republicans lost control of Congress. The new law

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observed. "The private stands and windows along the entire route were crowded to excess." The parade consisted of a variety of military units along with marching bands, and civic organizations. The military units, in their fancy regalia, were the most noticeable. Altogether there were approximately

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The reform of the spoils system of political patronage entered the national agenda under the Grant presidency and would take on the fervor of a religious revival. The distribution of federal jobs by Congressional legislators was considered vital for their reelection to Congress. Grant required that

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gained national attention. Anthony lobbied for female suffrage, equal gender pay, and protection of property for women who resided in Washington, D.C. In April 1869, Grant signed into law the protection of married women's property from their husbands' debts and the ability for women to sue in court

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A primary role of the United States Navy in the 19th century was to protect American commercial interests and open trade to Eastern markets, including Japan and China. Korea was a small independent country that excluded all foreign trade. Washington sought a treaty dealing with shipwrecked sailors

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were resolved peacefully, and to the monetary advantage of the United States. Issues regarding the Canadian boundary were easily settled. The achievements were the work of Secretary Hamilton Fish, who was a spokesman for caution and stability. A poll of historians has stated that Secretary Fish was

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in the South. On March 23, Grant told a reluctant Congress the situation in the South was dire and federal legislation was needed that would "secure life, liberty, and property, and the enforcement of the law, in all parts of the United States." Grant stated that the U.S. mail and the collection of

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noted in 1998 that, "Ulysses S. Grant is universally ranked among the greatest American generals, and his Memoirs are widely considered to belong with the best military autobiographies ever written. But he is inevitably named, by conservatives as well as liberals, as one of the worst presidents in

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Grant laid out his agenda for "good common school education". He attacked government support for "sectarian schools" run by religious organizations and called for the defense of public education "unmixed with sectarian, pagan or atheistical dogmas." Grant declared that "Church and State" should be

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and "squaw men" (A white man with an Indian wife) were banished from the Sioux reservation. To receive the government rations, the Indians had to work the land. Reluctantly, on September 20, the Indian leaders, whose people were starving, agreed to the committee's demands and signed the agreement.

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Returning to Washington, Grant and Richardson sent millions of greenbacks from the treasury to New York to purchase bonds, stopping the purchases on September 24. By the beginning of January 1874, Richardson had issued a total of $ 26 million greenbacks from the Treasury reserve, into the economy,

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who had previously attempted to pass a civil rights bill in 1872. In his sixth message to Congress, he summed up his own views, "While I remain Executive all the laws of Congress and the provisions of the Constitution ... will be enforced with rigor ... Treat the Negro as a citizen and a

2232:

The movement for Civil Service reform reflected two distinct objectives: to eliminate the corruption and inefficiencies in a non-professional bureaucracy and to check the power of President Johnson. Although many reformers after the Election of 1868 looked to Grant to ram Civil Service legislation

2224:

who was appointed by Grant as New York Custom Collector stated that the examinations excluded and deterred unfit persons from getting employment positions. However, Congress, in no mood to reform itself, denied any long-term reform by refusing to enact the necessary legislation to make the changes

2179:

In 1872, around two thousand white buffalo hunters working between Kansas, and Arkansas were killing buffalo for their hides by the many thousands. The demand was for boots for European armies, or machine belts attached to steam engines. Acres of land were dedicated solely for drying the hides of

1588:

to America to meet with Fish. A joint high commission was created on February 9, 1871, in Washington, consisting of representatives from both Britain and the United States. The commission created a treaty where an international tribunal would settle the damage amounts; the British admitted regret,

1354:

Grant gave a high priority to protecting and improving the status of Blacks in the United States and tried to annex the Caribbean country of the Dominican Republic as a safety valve for them. Senator Charles Sumner was even more firmly devoted to Black interests and opposed Grant's scheme. Sumner

1278:

The foreign policy of the Administration was generally successful, except for the attempt to annex Santo Domingo. The annexation of Santo Domingo was Grant's effort to create a haven for blacks in the South and was a first step to end slavery in Cuba and Brazil. The dangers of a confrontation with

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was charged by a Democratic-controlled House investigation committee with giving lucrative contracts to Alexander Cattell & Company, a grain supplier, in return for real estate, loans, and payment of debts. The House investigating committee also discovered that Secretary Robeson had allegedly

3204:

told the President that the Army was overstretched and could not defend the Sioux tribe from the settlers; Grant ordered Sheridan to round up the Sioux and put them on the reservation. Sheridan used a strategy of convergence, using Army columns to force the Sioux onto the reservation. On June 25,

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Grant also played a pivotal role in the affair. Grant sent American warships off of Florida and discussed Cuban invasion plans with General Sherman and the War Department. The bluff worked and the Spanish government accepted Grant's negotiated peace terms. Grant messaged Congress the incident was

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on September 6, 1876, in what was known as the "King Street riot". The white militia assumed defensive positions out of concern over possible intervention from federal troops. Then, on September 19, the Red Shirts took offensive action by openly killing between 30 and 50 African Americans outside

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A few months later in early 1875, Grant announced that Brooks had been legitimately elected back in 1872. Grant did not send in troops, and Brooks never regained office. Instead, Grant appointed him to the high-paying patronage job of US postmaster in Little Rock. Grant's legalistic approach did

2390:

The Democrats, who at this time had no strong candidate choice of their own, saw an opportunity to consolidate the anti-Grant vote and jumped on the Greeley bandwagon, reluctantly adopting Greeley and Brown as their nominees. It is the only time in American history when a major party endorsed the

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ruled that the Civil Service Commission was Constitutional as long as the purpose was to increase government's power to higher qualified workers and improve the efficiency of running the government. Akerman stated that the Civil Service Commission did not have the Constitutional power to stop or

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while only a college student, and in 1998 wrote the first book of the modern era which portrays Grant's presidency in a positive light. Barone said that Scaturro's work was a "convincing case that Grant was a strong and, in many important respects, successful president. It is an argument full of

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case and trial. In April, corrupt building contractors in Washington, D.C. were on trial for graft when a safe robbery occurred. Bogus secret service agents broke into a safe and attempted to frame Columbus Alexander, who had exposed the corrupt contracting ring. Babcock was named as part of the

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as Secretary of the Interior who replaced Delano. Chandler vigorously uncovered and cleaned up the fraud in the department by firing all the clerks and banned the phony "Indian Attorneys" access to Washington. Grant's "Quaker" or church appointments partially made up the lack of food staples and

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Congress passed a compromise bill, that Grant signed on June 20, 1874. The act legalized the $ 26 million released by Richardson and set the maximum of greenbacks at $ 382 million. Up to $ 55 million in national banknotes would be redistributed from states with an excess to those states that had

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On March 3, 1873, Grant signed a law that authorized the president's salary to be increased from $ 25,000 a year to $ 50,000 a year and Congressmen's salaries to be increased by $ 2,500. Representatives also received a retroactive pay bonus for the previous two years of service. This was done in

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On March 1, 1872, Grant played his role, in signing the "Act of Dedication" into law. It established the Yellowstone region as the nation's first national park, made possible by three years of exploration by Cook-Folsom-Peterson (1869), Washburn-Langford-Doane (1870), and Hayden (1871). The 1872

1490:

The Cuban rebellion 1868–1878 against Spanish rule, called by historians the Ten Years' War, gained wide sympathy in the U.S. Juntas based in New York raised money, and smuggled men and munitions to Cuba, while energetically spreading propaganda in American newspapers. The Grant administration

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Delano's son, John Delano, and Ulysses S. Grant's own brother, Orvil Grant, were discovered to have been awarded lucrative corrupt cartographical contracts by Surveyor General Silas Reed. Neither John Delano nor Orvil Grant performed any work or were qualified to hold such surveying positions.

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No State shall make any law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; and no money raised by taxation in any State for the support of public schools, or derived from any public fund therefor, nor any public lands devoted thereto, shall ever be under the

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However, because of political infighting between Liberal Republicans and Democrats, and due to several campaign blunders, the physically ailing Greeley was no match for Grant, who won in a landslide. Grant won 286 of the 352 Electoral College votes and received 55.8 percent of the popular vote

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documents. These remote routes were hundreds of miles long and went to the most rural parts of the United States by horse and buggy. In obtaining these highly prized postal contracts, an intricate ring of bribery and straw bidding was set up in the Postal Contract office; the ring consisted of

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operated openly and were better organized than the Ku Klux Klan. Their goals were to oust the Republicans, return Conservative whites to power, and use whatever illegal methods needed to achieve them. Being loyal to his veterans, Grant remained determined that African Americans would receive

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as director of the new Secret Service Agency in 1869, after he had successfully arrested 12 Klansmen in Georgia who had murdered a leading local Republican official. Whitley used talented detectives who infiltrated and broke up KKK units in North Carolina and Alabama. However, they could not

1236:

found out about the gold market speculation and ordered the sale of $ 4 million in gold on (Black) Friday, September 23. Gould and Fisk were thwarted, and the price of gold dropped. The effects of releasing gold by Boutwell were disastrous. Stock prices plunged and food prices dropped,

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embezzled $ 15 million in naval construction appropriations. Since there were no financial paper trails or enough evidence for impeachment and conviction, the House Investigation committee admonished Robeson and claimed he had set up a corrupt contracting system known as "Cattellism".

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and the Modoc tribal leaders, there were more Indians in the tent then had been agreed upon. As the Indians grew more hostile, Captain Jack, said "I talk no more." and shouted "All ready." Captain Jack drew his revolver and fired directly into the head of Gen Canby. Brig. Gen Canby was the

1125:

To ease tensions, Grant signed the Amnesty Act of 1872 on May 23, 1872, which gave amnesty to former Confederates. This act allowed most former Confederates, who before the war had taken an oath to uphold the Constitution of the United States, to hold elected public office. Only 500 former

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through violence and intimidation. The Republicans went on to nominate Chamberlain for a second term. Hampton supporters, donning red shirts, disrupted Republican meetings with gun shootings and yelling. Tensions became violent on July 8, 1876, when five African Americans were murdered at

1421:. Douglass, however, who was personally disappointed for not being invited to the White House, remained loyal to Grant and the Republican Party. Although the Commission supported Grant's annexation attempt, there was not enough enthusiasm in Congress to vote on a second annexation treaty. 831:

surprised the nation. Although Grant respectfully listened to political advice, he independently bypassed traditional consultation from prominent Republicans and kept his cabinet choices secret. Grant's initial cabinet nominations were met with both criticism and approval. Grant appointed

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Grant was vigorous in his enforcement of the 14th and 15th amendments and prosecuted thousands of persons who violated African American civil rights; he used military force to put down political insurrections in Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina. He proactively used military and

3488:, controlled by corrupt clerks and bogus agents. This proved to be the most serious detriment to Grant's Indian peace policy. Many agents that worked for the department made unscrupulous fortunes and retired with more money than their pay would allow at the expense and exploitation of 2406:

nationwide. The President's reelection victory also brought an overwhelming Republican majority into both houses of Congress. Heartbroken after a hard-fought political campaign, Greeley died a few weeks after the election. Out of respect for Greeley, Grant attended his funeral.

3400:. On September 14, General Longstreet, police, and black militia fought 3,500 White Leaguers who attempted to capture the statehouse in New Orleans, that ended with 32 people killed. Grant issued a dispersal proclamation, the next day, and sent 5,000 troops and 5 gunboats to 2267:

and Thomas Murphy. Private warehouses were taking imported goods from the docks and charging shippers storage fees. Grant's friend, George K. Leet, was allegedly involved with exorbitant pricing for storing goods and splitting the profits. Grant's third collector appointment,

3585:. Belknap was allowed to resign by Grant and as a result, was acquitted in a Senate impeachment trial. Profits were made at the expense of Native Americans who were supposed to receive food and clothing from the government. In late April 1876, Grant lashed out at Lieut. Col. 2242:

Grant used patronage to build his party and help his friends. He protected those whom he thought were the victims of injustice or attacks by his enemies, even if they were guilty. Grant believed in loyalty to his friends, as one writer called it the "Chivalry of Friendship".

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to restore order. On May 22, Grant issued a new proclamation to restore order in Louisiana. On May 31, McEnery finally told his followers to obey "peremptory orders" of the President. The orders brought a brief peace to New Orleans and most of Louisiana, except, ironically,

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for 50 years with an annual $ 150,000 rental, and guaranteed protection from foreign intervention. On January 10, 1870, the Santo Domingo treaty was submitted to the Senate for ratification. Grant made the mistake of not building support in Congress or the country at large.

1584:; demanded a huge reparation; and opened the possibility of Canada ceded to the United States as payment. The speech angered the British government, and talks had to be put off until matters cooled down. Negotiations for a new treaty began in January 1871 when Britain sent 3436:, using his name to promote a worked out silver mine. The Crédit Mobilier scandal's origins were during the presidential Administrations of Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson; however, political congressional infighting during the Grant Administration exposed the scandal. 3707:. Economically he sided with Eastern bankers and signed the Public Credit Act that paid U.S. debts in gold specie but was blamed for the severe economic depression that lasted 1873–1877. Grant, wary of powerful congressional leaders, was the first president to ask for a 2160:, that protected and preserved buffalo and other wildlife in Yellowstone. Grant also signed legislation that protected northern fur seals on Alaska's Pribilof Islands. This was the first law in U.S. history that specifically protected wildlife on federally owned land. 2139:

Hayden's published reports, magazine articles, along with paintings by Moran and photographs by Jackson convinced Congress to preserve the natural wonders of the upper Yellowstone. On December 18, 1871, a bill was introduced simultaneously in the Senate, by Senator

844:, Secretary of Treasury, but he was quickly found to be disqualified by a federal law that prohibited anyone in the office from engaging in commerce. When Congress would not amend the law, at Grant's bidding, an embarrassed Grant appointed Massachusetts Congressman 1930:

According to historian Ron White, Grant did this because of his passion to unify the nation. During the early 19th Century in the United States, Christmas became more of a family-centered activity. Other Holidays, included in the law within Washington, D.C., were

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was placing the western reservations under the control of religious denominations. In 1872, the implementation of the policy involved the allotting of Indian reservations to religious organizations as exclusive religious domains. Of the 73 agencies assigned, the

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that gave a 15-member bipartisan commission power to determine electoral votes. The commission gave Hayes 185 electoral votes; Tilden received 184. Grant's personal honesty, firmness, and even-handedness reassured the nation, and a second civil war was averted.

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government by 2,248 persons from 6,052 on March 1, 1869, to 3,804 on December 1, 1871. He had increased tax revenues by $ 108 million from 1869 to 1872. During his first administration, the national debt fell from $ 2.5 billion to $ 2.2 billion.

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Conservative resistance to Republican state governments grew after the 1872 elections. With the destruction of the Klan in 1872, new secret paramilitary organizations arose in the Deep South. In Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Louisiana, the

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promptly stopped the refund and personally informed Grant that Pleasonton was incompetent to hold office. Refusing to resign on Boutwell's request, Pleasonton protested openly before Congress. Grant removed Pleasonton before any potential scandal broke out.

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At the close of Grant's second term in office, Fish had to contend with Indian raids on the Mexican border, due to a lack of law enforcement over the U.S.–Mexican border. The problem would escalate during the Hayes administration, under Fish's successor

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was designed to allow everyone access to public eating establishments, hotels, and places of entertainment. This was done particularly to protect African Americans who were discriminated across United States. The bill was also passed in honor of Senator

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which made it a federal crime to mail articles "for any indecent or immoral use". Grant signed the bill after he was assured that Comstock would personally enforce it. Comstock went on to become a special agent of the Post Office appointed by Secretary

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not fault, over the destructive actions of the Confederate war cruisers nor that charges of blockade running were included in the treaty. Grant approved and signed the treaty on May 8, 1871; the Senate ratified the Treaty of Washington on May 24, 1871.

1048:, was passed by Congress to specifically go after local units of the Ku Klux Klan. Although sensitive to charges of establishing a military dictatorship, Grant signed the bill into law on April 20, 1871, after being convinced by Secretary of Treasury, 1565:. These ships had inflicted tremendous damage to U.S. shipping, as insurance rates soared, and shippers switched to British ships. Washington wanted the British to pay heavy damages, perhaps including turning over Canada. Later, the U.S. added the 3427:

Scandals and frauds continued to be exposed during Grant's second term in office, although Grant's appointments of reformers to his cabinet temporarily helped his presidential reputation, cleaned up federal departments, and defeated the notorious

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After the very bloody frontier wars in the 1860s, Grant sought to build a "peace policy" toward the tribes. He emphasized appointees who wanted peace and were favorable toward religious groups. In the end, however, the western warfare grew worse.

1753:. Parker met some opposition in the Senate until Attorney General Hoar said Parker was legally able to hold the office. The Senate confirmed Parker by a vote of 36 to 12. During Parker's tenure Native wars dropped from 101 in 1869 to 58 in 1870. 1686:

The American fleet was fired upon by a Korean fort, but there was little damage. Rogers gave the Korean government ten days to apologize or begin talks, but the Royal Court kept silent. After ten days passed, on June 10, Rogers began a series of

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was selected as his running mate over scandal-tainted Vice President Schuyler Colfax. The party platform advocated high tariffs and a continuation of Radical Reconstruction policies that supported five military districts in the Southern states.

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Massive fraud was also found in the Patent Office with corrupt clerks who embezzled from the government payroll. Under increasing pressure by the press and Indian reformers, Delano resigned from office on October 15, 1875. Grant then appointed

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Grant and Richardson's mildly inflationary response to the Panic of 1873, encouraged Congress to pursue a more aggressive policy. The legality of releasing greenbacks was presumed to have been illegal. On April 14, 1874, Congress passed the

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administered the presidential oath of office. This was one of the coldest inaugurations in U.S. history, with the temperature at only 6 degrees at sunrise. After the swearing-in ceremony the inaugural parade commenced down Pennsylvania. The

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secret and attached to a general appropriations bill. Reforming newspapers quickly exposed the law and the bonus was repealed in January 1874. Grant missed an opportunity to veto the bill and to make a strong statement for good government.

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became the last Confederate state to be readmitted into the Union on July 15, 1870. All members of the House of Representatives and Senate were seated from the 10 Confederate states that seceded. Technically, the United States was again a

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set up an elaborate scam to corner the New York gold market, buying up all the gold at the same time to drive up the price. The plan was to keep the Government from selling gold, thus driving its price. Grant and Secretary of Treasury

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On January 14, 1875, Grant signed the Resumption of Specie Act, and he could not have been happier; he wrote a note to Congress congratulating members on the passage of the act. The legislation was drafted by Ohio Republican Senator

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to regain his position as sheriff. Governor Ames told him to take other African Americans and use force to retain his lawful position. At that time Vicksburg had a population of 12,443, more than half of whom were African American.

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Grant publicly stated regret for his offensive wartime order expelling Jewish traders. In his army days, he traded at a local store operated by the Seligman brothers, two Jewish merchants who became Grant's lifelong friends. They

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that only allowed white persons of good moral character to become U.S. citizens. The law also prosecuted persons who used fictitious names, misrepresentations, or identities of deceased individuals when applying for citizenship.

1943:. The law affected 5,300 federal employees working in the District of Columbia, the nation's capital. The legislation was meant to adapt to similar laws in states surrounding Washington, D.C., and "in every State of the Union." 1766:. Grant appointed volunteer members who were "eminent for their intelligence and philanthropy." The Grant Board was given extensive joint power with Grant, Secretary of Interior Cox, and the Interior Department to supervise the 1683:, one of the largest ships in the Navy with 47 guns, 47 officers, and a 571-man crew. While waiting for senior Korean officials to negotiate, Rogers sent ships out to make soundings of the Salee River for navigational purposes. 3157:

launched a military campaign, and, with few casualties on either side, forced the Indians back to their reservations by destroying their horses and winter food supplies. Grant, who agreed to the Army plan advocated by Generals

3106:, an Indian Agent, was severely wounded. The murders shocked the nation, and Sherman wired to have the Modocs exterminated. Grant overruled Sherman; Captain Jack was executed, and the remaining 155 Modocs were relocated to the 1255:

Grant was a man of peace, and almost wholly devoted to domestic affairs. There were no foreign-policy disasters, and no wars to engage in. Besides Grant himself, the main players in foreign affairs were the Secretary of State

1031:

from attacking or threatening African Americans. This act placed severe penalties on persons who used intimidation, bribery, or physical assault to prevent citizens from voting and placed elections under Federal jurisdiction.

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was nominated for vice president. They advocated civil service reform, a low tariff, and granting amnesty to former Confederate soldiers. They also wanted to end reconstruction and restore local self-government in the South.

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expressed profound regret for the tragedy and was willing to make reparations through arbitration. Fish negotiated reparations with the Spanish minister Senor Polo de Barnabé. With Grant's approval, Spain was to surrender

980:. The result was a dramatic decrease in violence in the South. Akerman gave credit to Grant and told a friend that no one was "better" or "stronger" than Grant when it came to prosecuting terrorists. Akerman's successor, 9963: 6506: 3638:

by the corrupt Washington Contractors Ring and he wanted revenge on Columbus Alexander, an avid reformer and critic of the Grant Administration. There was also evidence that safe burglary jury had been tampered with.

3459:, while Sanborn claimed these payments were "expenses". Senator Butler had written a loophole in the law that allowed Sanborn to collect the commissions, but Sanborn would not reveal whom he split the profits with. 790:'s 80. Grant also received 52.7 percent of the popular vote nationwide. Six southern states controlled by Republicans enhanced Grant's margin of victory, while many ex-Confederates were still prevented from voting. 2504:

was a split state. In a controversial election, two candidates were claiming victory as governor. Violence was used to intimidate black Republicans. The fusionist party of Liberal Republicans and Democrats claimed

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During Grant's first term, a significant number of Republicans had become completely disillusioned with the party. Weary of the scandals and opposed to several of Grant's policies, split from the party to form the

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allegedly received a bribe through a $ 30,000 gift to his wife from a Merchant house company, Pratt & Boyd, to drop the case for fraudulent customhouse entries. Williams was forced to resign by Grant in 1875.

871:. Borie resigned from office on June 25, 1869, finding the job stressful. Borie's noted accomplishment was the racial integration of the Washington Navy Yard. Grant appointed a former New Jersey public prosecutor 3226:(see below). Grant had Custer arrested for breach of military protocol in Chicago and barred him from leading an upcoming campaign against the Sioux. Grant finally relented and let Custer fight under Brig. Gen. 1699:. Grant defended Rogers in his third annual message to Congress in December 1871. After a change in regimes in Seoul, in 1881, the U.S. negotiated a treaty – the first treaty between Korea and a Western nation. 3048:

policy, wars between settlers, the federal army, and the American Indians had been decreasing from 101 per year in 1869 to a low of 15 per year in 1875. However, the discovery of gold in the Black Hills of the

2600:". A series of confrontations occurred against white paramilitary forces that resulted in the deaths of 29 African Americans and 2 Whites. The White militia retained control of the County Court House and jail. 4357:, nominated January 9, 1874, withdrawn on January 13, 1874. Cushing was an eminent lawyer and respected in his field, but the emergence of his wartime correspondence with Jefferson Davis doomed his nomination. 3454:

gave private contracts to one John D. Sanborn who in turn collected illegally withheld taxes for fees at inflated commissions. The profits from the commissions were allegedly split with Richardson and Senator

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threatened to resign if Grant signed the bill. On April 22, 1874, after evaluating his own reasons for wanting to sign the bill, Grant unexpectedly vetoed the bill against the popular election strategy of the

924:

of the Fifteenth Amendment approved by Congress and sent to the states during the last days of the Johnson administration. The amendment prohibited the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the

3098:, killed 18 white settlers and then found a strong defensive position. Grant ordered General Sherman not to attack the Indians but settle matters peacefully with a commission. Sherman then sent Major General 2350:

As his first term entered its final year, Grant remained popular throughout the nation despite the accusations of corruption that were swirling around his administration. When Republicans gathered for their

15291: 836:, Secretary of State, as a friendship courtesy. Washburne served eleven days of office and then resigned. A week later, Grant appointed Washburne Minister to France. Grant appointed the conservative 513:

had been readmitted into the United States and were represented in Congress; however, Democrats and former slave owners refused to accept that freedmen were citizens who were granted suffrage by the

5566: 1428:. With Grant's prodding in the Senate, Sumner was finally deposed from the Foreign Relations Committee. Grant reshaped his coalition, known as "New Radicals", working with enemies of Sumner such as 4262:

in 1866, which provided for the elimination of one seat on the Court each time a justice retired, to prevent Andrew Johnson from nominating replacements for them. In April 1869 Congress passed a

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Prior to the presidential election of 1872 two congressional and one Treasury Department investigations took place over corruption at the New York Custom House under Grant collector appointments

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Grant declared in his 1869 Inaugural Address that he favored "any course toward them which tends to their civilization and ultimate citizenship." In a bold step, Grant appointed his aide General

1695:. Several hundred Korean soldiers and three Americans were killed. Korea still refused to negotiate, and the American fleet sailed away. The Koreans refer to this 1871 U.S. military action as 3554:

discovered that millions of dollars of taxes were being funneled into an illegal ring from whiskey manufacturers. Prosecutions ensued, and many were put in prison. Grant's private Secretary

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to allow the federal government to intervene when states failed to protect former slaves' rights. Following an escalation of Klan violence in the late 1860s, Grant and his attorney general,

4363:, nominated January 19, 1874, confirmed by the Senate (vote: 63–0) on January 21, 1874. Waite was an uncontroversial nominee, but in his time on the Court he authored two of the decisions ( 4310:

which had been decided the same day they were nominated. That case, which was unpopular with business interests, held that the federal debt incurred before 1862 must be paid in gold, not

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that set the greenback maximum at $ 400,000 retroactively legalizing the $ 26 million reserve greenbacks earlier released by the Treasury. The bill released an additional $ 18 million in

555:. Additionally, Grant advanced the cause of Civil Service Reform, more than any president before him, creating America's first Civil Service Commission. In 1872, Grant signed into law an 2319:

by one postal contractor had tainted the results of the investigation. In 1876, another congressional investigation under a Democratic House shut down the postal ring for a few years.

