31:
474:
454:
declining the university's offer to be placed on a waiting list. Every
Michigan student who agreed to go onto the waiting list in the spring of 1995 was admitted to the University of Michigan for the Fall 1995 semester. However, Gratz argues that she did fill out the paperwork for the waiting list, but the University claims it got lost.
516:
Justices
Stevens, Souter, and Ginsburg dissented. Ginsburg wrote that "government decisionmakers may properly distinguish between policies of exclusion and inclusion...Actions designed to burden groups long denied full citizenship stature are not sensibly ranked with measures taken to hasten the day
453:
to bring this action. Gratz applied in 1995, three years before the
University of Michigan adopted its points system. Gratz could not claim injury as a result of the points system, and thus, under traditional legal rules, Gratz lacked standing. Gratz chose not to attend the University of Michigan by
2256:
375:, writing for the Court, ruled the University's point system's "predetermined point allocations" that awarded 20 points towards admission to underrepresented minorities "ensures that the diversity contributions of applicants cannot be individually assessed" and was therefore unconstitutional.
414:. Duderstadt