1536:

to allow outside experts to settle disputes. Grant's able Secretary of State Hamilton Fish had orchestrated many of the events leading up to the treaty. Previously, Secretary of State

2402:. Greeley embarked on a five-state campaign tour in late September, during which he delivered nearly 200 speeches. His campaign was plagued by misstatements and embarrassing moments. 3385:

The October elections swept the Republicans from office and was a repudation of Grant's veto. In Indiana and Ohio, the Republicans suffered losses, caused by the money issue and the

2011:. Comstock prosecuted pornographers, imprisoned abortionists, banned nude art, stopped the mailing of information about contraception, and tried to ban what he considered bad books. 6505:

Jeffery A. Jenkins, et al. "Who Should Govern Congress? The Salary Grab of 1873 and the Coalition of Reform." (Northwestern University Institute for Policy Research, WP-05-07 2005)

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highest-ranking officer to be killed during the Indian Wars that took place from 1850 to 1890. Alfred Meacham, who survived the massacre, defended the Modocs who were put on trial.

745:. His presidential nomination was unopposed and inevitable. The Republican Party delegates unanimously named Grant the presidential candidate at its May convention held in Chicago. 11342:

Statutes at Large An Act Making the First Day of January, the Twenty-Fifth Day of December, The Fourth Day of July, and Thanksgiving Day, Holidays, Within the District of Columbia

3748:

significance for how we see the course of American political history ... Scaturro's work ... should prompt a reassessment of the entire Progressive-New Deal Tradition."

1657:

after the crew of a stranded American commercial ship was executed. The long-term goal for the Grant Administration was to open Korea to Western markets in the same way Commodore

12217: 14302: 4351:, nominated December 1, 1873, withdrawn on January 8, 1874. The Senate had a dim view of Williams's performance at the Justice Department and refused to act on the nomination. 2783: 10035: 6310: 1204:. In 1870, Pleasonton, a Grant appointment, approved an unauthorized $ 60,000 tax refund and was associated with an alleged unscrupulous Connecticut firm. Treasury Secretary 14942: 11879: 3681: 3039: 1708: 1321:

for the island nation's sugar production. He also organized a peace conference and treaty in Washington, D.C., between South American countries and Spain. Fish worked with

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at the expense of downgrading the Union cause and Grant's presidency as a corrupt despot. The 20th-century historical views of Grant were less favorable. Political analyst

3751:

In the 21st Century, Grant's reputation and ranking had significantly increased, that followed a series of positive biographies written by noted historians, that included

1023:

To add enforcement to the 15th Amendment, Congress passed an act that guaranteed the protection of voting rights of African Americans; Grant signed the bill, known as the

12222: 11884: 3013:, the first African American ambassador from the United States, requested that a warship be sent to protect American property in Liberia, a former American colony. After 2394:

While Grant, like incumbent presidents before him, did not campaign, an efficient party organization composed of thousands of patronage appointees, did so on his behalf.

1714: 1576:

In April 1869, the U.S. Senate overwhelmingly rejected a proposed treaty that paid too little and contained no admission of British guilt for prolonging the war. Senator

380: 14295: 13157: 2175:

or buffalo; their numbers collapsed in the 1870s forcing the Native Americans who hunted them to depend instead on government-issued food supplies on their reservations.

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movement, the Republicans' platform included that women's rights should be treated with "respectful consideration", while Grant advocated equal rights for all citizens.

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American history." Barone argues that: "This consensus, however, is being challenged by writers outside the professional historians' guild." Barone points to a lawyer

11693: 11688: 11678: 11668: 3072:. Indian wars per year jumped up to 32 in 1876 and remained at 43 in 1877. One of the highest casualty Indian battles that took place in American history was at the 9512: 3597:. However, at Terry's insistence, Grant relented and allowed Custer to participate in the campaign against the Sioux on the condition he did not take any pressmen. 2216:

Grant was the first president to recommend a professional civil service. He pushed the initial legislation through Congress and appointed the members for the first

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Stewart had bought Grant's old home on I street for $ 65,000 one month before his nomination, causing an appearance of influence peddling, that Grant later denied.

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in July 1873 when the Brooklyn Trust Company went broke and closed. Secretary Richardson sold gold to pay for $ 14 million in federal bonds. Two months later, the

533:, where Grant sent federal troops to capture Klan members. This led the Klan to demobilize and helped ensure fair elections in 1872. He was succeeded by fellow 8757: 2898:

with a highly effective foreign policy. Ronald Cedric White says of Grant, "everyone agreed he chose well when he appointed Hamilton Fish secretary of state."

2800:, collapsed the national economy. On September 17, the stock market crashed, followed by the New York Warehouse & Security Company, September 18, and the 11494: 3361: 915: 746: 514: 360: 2442:

It was the only term of Henry Wilson as vice president. Wilson died 2 years, 263 days into this term, and the office remained vacant for the balance of it.

15584: 11658: 4249: 3200:, chief of the Sioux and offered $ 25,000 from the government to purchase the land. The offer was declined. On November 3, 1875, at a White House meeting, 2461:

enforcement of civil rights laws and the protection of African Americans more than any other 19th-century president. He used his full powers to weaken the

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In January 1873, Grant's Native American peace policy was challenged. Two weeks after Grant was elected for a second term, fighting broke out between the

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stopped the plan and Grant retaliated by destroying Sumner's power. In 1869, Grant proposed to annex the independent Spanish-speaking black nation of the

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On December 7, 1874, Crosby and an African American militia approached Vicksburg. He had said that the Whites were, "ruffians, barbarians, and political

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and the settlers. Grant and Johnson became at odds with each other when Grant defended Congressional Reconstruction, which abolished slavery and granted

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On June 22, 1870, Grant signed a bill into law passed by Congress that created the Department of Justice and to aid the Attorney General, the Office of

11291: 15579: 11107:; vol 19–28 (1994–2005) cover the presidential years; includes all known letters and writing by Grant, and the most important letters written to him. 2204:

all applicants to federal jobs apply directly to the Department heads, rather than the president. Two of Grant's appointments, Secretary of Interior

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The United States was at peace with the world throughout Grant's eight years in office, but his handling of foreign policy was uneven. Tensions with

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closed and national honor was restored. However, the salute of the American flag by the Spanish Navy was a stickler. When the Spanish returned the

15310: 15303: 12967: 8952: 2808:, Boutwell's replacement, to purchase $ 10 million in bonds. Richardson complied using greenbacks to expand the money supply. On September 20, the 9685: 5981: 15513: 15393: 13173: 13120: 12977: 12686: 11636: 10471: 10431: 3422: 2193: 1666: 1649: 365: 12666: 8905: 3714:

His presidency was inundated with many scandals caused by low standards and carelessness with his political appointees and personal associates.

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during the Johnson administration first proposed an initial treaty concerning damages done to American merchants by three Confederate warships,

15262: 13091: 12942: 11804: 3418: 2824:, that would last 5 years. Thousands of businesses, depressed daily wages by 25% for three years, and brought the unemployment rate up to 14%. 2189: 370: 10316: 2816:) closed for ten days. Traveling to New York, Grant met with Richardson to consult with bankers, who gave Grant conflicting financial advice. 14818: 12937: 11715: 11495:

Extensive essay on Ulysses S. Grant and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet from the Miller Center of Public Affairs, U. of Virginia

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resolve the conflict peacefully, but it left the Republican Party in Arkansas in total disarray, and further discredited Grant's reputation.

1359:, then known as Santo Domingo. Previously in 1868, President Johnson had proposed annexation, but Congress refused. In July 1869 Grant sent 1246: 1237:

devastating farmers for years. Although the financial panic that followed was short-lived, the gold scandal overshadowed Grant's presidency.

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more bills than any of his predecessors with 93 vetoes during the 41st through 44th Congresses. 45 were regular vetoes, and 48 of them were

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was a native of Ohio, born in 1822. After graduating from West Point in 1843 he served in the Mexican–American War. In 1848, Grant married

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caused the public to view the Republican Party as mired in corruption. The Democratic Party held the Republican Party responsible for the

15350: 15238: 12932: 11559: 9058: 6123: 2933:. Secretary of State Fish kept a cool demeanor in the crisis, and through investigation discovered there was a question over whether the 278: 10211: 2128:. The expedition party was composed of 36 civilians, mostly scientists, and two military escorts. Among the survey party were an artist 15589: 15440: 12982: 12972: 12957: 11608: 11521: 11176: 9378: 8394:

Chang, Gordon H. (2003). "Whose "Barbarism"? Whose "Treachery"? Race and Civilization in the Unknown United States-Korea War of 1871".

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Avenue, which was all decorated with banners and flags, on to the swearing-in ceremony in front of the Capitol building. Chief Justice

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one of the greatest Secretaries of States in United States history. Fish served as Secretary of State for nearly the entire two terms.

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History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the Final Restoration of Home Rule at the South in 1877: vol. 6: 1866–1872

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In October 1875, Grant traveled to Utah and was surprised that the Mormons treated him kindly. He told the Utah territorial governor,

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Priest, Andrew. "Thinking about Empire: The Administration of Ulysses S. Grant, Spanish Colonialism and the Ten Years' War in Cuba."

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control of any religious sect; nor shall any money so raised or lands so devoted be divided between religious sects or denominations.

2978:, who was seeking the importation of Hawaiian sugar duty-free to the United States. Grant and Fish were able to produce a successful 1424:

Unable constitutionally to go directly after Sen. Sumner, Grant immediately removed Sumner's close and respected friend, Ambassador,

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Smith, Robert C. "Presidential Responsiveness to Black Interests From Grant to Biden: The Power of the Vote, the Power of Protest."

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History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the Final Restoration of Home Rule at the South in 1877: v. 7, 1872–1877

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History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the Final Restoration of Home Rule at the South in 1877: v. 7, 1872–1877

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Robert C. Smith, "Presidential Responsiveness to Black Interests From Grant to Biden: The Power of the Vote, the Power of Protest."

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Grant's presidency is often criticized for scandals, though Grant also appointed many reformers. In May 1875, Secretary of Treasury

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arrived, Turner negotiated the incorporation of Grebo people into Liberian society and the ousting of foreign traders from Liberia.

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on "armed combinations" and conspiracies by the Klan. The Act also empowered the president "to arrest and break up disguised night

724: 541: 418: 403: 94: 89: 2744:, were better armed than the blacks. South Carolina was ruled more by "mobocracy and bloodshed" than by Chamberlain's government. 15559: 15355: 14564: 14409: 13961: 13209: 13065: 13032: 13027: 13017: 13002: 12425: 12254: 12029: 11631: 11540: 11257:(Speech made by Charles Sumner to the United States Senate on May 31, 1872). Washington, D.C.: F. J. Rives and George A. Bailey. 4182: 3907: 3196:

of 1868. These prospectors treated the natives unfairly when they moved into the area. In 1875, to avoid conflict Grant met with

2946:, pay an indemnity to the surviving families of the Americans executed, and salute the American flag; the episode ended quietly. 2451: 2081: 348: 256: 8335: 4781: 15493: 15473: 15248: 14997: 12997: 11829: 11626: 11095: 4789: 4427: 3677: 2533: 2217: 343: 11376: 11340: 10818: 10804: 9417: 8197: 15518: 15415: 15228: 12207: 12132: 11262: 10910: 10668: 10636: 10368: 10330: 10200: 10051: 10006: 9977: 9941: 9894: 9749: 9699: 9590: 9528: 9427: 9388: 9352: 9307: 9244: 9183: 9140: 9032: 9005: 8921: 8808: 8612: 8445: 8347: 8297: 8259: 8037: 6766: 6093: 4951: 3489: 567: 469: 239: 11121:(numerous editions, 1901–20), vol 7 contains most of Grant's official presidential public documents and messages to Congress 10143: 2290:

In the early 1870s during the Grant Administration, lucrative postal route contracts were given to local contractors on the

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Most of Grant's cabinet favored the bill in order to secure a Republican election. Grant's conservative Secretary of State

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Both men were railroad lawyers, and their appointment led to accusations that Grant intended them to overturn the case of

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his efforts at civil service reform were honest, but that they were met with criticism from all sides and were a failure.

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to the claims, stating that they were responsible for prolonging the war by two years by smuggling in weapons through the

604:. Grant's presidential reputation improved during the 21st Century due to Grant's enforcement of civil rights for blacks. 15569: 15564: 15117: 13950: 13929: 13909: 13889: 13869: 13849: 13829: 13809: 13789: 13769: 13749: 13729: 13709: 13689: 13669: 13649: 13629: 13609: 13589: 13569: 13549: 13529: 13509: 13489: 13469: 13449: 13429: 13409: 13389: 13365: 13352: 13339: 13326: 13313: 13300: 13287: 13274: 13261: 13248: 13235: 13222: 13196: 13183: 12766: 12097: 12082: 11970: 11962: 11819: 11381: 10745:

McCullough, Stephen. "Avoiding war: the foreign Policy of Ulysses S. Grant and Hamilton Fish." in Edward O. Frantz, ed.,

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in 1883 renewed appropriations and enhanced the federal power and scope of the commission. Grant's U.S. Attorney General

4414: 4290: 4151: 3833: 3273:"forever separate." Religion, he said, should be left to families, churches, and private schools devoid of public funds. 2741: 2720: 2506: 2478: 2458: 2352: 1085: 946: 526: 433: 423: 408: 215: 9996: 15458: 15223: 14808: 14779: 14051: 12786: 11078: 10946: 10736: 10179: 8581: 8501: 7930: 7609: 7443: 7380: 7054: 6811: 6176: 6133: 4431: 4255: 1464:

treaty were ratified. U.S. Navy ships, with Grant's authorization, had been sent to protect Báez from an invasion by a

1314: 700: 12145: 11212:"Chapter LIII: XVth Amendment, Votes on Ratification, Proclamation of Ratification, Bills Enforcing and Votes Thereon" 8961: 4282:, nominated December 20, 1869, confirmed by the Senate (vote: 46–11) on December 20, 1869, died before he took office. 2880:

system to control inflation, this act stabilized the economy. Grant considered it the hallmark of his administration.

963:

as America's first Solicitor General. Both Akerman and Bristow used the Department of Justice to vigorously prosecute

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The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J.P. Morgan Invented the American Super Economy

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was tested when Major Edward M. Baker senselessly slaughtered 173 Piegan Indians, mostly women, and children, in the

1633: 783: 125: 5171:(two volumes 1937, 932 pages), winner of the Pulitzer Prize. The most recent scholarly survey is Charles W Calhoun, 4895:

Freedom's Detective: The Secret Service, the Ku Klux Klan and the Man Who Masterminded America's First War on Terror

775:. The platform also favored a radical reconstruction as distinct from the more lenient policy espoused by President 15370: 14385: 14021: 13107: 12706: 12122: 12051: 11599: 10876: 10678: 10169: 8340:

The Forging of Bureaucratic Autonomy: Reputations, Networks, and Policy Innovation in Executive Agencies, 1862–1928

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Foreign affairs were managed peacefully during Grant's second term in office. Historians credit Secretary of State

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made a month-long journey up the Yellowstone River and into the geyser basins. In 1870, the somewhat more official

1901:

one. Infighting between competitive missionary groups over the distribution of agencies was detrimental to Grant's

1862: 1608:

The Tribunal met on neutral territory in Geneva, Switzerland. The panel of five international arbitrators included

1485: 1392:, assistant to Sec. Hamilton Fish was secretly giving information to Sen. Sumner on state department negotiations. 1201: 1166: 462: 338: 261: 76: 11366: 10455: 9079: 4321:

Grant had the opportunity to fill two more seats during his second term. To fill the first vacancy, he nominated:

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that allowed persons of African descent to become citizens of the United States. This revised an earlier law, the

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John Bull (Great Britain) is dwarfed by a gigantic inflated American "Alabama Claim" cartoon by Joseph Swain in

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On December 21, Grant issued a Presidential Proclamation for the people in Vicksburg to stop fighting. General

1750: 1149:"no reduction shall be made in the wages" regardless of the reduction in hours for the government day workers. 1044:

to allow prosecution of the Klan. This Act, also known as the "Ku Klux Klan Act" and written by Representative

779:. In Grant's acceptance letter he said: "Let us have peace." These words became the Republican popular mantra. 498: 220: 10387: 2303:

contractors, postal clerks, and various intermediary brokers. Straw bidding was at its highest practice while

1905:

Policy. The selection criteria were vague, and some critics saw the Peace Policy as violating Native American

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The New York gold conspiracy almost dismantled Grant's presidency. In September 1869, financial manipulators

737:

Grant's rise in political popularity among Republicans was based on his successful generalship that defeated

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and advocated the use of gold to redeem U.S. bonds. It encouraged immigration and endorsed full rights for

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Historian Brooks Simpson says these four simple words expressed the "innermost desires of many Americans."

4258:

during his presidency. When Grant took office, there were eight seats on the bench. Congress had passed a

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was taking extortion money in exchange for allowing an Indian trading post agent to remain in position at

15410: 15325: 15279: 15107: 15002: 14982: 14309: 14069: 14057: 13965: 12846: 12816: 12556: 12486: 12418: 12056: 11723: 10595: 8639: 8387: 4430:(1871); Congressional appropriations expired in 1873, however, the commission continued to function. The 4371: 2727:

During the election year of 1876, South Carolina was in a state of rebellion against Republican governor

2316: 1507: 930: 892: 575: 313: 10871: 10555: 10531: 10514: 9553:

Pierson, Arthur Tappen (1880). "Zachariah Chandler: An Outline Sketch of his Life and Public Services".

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Political cartoon by Thomas Nast: Grant congratulated for vetoing the "inflation bill" on April 22, 1874

1064:". The actions of the Klan were defined as high crimes and acts of rebellion against the United States. 15330: 15167: 14087: 12896: 12886: 12866: 12836: 12646: 12496: 11928: 11779: 10987:

Waltmann, Henry G. (Winter 1971). "Circumstantial Reformer: President Grant & the Indian Problem".

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The Republic for Which It Stands: The United States during Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, 1865–1896

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Grant's March 4, 1869, Inaugural speech addressed four priorities. First, Grant said he would approach

681: 653: 12566: 10475: 9913: 3367: 3188:. White speculators and settlers rushed in droves seeking riches mining gold on land reserved for the 2120:. In March 1871 Grant signed into law Congressional legislation appropriating $ 40,000 to finance the 547:

Rather than develop a cadre of trustworthy political advisers, Grant was self-reliant in choosing his

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The Colfax Massacre: The Untold Story of Black Power, White Terror, & The Death of Reconstruction

8792: 8485:"An Overview and Evaluation of State Blaine Amendments: Origins, Scope, and First Amendment Concerns" 7411: 3704: 3501:

housing from the government. Chandler cleaned up the Patent Office by firing all the corrupt clerks.

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In the South, the 1874 election campaign was violent. Six Republican office holders were murdered in

3175: 2873: 2109: 1533: 1299: 560: 249: 11375:(1870), large compendium of facts, thorough national coverage; includes also many primary documents 6281: 4634: 15233: 15207: 15182: 15087: 15032: 15027: 15007: 14972: 14962: 12546: 12466: 12041: 11943: 10412: 10360: 9472: 8377: 5175:(2017), pp. 151–261, 329–361 426–432. The recent one-volume biographies summarize the main topics. 4450: 3924: 3485: 3451: 3073: 3054: 2805: 2753: 2728: 2677: 2643:

and Democratic militia took control of the state house at New Orleans, and the Republican Governor

1767: 677: 634: 445: 11488: 8884: 6441: 5567:"Historians reveal secrets of UK gun-running which lengthened the American civil war by two years" 2342: 2251: 856:

in September 1869. To replace Rawlins, six weeks later, Grant appointed former Union Army General

803: 15142: 15097: 15037: 15012: 14967: 14734: 14629: 12906: 12263: 11911: 11894: 11564: 10571:"The Safe Burglary Case: Columbus Alexander and Major Richards of the Washington Police Examined" 9125:

James Milton Turner and the Promise of America – The Public Life of a Post-Civil War Black Leader

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Grant also denounced the immigration of Chinese women into the United States for the purposes of

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In the fall of 1872, the Republican party split in Arkansas and ran two candidates for governor,

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The Day Freedom Died: The Colfax Massacre, the Supreme Court, and the Betrayal of Reconstruction

8800: 3149:, led 700 tribal warriors and attacked the buffalo hunter supply base on the Canadian River, at 875:, to replace Borie. For Secretary of Interior, Grant appointed former Ohio governor and senator 15320: 15052: 15017: 14609: 14579: 13377: 12532: 12411: 12232: 11916: 11846: 10624: 9933: 9086:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Monetary Commission, United States Senate. pp. 225–235. 8738: 6168: 4375:) that did the most to undermine Reconstruction-era laws for the protection of black Americans. 4365: 4113: 3102:, but Captain Jack killed him. Reverend Eleazar Thomas, a Methodist minister, was also killed. 3076:

in 1876. Indian war casualties in Montana went from 5 in 1875, to 613 in 1876 and 436 in 1877.

2801: 2580: 2117: 2093: 2040: 1228: 1162: 1040:

revenue was in jeopardy. Congress investigated the Klan's activities and eventually passed the

864: 840:, former governor of New York, to replace Washburn. Grant appointed wealthy New York merchant 509:

caused widespread violence throughout the South against African Americans. By 1870, all former

11431: 10724: 10118: 10112: 9840: 9344: 9336: 9175: 9062: 9024: 9016: 8707: 8025: 7599: 7370: 7044: 6255:. Yellowstone National Park, WY: Yellowstone Library and Museum Association. pp. 84–155. 4269:

Grant had the opportunity to fill two Supreme Court seats in 1869. His initial nominees were:

15405: 15177: 15132: 13617: 12762: 12287: 12046: 11814: 11764: 11047:(1974), essays by historians on each administration from George Washington to Lyndon Johnson. 11008:

Weinstein, Allen (1967). "Was There a 'Crime of 1873'?: The Case of the Demonetized Dollar".

10322: 10103: 9969: 9132: 9120: 8973: 8906:"Chapter 12: Reconstructing Louisiana: 'To Charge upon the Liberties of His Fellow-Citizens'" 7433: 7314: 6204: 4348: 4263: 4259: 4058: 3468: 2959: 2550: 2133: 2101: 2097: 1069: 981: 534: 11320:

Proceedings of the Legislature of the State of New York in memory of Honorable Hamilton Fish

10491: 8604: 8592: 4276:, nominated December 14, 1869, was rejected by the Senate (Vote: 24–33) on February 3, 1870. 2986:, incorporating the Pacific islands' sugar industry into the United States' economy sphere. 2665: 863:

For U.S. Attorney General, Grant appointed Massachusetts Supreme Judicial associate justice

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The Independent Treasury of the United States and its Relations to the Banks of its Country

8289: 8281: 6228:

Yellowstone and the Great West-Journals, Letters and Images from the 1871 Hayden Expedition

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On January 13, 1871, Grant submitted to Congress a report on violent acts committed by the

848:, to replace Stewart. For Secretary of War, Grant appointed his former Army chief of staff 841: 828: 665: 613: 291: 1951: 1368: 1196:

In a rare case of preemptive reform during the Grant Administration, Brevet Major General

1126:

Confederates remained unpardonable and therefore forbidden to hold elected public office.

8: 15388: 14599: 14337: 13369: 13356: 13252: 13135: 12712: 12632: 12377: 12349: 12202: 12168: 11774: 11594: 11589: 11216:

The Political History of the United States of America During the Period of Reconstruction

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Let Us Have Peace: Ulysses S. Grant and the Politics of War and Reconstruction, 1861–1868

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in the trial against the burglars. Evidence suggests that Backcock was involved with the

3572: 3551: 3386: 3010: 2761: 2466: 2433: 1906: 1678: 1642: 1425: 1322: 1218: 1097: 960: 685: 537: 306: 301: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11124: 10924: 9633: 9619: 8878: 7807: 6524: 6207:(1904). "Preface to The Folsom Cook Exploration of the Upper Yellowstone, 1869 (1894)". 1793: 1469: 1052:, that federal protection was warranted, having cited documented atrocities against the 15420: 15285: 14714: 14654: 14544: 14439: 14421: 14397: 14319: 14164: 14146: 13343: 13334: 13256: 13145: 13140: 13130: 12702: 12271: 12019: 11867: 11784: 11663: 11574: 11287: 11068: 11025: 10996: 10753: 10698: 10522: 10276: 9792: 9230: 9128: 8946: 8901: 8785: 8672: 8547: 8419: 8322: 8277: 8226: 6161: 6094:"An Act Regulating the Rights of Property of Married Women in the District of Columbia" 6029: 5955: 5924: 5550: 4311: 4211: 4070: 3991: 3979: 3912: 3881: 3776: 3626: 3619: 3578: 3559: 3555: 3497: 3223: 3159: 3150: 2974:

In December 1874, Grant held a state dinner at the White House for the King of Hawaii,

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brought increased public awareness to the natural wonders of the region. Influenced by

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Grant believed strongly in the separation of church and state and championed complete

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as the first African American minister to a foreign nation. Grant's relationship with

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Woodward, Earl F. (Winter 1971). "The Brooks and Baxter War in Arkansas, 1872–1874".

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Etcheson, Nicole (June 2009). "Reconstruction and the Making of a Free-Labor South".

8618: 8608: 8577: 8554: 8531: 8521: 8471: 8465: 8441: 8411: 8353: 8343: 8303: 8293: 8265: 8255: 8251: 8234: 8033: 7980: 7926: 7901: 7605: 7439: 7376: 7320: 7050: 6817: 6807: 6772: 6762: 6256: 6231: 6172: 6129: 5592: 5346:

Harold T. Pinkett, "Efforts to Annex Santo Domingo to the United States, 1866–1871."

4802: 4299:, nominated February 7, 1870, confirmed by the Senate (vote: 46–9) on March 21, 1870. 4296: 4168: 4137: 4015: 3752: 3606: 3433: 3335: 3103: 3003: 2983: 2979: 2623: 2525: 2269: 2264: 2221: 2149: 2077: 1762:

to civilization" would lead to pacification. On April 10, 1869, Congress created the

1692: 1691:

assaults that destroyed 5 Korean forts. These military engagements were known as the

1621: 1613: 1537: 1481: 1403:

appointed by Grant believed Santo Domingo annexation would benefit the United States.

1350:, Republican Senator from Massachusetts and chair of the Foreign Relations Committee. 1197: 1170: 1080:. With the Klan destroyed other white supremacist groups would emerge, including the 1041: 1024: 1014: 872: 768: 704: 296: 11092: 10832: 10801: 9441: 6684:

Conceiving a New Republic: The Republican Party and the Southern Question, 1869–1900

2937:

ship had the right to bear the United States flag. The Spanish Republic's president

2912: 14793: 14788: 14699: 14619: 14594: 14584: 14457: 14367: 14230: 14206: 14158: 14122: 13437: 13373: 13360: 13330: 13317: 13239: 13226: 12692: 12682: 12662: 12622: 12572: 12522: 12472: 12301: 12244: 12014: 11948: 11921: 11906: 11569: 11530: 11324: 11296: 11207: 11017: 10757: 10260: 9768: 9234: 8913: 8837: 8648: 8527: 8453: 8403: 7966: 4279: 4273: 4187: 4034: 3936: 3819: 3688: 3635: 3586: 3445: 3375: 3244: 3206: 3185: 3111: 3050: 2907: 2732: 2716: 2652: 2648: 2619: 2615: 2370: 2157: 2113: 2045: 2036: 2019: 1995: 1927: 1670: 1437: 1307: 1179: 1077: 977: 968: 641: 586: 494: 208: 180: 36: 12403: 9867:

Skidmore, Max J. (2005). "The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant: a Reconsideration".

9202: 7974: 4543: 3484:

was in serious disrepair with corruption and fraud. Profiteering prevailed in the

3222:

after he testified in 1876 about corruption in the War Department under Secretary

2584:

Americans. The White League threatened the life of and expelled Crosby, the black

2229:, meaning appointments made without a merit system, should be labeled corruption. 2112:

and Langford's public speeches about the Yellowstone on the East Coast, geologist

1770:

and "civilize" Native Americans. No Natives were appointed to the committee, only

1395: 648:, and had four children. He resigned from the Army in 1854. Upon the start of the 14872: 14803: 14724: 14664: 14559: 14554: 14539: 14534: 14519: 14361: 14343: 14331: 14325: 14284: 14236: 14182: 13633: 13553: 13537: 13533: 13513: 13433: 13417: 13278: 13230: 13213: 13204: 13200: 12792: 12772: 12742: 12602: 12582: 12181: 12063: 12034: 11794: 11421: 11413: 11405: 11389: 11099: 10900: 10808: 10190: 10031: 9647: 9476: 8600: 8570: 8435: 8217:

Brands, H. W. (December 2012b). "Presidents in Crisis Grant: Takes on the Klan".

6314: 5571: 4435: 4337: 4333: 4199: 4156: 4125: 4046: 3838: 3768: 3744: 3590: 3577:

In March 1876 it was discovered under House investigations that Secretary of War

3537: 3481: 3379: 3371: 3298: 3277: 3171: 3119: 3115: 2966:

U.S. ownership was fraudulent, but the Spanish had no right to capture the ship.

2938: 2917: 2877: 2821: 2711: 2604: 2495: 2428: 2419: 2125: 2008: 1866: 1787: 1433: 1205: 1140:

130 per ounce – the lowest point since the suspension of specie payment in 1862.

1073: 1049: 956: 868: 849: 787: 749: 712: 669: 556: 522: 244: 14843: 9965:

The Greenback Era: A Social and Political History of American Finance, 1865–1879

3696:. In foreign policy Grant won praise for the Treaty of Washington, settling the 2311:. An 1872 federal investigation into the matter exonerated Creswell, but he was 2276:'s reform to keep the goods protected on the docks rather than private storage. 15483: 15478: 15315: 14867: 14862: 14857: 14709: 14659: 14487: 14469: 14427: 14224: 14218: 14176: 13833: 13813: 13477: 13473: 13457: 13453: 13295: 13217: 12872: 12752: 12722: 12612: 12592: 12562: 12512: 12370: 11728: 11248: 9716: 8697: 8457: 5813:

American Indian Policy in Crisis, Christian Reformers and the Indian, 1865–1900

4360: 4240: 4235: 4222: 3967: 3948: 3740: 3708: 3697: 3343: 3250: 3027: 2975: 2930: 2684: 2470: 2398:

supported Grant and reminded black voters that Grant had destroyed the violent

2172: 1936: 1878: 1581: 1577: 1570: 1562: 1555: 1511: 1492: 1442: 1418: 1389: 1347: 1292: 1280: 1261: 1185: 776: 742: 692: 601: 579: 530: 10902:

But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction

9772: 8787:

Political Corruption in America: An Encyclopedia of Scandals, Power, and Greed

7344: 4314:. Nonetheless, both Strong and Bradley were confirmed, and the following year 2804:, September 19, both going bankrupt. On September 19, Grant ordered Secretary 15553: 15488: 14813: 14754: 14639: 14463: 14194: 13733: 13713: 13673: 13653: 13613: 13597: 13577: 13321: 13308: 13282: 12842: 12812: 12552: 12482: 12343: 11933: 11272: 11233: 11181:

Reminiscences of the Geneva Tribunal of Arbitration, 1872, the Alabama Claims

10852: 10705: 10340: 10288: 10272: 9804: 9788: 9780: 9562: 9398: 9193: 9091: 9042: 8660: 8415: 6776: 4354: 4101: 4082: 4003: 3893: 3722: 3656: 3390: 3201: 3154: 3142: 3136: 3118:

undermined public confidence in Grant's peace policy, according to historian

3107: 2895: 2889: 2851: 2797: 2778: 2692: ... Then we shall have no complaint of sectional interference." In the 2660: 2589: 2556: 2304: 2088:

explored the same regions of the upper Yellowstone and geyser basins, naming

1989: 1977: 1858: 1746: 1738: 1723: 1617: 1515: 1461: 1372: 1364: 1343: 1271: 1267: 1257: 1250: 1057: 837: 738: 673: 571: 11036:

Williams, Frank J. "Grant and Heroic Leadership." in Edward O. Frantz, ed.,

10378: 10087: 9904: 9362: 9317: 9212: 9150: 8981: 8931: 8818: 8725: 8622: 8505: 8357: 8307: 6821: 3253:

in public schools. In a September 1875 speech, Grant advocated "security of

2832: 1926:, on December 25, a legal federal public holiday in the national capital of 1665:

in 1854 by a Naval display of military force. On May 30, 1871, Rear Admiral

1457: 1376: 1061: 140: 14833: 14828: 14749: 14729: 14684: 14634: 14604: 14569: 14493: 14475: 14260: 14248: 14140: 14128: 14116: 13933: 13913: 13893: 13243: 12892: 12882: 12862: 12832: 12492: 12331: 11192: 10814: 10363:: University of South Carolina Press. pp. 159–165, 170–172, 174, 176. 10061: 9951: 9600: 9496: 9460: 9413: 9254: 8668: 8475: 8269: 7372:

The Second Disestablishment: Church and State in Nineteenth-Century America

5164: 4341: 4328:, nominated December 3, 1872, confirmed by the Senate on December 11, 1872. 4293:, nominated February 7, 1870, confirmed by the Senate on February 18, 1870. 3850: 3693: 3594: 3510: 3429: 3405: 3313: 3254: 3227: 3123: 3099: 3065: 2999: 2640: 2538: 2482: 2462: 2399: 2356: 2205: 2141: 2129: 2089: 2003: 1940: 1890: 1825: 1696: 1326: 1081: 1036: 1018: 964: 921: 876: 853: 552: 506: 10016: 9987: 9923:. Washington D.C.: Congressional Research Service The Library of Congress. 9884: 9538: 9437: 8859: 1332: 14852: 14847: 14838: 14823: 14798: 14784: 14649: 14445: 14355: 14254: 14152: 13873: 13857: 13853: 13837: 13817: 13693: 13677: 13657: 13557: 12822: 12307: 11872: 10043: 9959: 8431: 8205: 4908:

The Reconstruction Ku Klux Klan in York County, South Carolina, 1865–1877

4402: 3760: 3401: 3258: 3181: 2627: 2295: 2168: 2116:

sought funding from Congress for an expedition under the auspices of the

2073: 1898: 1597: 1548: 1541: 1453: 1329:

war. President Grant said he trusted Fish the most for political advice.

1317:

that would ultimately lead to Hawaiian statehood, by having negotiated a

1106: 767:

in the South but kept the issue open in the North. It opposed the use of

645: 109: 11000: 10280: 10110: 8238: 3558:

was indicted and later acquitted in trial. Grant's new Attorney General

2524:

A dispute arose over who would be installed as judge and sheriff at the

14774: 14744: 14704: 14589: 14278: 14272: 14242: 13917: 13897: 13777: 13757: 13497: 13493: 12542: 12462: 11938: 11429: 11029: 10828: 10656:(1970), Pulitzer Prize–winning biography of Grant's enemy in the Senate 9579:

The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians

8652: 8423: 6874: 6872: 5351: 4549: 3731: 3622:, Superintendent of Public Works and Buildings, was indicted in a safe 3331: 3211: 2731:. Conservatives were determined to win the election for ex-Confederate 2697:

1883. Historian William Gillette calls it "an insignificant victory."

2588:

Sheriff and tax collector. Crosby sought help from Republican Governor

2382: 1886: 1850: 1715:

Cultural assimilation of Native Americans § Grant's "Peace Policy"

1413:

to vigorously oppose and speak out against annexation. Grant appointed

1375:

as an American state, the United States' acquisition of the rights for

755: 707:

citizenship, in comparison to Johnson's Reconstruction, which bypassed

672:

promoted Grant as Commanding General of the Union Army. Grant defeated

518: 10596:"The Pantaloon of the Senate: A Reminiscence of the Emma Mine Scandal" 10390:. Streets of Washington Stories and images of historic Washington, D.C 10259:(4). Little Rock, Arkansas: Arkansas Historical Association: 315–336. 9808: 6308:

Happy Presidents' Day: 12 of our greatest White House conservationists

4754: 4244:

7th Chief Justice of the United States, March 4, 1874 – March 23, 1888

2958:

was not an American-owned ship. The next day Grant's Attorney General

2516: 2076:, the world's first national park. Organized exploration of the upper 867:. For Secretary of Navy, Grant appointed Philadelphia business person 14481: 13877: 13797: 12902: 11889: 10688:'If a War It May Be Called' The Peace Policy with American Indians." 10264: 9930:

White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction

9759:

Sim, David (September 2008). "The Peace Policy of Ulysses S. Grant".

8998:

The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant: Preserving the Civil War's Legacy

8342:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 84–85. 7650: 7648: 6976: 6800:

Fremont, Jessie Benton; Chaplin, Jeremiah; Grant, Ulysses S. (1886).

6253:

The Yellowstone Story – A History of Our First National Park Volume I

4325: 3631: 3582: 3197: 3095: 3085: 3069: 2954:

the Spanish Navy did not salute the American flag disputing that the

2564: 2501: 2105: 2072:

An enduring hallmark of the Grant administration was the creation of

1923: 1817: 1797: 1662: 1638: 1224: 1028: 11436:. Vol. 1. Hartford: O.D. Case & Company. pp. 265–266. 11021: 10960: 10413:"Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Hamilton Fish (1808–1893)" 8407: 7976:

Ulysses S. Grant: The American Presidents Series: The 18th President

7555: 6869: 5303: 3781:

Ulysses S. Grant: The American Presidents Series: The 18th President

3480:

By 1875, the Department of the Interior under Secretary of Interior

2863:

minimal amounts. The act did little to relieve the national economy

2520:

Louisiana White League units in 1874 to terrorized black Republicans

2064: 879:. For Postmaster General, Grant appointed U.S. Senator of Maryland, 15538: 14759: 14266: 13937: 13793: 13697: 13076: 11641: 11499: 10967:

Our Red Brothers and the Peace Policy of President Ulysses S. Grant

10628: 10388:"A closer look: The frigid second inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant" 9998:

Frontier Regulars: the United States Army and the Indian, 1866–1891

8796: 7598:

Grant, Ulysses Simpson (2003). Simon, John Y.; et al. (eds.).

6988: 5777: 4385: 3715: 3623: 3306: 3146: 3094:

and settlers near the California-Oregon border. The Modocs, led by

2597: 2414: 1972: 1932: 1874: 1836:

and Indian policies would be legislated by Congressional statutes.

1532:

Historians have credited the Treaty of Washington for implementing

1110: 1053: 926: 708: 375: 11483: 7645: 7114: 6567: 2610: 2124:. Hayden was given instructions by Grant's Secretary of Interior, 1922:

On June 28, 1870, Grant approved and signed legislation that made

1165:

by discharging unnecessary employees, started sweeping changes in

11471: 5835: 5833: 4570: 3302: 2995: 2757: 1870: 1854: 1456:

revealed that Babcock and Ingalls both had land interests in the

934: 10880:. Vol. VII. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. pp. 492–501. 9383:. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. p. 74. 8032:(2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 548. 6940: 6440:. Subscription Book Department, American News Company. pp. 4952:"Background History of the United States Naturalization Process" 2659:

Grant had been careful to watch the elections and secretly sent

2465:, reducing violence and intimidation in the South. He appointed 1719: 1367:

who negotiated a draft treaty with Dominican Republic president

11459: 11346: 10921:

The Catholic Indian Missions and Grant's Peace Policy 1870–1884

10661:

Splendid Failure: Postwar Reconstruction in the American South.

10435: 8028:. In Hall, Kermit L.; Ely, James W.; Grossman, Joel B. (eds.). 7914: 7138: 4398: 3218:

During the Great Sioux War, Grant came into conflict with Col.

3091: 2294:

and Southern regions of the United States. These were known as

2144:

of Kansas, and in the House of Representatives, by Congressman

2092:

and many other park features. Official reports from Lieutenant

1561:

built in Britain. These damages were collectively known as the

1183:

wanted the government to buy more bonds and greenbacks and the

729: 529:, began a crackdown on Klan activity in the South, starting in 165: 8504:. International Council on Monuments and Sites. Archived from 8114: 8112: 8030:

The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States

7521: 7519: 6591: 5830: 3366:

As the 1874 midterm elections approached, three scandals, the

2764:

withdrew federal troops and after Chamberlain left the state.

2225:

permanent. Historians have traditionally been divided whether

10649:(2005). 1256 pp. in three volumes. 900 essays by 200 scholars 10111:

Wainwright, Nicholas; Russell Weigley and Edwin Wolf (1982).

8523:

The Presidencies of James A. Garfield & Chester A. Arthur

8210:

The Man Who Saved The Union Ulysses S. Grant in War and Peace

7623: 7621: 6952: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5017: 5007: 5005: 3682:

Native American policy of the Ulysses S. Grant administration

3189: 3040:

Native American policy of the Ulysses S. Grant administration

1709:

Native American policy of the Ulysses S. Grant administration

1674: 1592: 1298:

with Great Britain through his development of the concept of

1102: 593: 578:

restored relations with Britain and resolved the contentious

11177:"Chapter III: The Alabama Claims – The Treaty of Washington" 10820:

Hamilton Fish: The Inner History of the Grant Administration

9687:

Encyclopedia of White-collar & Corporate Crime, Volume 2

9581:. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 9465:

Hamilton Fish: The Inner History of the Grant Administration

9419:

Hamilton Fish: The Inner History of the Grant Administration

8129: 8127: 8099: 8097: 7579: 7282: 6664: 6475: 6416: 6414: 6392:

John Y. Simon, "Ulysses S. Grant and Civil Service Reform,"

6337: 6335: 5169:

Hamilton Fish: The inner history of the Grant administration

4812: 2368:. At the party's only national convention, held in May 1872 1200:

was dismissed for being unqualified to hold the position of

1027:

into law on May 31, 1870. This law was designed to keep the

891:

In March 1869, President Grant made it known he desired the

11304:(126). New York City: Leonard Scott Publishing Company: 126 10974:

The "Spider Web": Congress and Lobbying in the Age of Grant

10474:. PoliticalCorruption.net. February 9, 2009. Archived from 8109: 7923:

The Man Who Saved the Union: Ulysses Grant in War and Peace

7688: 7516: 7477: 7270: 7234: 7087: 7075: 7000: 6616: 6185: 6059: 5903:

Race Treason: The Untold Story of America's Ban on Polygamy

5753: 5612: 5429: 5118: 4336:

died suddenly. Grant initially offered the seat to Senator

3765:

The Man Who Saved the Union: Ulysses Grant in War and Peace

3060:

In his second term of presidential office, Grant's fragile

1816:

policy received a boost when the Chief of the Oglala Sioux

1303: 1260:

and the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee

699:. In addition, he oversaw conflicts that arose between the 11316: 10939:

The Ordeal of the Reunion: A New History of Reconstruction

10690:

Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation

10675:

Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877

10106:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. 7618: 7494: 7492: 6689: 6364: 6362: 5793: 5765: 5717: 5676: 5489: 5477: 5321: 5002: 4990: 2859:

because he believed it would destroy the nation's credit.

2509:

as the victor, while the Republicans claimed U.S. Senator

2418:

Grant's second inauguration as president by Chief Justice

2255:"Salary Grab" caption: "That salary grab – 'You took it'" 1452:

A Congressional investigation in June 1870 led by Senator

11369:, highly detailed compendium of facts and primary sources 10782:. New York, New York: Delacorte Press. pp. 133–162. 10621:

The Gold Ring Jim Fisk, Jay Gould, and Black Friday, 1869

8124: 8094: 8005: 7845: 7784: 7712: 7531: 7452: 7405: 7403: 7294: 7210: 7174: 7012: 6579: 6555: 6411: 6332: 5976: 5974: 5741: 5729: 5441: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5356: 5135: 5133: 4875: 3389:. The Democratic Party won the New York governorship for 1325:, America's first African American consul, to settle the 1302:. Fish kept the United States out of war with Spain over 782:

Grant won the presidential election with an overwhelming

11118:

Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents

9824:. Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 258–259. 9080:"Chapter VIII – Treasury Relief in Crises, 1873 to 1890" 8597:

Freedom's shore: Tunis Campbell and the Georgia freedmen

7772: 7222: 7024: 6399: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5602: 5600: 5526: 5514: 5465: 5453: 5309: 5250: 5145: 5062: 4913: 4863: 4829: 4827: 4622: 4560: 4558: 3162:

and Phil Sheridan, imprisoned 74 insurgents in Florida.

786:

victory, receiving 214 votes to the Democratic nominee,

10432:"C-SPAN 2009 Historians Presidential Leadership Survey" 10298:

The Military and United States Indian Policy, 1865–1903

9742:

Citizen-General: Jacob Dolson Cox and the Civil War Era

8960:

Johnson, Benjamin S. (1908). John Hugh Reynolds (ed.).

8894:

Chester A. Arthur A Quarter-Century of Machine Politics

7993: 7821: 7804:

The Hayes-Tilden disputed presidential election of 1876

7760: 7700: 7543: 7504: 7489: 7258: 7246: 6964: 6908: 6896: 6884: 6723: 6721: 6359: 6300: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5396: 4980: 4978: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4937:

The Great South Carolina Ku Klux Klan Trials, 1871–1872

3467:

In April 1875, it was discovered that Attorney General

2827: 2374:

editor Horace Greeley was nominated for president, and

1333:

Failed annexation of Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic)

570:

tribes in the West continued. Under Secretary of State

11038:

A Companion to the Reconstruction Presidents 1865–1881

10747:

A Companion to the Reconstruction Presidents 1865–1881

8755: 8692:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 397–400. 8076:"U.S. Senate: Supreme Court Nominations: 1789–Present" 7833: 7724: 7400: 7350: 7198: 7186: 7162: 7150: 6733: 6448: 6225: 5971: 5881: 5879: 5818: 5705: 5664: 5412: 5381: 5256:

United States Department of State (December 4, 1871),

5178: 5130: 4839: 4718: 4694: 4682: 4658: 4598: 4533: 4531: 3651:, the Republicans nominated the fiscally conservative 3316:, saying that it was "no less an evil" than polygamy. 2315:

by the minority House report. A $ 40,000 bribe to the

652:, Grant returned to the Army in 1861. As a successful 600:, but the annexation was blocked by powerful Senator, 11433:

The American Year-book and National Register for 1869

10778:

McFeely, William S. (1974). Woodward, C. Vann (ed.).

10411: 10385: 10082:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior. 8153: 8151: 7956: 7954: 7818:

C-SPAN 2009 Historians Presidential Leadership Survey

7748: 7633: 7126: 7120: 7104: 7102: 6628: 6573: 6530: 6487: 6374: 6347: 5688: 5597: 5584: 5582: 5280: 5238: 4824: 4782:"Ratification of Amendments to the U.S. Constitution" 4555: 4516: 4504: 3362:

1874 United States House of Representatives elections

2820:

relieving Wall Street, but not stopping the national

2238:

a condition of our representative form of Government.

1177:

and buying back wartime bonds with the currency. The

916:

Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

11045:

Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct

10780:

Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct

10357:

State of Rebellion: Reconstruction in South Carolina

10046:: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 127–133. 9513:"Chapter 7: Red Cloud Visits the Great White Father" 9000:. Yardley, Pennsylvania: Westholme Publishing, LLC. 8145:

Clerk of the United States House of Representatives.

7736: 6718: 6640: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6125:

Women Public Speakers In the United States 1800–1925

5845: 5393: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5090: 4975: 4958: 4851: 4670: 4250:

List of federal judges appointed by Ulysses S. Grant

3292: 1895:

American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions

12433: 10870:Paxson, Frederic Logan; Bach, Christian A. (1931). 10729:

Encyclopedia of American Recessions and Depressions

10040:

The Indian frontier of the American West, 1846–1890

9121:"Chapter V: The Preservation of a Noble Experiment" 8966:

Publications of the Arkansas Historical Association

8706:. New York: Doubleday and McClure Company. p. 7042: 6799: 5876: 5657:David Sim, "The peace policy of Ulysses S. Grant." 4742: 4730: 4706: 4610: 4586: 4528: 4492: 4266:which fixed the size of the Supreme Court at nine. 3122:. During the peace negotiations between Brig. Gen. 505:took place during Grant's two terms of office. The 11339: 11160:1876 State of the Union Message – Ulysses S. Grant 11155:1875 State of the Union Message – Ulysses S. Grant 11150:1874 State of the Union Message – Ulysses S. Grant 11145:1873 State of the Union Message – Ulysses S. Grant 11140:1872 State of the Union Message – Ulysses S. Grant 11135:1871 State of the Union Message – Ulysses S. Grant 11130:1870 State of the Union Message – Ulysses S. Grant 11125:1869 State of the Union Message – Ulysses S. Grant 11091:, Southern Illinois University Press (1967–2009 ) 10798:Johnson, Grant, and the Politics of Reconstruction 10697: 10647:Encyclopedia of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 10492:"The American Presidency Project Election of 1876" 9478:A history of the United States since the Civil War 8916:: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 262–266. 8784: 8569: 8546: 8148: 7951: 7939: 7857: 7567: 7099: 6761:. Bloomington, Indiana: AuthorHouse. p. 272. 6432: 6209:Contributions to the Historical Society of Montana 6160: 5839: 5579: 3475: 2723:in the 1876 Governor's election in South Carolina. 656:General, Grant led the Union Armies to defeat the 27:U.S. presidential administration from 1869 to 1877 10300:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 7431: 6652: 6269: 5864: 5639: 5087: 4408: 3141:In 1874, war erupted on the southern Plains when 2044:in Washington, D.C. In March 1870 Representative 1105:was readmitted into the Union on March 30, 1870, 763:The 1868 Republican Party platform advocated the 15551: 11349:: Little, Brown, and Company. 1871. p. 168. 11070:Ulysses S. Grant: Memoirs & Selected Letters 10905:. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. 8070: 8068: 8066: 8064: 8062: 8060: 8058: 8056: 6163:Belva Lockwood: The Woman Who Would Be President 5509:The Transformation of American Foreign Relations 5202: 5190: 2544: 2355:he was unanimously nominated for a second term. 1994:In March 1873, anti-obscenity moralists, led by 1756: 1673:, arrived at the mouth of the Salee River below 1189:praised the Grant administration's debt policy. 976:up to five years in the federal penitentiary in 886: 883:, who racially integrated the U.S. Post Office. 10677:(1988), Pulitzer Prize–winning synthesis from 10456:"Henry Wilson, 18th Vice President (1873–1875)" 10075: 9721:"The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant, 1869–1877" 8233:. New York: Greenwood Press. pp. 131–133. 7660: 7339:Anbinder, Tyler. "Ulysses S. Grant, Nativist". 7313:Schultz, Jeffrey D.; et al., eds. (1999). 6795: 6793: 6251:Haines, Aubrey L. (1977). "Beyond the Ranges". 4930: 4928: 4379: 4344:. Grant made three attempts to fill vacancies: 3423:Scandals of the Ulysses S. Grant administration 2647:was forced to flee. Former Confederate General 2422:, surrounded by top officials, on March 4, 1873 2194:Scandals of the Ulysses S. Grant administration 2059: 1068:between 1868 and 1870; South Carolina Governor 65: 8231:Reminiscences of Sixty Years in Public Affairs 7396:Various Presidents on Polygamy (July 05, 2011) 6806:. Boston: D. Lothrop and Company. p. 29. 6154: 6152: 3419:Reforms of the Ulysses S. Grant administration 2190:Reforms of the Ulysses S. Grant administration 1807: 1004: 752:, was chosen its vice-presidential candidate. 13092: 12419: 11515: 9914:"Federal Holidays: Evolution and Application" 9523:: University of Nebraska Press. p. 103. 9023:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 8053: 7316:Encyclopedia of Religion in American Politics 6750: 6748: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6516: 6514: 6230:. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. 4405:. Grant had 4 vetoes overridden by Congress. 4286:He subsequently submitted two more nominees: 3786: 2969: 2634: 2246: 1580:spoke up before Congress; publicly denounced 1306:independence by coolly handling the volatile 987: 470: 11317:New York State Legislature (April 5, 1894). 10192:American Ulysses: A Life of Ulysses S. Grant 10076:Utley, Robert M.; Mackintosh, Barry (1989). 10036:"Chapter 5: Grant's Peace Policy: 1869–1876" 9723:. College of St. Scholastica. Archived from 9575:"Chapter 20: Structures of the Peace Policy" 9174:. New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. 9017:"Chapter 7: Battle of the Colfax Courthouse" 8976:: Arkansas Historical Association: 122–168. 8951:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7368: 7046:American Ulysses: A Life of Ulysses S. Grant 6790: 5231:American Heritage Editors (December, 1981), 4925: 4449:Army Weather Bureau (currently known as the 3773:American Ulysses: A Life of Ulysses S. Grant 3330:several Jewish leaders to office, including 3276:After Grant's speech Republican Congressman 3033: 2048:introduced a bill, coauthored by suffragist 2000:New York Society for the Suppression of Vice 1056:. This law allowed the president to suspend 992:On July 14, 1870, Grant signed into law the 967:members in the early 1870s. Grant appointed 691:After the war, Grant served under President 15585:1877 disestablishments in the United States 15351:National Republican Congressional Committee 10731:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 227–276. 10318:Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era: A–L 9471: 9380:Five Stars: Missouri's Most Famous Generals 8756:Gross, Linda P.; Theresa R. Snyder (2005). 8374:Charles Sumner and the Treaty of Washington 8371: 8276: 7972: 6946: 6306:The Wilderness Society (February 16, 2015) 6287: 6149: 6117: 6115: 5435: 4550:Republican Party National Platform May 1868 3613: 3334:recorder of deeds in Washington, D.C., and 3205:1876, one of these columns, led by Colonel 2866: 2671: 2198: 2163: 598:annex the Caribbean island of Santo Domingo 596:was settled peacefully. Grant attempted to 15441:High School Republican National Federation 13099: 13085: 13061: 12426: 12412: 11522: 11508: 11218:. Washington, D.C.: Chapman. p. 545. 11073:(Annotated ed.). Library of America. 10869: 10645:Buenker, John D. and Joseph Buenker, eds. 10141: 9106:Kreiser, Christine (2013). "Royal Visit". 8896:. New York: Frederick Unger Publishing Co. 8835: 8489:Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy 7874: 7872: 7827: 7438:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 62. 6745: 6701: 6511: 5982:"Utah's Territorial Governors (1850–1896)" 5896: 5894: 5564: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5221: 4818: 3711:veto – though Congress never allowed one. 3504: 2707:1876 South Carolina gubernatorial election 2298:because an asterisk was given on official 2014: 1946: 1702: 477: 463: 35: 11206: 11170:1873 Inaugural Address – Ulysses S. Grant 11165:1869 Inaugural Address – Ulysses S. Grant 11007: 10886:Ulysses S. Grant: Soldier & President 10722: 9168:(2008). "Chapter Six: Black-Letter Law". 8759:Philadelphia's 1876 Centennial Exhibition 8735:Centennial Campaign The Sioux War of 1876 8482: 8333: 7356: 6065: 5629: 5627: 5270: 5268: 5266: 4869: 4780:Huckabee, David C. (September 30, 1997). 3671: 3412: 3319: 2279: 1247:History of U.S. foreign policy, 1861–1897 1212: 1109:was readmitted on February 23, 1870, and 798: 15580:1869 establishments in the United States 15534:Timeline of modern American conservatism 15366:Republican Attorneys General Association 15361:National Republican Senatorial Committee 11835:Yellowstone National Park Protection Act 11825:District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871 11415:Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia ...for 1876 10986: 10700:The New Encyclopedia of American Scandal 10618: 10248: 10222: 10142:Weisberger, Bernard A. (November 1995). 9927: 9912:Stathis, Stephen W. (February 8, 1999). 9866: 9715: 9683: 9239:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 9131:: University of Missouri Press. p. 8876: 8782: 8703:Ulysses S. Grant: His Life and Character 8636: 8603:: University of Georgia Press. pp. 8519: 8254:: Colorado Associated University Press. 8245: 8225: 7895: 7863: 7654: 7585: 7375:. Oxford University Press. p. 296. 7069: 6670: 6622: 6597: 6481: 6203: 6121: 6112: 5124: 5023: 4969: 4934: 4857: 4779: 4775: 4773: 4234: 4230: 4221: 3663:. On January 29, 1877, Grant signed the 3518:Grant's second term anti-corruption team 3355: 3283:The proposed Blaine Amendment text was: 3180:In 1874 gold had been discovered in the 2911: 2831: 2782: 2710: 2609: 2515: 2413: 2409: 2381: 2341: 2338:1872 United States presidential election 2250: 2167: 2063: 2018: 1950: 1792: 1718: 1669:with a fleet of five ships, part of the 1637: 1591: 1519: 1394: 1342: 1266: 940: 802: 754: 741:, and his dramatic break from President 728: 725:1868 United States presidential election 625: 517:, which prompted Congress to pass three 15356:National Republican Redistricting Trust 11423:Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia...for 1877 11407:Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia...for 1875 11399:Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia...for 1873 11383:Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia...for 1870 11174: 10981:Historical Dictionary of Reconstruction 10936: 10846: 10777: 10752: 10404: 10295: 9911: 9838: 9744:. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. 9739: 9694:: Sage Publications. pp. 374–375. 9628: 9614: 9552: 9229: 9200: 9056: 8959: 8838:"Chapter XI: The End of Reconstruction" 8696: 8567: 8470:. New York: Lamere Publishing Company. 8463: 8430: 8321: 8216: 8204: 8118: 7999: 7869: 7766: 7742: 7706: 7694: 7666: 7627: 7561: 7549: 7525: 7510: 7498: 7483: 7312: 7288: 7276: 7264: 7252: 7240: 7093: 7081: 7006: 6982: 6970: 6934: 6930: 6914: 6902: 6890: 6712: 6658: 6520: 6368: 6191: 6158: 6071: 5891: 5858: 5824: 5799: 5787: 5771: 5759: 5723: 5711: 5682: 5670: 5588: 5532: 5520: 5495: 5483: 5423: 5387: 5286: 5218: 5196: 5184: 5139: 5011: 4881: 4764: 4648: 4628: 4576: 4564: 3238: 3020: 2452:Reconstruction era of the United States 2183: 1501: 1143: 793: 14: 15552: 15474:Republican National Coalition for Life 11247: 10813: 10593: 10354: 10314: 10209: 10030: 9994: 9659:"Grant, Babcock, and the Whiskey Ring" 9642: 9569: 9481:. Vol. 2–3. New York: Macmillan. 9459: 9412: 9376: 9331: 9285: 9262: 9259:, Pulitzer prize, but hostile to Grant 9207:. New York: Hawke Publishing Company. 9118: 9077: 8900: 8762:. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 15–16. 8683: 8590: 8544: 7920: 7839: 7754: 7678: 7410:Grant, Ulysses S. (December 7, 1875). 7204: 7192: 7168: 7156: 7144: 6994: 6878: 6864:Retreat from Reconstruction, 1869–1879 6739: 6727: 6695: 6454: 6250: 6077: 5900: 5885: 5747: 5735: 5699: 5633: 5624: 5618: 5471: 5447: 5362: 5274: 5263: 5258:Foreign relations of the United States 5244: 4949: 4845: 4790:Congressional Research Service reports 4428:United States Civil Service Commission 3678:Ulysses S. Grant historical reputation 2921:Spanish Republic president (1873–1874) 2767: 2700: 2500:After the November 4, 1872, election, 2233:through Congress, he refused, saying: 2218:United States Civil Service Commission 1967:President Lincoln signed into law the 1091: 909: 56:March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877 15416:Republican National Hispanic Assembly 13080: 12407: 11503: 11391:American Annual Cyclopedia...for 1872 11373:American Annual Cyclopedia...for 1869 11327:: J. B. Lyon, printer. pp. 54–57 11292:"Around the World with General Grant" 11286: 11066: 10898: 10823:. Vol. 2. New York: Dodd, Mead. 10506: 10188: 10167: 10117:. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 10104:"Ulysses S. Grant: Impact and Legacy" 10101: 9958: 9879: 9819: 9803: 9656: 9510: 9271:: Mountain Press Publishing Company. 9014: 8995: 8393: 8133: 8103: 8011: 7960: 7945: 7851: 7790: 7718: 7639: 7597: 7573: 7537: 7458: 7409: 7300: 7216: 7180: 7132: 7030: 7018: 6958: 6926: 6881:, pp. 159–165, 170–172, 174, 176 6754: 6634: 6561: 6536: 6493: 6420: 6380: 6353: 6341: 5783: 5645: 5606: 5459: 5406: 5334: 5315: 5151: 5100: 5068: 4996: 4984: 4919: 4833: 4770: 4760: 4748: 4736: 4724: 4712: 4700: 4688: 4676: 4664: 4652: 4644: 4640: 4616: 4604: 4592: 4580: 4537: 4522: 4510: 4498: 4254:Grant appointed four Justices to the 3655:and the Democrats nominated reformer 3593:; having been replaced by Brig. Gen. 3233: 2989: 2719:was supported by the terrorist group 2031:During Grant's presidency, the early 1475: 676:, after hard-fought conflicts at the 13106: 11993:Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant 11744:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo 11529: 10695: 10654:Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man 10001:. New York: Macmillan. p. 206. 9936:: Louisiana State University Press. 9164: 8891: 8880:A History of the President's Cabinet 8732: 8549:Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man 8502:"Context for World Heritage Bridges" 8195: 8184: 8157:New York Times (September 8, 1871), 8023: 7880:"A Better President Than They Think" 7730: 7601:The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant: 1875 7472:When General Grant Expelled the Jews 7435:When General Grant Expelled the Jews 7412:"Seventh Annual Message to Congress" 7228: 6646: 6611:Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man 6585: 6405: 6226:Merrill, Marlene Deahl, ed. (1999). 5870: 5233:The Ten Best Secretaries Of State... 5115:1872, "The Conduct of the Finances". 3566: 3439: 2901: 2883: 2828:Inflation bill vetoed and compromise 2272:, implemented Secretary of Treasury 2257:Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper 1460:that would increase in value if the 1339:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo 1134: 1129: 765:Enfranchisement of African Americans 660:. After decisive Union victories at 563:, the nation's first National Park. 9813:The Presidents: A Reference History 9761:American Nineteenth Century History 9758: 9105: 8196:Belz, Paul H. (December 25, 2017). 7108: 6803:Words of Our Hero, Ulysses S. Grant 6128:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 40. 5659:American Nineteenth Century History 5163:The main scholarly history remains 3642: 3462: 2445: 2331: 1912: 1152: 947:United States Department of Justice 718: 328:18th President of the United States 24: 15459:Republican Main Street Partnership 11059: 10611: 9889:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 9343:. New York: Times Books. pp. 9298:: Naval Institute Press. pp. 9288:"Chapter 6: The Naval Renaissance" 8836:Hesseltine, William Best (1935) . 8499: 8372:Chamberlain, Daniel Henry (1902). 8288:. New York: Times Books. pp. 5213:The Ten Best Secretaries Of States 5173:The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant 4432:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act 4256:Supreme Court of the United States 3743:, who led the movement to restore 3165: 2574: 2489: 2322: 2086:Washburn–Langford–Doane Expedition 1777: 1627: 1240: 501:, and ended on March 4, 1877. The 25: 15601: 15590:Presidencies of the United States 15401:Congressional Hispanic Conference 12176:Grant Cottage State Historic Site 11900:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 11452: 11363:American Annual Cyclopedia...1868 10961:https://doi.org/10.1111/psq.12762 10252:The Arkansas Historical Quarterly 10210:White, Ron (December 23, 2017b). 10195:. Random House Publishing Group. 9863:(1998) pp. 133–196 on Grant. 9201:Leonard, Lewis Alexander (1920). 5917:"The Mormons Arming and Drilling" 5304:https://doi.org/10.1111/psq.12762 3605:In March 1876, Secretary of Navy 3450:In June 1874, Treasury Secretary 3293:Polygamy and Chinese prostitution 3064:policy came apart. Major General 2994:The U.S. settled the war between 2740:. The rifle clubs, wearing their 2346:Grant-Wilson Campaign Poster 1872 2068:Hayden's Map of Yellowstone, 1871 1634:United States expedition to Korea 898: 733:Grant-Colfax Campaign Poster 1868 695:, and oversaw the enforcement of 15371:Republican Governors Association 13910:2020 (Charlotte/other locations) 13060: 13051: 13050: 12387: 12386: 11560:Grant and the American Civil War 11482: 11470: 11458: 10877:Dictionary of American Biography 10849:The Reconstruction of the Nation 10325:: Greenwood Press. p. 413. 10223:Woodward, C. Vann (April 1957). 10114:Philadelphia: A 300-Year History 10079:Early Problems and Personalities 8741:: University of Oklahoma Press. 8690:Dictionary of American Biography 8173:Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant 8139: 8017: 7889: 7812: 7796: 7591: 7464: 7425: 7389: 7362: 7333: 7306: 7036: 6856: 6847: 6835: 6676: 6603: 6542: 6499: 6460: 6426: 6386: 6327:The Republic for which it Stands 6319: 6244: 6219: 6197: 6086: 6053:"Various Presidents on Polygamy" 6045: 6014: 5999: 5940: 5909: 3536: 3524: 3130: 2772: 2664:by federal troops under Colonel 2307:, Grant's 1869 appointment, was 2122:Hayden Geological Survey of 1871 2002:, easily secured passage of the 1959:Charles William Carter 1866–1877 1853:received fourteen; the Orthodox 1202:Commissioner of Internal Revenue 1167:Bureau of Engraving and Printing 450: 444: 164: 139: 12435:Presidents of the United States 10937:Summers, Mark Wahlgren (2014). 10546:"The Conduct of the Finances". 10144:"The Item And "fight 'em" Veto" 9517:Red Cloud and the Sioux problem 8892:Howe, George Frederick (1935). 8483:DeForrest, Mark Edward (2003). 8396:The Journal of American History 8382:Chamberlain reviewed speech by 8166: 6866:(LSU Press, 1982). pp. 259–279. 5805: 5651: 5558: 5538: 5501: 5368: 5340: 5292: 5157: 5106: 5074: 5047: 5038: 5035:National Governors Association. 5029: 4943: 4900: 4887: 4473: 4340:, who declined, as did Senator 3476:Delano's Department of Interior 2925:On October 31, 1873, a steamer 2082:Cook–Folsom–Peterson Expedition 1983: 1917: 1839: 1526:Punch – or the London Charivari 1313:. In 1875, Fish initiated the 1274:, Secretary of State, 1869–1877 808:Inauguration of President Grant 15560:Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant 15464:Republican Majority for Choice 15292:Steering and Policy Committees 11544:President of the United States 11175:Hackett, Frank Warren (1911). 11089:The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant 10957:Presidential Studies Quarterly 10541:. March 2, 1875. pp. 1–2. 10386:Streets of Washington (2017). 9972:: Princeton University Press. 9684:Salinger, Lawrence M. (2005). 8877:Hinsdale, Mary Louise (1911). 8530:: The Regents Press of Kanas. 8327:Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant 6755:Reyes, E. Christopher (2010). 6297:, Volume 25, 1874, pp. 411–412 5376:The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant 5300:Presidential Studies Quarterly 5054:"Amnesty & Civil Rights". 4935:Williams, Lou Falkner (1996). 4795:Congressional Research Service 4464: 4409:Government agencies instituted 3721:Grant's generous treatment of 1751:Commissioner of Indian Affairs 1652:' assault on the Korean forts. 1648:transported troops in Admiral 1441:denounced Grant and supported 1399:African American Commissioner 688:, and the war ended in 1865. 684:. Lee surrendered to Grant at 499:President of the United States 491:presidency of Ulysses S. Grant 51:Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant 13: 1: 15529:International Democracy Union 11790:Specie Payment Resumption Act 10983:Greenwood (1991), 250 entries 10931:The Reconstruction Presidents 10619:Ackerman, Kenneth D. (2011). 9861:The Reconstruction Presidents 9845:. U of North Carolina Press. 8464:Corning, Amos Elwood (1918). 8334:Carpenter, Daniel P. (2001). 8329:. University Press of Kansas. 8246:Bradford, Richard H. (1980). 8198:"How Christmas Got Its Start" 7049:. Random House. p. 499. 6467:"The New York Custom House". 4486: 3649:presidential election of 1876 3600: 2747:Black militia fought back in 2694:pursued equal justice for all 2545:Brooks-Baxter war in Arkansas 1764:Board of Indian Commissioners 1757:Board of Indian Commissioners 1749:), the first Native American 1169:to protect the currency from 1161:reorganized and reformed the 887:Tenure of Office Act modified 607: 493:began on March 4, 1869, when 11664:State of the Union addresses 11653: 11430:Camp, David N., ed. (1869). 11355: 10847:Patrick, Rembert W. (1968). 10631:: Viral History Press, Inc. 9928:Trelease, Allen W. (1995) . 9657:Rives, Timothy (Fall 2000). 8842:Ulysses S. Grant, Politician 8520:Doenecke, Justis D. (1981). 8177: 7973:Bunting III, Josiah (2004). 7898:President Grant Reconsidered 7564:, pp. 466–467, 785–786. 7043:Ronald Cedric White (2016). 6997:, pp. 706–708, 711–714. 4380:States admitted to the Union 3079: 2791:closed on September 20, 1873 2622:militia attempted to stop a 2391:candidate of a third party. 2080:began in fall 1869 when the 2060:Yellowstone and conservation 1486:Cuba–United States relations 525:, head of the newly created 497:was inaugurated as the 18th 7: 15411:Republican Jewish Coalition 15326:Republican Governance Group 12233:1922 Grant Memorial coinage 11010:Journal of American History 10893:Journal of American Studies 10855:: Oxford University Press. 10774:, major scholarly biography 10174:. Oxford University Press. 9995:Utley, Robert M. (1984a) . 9839:Simpson, Brooks D. (2014). 9740:Schmiel, Eugene D. (2014). 9265:Encyclopedia of Indian Wars 9263:Michno, Gregory F. (2003). 9061:. Dvrbs.com. Archived from 9057:Kennedy, Robert C. (2001). 8640:Reviews in American History 8440:. New York: Penguin Press. 8388:New York Historical Society 8185:Ames, Mary Clemner (1879). 6433:John Russell Young (1879). 6082:. Cobblestone. pp. 8+. 5565:David Keys (24 June 2014). 5546:"Alabama Claims, 1862-1872" 4372:United States v. Cruikshank 4332:In May 1873, Chief Justice 3703:issue with Britain through 3002:in 1876 by dispatching the 2715:Former Confederate officer 2639:On September 14, 1874, the 2614:Former Confederate General 2386:Electoral Vote Results 1872 1808:Red Cloud White House visit 1508:Treaty of Washington (1871) 1386:Foreign Relations Committee 1005:Force Acts of 1870 and 1871 852:, however, Rawlins died of 759:Electoral Vote Results 1868 10: 15606: 15570:1870s in the United States 15565:1860s in the United States 15331:Republican Study Committee 11929:Naturalization Act of 1870 11820:U.S. Department of Justice 11780:General Mining Act of 1872 11254:Republicanism vs. Grantism 11067:Grant, Ulysses S. (1990). 10594:E.G.D. (October 9, 1893). 10515:"Amnesty and Civil Rights" 10438:.org. 2009. Archived from 8910:Phil Sheridan and his Army 8902:Hutton, Paul Andrew, Ph.D. 8684:Fuller, Joseph V. (1931). 8282:"The Original Inhabitants" 8170: 7604:. SIU Press. p. 166. 7432:Jonathan D. Sarna (2012). 6574:Streets of Washington 2017 6295:Papers of Ulysses S. Grant 4247: 4226:Grant's Cabinet, 1876–1877 3787:Administration and cabinet 3675: 3661:peaceful transfer of power 3570: 3508: 3443: 3416: 3359: 3242: 3169: 3134: 3083: 3053:and the completion of the 3037: 2970:Hawaiian free trade treaty 2905: 2887: 2776: 2704: 2675: 2635:Louisiana revolt and coups 2548: 2493: 2449: 2335: 2283: 2247:New York Custom House Ring 2208:and Secretary of Treasury 2187: 1987: 1712: 1706: 1631: 1604:Active service (1862–1864) 1505: 1479: 1336: 1244: 1216: 1095: 1008: 998:Naturalization Act of 1790 994:Naturalization Act of 1870 988:Naturalization Act of 1870 944: 913: 902: 822: 811:Mathew Brady March 4, 1869 722: 611: 542:1876 presidential election 386:Federal judge appointments 15506: 15469:Republican Liberty Caucus 15449: 15379: 15341: 15272: 15261: 15216: 14955: 14941: 14881: 14512: 14503: 14294: 14097: 13960: 13156: 13116: 13046: 12918: 12441: 12365: 12286: 12253: 12131: 12113: 12072: 12002: 11984: 11961: 11860: 11840:Yellowstone National Park 11803: 11760:Public Credit Act of 1869 11752: 11714: 11617: 11552: 11537: 11054:(1950) on bargain of 1877 10899:Rable, George C. (2007). 10888:(2009). popular biography 10727:. In Leab, Daniel (ed.). 10189:White, Ronald C. (2016). 9811:. In Graff, Henry (ed.). 9773:10.1080/14664650802408476 9692:Thousand Oaks, California 9473:Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson 9377:Muench, James F. (2006). 9337:"Chapter 5: Mega-Machine" 8793:Santa Barbara, California 7900:. Lanham: Madison Books. 7343:43 (June 1997): 119–141. 7319:. Greenwood. p. 29. 7121:Hamilton Fish (1808–1893) 5082:Respecting Wages of labor 5044:U.S. Constitution Online. 4392: 4183:Secretary of the Interior 4181: 4177: 4150: 4146: 4095: 4091: 4028: 4024: 3961: 3957: 3908:Secretary of the Treasury 3906: 3902: 3875: 3871: 3832: 3828: 3809: 3793: 3176:Battle of Little Big Horn 3153:. The Army under General 2110:Northern Pacific Railroad 1782:On January 23, 1870, the 1677:. The fleet included the 1534:international arbitration 1300:international arbitration 929:based on that citizen's " 561:Yellowstone National Park 135: 115: 103: 82: 72: 60: 47: 43: 34: 15239:Northern Mariana Islands 12042:Ulysses S. Grant Cottage 11944:Civil Rights Act of 1875 11852:Electoral Commission Act 11830:Civil Service Commission 10895:(2014) 48#2 pp: 541–558. 10723:Lucibello, Alan (2014). 10696:Kohn, George C. (2000). 10361:Columbia, South Carolina 10355:Zuczek, Richard (1996). 10315:Zuczek, Richard (2006). 10296:Wooster, Robert (1988). 9555:Detroit Post and Tribune 9511:Olson, James C. (1965). 9292:The U.S. Navy: A History 9286:Miller, Nathan (1997) . 9119:Kremer, Gary R. (1991). 8844:. New York: Dodd, Mead. 8591:Duncan, Russell (1986). 8378:Worcester, Massachusetts 8191:. Hartford, Worthington. 8024:Hall, Kermit L. (2005). 7896:Scaturro, Frank (1998). 7147:, pp. 295–296, 363. 6394:Hayes Historical Journal 5348:Journal of Negro History 4457: 4451:National Weather Service 3925:William Adams Richardson 3665:Electoral Commission Act 3614:Safe burglary conspiracy 3486:Bureau of Indian Affairs 3074:Battle of Little Bighorn 3055:Northern Pacific Railway 2867:Resumption of Specie Act 2690:as he is and must remain 2678:Civil Rights Act of 1875 2672:Civil Rights Act of 1875 2366:Liberal Republican Party 2353:1872 national convention 2199:Civil service commission 2164:End of the buffalo herds 1768:Bureau of Indian Affairs 1567:British blockade runners 959:as Attorney General and 173:This article is part of 11912:Enforcement Act of 1870 11105:Online version vol 1–31 11043:Woodward, C. Vann. ed. 10959:52.3 (2022): 648–670. 10659:Fitzgerald, Michael W. 10652:Donald, David Herbert. 10556:"The Emma Mine Scandal" 10532:"The Civil Rights Bill" 10168:White, Richard (2017). 9820:Simon, John Y. (1997). 9455:(subscription required) 9422:. New York: Macmillan. 9015:Keith, LeeAnna (2007). 8962:"The Brooks-Baxter War" 8872:(subscription required) 8783:Grossman, Mark (2003). 8188:Ten years in Washington 8026:"Judiciary Act of 1869" 4950:Bolger, Eillen (2003). 3505:Whiskey Ring prosecuted 3220:George Armstrong Custer 3114:. This episode and the 3034:Native American affairs 2810:New York Stock Exchange 2802:Jay Cooke & Company 2015:Early suffrage movement 1947:Utah territory polygamy 1703:Native American affairs 1612:, who was counseled by 1319:reciprocal trade treaty 1011:Enforcement Act of 1870 920:Grant worked to ensure 15321:Problem Solvers Caucus 12533:William Henry Harrison 12203:Ohio Statehouse statue 11917:Second Enforcement Act 11880:Native American policy 11609:Commanding generalship 11475:Quotations related to 11093:complete in 31 volumes 10972:Thompson, Margaret S. 10708:: Facts On File, Inc. 10692:(2014) 24#1 pp: 36–69. 10458:. United States Senate 9934:Baton Rouge, Louisiana 9652:. New York: Macmillan. 9638:. New York: Macmillan. 9224:Life of Alphonso Taft. 9078:Kinley, David (1910). 8830:A.J. Creswell Scandal. 8739:University of Oklahoma 8733:Gray, John S. (1976). 8545:Donald, David (1970). 8458:10.14296/RiH/2014/2270 8380:: Press of G.G. Davis. 8212:. New York: Doubleday. 8082:. United States Senate 6609:David Herbert Donald, 6205:Langford, Nathaniel P. 5984:. 2011. Archived from 5901:Ertman, M. M. (2010). 5840:Statutes at Large 1871 4366:United States v. Reese 4245: 4227: 4114:James William Marshall 3672:Historical evaluations 3630:conspiracy, but later 3353: 3327:became wealthy bankers 3320:Interactions with Jews 3290: 3194:Treaty of Fort Laramie 2922: 2837: 2792: 2724: 2631: 2534:19th Infantry Regiment 2521: 2423: 2387: 2347: 2280:Star Route Postal Ring 2260: 2240: 2176: 2118:U.S. Geological Survey 2094:Gustavus Cheyney Doane 2069: 2041:Elizabeth Cady Stanton 2028: 2027:Mathew Brady 1865–1880 1960: 1804: 1730: 1653: 1605: 1529: 1409: 1351: 1275: 1213:Gold corner conspiracy 1163:United States Treasury 865:Ebenezer Rockwood Hoar 812: 799:Inaugural Address 1869 760: 734: 638: 395:Presidential campaigns 319:Commanding generalship 15406:Log Cabin Republicans 12763:Franklin D. Roosevelt 12378:Rutherford B. Hayes → 11815:Judiciary Act of 1869 11765:Copyright Act of 1870 11659:Judicial appointments 11290:(July–October 1880). 11087:Simon, John Y., ed., 10577:. September 23, 1876. 10323:Westport, Connecticut 9970:Princeton, New Jersey 9204:Life of Alphonso Taft 8974:Little Rock, Arkansas 8390:on November 19, 1901. 8384:Charles Francis Adams 7921:Brands, H.W. (2013). 7802:Paul Leland Haworth, 7369:Steven Green (2010). 6167:. NYU Press. p. 6006:"The Mormon Trials". 5811:Francis Paul Prucha, 5337:, pp. 1145–1147. 5302:52.3 (2022): 648-670 5215:, volume 33, issue 1, 4999:, pp. 1146–1147. 4647:, pp. 475, 530; 4439:prevent appointments. 4415:Department of Justice 4349:George Henry Williams 4318:was indeed reversed. 4260:Judicial Circuits Act 4238: 4231:Judicial appointments 4225: 4152:Secretary of the Navy 4059:George Henry Williams 3509:Further information: 3452:William A. Richardson 3444:Further information: 3409:blacks in the South. 3356:Midterm election 1874 3348: 3285: 3084:Further information: 2915: 2888:Further information: 2835: 2786: 2729:Daniel H. Chamberlain 2714: 2705:Further information: 2676:Further information: 2613: 2519: 2450:Further information: 2417: 2410:Second term 1873–1877 2385: 2345: 2254: 2235: 2171: 2134:William Henry Jackson 2102:Nathaniel P. Langford 2067: 2022: 1954: 1796: 1722: 1713:Further information: 1641: 1610:Charles Francis Adams 1595: 1523: 1506:Further information: 1480:Further information: 1398: 1346: 1270: 1245:Further information: 1217:Further information: 1113:on January 26, 1870. 1009:Further information: 941:Department of Justice 914:Further information: 903:Further information: 806: 758: 732: 629: 612:Further information: 527:Department of Justice 204:Early life and career 147:Seal of the president 15436:Republicans Overseas 15426:Teen Age Republicans 15229:District of Columbia 13630:1964 (San Francisco) 13590:1956 (San Francisco) 13126:National Union Party 12783:Dwight D. Eisenhower 12338:Ulysses S. Grant III 12320:Ulysses S. Grant Jr. 12314:Frederick Dent Grant 12296:Hannah Simpson Grant 12146:Presidential library 11971:Bid for a third term 11770:Currency Act of 1870 11724:Treaty of Washington 11467:at Wikimedia Commons 11052:Reunion and Reaction 10989:Arizona and the West 10663:(2007) 234 pp. 10589:. September 8, 1876. 10478:on November 27, 2009 10405:By title (anonymous) 10102:Waugh, Joan (2017). 9859:Simpson, Brooks D. 9719:(October 26, 2006). 9571:Prucha, Francis Paul 9557:. pp. 343–345. 8996:Kahan, Paul (2018). 8248:The Virginius Affair 7474:(2012), Introduction 7291:, pp. 321, 327. 6985:, v. 7, pp. 126–127. 6933:, pp. 419–420; 6929:, pp. 575–582; 6715:, v. 7, pp. 167–168. 6682:Charles W. Calhoun, 6588:, pp. 272, 276. 6396:(1984) 4#3 pp. 8–15. 5948:"The Fourth In Utah" 5762:, pp. 270, 272. 5661:9.3 (2008): 241–268. 5350:26.1 (1941): 12–45. 4651:, pp. 635–636; 4643:, pp. 465–466; 3777:Josiah H Bunting III 3413:Reforms and scandals 3398:Coushatta, Louisiana 3340:Washington Territory 3239:Religion and schools 3021:Mexican border raids 2579:In August 1874, the 2376:Benjamin Gratz Brown 2184:Reforms and scandals 1963:In 1862, during the 1869:seven; the Hicksite 1596:Confederate Warship 1573:to the Confederacy. 1502:Treaty of Washington 1144:Federal wages raised 893:Tenure of Office Act 842:Alexander T. Stewart 794:First term 1869–1873 773:naturalized citizens 614:Mexican American War 576:Treaty of Washington 314:General Order No. 11 18:Grant administration 15389:College Republicans 13810:2000 (Philadelphia) 13550:1948 (Philadelphia) 13510:1940 (Philadelphia) 13327:1900 (Philadelphia) 13236:1872 (Philadelphia) 13184:1856 (Philadelphia) 13136:Fourth Party System 12713:William Howard Taft 12633:Rutherford B. Hayes 12350:Ulysses S. Grant IV 12326:Jesse Root Grant II 12255:Cultural depictions 12218:U.S. Postage stamps 12208:Philadelphia statue 12188:U.S. Capitol statue 11775:Funding Act of 1870 11632:Second inauguration 11590:Richmond–Petersburg 11288:Young, John Russell 11050:Woodward, C. Vann. 10979:Trefousse, Hans L. 10941:. UNC Press Books. 10929:Simpson, Brooks D. 10796:Mantell, Martin E. 10754:McFeely, William S. 10417:Department of State 10216:New York Daily News 9869:White House Studies 9296:Annapolis, Maryland 9231:McFeely, William S. 9059:"George M. Robeson" 8883:. G. Wahr. p. 8553:. New York: Knopf. 8323:Calhoun, Charles W. 8278:Bunting III, Josiah 8227:Boutwell, George S. 8200:. Hartfort Courant. 8136:, pp. 558–563. 8121:, pp. 387–389. 8106:, pp. 507–508. 8014:, pp. 506–607. 7884:The Weekly Standard 7854:, pp. 258–259. 7793:, pp. 596–605. 7721:, pp. 593–596. 7697:, pp. 406–416. 7588:, pp. 212–213. 7540:, pp. 564–565. 7528:, pp. 464–465. 7486:, pp. 462–465. 7461:, pp. 494–495. 7303:, pp. 569–570. 7279:, pp. 322–323. 7243:, pp. 110–111. 7231:, pp. 260–263. 7219:, pp. 538–540. 7183:, pp. 534–536. 7084:, pp. 523–524. 7021:, pp. 581–582. 7009:, pp. 445–446. 6698:, pp. 758–760. 6673:, pp. 315–336. 6564:, pp. 471–473. 6484:, pp. 308–309. 6423:, pp. 587–589. 6408:, pp. 48, 295. 6344:, pp. 536–538. 6194:, pp. 749–750. 6033:. November 22, 1871 6022:"The Mormon Trials" 6010:. October 30, 1871. 5802:, pp. 272–273. 5790:, pp. 273–274. 5774:, pp. 270–272. 5750:, pp. 501–503. 5738:, pp. 127–133. 5726:, pp. 267–269. 5685:, pp. 265–266. 5507:Charles Campbell, 5498:, pp. 337–345. 5486:, pp. 343–345. 5462:, pp. 503–505. 5450:, pp. 446–447. 5365:, pp. 442–443. 5318:, pp. 499–502. 5154:, pp. 481–490. 5127:, pp. 131–133. 5071:, pp. 480–481. 5014:, pp. 368–369. 4922:, pp. 542–547. 4897:(2019) pp. 181–184. 4799:Library of Congress 4793:. Washington D.C.: 4306:Hepburn v. Griswold 3653:Rutherford B. Hayes 3618:In September 1876, 3573:Trader post scandal 3552:Benjamin H. Bristow 3387:temperance movement 3011:James Milton Turner 2762:Rutherford B. Hayes 2701:South Carolina 1876 2649:James A. Longstreet 2616:James A. Longstreet 2467:James Milton Turner 1998:, secretary of the 1907:freedom of religion 1844:At the core of the 1447:Liberal Republicans 1426:John Lothrop Motley 1323:James Milton Turner 1219:Black Friday (1869) 1157:Treasury Secretary 1098:Amnesty Act of 1872 1092:Amnesty Act of 1872 961:Benjamin H. Bristow 910:Fifteenth Amendment 711:and was lenient to 538:Rutherford B. Hayes 515:Fifteenth Amendment 361:Fifteenth Amendment 126:Rutherford B. Hayes 15421:Republicans Abroad 15286:Legislative Digest 13750:1988 (New Orleans) 13690:1976 (Kansas City) 13670:1972 (Miami Beach) 13650:1968 (Miami Beach) 13450:1928 (Kansas City) 13314:1896 (Saint Louis) 13301:1892 (Minneapolis) 13146:Sixth Party System 13141:Fifth Party System 13131:Third Party System 12703:Theodore Roosevelt 12267:(2002 documentary) 12213:San Francisco bust 12164:General Grant tree 11785:Timber Culture Act 11627:First inauguration 11187:. pp. 45–50. 11098:2012-10-25 at the 10884:Perret, Geoffrey. 10872:"Ulysses S. Grant" 10807:2011-08-16 at the 10759:Grant: A Biography 10684:Graber, Jennifer. 10603:The New York Times 10587:The New York Times 10575:The New York Times 10563:The New York Times 10548:The New York Times 10539:The New York Times 10523:The New York Times 10507:Newspaper articles 10472:"The Whiskey Ring" 9881:Smith, Jean Edward 9809:"Ulysses S. Grant" 9644:Rhodes, James Ford 9630:Rhodes, James Ford 9616:Rhodes, James Ford 9333:Morris, Charles R. 9236:Grant: A Biography 9129:Columbia, Missouri 8653:10.1353/rah.0.0101 7866:, pp. 150–151 7779:The New York Times 7669:, pp. 430–431 7657:, pp. 374–375 7630:, pp. 343–345 7096:, p. 430-431. 6842:The New York Times 6730:, pp. 262–266 6661:, pp. 122–168 6469:The New York Times 6313:2015-04-02 at the 6100:. 1871. p. 45 6030:The New York Times 5956:The New York Times 5925:The New York Times 5636:, pp. 146–147 5551:GlobalSecurity.org 5199:, pp. 445–456 5113:The New York Times 5056:The New York Times 4884:, pp. 99–101. 4763:, pp. 50–51; 4246: 4228: 4212:Zachariah Chandler 4097:Postmaster General 4071:Edwards Pierrepont 3992:William W. Belknap 3980:John Aaron Rawlins 3913:George S. Boutwell 3882:Elihu B. Washburne 3877:Secretary of State 3767:and most recently 3620:Orville E. Babcock 3579:William W. Belknap 3560:Edwards Pierrepont 3556:Orville E. Babcock 3543:Edwards Pierrepont 3498:Zachariah Chandler 3469:George H. Williams 3224:William W. Belknap 3160:William T. Sherman 3151:Adobe Walls, Texas 3068:was killed in the 2990:Liberian-Grebo war 2960:George H. Williams 2923: 2838: 2793: 2725: 2666:Régis de Trobriand 2645:William P. Kellogg 2632: 2630:in September 1874. 2522: 2511:William P. Kellogg 2459:Justice Department 2424: 2396:Frederick Douglass 2388: 2348: 2309:Postmaster-General 2286:Star route scandal 2274:George S. Boutwell 2261: 2210:George S. Boutwell 2177: 2146:William H. Clagett 2098:Scribner's Monthly 2070: 2029: 1965:American Civil War 1961: 1883:Congregationalists 1834:wards of the state 1824:, and Brulé Sioux 1805: 1772:European Americans 1731: 1654: 1606: 1530: 1476:Cuban insurrection 1432:of Massachusetts, 1415:Frederick Douglass 1410: 1401:Frederick Douglass 1361:Orville E. Babcock 1357:Dominican Republic 1352: 1276: 1234:George S. Boutwell 1159:George S. Boutwell 982:George H. Williams 955:. Grant appointed 905:Reconstruction era 881:John A.J. Creswell 858:William W. Belknap 846:George S. Boutwell 834:Elihu B. Washburne 813: 761: 735: 701:indigenous peoples 650:American Civil War 639: 622:Reconstruction Era 618:American Civil War 511:Confederate states 503:Reconstruction era 272:American Civil War 15547: 15546: 15502: 15501: 15431:Young Republicans 15299:Senate Conference 15257: 15256: 14937: 14936: 13249:1876 (Cincinnati) 13074: 13073: 12853:George H. W. Bush 12803:Lyndon B. Johnson 12733:Warren G. Harding 12673:Benjamin Harrison 12653:Chester A. Arthur 12643:James A. Garfield 12503:John Quincy Adams 12453:George Washington 12401: 12400: 12282: 12281: 12275:(2020 miniseries) 12240:Grant High School 11957: 11956: 11739:Korean Expedition 11487:Works related to 11463:Media related to 11345:. Vol. XVI. 11264:978-1-120-69167-5 11208:McPherson, Edward 11183:. New York City: 11113:Richardson, James 10919:Rahill, Peter J. 10912:978-0-820-33011-2 10669:978-1-56663-734-3 10638:978-1-61945-013-4 10370:978-1-57003-105-2 10332:978-0-313-33074-2 10230:American Heritage 10202:978-1-5883-6992-5 10149:American Heritage 10053:978-0-8263-0715-6 10008:978-0-8032-9551-3 9979:978-0-691-04517-7 9943:978-0-06-131731-6 9896:978-0-684-84926-3 9751:978-0-8214-2082-9 9701:978-0-7619-3004-4 9592:978-0-8032-3668-4 9530:978-0-8032-5817-4 9521:Lincoln, Nebraska 9429:978-0-8044-1676-4 9390:978-0-8262-1656-4 9354:978-0-8050-7599-1 9309:978-1-55750-595-8 9269:Missoula, Montana 9246:978-0-393-01372-6 9185:978-0-8050-8922-6 9142:978-0-8262-0780-7 9065:on April 21, 2016 9034:978-0-19-531026-9 9007:978-1-59416-273-2 8923:978-0-8032-2329-5 8810:978-1-57607-060-4 8614:978-0-8203-0876-0 8576:. Little, Brown. 8447:978-1-5942-0487-6 8349:978-0-691-07009-4 8299:978-0-8050-6949-5 8261:978-0-87081-080-0 8252:Boulder, Colorado 8159:The Civil Service 8039:978-0-19-517661-2 7886:(August 3, 1998). 7733:, pp. 67–71. 7341:Civil War History 6862:William Gillette 6768:978-1-4520-2149-2 6548:Stauffer (2008), 6471:. August 5, 1872. 6280:Kennedy (2001), " 6122:Campbell (1993). 6098:Statutes at Large 6068:, pp. 84–85. 5815:(2014) pp. 30–71. 5535:, pp. 45–50. 5523:, pp. 49–54. 5511:(1976) pp. 53–59. 5211:(December 1981), 5209:American Heritage 5084:, Executive Order 4808:on June 27, 2004. 4767:, pp. 75–77. 4727:, pp. 47–48. 4703:, pp. 46–47. 4691:, pp. 45–46. 4667:, pp. 43–45. 4631:, pp. 59–60. 4607:, pp. 41–42. 4525:, pp. 23–35. 4513:, pp. 12–20. 4422:Solicitor General 4297:Joseph P. Bradley 4220: 4219: 4169:George M. Robeson 4138:James Noble Tyner 4016:J. Donald Cameron 3794:The Grant cabinet 3753:Jean Edward Smith 3607:George M. Robeson 3567:Trading post ring 3440:Sanborn contracts 3434:Robert C. Schenck 3336:Edward S. Salomon 3104:Alfred B. Meacham 2984:Kingdom of Hawaii 2982:in 1875 with the 2980:free trade treaty 2902:Virginus incident 2768:Financial affairs 2624:white supremacist 2551:Brooks–Baxter War 2270:Chester A. Arthur 2265:Moses H. Grinnell 2259:December 27, 1873 2222:Chester A. Arthur 2150:Montana Territory 2132:and photographer 2078:Yellowstone River 2050:Bennette Lockwood 2024:Bennette Lockwood 1693:Battle of Ganghwa 1622:Morrison R. Waite 1614:William M. Evarts 1538:William H. Seward 1436:of New York, and 1369:Buenaventura Báez 1198:Alfred Pleasonton 1135:Public Credit Act 1130:Financial affairs 1042:Force Act of 1871 1025:Force Act of 1870 1015:Force Act of 1871 953:Solicitor General 873:George M. Robeson 784:Electoral College 705:African Americans 559:that established 487: 486: 279:Civil War service 190: 189: 155: 154: 16:(Redirected from 15597: 15575:Ulysses S. Grant 15304:Policy Committee 15280:House Conference 15270: 15269: 14953: 14952: 14510: 14509: 13930:2024 (Milwaukee) 13890:2016 (Cleveland) 13790:1996 (San Diego) 13490:1936 (Cleveland) 13430:1924 (Cleveland) 13210:1864 (Baltimore) 13110: 13109:Republican Party 13101: 13094: 13087: 13078: 13077: 13064: 13063: 13054: 13053: 12693:William McKinley 12683:Grover Cleveland 12663:Grover Cleveland 12623:Ulysses S. Grant 12573:Millard Fillmore 12523:Martin Van Buren 12473:Thomas Jefferson 12428: 12421: 12414: 12405: 12404: 12390: 12389: 12371:← Andrew Johnson 12356:Julia Dent Grant 12302:Jesse Root Grant 12264:Ulysses S. Grant 12245:U.S. Grant Hotel 12129: 12128: 12057:speeding arrests 12030:White Haven home 11949:Page Act of 1875 11922:Ku Klux Klan Act 11907:Enforcement Acts 11712: 11711: 11547: 11531:Ulysses S. Grant 11524: 11517: 11510: 11501: 11500: 11489:Ulysses S. Grant 11486: 11477:Ulysses S. Grant 11474: 11465:Ulysses S. Grant 11462: 11447: 11350: 11336: 11334: 11332: 11325:Albany, New York 11313: 11311: 11309: 11297:Quarterly Review 11283: 11281: 11279: 11244: 11242: 11240: 11203: 11201: 11199: 11185:Houghton Mifflin 11084: 11040:(2014): 343–352. 11033: 11004: 10952: 10916: 10881: 10866: 10843: 10841: 10840: 10831:. Archived from 10793: 10773: 10742: 10719: 10703: 10687: 10642: 10606: 10600: 10590: 10578: 10566: 10565:. March 4, 1876. 10560: 10551: 10550:. July 17, 1872. 10542: 10536: 10527: 10519: 10501: 10499: 10498: 10487: 10485: 10483: 10467: 10465: 10463: 10451: 10449: 10447: 10442:on June 13, 2010 10427: 10425: 10423: 10399: 10397: 10395: 10382: 10351: 10349: 10347: 10311: 10292: 10265:10.2307/40038083 10245: 10243: 10242: 10225:"The Lowest Ebb" 10219: 10206: 10185: 10164: 10162: 10161: 10138: 10136: 10135: 10107: 10098: 10096: 10094: 10072: 10070: 10068: 10032:Utley, Robert M. 10027: 10025: 10023: 9991: 9955: 9924: 9918: 9908: 9876: 9856: 9835: 9822:Ulysses S. Grant 9816: 9800: 9755: 9736: 9734: 9732: 9727:on July 19, 2011 9712: 9710: 9708: 9680: 9678: 9676: 9653: 9639: 9625: 9611: 9609: 9607: 9566: 9549: 9547: 9545: 9507: 9505: 9503: 9468: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9449: 9440:. Archived from 9409: 9407: 9405: 9373: 9371: 9369: 9328: 9326: 9324: 9294:(3rd ed.). 9282: 9258: 9226: 9221: 9219: 9197: 9161: 9159: 9157: 9115: 9108:American History 9102: 9100: 9098: 9074: 9072: 9070: 9053: 9051: 9049: 9011: 8992: 8990: 8988: 8956: 8950: 8942: 8940: 8938: 8914:Norman, Oklahoma 8897: 8888: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8866: 8832: 8827: 8825: 8790: 8779: 8777: 8776: 8752: 8729: 8693: 8686:"Fish, Hamilton" 8680: 8633: 8631: 8629: 8587: 8575: 8572:A Terrible Glory 8568:Donovan (2008). 8564: 8552: 8541: 8528:Lawrence, Kansas 8516: 8514: 8513: 8496: 8479: 8451: 8427: 8402:(4): 1331–1365. 8381: 8368: 8366: 8364: 8330: 8318: 8316: 8314: 8286:Ulysses S. Grant 8273: 8242: 8222: 8219:American History 8213: 8201: 8192: 8161: 8155: 8146: 8143: 8137: 8131: 8122: 8116: 8107: 8101: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8087: 8072: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8046: 8021: 8015: 8009: 8003: 7997: 7991: 7990: 7970: 7964: 7958: 7949: 7943: 7937: 7936: 7918: 7912: 7911: 7893: 7887: 7878:Michael Barone, 7876: 7867: 7861: 7855: 7849: 7843: 7837: 7831: 7825: 7819: 7816: 7810: 7800: 7794: 7788: 7782: 7776: 7770: 7764: 7758: 7752: 7746: 7740: 7734: 7728: 7722: 7716: 7710: 7704: 7698: 7692: 7686: 7676: 7670: 7664: 7658: 7652: 7643: 7637: 7631: 7625: 7616: 7615: 7595: 7589: 7583: 7577: 7571: 7565: 7559: 7553: 7547: 7541: 7535: 7529: 7523: 7514: 7508: 7502: 7496: 7487: 7481: 7475: 7468: 7462: 7456: 7450: 7449: 7429: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7418: 7407: 7398: 7393: 7387: 7386: 7366: 7360: 7354: 7348: 7337: 7331: 7330: 7310: 7304: 7298: 7292: 7286: 7280: 7274: 7268: 7262: 7256: 7250: 7244: 7238: 7232: 7226: 7220: 7214: 7208: 7202: 7196: 7190: 7184: 7178: 7172: 7166: 7160: 7154: 7148: 7142: 7136: 7130: 7124: 7118: 7112: 7106: 7097: 7091: 7085: 7079: 7073: 7067: 7061: 7060: 7040: 7034: 7028: 7022: 7016: 7010: 7004: 6998: 6992: 6986: 6980: 6974: 6968: 6962: 6956: 6950: 6947:Oberholtzer 1922 6944: 6938: 6924: 6918: 6912: 6906: 6900: 6894: 6888: 6882: 6876: 6867: 6860: 6854: 6853:C-SPAN.org 2009. 6851: 6845: 6839: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6797: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6752: 6743: 6737: 6731: 6725: 6716: 6710: 6699: 6693: 6687: 6680: 6674: 6668: 6662: 6656: 6650: 6644: 6638: 6632: 6626: 6620: 6614: 6607: 6601: 6595: 6589: 6583: 6577: 6571: 6565: 6559: 6553: 6546: 6540: 6534: 6528: 6518: 6509: 6503: 6497: 6491: 6485: 6479: 6473: 6472: 6464: 6458: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6430: 6424: 6418: 6409: 6403: 6397: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6357: 6351: 6345: 6339: 6330: 6323: 6317: 6304: 6298: 6291: 6285: 6282:The Last Buffalo 6278: 6267: 6266: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6201: 6195: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6166: 6159:Norgren (2007). 6156: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6119: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6090: 6084: 6083: 6080:Susan B. Anthony 6075: 6069: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6049: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6026: 6018: 6012: 6011: 6008:The Boston Globe 6003: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5993: 5978: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5952: 5944: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5921: 5913: 5907: 5906: 5898: 5889: 5883: 5874: 5868: 5862: 5856: 5843: 5837: 5828: 5822: 5816: 5809: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5781: 5775: 5769: 5763: 5757: 5751: 5745: 5739: 5733: 5727: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5703: 5697: 5686: 5680: 5674: 5668: 5662: 5655: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5631: 5622: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5595: 5586: 5577: 5576: 5562: 5556: 5555: 5542: 5536: 5530: 5524: 5518: 5512: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5451: 5445: 5439: 5438:, pp. 7, 8. 5436:Chamberlain 1902 5433: 5427: 5421: 5410: 5404: 5391: 5385: 5379: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5354: 5344: 5338: 5332: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5296: 5290: 5284: 5278: 5277:, pp. 82–87 5272: 5261: 5254: 5248: 5242: 5236: 5229: 5216: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5128: 5122: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5085: 5078: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5051: 5045: 5042: 5036: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5000: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4973: 4967: 4956: 4955: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4932: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4904: 4898: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4873: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4848:, pp. 9–10. 4843: 4837: 4831: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4801:. Archived from 4786: 4777: 4768: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4502: 4496: 4480: 4477: 4471: 4468: 4388:– August 1, 1876 4280:Edwin M. Stanton 4274:Ebenezer R. Hoar 4188:Jacob Dolson Cox 4035:Ebenezer R. Hoar 4030:Attorney General 3963:Secretary of War 3937:Benjamin Bristow 3820:Ulysses S. Grant 3791: 3790: 3689:African American 3643:Election of 1876 3587:George A. Custer 3540: 3531:Benjamin Bristow 3528: 3490:Native Americans 3463:Pratt & Boyd 3446:Sanborn incident 3376:Sanborn incident 3338:Governor of the 3245:Blaine Amendment 3234:Domestic affairs 3207:George A. Custer 3186:Dakota Territory 3145:, leader of the 3112:Indian Territory 3051:Dakota Territory 2908:Virginius Affair 2857:Republican Party 2717:Wade Hampton III 2653:African American 2620:African American 2371:New York Tribune 2332:Election of 1872 2158:Grover Cleveland 2114:Ferdinand Hayden 2046:Samuel M. Arnell 2037:Susan B. Anthony 2035:movement led by 2033:Women's suffrage 1996:Anthony Comstock 1928:Washington, D.C. 1913:Domestic affairs 1671:Asiatic Squadron 1470:Gregorio Luperón 1438:Oliver P. Morton 1180:New York Tribune 1153:Boutwell reforms 978:Albany, New York 969:Hiram C. Whitley 719:Election of 1868 642:Ulysses S. Grant 631:Ulysses S. Grant 495:Ulysses S. Grant 479: 472: 465: 454: 453: 448: 227:Personal Memoirs 186: 185: 183: 182:Ulysses S. Grant 176: 168: 161: 160: 157: 156: 143: 54: 52: 39: 32: 31: 21: 15605: 15604: 15600: 15599: 15598: 15596: 15595: 15594: 15550: 15549: 15548: 15543: 15498: 15451: 15445: 15381: 15375: 15343: 15337: 15264: 15253: 15212: 14948: 14946: 14933: 14882:Chair elections 14877: 14499: 14398:D. B. Henderson 14386:T. J. Henderson 14311: 14308: 14306: 14301: 14297: 14290: 14108: 14105: 14103: 14100: 14093: 13966:administrations 13964: 13956: 13850:2008 (St. Paul) 13830:2004 (New York) 13175: 13172: 13170: 13166: 13163: 13159: 13152: 13112: 13108: 13105: 13075: 13070: 13042: 12968:F. D. Roosevelt 12920: 12914: 12913: 12912: 12793:John F. Kennedy 12773:Harry S. Truman 12743:Calvin Coolidge 12603:Abraham Lincoln 12583:Franklin Pierce 12443: 12437: 12432: 12402: 12397: 12361: 12358:(granddaughter) 12278: 12249: 12193:Brooklyn relief 12182:The Peacemakers 12127: 12109: 12068: 11998: 11980: 11963:Post-presidency 11953: 11895:Great Sioux War 11856: 11847:Post Office Act 11806: 11799: 11795:Desert Land Act 11753:Economic policy 11748: 11710: 11613: 11553:Military career 11548: 11539: 11533: 11528: 11455: 11450: 11444: 11358: 11353: 11330: 11328: 11307: 11305: 11277: 11275: 11265: 11249:Sumner, Charles 11238: 11236: 11226: 11197: 11195: 11100:Wayback Machine 11081: 11062: 11060:Primary sources 11057: 11022:10.2307/1894808 10965:Tatum, Lawrie. 10949: 10913: 10863: 10838: 10836: 10809:Wayback Machine 10790: 10770: 10739: 10725:"Panic of 1873" 10716: 10685: 10679:neoabolitionist 10639: 10614: 10612:Further reading 10609: 10598: 10581: 10569: 10558: 10554: 10545: 10534: 10530: 10526:. May 23, 1872. 10517: 10513: 10509: 10504: 10496: 10494: 10490: 10481: 10479: 10470: 10461: 10459: 10454: 10445: 10443: 10430: 10421: 10419: 10407: 10402: 10393: 10391: 10371: 10345: 10343: 10333: 10308: 10240: 10238: 10203: 10182: 10159: 10157: 10133: 10131: 10129: 10092: 10090: 10066: 10064: 10054: 10021: 10019: 10009: 9980: 9944: 9916: 9897: 9853: 9832: 9815:(3rd ed.). 9752: 9730: 9728: 9717:Scaturro, Frank 9706: 9704: 9702: 9674: 9672: 9605: 9603: 9593: 9543: 9541: 9531: 9501: 9499: 9489: 9454: 9447: 9445: 9444:on June 4, 2011 9430: 9403: 9401: 9391: 9367: 9365: 9355: 9322: 9320: 9310: 9279: 9247: 9217: 9215: 9186: 9155: 9153: 9143: 9096: 9094: 9068: 9066: 9047: 9045: 9035: 9008: 8986: 8984: 8944: 8943: 8936: 8934: 8924: 8871: 8864: 8862: 8852: 8823: 8821: 8811: 8774: 8772: 8770: 8749: 8718: 8698:Garland, Hamlin 8627: 8625: 8615: 8601:Athens, Georgia 8584: 8561: 8538: 8511: 8509: 8448: 8408:10.2307/3092545 8362: 8360: 8350: 8336:"Chapter Three" 8312: 8310: 8300: 8262: 8180: 8175: 8169: 8164: 8156: 8149: 8144: 8140: 8132: 8125: 8117: 8110: 8102: 8095: 8085: 8083: 8074: 8073: 8054: 8044: 8042: 8040: 8022: 8018: 8010: 8006: 7998: 7994: 7987: 7979:. Times Books. 7971: 7967: 7959: 7952: 7944: 7940: 7933: 7919: 7915: 7908: 7894: 7890: 7877: 7870: 7862: 7858: 7850: 7846: 7838: 7834: 7828:Weisberger 1995 7826: 7822: 7817: 7813: 7801: 7797: 7789: 7785: 7777: 7773: 7765: 7761: 7753: 7749: 7741: 7737: 7729: 7725: 7717: 7713: 7705: 7701: 7693: 7689: 7677: 7673: 7665: 7661: 7653: 7646: 7638: 7634: 7626: 7619: 7612: 7596: 7592: 7584: 7580: 7572: 7568: 7560: 7556: 7548: 7544: 7536: 7532: 7524: 7517: 7509: 7505: 7497: 7490: 7482: 7478: 7469: 7465: 7457: 7453: 7446: 7430: 7426: 7416: 7414: 7408: 7401: 7394: 7390: 7383: 7367: 7363: 7355: 7351: 7338: 7334: 7327: 7311: 7307: 7299: 7295: 7287: 7283: 7275: 7271: 7263: 7259: 7251: 7247: 7239: 7235: 7227: 7223: 7215: 7211: 7203: 7199: 7191: 7187: 7179: 7175: 7167: 7163: 7155: 7151: 7143: 7139: 7131: 7127: 7119: 7115: 7107: 7100: 7092: 7088: 7080: 7076: 7068: 7064: 7057: 7041: 7037: 7029: 7025: 7017: 7013: 7005: 7001: 6993: 6989: 6981: 6977: 6969: 6965: 6957: 6953: 6945: 6941: 6925: 6921: 6913: 6909: 6901: 6897: 6889: 6885: 6877: 6870: 6861: 6857: 6852: 6848: 6840: 6836: 6826: 6824: 6814: 6798: 6791: 6781: 6779: 6769: 6753: 6746: 6738: 6734: 6726: 6719: 6711: 6702: 6694: 6690: 6681: 6677: 6669: 6665: 6657: 6653: 6645: 6641: 6633: 6629: 6621: 6617: 6608: 6604: 6596: 6592: 6584: 6580: 6572: 6568: 6560: 6556: 6547: 6543: 6535: 6531: 6519: 6512: 6504: 6500: 6492: 6488: 6480: 6476: 6466: 6465: 6461: 6457:, pp. 710. 6453: 6449: 6431: 6427: 6419: 6412: 6404: 6400: 6391: 6387: 6379: 6375: 6367: 6360: 6352: 6348: 6340: 6333: 6325:Richard White, 6324: 6320: 6315:Wayback Machine 6305: 6301: 6292: 6288: 6279: 6270: 6263: 6249: 6245: 6238: 6224: 6220: 6202: 6198: 6190: 6186: 6179: 6157: 6150: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6120: 6113: 6103: 6101: 6092: 6091: 6087: 6078:Elkins (2010). 6076: 6072: 6064: 6060: 6055:. July 5, 2011. 6051: 6050: 6046: 6036: 6034: 6024: 6020: 6019: 6015: 6005: 6004: 6000: 5991: 5989: 5980: 5979: 5972: 5962: 5960: 5950: 5946: 5945: 5941: 5931: 5929: 5919: 5915: 5914: 5910: 5899: 5892: 5884: 5877: 5869: 5865: 5857: 5846: 5838: 5831: 5823: 5819: 5810: 5806: 5798: 5794: 5782: 5778: 5770: 5766: 5758: 5754: 5746: 5742: 5734: 5730: 5722: 5718: 5710: 5706: 5698: 5689: 5681: 5677: 5669: 5665: 5656: 5652: 5644: 5640: 5632: 5625: 5617: 5613: 5609:, p. 1148. 5605: 5598: 5587: 5580: 5572:The Independent 5563: 5559: 5544: 5543: 5539: 5531: 5527: 5519: 5515: 5506: 5502: 5494: 5490: 5482: 5478: 5470: 5466: 5458: 5454: 5446: 5442: 5434: 5430: 5422: 5413: 5405: 5394: 5386: 5382: 5373: 5369: 5361: 5357: 5345: 5341: 5333: 5322: 5314: 5310: 5297: 5293: 5285: 5281: 5273: 5264: 5255: 5251: 5243: 5239: 5230: 5219: 5207: 5203: 5195: 5191: 5183: 5179: 5162: 5158: 5150: 5146: 5138: 5131: 5123: 5119: 5111: 5107: 5099: 5088: 5079: 5075: 5067: 5063: 5053: 5052: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5034: 5030: 5022: 5018: 5010: 5003: 4995: 4991: 4983: 4976: 4968: 4959: 4948: 4944: 4933: 4926: 4918: 4914: 4905: 4901: 4892: 4888: 4880: 4876: 4868: 4864: 4856: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4836:, p. 1146. 4832: 4825: 4819:Hesseltine 1935 4817: 4813: 4805: 4784: 4778: 4771: 4759: 4755: 4747: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4639: 4635: 4627: 4623: 4615: 4611: 4603: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4579:, p. 246; 4575: 4571: 4563: 4556: 4548: 4544: 4536: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4509: 4505: 4501:, pp. 1–6. 4497: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4469: 4465: 4460: 4444:Surgeon General 4436:Amos T. Akerman 4411: 4395: 4382: 4338:Roscoe Conkling 4334:Salmon P. Chase 4252: 4243: 4233: 4216:1875–1877 4204:1870–1875 4200:Columbus Delano 4192:1869–1870 4173:1869–1877 4157:Adolph E. Borie 4142:1876–1877 4130:1874–1876 4126:Marshall Jewell 4106:1869–1874 4087:1876–1877 4075:1875–1876 4063:1871–1875 4051:1870–1871 4047:Amos T. Akerman 4039:1869–1870 4020:1876–1877 3996:1869–1876 3953:1876–1877 3941:1874–1876 3929:1873–1874 3917:1869–1873 3898:1869–1877 3867:1875–1877 3855:1873–1875 3843:1869–1873 3839:Schuyler Colfax 3824:1869–1877 3789: 3769:Ronald C. White 3684: 3676:Main articles: 3674: 3645: 3616: 3603: 3575: 3569: 3548: 3547: 3546: 3545: 3544: 3541: 3533: 3532: 3529: 3520: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3482:Columbus Delano 3478: 3465: 3457:Benjamin Butler 3448: 3442: 3425: 3417:Main articles: 3415: 3380:Long Depression 3368:Crédit Mobilier 3364: 3358: 3322: 3299:George W. Emery 3295: 3278:James G. Blaine 3247: 3241: 3236: 3178: 3172:Great Sioux War 3170:Main articles: 3168: 3166:Great Sioux War 3139: 3133: 3120:Robert M. Utley 3116:Great Sioux War 3088: 3082: 3042: 3036: 3023: 2998:and the native 2992: 2972: 2962:ruled that the 2939:Emilio Castelar 2920: 2918:Emilio Castelar 2910: 2904: 2892: 2886: 2884:Foreign affairs 2878:Federal Reserve 2869: 2830: 2822:Long Depression 2781: 2775: 2770: 2709: 2703: 2680: 2674: 2637: 2605:Philip Sheridan 2577: 2575:Vicksburg riots 2567:came to power. 2553: 2547: 2498: 2496:Colfax Massacre 2492: 2490:Colfax Massacre 2454: 2448: 2429:Salmon P. Chase 2420:Salmon P. Chase 2412: 2340: 2334: 2325: 2323:The Salary Grab 2288: 2282: 2249: 2201: 2196: 2188:Main articles: 2186: 2166: 2126:Columbus Delano 2062: 2026: 2017: 2009:James Cresswell 1992: 1986: 1958: 1949: 1920: 1915: 1867:Roman Catholics 1842: 1810: 1800: 1788:Marias Massacre 1780: 1778:Marias Massacre 1759: 1726: 1717: 1711: 1705: 1636: 1630: 1628:Korean incident 1603: 1518: 1504: 1488: 1478: 1434:Roscoe Conkling 1404: 1341: 1335: 1279:Britain on the 1253: 1243: 1241:Foreign affairs 1221: 1215: 1206:George Boutwell 1155: 1146: 1137: 1132: 1100: 1094: 1070:Robert K. Scott 1050:George Boutwell 1046:Benjamin Butler 1021: 1007: 990: 957:Amos T. Akerman 949: 943: 918: 912: 907: 901: 889: 869:Adolph E. Borie 850:John A. Rawlins 829:cabinet choices 825: 810: 801: 796: 788:Horatio Seymour 750:Schuyler Colfax 727: 721: 670:Abraham Lincoln 624: 610: 568:Native American 557:Act of Congress 523:Amos T. Akerman 483: 451: 449: 442: 441: 440: 396: 392: 391: 390: 329: 325: 324: 323: 274: 268: 267: 266: 216:Post-presidency 199: 195: 181: 179: 178: 177: 174: 172: 151: 150: 148: 145: 144: 131: 130: 129: 123: 99: 55: 50: 48: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15603: 15593: 15592: 15587: 15582: 15577: 15572: 15567: 15562: 15545: 15544: 15542: 15541: 15536: 15531: 15526: 15521: 15516: 15510: 15508: 15504: 15503: 15500: 15499: 15497: 15496: 15491: 15486: 15484:Liberty Caucus 15481: 15479:ConservAmerica 15476: 15471: 15466: 15461: 15455: 15453: 15447: 15446: 15444: 15443: 15438: 15433: 15428: 15423: 15418: 15413: 15408: 15403: 15398: 15397: 15396: 15385: 15383: 15377: 15376: 15374: 15373: 15368: 15363: 15358: 15353: 15347: 15345: 15339: 15338: 15336: 15335: 15334: 15333: 15328: 15323: 15318: 15316:Freedom Caucus 15308: 15307: 15306: 15296: 15295: 15294: 15289: 15276: 15274: 15267: 15259: 15258: 15255: 15254: 15252: 15251: 15249:Virgin Islands 15246: 15241: 15236: 15231: 15226: 15224:American Samoa 15220: 15218: 15214: 15213: 15211: 15210: 15205: 15200: 15195: 15190: 15185: 15180: 15175: 15170: 15165: 15160: 15158:South Carolina 15155: 15150: 15145: 15140: 15135: 15130: 15125: 15123:North Carolina 15120: 15115: 15110: 15105: 15100: 15095: 15090: 15085: 15080: 15075: 15070: 15065: 15060: 15055: 15050: 15045: 15040: 15035: 15030: 15025: 15020: 15015: 15010: 15005: 15000: 14995: 14990: 14985: 14980: 14975: 14970: 14965: 14959: 14957: 14950: 14939: 14938: 14935: 14934: 14932: 14931: 14926: 14921: 14916: 14911: 14906: 14901: 14896: 14891: 14885: 14883: 14879: 14878: 14876: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14841: 14836: 14831: 14826: 14821: 14816: 14811: 14806: 14801: 14796: 14791: 14782: 14777: 14772: 14767: 14762: 14757: 14752: 14747: 14742: 14737: 14732: 14727: 14722: 14717: 14712: 14707: 14702: 14697: 14692: 14687: 14682: 14677: 14672: 14667: 14662: 14657: 14652: 14647: 14642: 14637: 14632: 14627: 14622: 14617: 14612: 14607: 14602: 14597: 14592: 14587: 14582: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14557: 14552: 14547: 14542: 14537: 14532: 14527: 14522: 14516: 14514: 14507: 14501: 14500: 14498: 14497: 14491: 14485: 14479: 14473: 14467: 14461: 14455: 14449: 14443: 14437: 14431: 14425: 14419: 14413: 14407: 14401: 14395: 14389: 14383: 14377: 14371: 14365: 14359: 14353: 14347: 14341: 14335: 14329: 14323: 14316: 14314: 14292: 14291: 14289: 14288: 14282: 14276: 14270: 14264: 14258: 14252: 14246: 14240: 14234: 14228: 14222: 14216: 14210: 14204: 14198: 14192: 14186: 14180: 14174: 14168: 14162: 14156: 14150: 14144: 14138: 14132: 14126: 14120: 14113: 14111: 14095: 14094: 14092: 14091: 14085: 14079: 14073: 14067: 14061: 14055: 14049: 14043: 14037: 14031: 14025: 14019: 14013: 14007: 14001: 13995: 13989: 13983: 13977: 13970: 13968: 13958: 13957: 13955: 13954: 13951:2028 (Houston) 13947: 13946: 13945: 13927: 13926: 13925: 13907: 13906: 13905: 13887: 13886: 13885: 13867: 13866: 13865: 13847: 13846: 13845: 13827: 13826: 13825: 13807: 13806: 13805: 13787: 13786: 13785: 13770:1992 (Houston) 13767: 13766: 13765: 13747: 13746: 13745: 13727: 13726: 13725: 13710:1980 (Detroit) 13707: 13706: 13705: 13687: 13686: 13685: 13667: 13666: 13665: 13647: 13646: 13645: 13627: 13626: 13625: 13610:1960 (Chicago) 13607: 13606: 13605: 13587: 13586: 13585: 13570:1952 (Chicago) 13567: 13566: 13565: 13547: 13546: 13545: 13530:1944 (Chicago) 13527: 13526: 13525: 13507: 13506: 13505: 13487: 13486: 13485: 13470:1932 (Chicago) 13467: 13466: 13465: 13447: 13446: 13445: 13427: 13426: 13425: 13410:1920 (Chicago) 13407: 13406: 13405: 13390:1916 (Chicago) 13387: 13386: 13385: 13366:1912 (Chicago) 13363: 13353:1908 (Chicago) 13350: 13340:1904 (Chicago) 13337: 13324: 13311: 13298: 13288:1888 (Chicago) 13285: 13275:1884 (Chicago) 13272: 13262:1880 (Chicago) 13259: 13246: 13233: 13223:1868 (Chicago) 13220: 13207: 13197:1860 (Chicago) 13194: 13180: 13178: 13154: 13153: 13151: 13150: 13149: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13117: 13114: 13113: 13104: 13103: 13096: 13089: 13081: 13072: 13071: 13069: 13068: 13058: 13047: 13044: 13043: 13041: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13025: 13020: 13015: 13010: 13005: 13000: 12995: 12990: 12985: 12980: 12975: 12970: 12965: 12960: 12955: 12950: 12945: 12940: 12935: 12930: 12924: 12922: 12916: 12915: 12911: 12910: 12900: 12890: 12880: 12873:George W. Bush 12870: 12860: 12850: 12840: 12830: 12820: 12810: 12800: 12790: 12780: 12770: 12760: 12753:Herbert Hoover 12750: 12740: 12730: 12723:Woodrow Wilson 12720: 12710: 12700: 12690: 12680: 12670: 12660: 12650: 12640: 12630: 12620: 12613:Andrew Johnson 12610: 12600: 12593:James Buchanan 12590: 12580: 12570: 12563:Zachary Taylor 12560: 12550: 12540: 12530: 12520: 12513:Andrew Jackson 12510: 12500: 12490: 12480: 12470: 12460: 12449: 12448: 12447: 12445: 12442:Presidents and 12439: 12438: 12431: 12430: 12423: 12416: 12408: 12399: 12398: 12396: 12395: 12382: 12381: 12374: 12366: 12363: 12362: 12360: 12359: 12353: 12347: 12341: 12335: 12329: 12323: 12317: 12311: 12305: 12299: 12292: 12290: 12284: 12283: 12280: 12279: 12277: 12276: 12268: 12259: 12257: 12251: 12250: 12248: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12236: 12235: 12230: 12220: 12215: 12210: 12205: 12200: 12198:Chicago statue 12195: 12190: 12185: 12178: 12173: 12172: 12171: 12161: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12141:Grant Memorial 12137: 12135: 12126: 12125: 12119: 12117: 12111: 12110: 12108: 12107: 12106: 12105: 12100: 12092: 12091: 12090: 12085: 12076: 12074: 12070: 12069: 12067: 12066: 12061: 12060: 12059: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12038: 12037: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12006: 12004: 12000: 11999: 11997: 11996: 11988: 11986: 11982: 11981: 11979: 11978: 11973: 11967: 11965: 11959: 11958: 11955: 11954: 11952: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11925: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11904: 11903: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11885:"Peace Policy" 11877: 11876: 11875: 11868:Reconstruction 11864: 11862: 11858: 11857: 11855: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11843: 11842: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11811: 11809: 11801: 11800: 11798: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11762: 11756: 11754: 11750: 11749: 11747: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11735: 11734: 11720: 11718: 11716:Foreign policy 11709: 11708: 11707: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11645: 11644: 11634: 11629: 11623: 11621: 11615: 11614: 11612: 11611: 11606: 11605: 11604: 11603: 11602: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11556: 11554: 11550: 11549: 11538: 11535: 11534: 11527: 11526: 11519: 11512: 11504: 11498: 11497: 11492: 11480: 11468: 11454: 11453:External links 11451: 11449: 11448: 11442: 11427: 11419: 11411: 11403: 11395: 11387: 11379: 11377:online edition 11370: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11351: 11337: 11314: 11284: 11263: 11245: 11224: 11204: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11110: 11109: 11108: 11085: 11080:978-0940450585 11079: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11055: 11048: 11041: 11034: 11016:(2): 307–326. 11005: 10995:(4): 323–342. 10984: 10977: 10970: 10963: 10953: 10948:978-1469617572 10947: 10934: 10927: 10917: 10911: 10896: 10889: 10882: 10867: 10861: 10844: 10811: 10802:online edition 10794: 10788: 10775: 10768: 10750: 10743: 10738:978-1598849462 10737: 10720: 10714: 10693: 10682: 10671: 10657: 10650: 10643: 10637: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10607: 10591: 10579: 10567: 10552: 10543: 10528: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10502: 10488: 10468: 10452: 10428: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10400: 10383: 10369: 10352: 10331: 10312: 10306: 10293: 10246: 10220: 10207: 10201: 10186: 10181:978-0199735815 10180: 10165: 10139: 10127: 10108: 10099: 10073: 10052: 10028: 10007: 9992: 9978: 9956: 9942: 9925: 9921:www.senate.gov 9909: 9895: 9877: 9864: 9857: 9851: 9836: 9830: 9817: 9805:Simon, John Y. 9801: 9767:(3): 241–268. 9756: 9750: 9737: 9713: 9700: 9681: 9654: 9640: 9626: 9612: 9591: 9567: 9550: 9529: 9508: 9487: 9469: 9467:. Vol. 2. 9457: 9428: 9410: 9389: 9374: 9353: 9329: 9308: 9283: 9277: 9260: 9245: 9227: 9198: 9184: 9162: 9141: 9116: 9103: 9075: 9054: 9033: 9012: 9006: 8993: 8957: 8922: 8898: 8889: 8874: 8850: 8833: 8809: 8780: 8768: 8753: 8747: 8730: 8716: 8694: 8681: 8647:(2): 236–242. 8634: 8613: 8593:"Introduction" 8588: 8583:978-0316155786 8582: 8565: 8559: 8542: 8536: 8517: 8500:DeLony, Eric. 8497: 8480: 8461: 8446: 8428: 8391: 8369: 8348: 8331: 8319: 8298: 8274: 8260: 8243: 8223: 8214: 8202: 8193: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8171:Main article: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8162: 8147: 8138: 8123: 8108: 8093: 8080:www.senate.gov 8052: 8038: 8016: 8004: 8002:, p. 387. 7992: 7985: 7965: 7950: 7938: 7932:978-0307475152 7931: 7913: 7906: 7888: 7868: 7856: 7844: 7842:, p. 833. 7832: 7820: 7811: 7795: 7783: 7771: 7769:, p. 432. 7759: 7747: 7735: 7723: 7711: 7709:, p. 438. 7699: 7687: 7671: 7659: 7644: 7642:, p. 526. 7632: 7617: 7611:978-0809324996 7610: 7590: 7578: 7566: 7554: 7552:, p. 784. 7542: 7530: 7515: 7513:, p. 464. 7503: 7501:, p. 783. 7488: 7476: 7463: 7451: 7445:978-0805212334 7444: 7424: 7399: 7388: 7382:978-0199741595 7381: 7361: 7357:DeForrest 2003 7349: 7332: 7325: 7305: 7293: 7281: 7269: 7267:, p. 115. 7257: 7255:, p. 112. 7245: 7233: 7221: 7209: 7207:, p. 296. 7197: 7195:, p. 265. 7185: 7173: 7171:, p. 206. 7161: 7159:, p. 368. 7149: 7137: 7135:, p. 538. 7125: 7113: 7098: 7086: 7074: 7062: 7056:978-1400069026 7055: 7035: 7023: 7011: 6999: 6987: 6975: 6973:, p. 441. 6963: 6961:, ch. 8 and 9. 6951: 6939: 6937:, p. 394. 6919: 6917:, p. 421. 6907: 6905:, p. 420. 6895: 6893:, p. 419. 6883: 6868: 6855: 6846: 6844:1875, pp. 1–2. 6834: 6813:978-1176111424 6812: 6789: 6767: 6744: 6742:, p. 413. 6732: 6717: 6700: 6688: 6675: 6663: 6651: 6649:, p. 124. 6639: 6637:, p. 100. 6627: 6615: 6602: 6590: 6578: 6566: 6554: 6541: 6539:, p. 550. 6529: 6510: 6498: 6496:, p. 553. 6486: 6474: 6459: 6447: 6425: 6410: 6398: 6385: 6383:, p. 531. 6373: 6371:, p. 205. 6358: 6356:, p. 531. 6346: 6331: 6318: 6299: 6286: 6268: 6261: 6243: 6236: 6218: 6196: 6184: 6178:978-0814758342 6177: 6148: 6135:978-0313275333 6134: 6111: 6085: 6070: 6066:Carpenter 2001 6058: 6044: 6013: 5998: 5970: 5959:. July 6, 1871 5939: 5908: 5890: 5875: 5863: 5844: 5829: 5827:, p. 273. 5817: 5804: 5792: 5776: 5764: 5752: 5740: 5728: 5716: 5714:, p. 267. 5704: 5702:, p. 362. 5687: 5675: 5673:, p. 265. 5663: 5650: 5638: 5623: 5611: 5596: 5578: 5557: 5537: 5525: 5513: 5500: 5488: 5476: 5464: 5452: 5440: 5428: 5426:, p. 277. 5411: 5409:, p. 505. 5392: 5390:, p. 344. 5380: 5374:Simon (1995), 5367: 5355: 5339: 5320: 5308: 5291: 5279: 5262: 5260:, pp. 775–777. 5249: 5247:, p. 398. 5237: 5217: 5201: 5189: 5187:, p. 337. 5177: 5156: 5144: 5142:, p. 125. 5129: 5117: 5105: 5086: 5080:Grant (1869), 5073: 5061: 5046: 5037: 5028: 5016: 5001: 4989: 4987:, p. 346. 4974: 4957: 4942: 4939:. p. 123. 4924: 4912: 4899: 4893:Charles Lane, 4886: 4874: 4872:, p. 545. 4870:McPherson 1880 4862: 4850: 4838: 4823: 4811: 4769: 4753: 4741: 4729: 4717: 4705: 4693: 4681: 4679:, p. 246. 4669: 4657: 4633: 4621: 4609: 4597: 4595:, p. 245. 4585: 4583:, p. 244. 4569: 4567:, p. 246. 4554: 4542: 4540:, p. 244. 4527: 4515: 4503: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4472: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4455: 4454: 4447: 4442:Office of the 4440: 4425: 4420:Office of the 4418: 4410: 4407: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4389: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4376: 4361:Morrison Waite 4358: 4352: 4330: 4329: 4301: 4300: 4294: 4291:William Strong 4284: 4283: 4277: 4248:Main article: 4241:Morrison Waite 4239: 4232: 4229: 4218: 4217: 4214: 4208: 4206: 4205: 4202: 4196: 4194: 4193: 4190: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4171: 4165: 4163: 4162: 4159: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4140: 4134: 4132: 4131: 4128: 4122: 4120: 4119: 4116: 4110: 4108: 4107: 4104: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4089: 4088: 4085: 4079: 4077: 4076: 4073: 4067: 4065: 4064: 4061: 4055: 4053: 4052: 4049: 4043: 4041: 4040: 4037: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4018: 4012: 4010: 4009: 4006: 4000: 3998: 3997: 3994: 3988: 3986: 3985: 3982: 3976: 3974: 3973: 3970: 3968:John Schofield 3965: 3959: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3951: 3949:Lot M. Morrill 3945: 3943: 3942: 3939: 3933: 3931: 3930: 3927: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3915: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3896: 3890: 3888: 3887: 3884: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3865: 3859: 3857: 3856: 3853: 3847: 3845: 3844: 3841: 3836: 3834:Vice President 3830: 3829: 3826: 3825: 3822: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3807: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3796: 3795: 3788: 3785: 3741:Frank Scaturro 3736:Michael Barone 3692:prosecute the 3673: 3670: 3644: 3641: 3615: 3612: 3602: 3599: 3591:Sioux Campaign 3571:Main article: 3568: 3565: 3542: 3535: 3534: 3530: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3516: 3515: 3514: 3506: 3503: 3477: 3474: 3464: 3461: 3441: 3438: 3414: 3411: 3360:Main article: 3357: 3354: 3344:Jonathan Sarna 3321: 3318: 3294: 3291: 3251:secularization 3243:Main article: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3167: 3164: 3135:Main article: 3132: 3129: 3081: 3078: 3044:Under Grant's 3038:Main article: 3035: 3032: 3028:William Evarts 3022: 3019: 2991: 2988: 2976:David Kalakaua 2971: 2968: 2931:Daniel Sickles 2916: 2906:Main article: 2903: 2900: 2885: 2882: 2868: 2865: 2843:Inflation Bill 2829: 2826: 2777:Main article: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2702: 2699: 2685:Charles Sumner 2673: 2670: 2636: 2633: 2576: 2573: 2549:Main article: 2546: 2543: 2528:courthouse in 2494:Main article: 2491: 2488: 2471:Charles Sumner 2447: 2446:Reconstruction 2444: 2411: 2408: 2336:Main article: 2333: 2330: 2324: 2321: 2284:Main article: 2281: 2278: 2248: 2245: 2200: 2197: 2185: 2182: 2173:American bison 2165: 2162: 2061: 2058: 2016: 2013: 1988:Main article: 1985: 1982: 1971:that outlawed 1948: 1945: 1937:Fourth of July 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1879:Dutch Reformed 1841: 1838: 1809: 1806: 1779: 1776: 1758: 1755: 1707:Main article: 1704: 1701: 1632:Main article: 1629: 1626: 1582:Queen Victoria 1578:Charles Sumner 1571:Union blockade 1563:Alabama Claims 1512:Alabama Claims 1503: 1500: 1482:Ten Years' War 1477: 1474: 1443:Horace Greeley 1419:Horace Greeley 1390:Bancroft Davis 1348:Charles Sumner 1337:Main article: 1334: 1331: 1327:Liberian-Grebo 1262:Charles Sumner 1242: 1239: 1214: 1211: 1186:New York Times 1171:counterfeiters 1154: 1151: 1145: 1142: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1096:Main article: 1093: 1090: 1076:and Sol. Gen. 1006: 1003: 989: 986: 942: 939: 911: 908: 900: 899:Reconstruction 897: 888: 885: 824: 821: 817:Reconstruction 800: 797: 795: 792: 777:Andrew Johnson 743:Andrew Johnson 723:Main article: 720: 717: 697:Reconstruction 693:Andrew Johnson 609: 606: 602:Charles Sumner 540:, who won the 531:South Carolina 485: 484: 482: 481: 474: 467: 459: 456: 455: 443: 439: 438: 437: 436: 428: 427: 426: 421: 413: 412: 411: 406: 397: 394: 393: 389: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 356:Reconstruction 353: 352: 351: 346: 336: 330: 327: 326: 322: 321: 316: 311: 310: 309: 304: 299: 294: 284: 281: 275: 270: 269: 265: 264: 259: 254: 253: 252: 247: 237: 232: 231: 230: 223: 213: 212: 211: 200: 197: 196: 192: 191: 188: 187: 175:a series about 171: 169: 153: 152: 146: 138: 137: 136: 133: 132: 124: 121:Andrew Johnson 118: 117: 116: 113: 112: 107: 101: 100: 98: 97: 92: 86: 84: 80: 79: 74: 70: 69: 62: 58: 57: 45: 44: 41: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15602: 15591: 15588: 15586: 15583: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15573: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15563: 15561: 15558: 15557: 15555: 15540: 15537: 15535: 15532: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15517: 15515: 15512: 15511: 15509: 15505: 15495: 15494:The Wish List 15492: 15490: 15489:Ripon Society 15487: 15485: 15482: 15480: 15477: 15475: 15472: 15470: 15467: 15465: 15462: 15460: 15457: 15456: 15454: 15448: 15442: 15439: 15437: 15434: 15432: 15429: 15427: 15424: 15422: 15419: 15417: 15414: 15412: 15409: 15407: 15404: 15402: 15399: 15395: 15392: 15391: 15390: 15387: 15386: 15384: 15378: 15372: 15369: 15367: 15364: 15362: 15359: 15357: 15354: 15352: 15349: 15348: 15346: 15340: 15332: 15329: 15327: 15324: 15322: 15319: 15317: 15314: 15313: 15312: 15309: 15305: 15302: 15301: 15300: 15297: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15287: 15283: 15282: 15281: 15278: 15277: 15275: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15265:organizations 15260: 15250: 15247: 15245: 15242: 15240: 15237: 15235: 15232: 15230: 15227: 15225: 15222: 15221: 15219: 15215: 15209: 15206: 15204: 15201: 15199: 15198:West Virginia 15196: 15194: 15191: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 15169: 15166: 15164: 15161: 15159: 15156: 15154: 15151: 15149: 15146: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15116: 15114: 15111: 15109: 15106: 15104: 15103:New Hampshire 15101: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15079: 15076: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15064: 15063:Massachusetts 15061: 15059: 15056: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15041: 15039: 15036: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15014: 15011: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14996: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14976: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14960: 14958: 14954: 14951: 14944: 14940: 14930: 14927: 14925: 14922: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14912: 14910: 14907: 14905: 14902: 14900: 14897: 14895: 14892: 14890: 14887: 14886: 14884: 14880: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14832: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14778: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14768: 14766: 14763: 14761: 14758: 14756: 14753: 14751: 14748: 14746: 14743: 14741: 14738: 14736: 14733: 14731: 14728: 14726: 14723: 14721: 14718: 14716: 14713: 14711: 14708: 14706: 14703: 14701: 14698: 14696: 14693: 14691: 14688: 14686: 14683: 14681: 14678: 14676: 14673: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14653: 14651: 14648: 14646: 14643: 14641: 14638: 14636: 14633: 14631: 14628: 14626: 14623: 14621: 14618: 14616: 14613: 14611: 14608: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14598: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14578: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14556: 14553: 14551: 14548: 14546: 14543: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14518: 14517: 14515: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14502: 14495: 14492: 14489: 14486: 14483: 14480: 14477: 14474: 14471: 14468: 14465: 14462: 14459: 14456: 14453: 14450: 14447: 14444: 14441: 14438: 14435: 14432: 14429: 14426: 14423: 14420: 14417: 14414: 14411: 14408: 14405: 14402: 14399: 14396: 14393: 14390: 14387: 14384: 14381: 14378: 14375: 14372: 14369: 14366: 14363: 14360: 14357: 14354: 14351: 14348: 14345: 14342: 14339: 14336: 14333: 14330: 14327: 14324: 14321: 14318: 14317: 14315: 14313: 14304: 14299: 14293: 14286: 14283: 14280: 14277: 14274: 14271: 14268: 14265: 14262: 14259: 14256: 14253: 14250: 14247: 14244: 14241: 14238: 14235: 14232: 14229: 14226: 14223: 14220: 14217: 14214: 14211: 14208: 14205: 14202: 14199: 14196: 14193: 14190: 14187: 14184: 14181: 14178: 14175: 14172: 14169: 14166: 14163: 14160: 14157: 14154: 14151: 14148: 14145: 14142: 14139: 14136: 14133: 14130: 14127: 14124: 14121: 14118: 14115: 14114: 14112: 14110: 14102: 14096: 14089: 14086: 14083: 14080: 14077: 14076:G. H. W. Bush 14074: 14071: 14068: 14065: 14062: 14059: 14056: 14053: 14050: 14047: 14044: 14041: 14038: 14035: 14032: 14029: 14026: 14023: 14020: 14017: 14014: 14011: 14008: 14005: 14002: 13999: 13996: 13993: 13990: 13987: 13984: 13981: 13978: 13975: 13972: 13971: 13969: 13967: 13963: 13959: 13953: 13952: 13948: 13944: 13941: 13940: 13939: 13935: 13931: 13928: 13924: 13921: 13920: 13919: 13915: 13911: 13908: 13904: 13901: 13900: 13899: 13895: 13891: 13888: 13884: 13881: 13880: 13879: 13875: 13871: 13868: 13864: 13861: 13860: 13859: 13855: 13851: 13848: 13844: 13841: 13840: 13839: 13835: 13831: 13828: 13824: 13821: 13820: 13819: 13815: 13811: 13808: 13804: 13801: 13800: 13799: 13795: 13791: 13788: 13784: 13781: 13780: 13779: 13775: 13774:G. H. W. Bush 13771: 13768: 13764: 13761: 13760: 13759: 13755: 13754:G. H. W. Bush 13751: 13748: 13744: 13741: 13740: 13739: 13738:G. H. W. Bush 13735: 13731: 13730:1984 (Dallas) 13728: 13724: 13721: 13720: 13719: 13718:G. H. W. Bush 13715: 13711: 13708: 13704: 13701: 13700: 13699: 13695: 13691: 13688: 13684: 13681: 13680: 13679: 13675: 13671: 13668: 13664: 13661: 13660: 13659: 13655: 13651: 13648: 13644: 13641: 13640: 13639: 13635: 13631: 13628: 13624: 13621: 13620: 13619: 13615: 13611: 13608: 13604: 13601: 13600: 13599: 13595: 13591: 13588: 13584: 13581: 13580: 13579: 13575: 13571: 13568: 13564: 13561: 13560: 13559: 13555: 13551: 13548: 13544: 13541: 13540: 13539: 13535: 13531: 13528: 13524: 13521: 13520: 13519: 13515: 13511: 13508: 13504: 13501: 13500: 13499: 13495: 13491: 13488: 13484: 13481: 13480: 13479: 13475: 13471: 13468: 13464: 13461: 13460: 13459: 13455: 13451: 13448: 13444: 13441: 13440: 13439: 13435: 13431: 13428: 13424: 13421: 13420: 13419: 13415: 13411: 13408: 13404: 13401: 13400: 13399: 13395: 13391: 13388: 13384: 13381: 13380: 13379: 13375: 13371: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13358: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13345: 13341: 13338: 13336: 13332: 13328: 13325: 13323: 13319: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13306: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13293: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13280: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13267: 13263: 13260: 13258: 13254: 13250: 13247: 13245: 13241: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13228: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13215: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13202: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13189: 13185: 13182: 13181: 13179: 13177: 13168: 13161: 13155: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13123: 13122: 13119: 13118: 13115: 13111: 13102: 13097: 13095: 13090: 13088: 13083: 13082: 13079: 13067: 13059: 13057: 13049: 13048: 13045: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13013:G. H. W. Bush 13011: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12988:L. B. Johnson 12986: 12984: 12981: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12951: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12941: 12939: 12936: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12925: 12923: 12917: 12908: 12904: 12901: 12898: 12894: 12891: 12888: 12884: 12881: 12878: 12874: 12871: 12868: 12864: 12861: 12858: 12854: 12851: 12848: 12844: 12843:Ronald Reagan 12841: 12838: 12834: 12831: 12828: 12824: 12821: 12818: 12814: 12813:Richard Nixon 12811: 12808: 12804: 12801: 12798: 12794: 12791: 12788: 12784: 12781: 12778: 12774: 12771: 12768: 12764: 12761: 12758: 12754: 12751: 12748: 12744: 12741: 12738: 12734: 12731: 12728: 12724: 12721: 12718: 12714: 12711: 12708: 12704: 12701: 12698: 12694: 12691: 12688: 12684: 12681: 12678: 12674: 12671: 12668: 12664: 12661: 12658: 12654: 12651: 12648: 12644: 12641: 12638: 12634: 12631: 12628: 12624: 12621: 12618: 12614: 12611: 12608: 12604: 12601: 12598: 12594: 12591: 12588: 12584: 12581: 12578: 12574: 12571: 12568: 12564: 12561: 12558: 12554: 12553:James K. Polk 12551: 12548: 12544: 12541: 12538: 12534: 12531: 12528: 12524: 12521: 12518: 12514: 12511: 12508: 12504: 12501: 12498: 12494: 12491: 12488: 12484: 12483:James Madison 12481: 12478: 12474: 12471: 12468: 12464: 12461: 12458: 12454: 12451: 12450: 12446: 12440: 12436: 12429: 12424: 12422: 12417: 12415: 12410: 12409: 12406: 12394: 12393: 12384: 12383: 12380: 12379: 12375: 12373: 12372: 12368: 12367: 12364: 12357: 12354: 12351: 12348: 12345: 12344:Chapman Grant 12342: 12339: 12336: 12333: 12330: 12327: 12324: 12321: 12318: 12315: 12312: 12309: 12306: 12303: 12300: 12297: 12294: 12293: 12291: 12289: 12285: 12274: 12273: 12269: 12266: 12265: 12261: 12260: 12258: 12256: 12252: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12225: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12183: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12170: 12167: 12166: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12158: 12157:General Grant 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12138: 12136: 12134: 12130: 12124: 12121: 12120: 12118: 12116: 12112: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12095: 12093: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12080: 12078: 12077: 12075: 12071: 12065: 12062: 12058: 12055: 12054: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12036: 12033: 12032: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12007: 12005: 12001: 11995: 11994: 11990: 11989: 11987: 11983: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11968: 11966: 11964: 11960: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11909: 11908: 11905: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11882: 11881: 11878: 11874: 11871: 11870: 11869: 11866: 11865: 11863: 11861:Social policy 11859: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11841: 11838: 11837: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11812: 11810: 11808: 11802: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11757: 11755: 11751: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11733: 11731: 11727: 11726: 11725: 11722: 11721: 11719: 11717: 11713: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11666: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11643: 11640: 11639: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11624: 11622: 11620: 11616: 11610: 11607: 11601: 11598: 11597: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11565:Fort Donelson 11563: 11562: 11561: 11558: 11557: 11555: 11551: 11545: 11542: 11536: 11532: 11525: 11520: 11518: 11513: 11511: 11506: 11505: 11502: 11496: 11493: 11491:at Wikisource 11490: 11485: 11481: 11478: 11473: 11469: 11466: 11461: 11457: 11456: 11445: 11443:9781425571658 11439: 11435: 11434: 11428: 11425: 11424: 11420: 11417: 11416: 11412: 11409: 11408: 11404: 11401: 11400: 11396: 11393: 11392: 11388: 11385: 11384: 11380: 11378: 11374: 11371: 11368: 11364: 11361: 11360: 11348: 11344: 11343: 11338: 11326: 11322: 11321: 11315: 11303: 11299: 11298: 11293: 11289: 11285: 11274: 11270: 11266: 11260: 11256: 11255: 11250: 11246: 11235: 11231: 11227: 11225:1-4255-6744-4 11221: 11217: 11213: 11209: 11205: 11194: 11190: 11186: 11182: 11178: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11120: 11119: 11114: 11111: 11106: 11103: 11102: 11101: 11097: 11094: 11090: 11086: 11082: 11076: 11072: 11071: 11065: 11064: 11053: 11049: 11046: 11042: 11039: 11035: 11031: 11027: 11023: 11019: 11015: 11011: 11006: 11002: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10985: 10982: 10978: 10975: 10971: 10968: 10964: 10962: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10944: 10940: 10935: 10932: 10928: 10926: 10922: 10918: 10914: 10908: 10904: 10903: 10897: 10894: 10890: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10864: 10862:0-195-01016-7 10858: 10854: 10850: 10845: 10835:on 2011-06-04 10834: 10830: 10826: 10822: 10821: 10816: 10815:Nevins, Allan 10812: 10810: 10806: 10803: 10799: 10795: 10791: 10789:0-440-05923-2 10785: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10769:0-393-01372-3 10765: 10761: 10760: 10755: 10751: 10748: 10744: 10740: 10734: 10730: 10726: 10721: 10717: 10715:0-8160-4420-1 10711: 10707: 10702: 10701: 10694: 10691: 10683: 10680: 10676: 10673:Foner, Eric. 10672: 10670: 10666: 10662: 10658: 10655: 10651: 10648: 10644: 10640: 10634: 10630: 10626: 10622: 10617: 10616: 10604: 10597: 10592: 10588: 10584: 10580: 10576: 10572: 10568: 10564: 10557: 10553: 10549: 10544: 10540: 10533: 10529: 10525: 10524: 10516: 10512: 10511: 10493: 10489: 10477: 10473: 10469: 10457: 10453: 10441: 10437: 10433: 10429: 10418: 10414: 10410: 10409: 10389: 10384: 10380: 10376: 10372: 10366: 10362: 10358: 10353: 10342: 10338: 10334: 10328: 10324: 10320: 10319: 10313: 10309: 10307:0-8032-9767-X 10303: 10299: 10294: 10290: 10286: 10282: 10278: 10274: 10270: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10254: 10253: 10247: 10236: 10232: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10217: 10213: 10208: 10204: 10198: 10194: 10193: 10187: 10183: 10177: 10173: 10172: 10166: 10155: 10151: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10130: 10128:0-393-01610-2 10124: 10120: 10116: 10115: 10109: 10105: 10100: 10089: 10085: 10081: 10080: 10074: 10063: 10059: 10055: 10049: 10045: 10041: 10037: 10033: 10029: 10018: 10014: 10010: 10004: 10000: 9999: 9993: 9989: 9985: 9981: 9975: 9971: 9967: 9966: 9961: 9957: 9953: 9949: 9945: 9939: 9935: 9931: 9926: 9922: 9915: 9910: 9906: 9902: 9898: 9892: 9888: 9887: 9882: 9878: 9875:(2): 255–270. 9874: 9870: 9865: 9862: 9858: 9854: 9852:9781469617466 9848: 9844: 9843: 9837: 9833: 9831:0-8093-0637-9 9827: 9823: 9818: 9814: 9810: 9806: 9802: 9798: 9794: 9790: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9774: 9770: 9766: 9762: 9757: 9753: 9747: 9743: 9738: 9726: 9722: 9718: 9714: 9703: 9697: 9693: 9689: 9688: 9682: 9670: 9666: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9651: 9650: 9645: 9641: 9637: 9636: 9631: 9627: 9623: 9622: 9617: 9613: 9602: 9598: 9594: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9572: 9568: 9564: 9560: 9556: 9551: 9540: 9536: 9532: 9526: 9522: 9518: 9514: 9509: 9498: 9494: 9490: 9488:0-8371-2642-8 9484: 9480: 9479: 9474: 9470: 9466: 9462: 9461:Nevins, Allan 9458: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9425: 9421: 9420: 9415: 9414:Nevins, Allan 9411: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9386: 9382: 9381: 9375: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9350: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9334: 9330: 9319: 9315: 9311: 9305: 9301: 9297: 9293: 9289: 9284: 9280: 9278:0-87842-468-7 9274: 9270: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9242: 9238: 9237: 9232: 9228: 9225: 9214: 9210: 9206: 9205: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9187: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9172: 9167: 9166:Lane, Charles 9163: 9152: 9148: 9144: 9138: 9134: 9130: 9126: 9122: 9117: 9113: 9109: 9104: 9093: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9076: 9064: 9060: 9055: 9044: 9040: 9036: 9030: 9026: 9022: 9018: 9013: 9009: 9003: 8999: 8994: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8967: 8963: 8958: 8954: 8948: 8933: 8929: 8925: 8919: 8915: 8911: 8907: 8903: 8899: 8895: 8890: 8886: 8882: 8881: 8875: 8861: 8857: 8853: 8851:1-931313-85-7 8847: 8843: 8839: 8834: 8831: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8789: 8788: 8781: 8771: 8769:0-7385-3888-4 8765: 8761: 8760: 8754: 8750: 8748:0-8061-2152-1 8744: 8740: 8736: 8731: 8727: 8723: 8719: 8717:0-548-13253-4 8713: 8709: 8705: 8704: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8682: 8678: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8641: 8635: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8589: 8585: 8579: 8574: 8573: 8566: 8562: 8560:0-394-41899-9 8556: 8551: 8550: 8543: 8539: 8537:0-7006-0208-9 8533: 8529: 8525: 8524: 8518: 8508:on 2012-01-09 8507: 8503: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8481: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8468: 8467:Hamilton Fish 8462: 8460:online review 8459: 8455: 8449: 8443: 8439: 8438: 8433: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8392: 8389: 8385: 8379: 8375: 8370: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8206:Brands, H. W. 8203: 8199: 8194: 8190: 8189: 8183: 8182: 8174: 8160: 8154: 8152: 8142: 8135: 8130: 8128: 8120: 8115: 8113: 8105: 8100: 8098: 8081: 8077: 8071: 8069: 8067: 8065: 8063: 8061: 8059: 8057: 8041: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8020: 8013: 8008: 8001: 7996: 7988: 7982: 7978: 7977: 7969: 7962: 7957: 7955: 7947: 7942: 7934: 7928: 7924: 7917: 7909: 7907:1-56833-132-0 7903: 7899: 7892: 7885: 7881: 7875: 7873: 7865: 7864:Skidmore 2005 7860: 7853: 7848: 7841: 7836: 7829: 7824: 7815: 7809: 7805: 7799: 7792: 7787: 7780: 7775: 7768: 7763: 7757:, p. 74. 7756: 7751: 7744: 7739: 7732: 7727: 7720: 7715: 7708: 7703: 7696: 7691: 7684: 7680: 7675: 7668: 7663: 7656: 7655:Salinger 2005 7651: 7649: 7641: 7636: 7629: 7624: 7622: 7613: 7607: 7603: 7602: 7594: 7587: 7586:Hinsdale 1911 7582: 7575: 7570: 7563: 7558: 7551: 7546: 7539: 7534: 7527: 7522: 7520: 7512: 7507: 7500: 7495: 7493: 7485: 7480: 7473: 7467: 7460: 7455: 7447: 7441: 7437: 7436: 7428: 7413: 7406: 7404: 7397: 7392: 7384: 7378: 7374: 7373: 7365: 7358: 7353: 7346: 7342: 7336: 7328: 7326:9781573561303 7322: 7318: 7317: 7309: 7302: 7297: 7290: 7285: 7278: 7273: 7266: 7261: 7254: 7249: 7242: 7237: 7230: 7225: 7218: 7213: 7206: 7201: 7194: 7189: 7182: 7177: 7170: 7165: 7158: 7153: 7146: 7141: 7134: 7129: 7122: 7117: 7111:, p. 19. 7110: 7105: 7103: 7095: 7090: 7083: 7078: 7071: 7070:Bradford 1980 7066: 7058: 7052: 7048: 7047: 7039: 7032: 7027: 7020: 7015: 7008: 7003: 6996: 6991: 6984: 6979: 6972: 6967: 6960: 6955: 6948: 6943: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6923: 6916: 6911: 6904: 6899: 6892: 6887: 6880: 6875: 6873: 6865: 6859: 6850: 6843: 6838: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6809: 6805: 6804: 6796: 6794: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6764: 6760: 6759: 6751: 6749: 6741: 6736: 6729: 6724: 6722: 6714: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6697: 6692: 6686:(2006) p. 56. 6685: 6679: 6672: 6671:Woodward 1971 6667: 6660: 6655: 6648: 6643: 6636: 6631: 6624: 6623:Trelease 1995 6619: 6612: 6606: 6599: 6598:Trelease 1995 6594: 6587: 6582: 6575: 6570: 6563: 6558: 6552:, pp. 308–309 6551: 6545: 6538: 6533: 6526: 6522: 6517: 6515: 6508: 6502: 6495: 6490: 6483: 6482:Grossman 2003 6478: 6470: 6463: 6456: 6451: 6443: 6439: 6438: 6429: 6422: 6417: 6415: 6407: 6402: 6395: 6389: 6382: 6377: 6370: 6365: 6363: 6355: 6350: 6343: 6338: 6336: 6329:(2017) p 296. 6328: 6322: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6303: 6296: 6293:Simon (2003) 6290: 6283: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6264: 6258: 6254: 6247: 6239: 6237:0-8032-3148-2 6233: 6229: 6222: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6193: 6188: 6180: 6174: 6170: 6165: 6164: 6155: 6153: 6137: 6131: 6127: 6126: 6118: 6116: 6099: 6095: 6089: 6081: 6074: 6067: 6062: 6054: 6048: 6032: 6031: 6023: 6017: 6009: 6002: 5988:on 2012-03-30 5987: 5983: 5977: 5975: 5958: 5957: 5949: 5943: 5928:. May 2, 1870 5927: 5926: 5918: 5912: 5904: 5897: 5895: 5887: 5882: 5880: 5872: 5867: 5860: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5841: 5836: 5834: 5826: 5821: 5814: 5808: 5801: 5796: 5789: 5785: 5780: 5773: 5768: 5761: 5756: 5749: 5744: 5737: 5732: 5725: 5720: 5713: 5708: 5701: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5684: 5679: 5672: 5667: 5660: 5654: 5647: 5642: 5635: 5630: 5628: 5620: 5615: 5608: 5603: 5601: 5594: 5590: 5585: 5583: 5574: 5573: 5568: 5561: 5553: 5552: 5547: 5541: 5534: 5529: 5522: 5517: 5510: 5504: 5497: 5492: 5485: 5480: 5473: 5468: 5461: 5456: 5449: 5444: 5437: 5432: 5425: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5408: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5389: 5384: 5377: 5371: 5364: 5359: 5353: 5349: 5343: 5336: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5317: 5312: 5305: 5301: 5295: 5289:, p. 58. 5288: 5283: 5276: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5259: 5253: 5246: 5241: 5234: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5214: 5210: 5205: 5198: 5193: 5186: 5181: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5160: 5153: 5148: 5141: 5136: 5134: 5126: 5125:Boutwell 2008 5121: 5114: 5109: 5102: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5083: 5077: 5070: 5065: 5057: 5050: 5041: 5032: 5025: 5024:Trelease 1995 5020: 5013: 5008: 5006: 4998: 4993: 4986: 4981: 4979: 4971: 4970:Scaturro 2006 4966: 4964: 4962: 4953: 4946: 4938: 4931: 4929: 4921: 4916: 4909: 4903: 4896: 4890: 4883: 4878: 4871: 4866: 4859: 4858:Etcheson 2009 4854: 4847: 4842: 4835: 4830: 4828: 4820: 4815: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4791: 4783: 4776: 4774: 4766: 4762: 4757: 4751:, p. 49. 4750: 4745: 4739:, p. 48. 4738: 4733: 4726: 4721: 4715:, p. 47. 4714: 4709: 4702: 4697: 4690: 4685: 4678: 4673: 4666: 4661: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4630: 4625: 4619:, p. 43. 4618: 4613: 4606: 4601: 4594: 4589: 4582: 4578: 4573: 4566: 4561: 4559: 4551: 4546: 4539: 4534: 4532: 4524: 4519: 4512: 4507: 4500: 4495: 4491: 4476: 4467: 4463: 4452: 4448: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4412: 4406: 4404: 4403:pocket vetoes 4400: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4374: 4373: 4368: 4367: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4355:Caleb Cushing 4353: 4350: 4347: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4307: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4287: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4271: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4264:Judiciary Act 4261: 4257: 4251: 4242: 4237: 4224: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4105: 4103: 4102:John Creswell 4100: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4084: 4083:Alphonso Taft 4081: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4007: 4005: 4004:Alphonso Taft 4002: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3895: 3894:Hamilton Fish 3892: 3891: 3889: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3797: 3792: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3749: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3723:Robert E. Lee 3719: 3717: 3712: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3683: 3679: 3669: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3657:Samuel Tilden 3654: 3650: 3640: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3625: 3621: 3611: 3608: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3564: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3539: 3527: 3512: 3502: 3499: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3473: 3470: 3460: 3458: 3453: 3447: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3420: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3392: 3391:Samuel Tilden 3388: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3363: 3352: 3347: 3345: 3342:. Historian 3341: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3317: 3315: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3289: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3231: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3202:Phil Sheridan 3199: 3195: 3192:tribe by the 3191: 3187: 3183: 3177: 3173: 3163: 3161: 3156: 3155:Phil Sheridan 3152: 3148: 3144: 3143:Quanah Parker 3138: 3137:Red River War 3131:Red River War 3128: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3108:Quapaw Agency 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3041: 3031: 3029: 3018: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3007: 3001: 2997: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2947: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2899: 2897: 2896:Hamilton Fish 2891: 2890:Hamilton Fish 2881: 2879: 2875: 2864: 2860: 2858: 2853: 2852:Hamilton Fish 2848: 2844: 2834: 2825: 2823: 2817: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2798:Panic of 1873 2790: 2785: 2780: 2779:Panic of 1873 2773:Panic of 1873 2765: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2698: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2679: 2669: 2667: 2662: 2661:Phil Sheridan 2657: 2654: 2651:, with 3,000 2650: 2646: 2642: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2606: 2601: 2599: 2594: 2591: 2590:Adelbert Ames 2587: 2586:Warren County 2582: 2572: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2561:Joseph Brooks 2558: 2557:Elisha Baxter 2552: 2542: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2518: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2497: 2487: 2484: 2480: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2453: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2430: 2421: 2416: 2407: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2384: 2380: 2377: 2373: 2372: 2367: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2344: 2339: 2329: 2320: 2318: 2317:42nd Congress 2314: 2310: 2306: 2305:John Creswell 2301: 2297: 2293: 2292:Pacific Coast 2287: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2258: 2253: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2230: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2211: 2207: 2195: 2191: 2181: 2174: 2170: 2161: 2159: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2066: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2025: 2021: 2012: 2010: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1991: 1990:Comstock laws 1981: 1979: 1978:Brigham Young 1974: 1970: 1966: 1957: 1956:Brigham Young 1953: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1863:Episcopalians 1860: 1859:Presbyterians 1856: 1852: 1847: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1739:Ely S. Parker 1735: 1729: 1725: 1724:Ely S. Parker 1721: 1716: 1710: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1684: 1682: 1681: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1659:Matthew Perry 1651: 1647: 1646: 1640: 1635: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1618:Caleb Cushing 1615: 1611: 1602: 1601: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1586:Sir John Rose 1583: 1579: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1559: 1553: 1552: 1546: 1545: 1539: 1535: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1516:Hamilton Fish 1513: 1509: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1487: 1483: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1462:Santo Domingo 1459: 1458:Bay of Samaná 1455: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1408: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1373:Santo Domingo 1370: 1366: 1365:Rufus Ingalls 1362: 1358: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1310: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1295: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1273: 1272:Hamilton Fish 1269: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1258:Hamilton Fish 1252: 1251:Hamilton Fish 1248: 1238: 1235: 1230: 1226: 1220: 1210: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1190: 1188: 1187: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1150: 1141: 1127: 1123: 1121: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1058:habeas corpus 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1002: 999: 995: 985: 983: 979: 973: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 948: 938: 936: 932: 928: 927:right to vote 923: 917: 906: 896: 894: 884: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 861: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 838:Hamilton Fish 835: 830: 820: 818: 809: 805: 791: 789: 785: 780: 778: 774: 770: 766: 757: 753: 751: 748: 747:House Speaker 744: 740: 739:Robert E. Lee 731: 726: 716: 715:southerners. 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 689: 687: 683: 679: 675: 674:Robert E. Lee 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 636: 632: 628: 623: 619: 615: 605: 603: 599: 595: 591: 589: 584: 582: 577: 573: 572:Hamilton Fish 569: 564: 562: 558: 554: 550: 545: 543: 539: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 480: 475: 473: 468: 466: 461: 460: 458: 457: 447: 435: 432: 431: 429: 425: 422: 420: 417: 416: 414: 410: 407: 405: 402: 401: 399: 398: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 350: 347: 345: 342: 341: 340: 339:Inaugurations 337: 335: 332: 331: 320: 317: 315: 312: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 289: 288: 285: 282: 280: 277: 276: 273: 263: 260: 258: 255: 251: 248: 246: 243: 242: 241: 238: 236: 233: 229: 228: 224: 222: 219: 218: 217: 214: 210: 207: 206: 205: 202: 201: 194: 193: 184: 170: 167: 163: 162: 159: 158: 142: 134: 128: → 127: 122: 119:← 114: 111: 108: 106: 102: 96: 93: 91: 88: 87: 85: 81: 78: 75: 71: 68: 67: 63: 59: 53: 46: 42: 38: 33: 30: 19: 15524:Bibliography 15284: 15163:South Dakota 15153:Rhode Island 15148:Pennsylvania 15128:North Dakota 13985: 13962:Presidential 13949: 13870:2012 (Tampa) 13174:presidential 13158:Presidential 12938:T. Roosevelt 12907:2021–present 12893:Donald Trump 12883:Barack Obama 12863:Bill Clinton 12833:Jimmy Carter 12626: 12493:James Monroe 12444:presidencies 12385: 12376: 12369: 12332:Nellie Grant 12270: 12262: 12180: 12156: 12123:Bibliography 12064:Grant's Tomb 12052:Horsemanship 12020:Boyhood home 11991: 11934:Comstock Act 11729: 11618: 11479:at Wikiquote 11432: 11422: 11414: 11406: 11398: 11390: 11382: 11372: 11362: 11341: 11329:. Retrieved 11319: 11306:. Retrieved 11301: 11295: 11276:. Retrieved 11253: 11237:. Retrieved 11215: 11196:. Retrieved 11180: 11116: 11088: 11069: 11051: 11044: 11037: 11013: 11009: 10992: 10988: 10980: 10973: 10966: 10956: 10938: 10930: 10920: 10901: 10892: 10885: 10875: 10848: 10837:. Retrieved 10833:the original 10819: 10797: 10779: 10758: 10749:(2014): 311+ 10746: 10728: 10699: 10689: 10674: 10660: 10653: 10646: 10625:Falls Church 10620: 10602: 10586: 10574: 10562: 10547: 10538: 10521: 10495:. Retrieved 10480:. 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Brands 3705:arbitration 3402:New Orleans 3372:Salary Grab 3259:free speech 3182:Black Hills 2628:New Orleans 2300:Post Office 2296:Star Routes 2074:Yellowstone 1865:eight; the 1661:had opened 1454:Carl Schurz 1107:Mississippi 666:Chattanooga 658:Confederacy 292:Chattanooga 149:(1850–1894) 110:White House 15554:Categories 15193:Washington 15113:New Mexico 15108:New Jersey 14983:California 14794:Fahrenkopf 14789:Fahrenkopf 14710:Gabrielson 14320:Pennington 14310:Conference 14296:U.S. House 14117:J. P. Hale 14107:Conference 14082:G. W. Bush 14052:Eisenhower 13834:G. W. Bush 13814:G. W. Bush 13594:Eisenhower 13574:Eisenhower 13023:G. W. Bush 12978:Eisenhower 12928:Washington 12919:Presidency 12543:John Tyler 12463:John Adams 12352:(grandson) 12346:(grandson) 12340:(grandson) 12334:(daughter) 12151:Grant Park 12098:convention 12083:convention 12015:Birthplace 12010:Early life 11976:World tour 11939:Poland Act 11805:Government 11619:Presidency 11595:Appomattox 10839:2017-09-08 10829:B00085BDXU 10762:. Norton. 10497:2010-04-21 10241:2012-07-07 10160:2012-07-07 10134:2010-04-23 8775:2010-04-23 8512:2010-04-26 8134:Smith 2001 8104:Smith 2001 8012:Smith 2001 7986:0805069496 7961:Waugh 2017 7946:White 2016 7925:. 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Morton 14735:T. 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and 1873:six; the 1857:ten; the 1818:Red Cloud 1798:Red Cloud 1643:USS 1466:Dominican 1309:Virginius 1225:Jay Gould 1122:country. 1062:marauders 1029:Redeemers 662:Vicksburg 588:Virginius 287:Vicksburg 283:Campaigns 240:Memorials 15539:Trumpism 15394:Chairmen 15311:Factions 15273:Congress 15188:Virginia 15138:Oklahoma 15118:New York 15093:Nebraska 15083:Missouri 15068:Michigan 15058:Maryland 15043:Kentucky 15023:Illinois 14998:Delaware 14988:Colorado 14978:Arkansas 14868:McDaniel 14844:Martínez 14780:Richards 14695:Brownell 14690:Spangler 14675:Hamilton 14670:Fletcher 14580:Campbell 14575:Clarkson 14545:Chandler 14488:McCarthy 14464:Gingrich 14303:Speakers 14231:Knowland 14040:Coolidge 14016:McKinley 14010:Harrison 13998:Garfield 13434:Coolidge 13418:Coolidge 13331:McKinley 13318:McKinley 13305:Harrison 13292:Harrison 13266:Garfield 13165:national 13056:Category 12958:Coolidge 12933:McKinley 12392:Category 12304:(father) 12298:(mother) 12223:Currency 12103:election 12088:election 11642:Grantism 11637:Scandals 11585:Overland 11365:(1869), 11251:(1872). 11096:Archived 11001:40168089 10853:New York 10817:(1936). 10805:Archived 10756:(1981). 10706:New York 10629:Virginia 10379:33971572 10346:March 5, 10281:40038083 10088:18206270 10067:April 3, 9962:(1964). 9905:45387618 9883:(2001). 9807:(2002). 9664:Prologue 9646:(1912). 9606:April 4, 9573:(1984). 9544:April 3, 9475:(1922). 9463:(1957). 9416:(1937). 9363:58431867 9335:(2005). 9318:37211290 9213:60738535 9151:23144878 9114:(6): 19. 8982:13681571 8932:10694656 8819:52418234 8797:ABC-CLIO 8726:11394591 8700:(1898). 8623:13334307 8434:(2017). 8363:April 1, 8358:47120319 8325:(2017). 8313:March 6, 8308:54803737 8280:(2004). 8221:: 42–47. 7806:(1906). 6822:52292874 6311:Archived 5378:, p. xxi 5352:in JSTOR 4453:) (1870) 4386:Colorado 3716:Nepotism 3636:swindles 3624:burglary 3346:argues: 3307:morality 3147:Comanche 2964:Virginus 2952:Virginus 2754:Ellenton 2598:banditti 2313:censured 1973:polygamy 1933:New Year 1875:Baptists 1812:Grant's 1680:Colorado 1645:Colorado 1445:and the 1311:Incident 1284:question 1229:Jim Fisk 1111:Virginia 1084:and the 1054:Freedmen 827:Grant's 709:Congress 419:election 404:election 376:Grantism 366:Scandals 297:Overland 250:Memorial 198:Personal 83:Election 66:See list 15519:Debates 15507:Related 15208:Wyoming 15183:Vermont 15088:Montana 15028:Indiana 15008:Georgia 15003:Florida 14973:Arizona 14963:Alabama 14943:Parties 14873:Whatley 14863:Priebus 14839:Mehlman 14829:Racicot 14824:Gilmore 14814:Barbour 14804:Yeutter 14799:Atwater 14720:Roberts 14665:Sanders 14550:Cameron 14535:Claflin 14525:Raymond 14496:(2023–) 14494:Johnson 14476:Boehner 14470:Hastert 14440:Halleck 14416:Gillett 14350:McCrary 14338:Pomeroy 14298:leaders 14287:(2007–) 14255:Stevens 14237:Dirksen 14219:Bridges 14153:E. 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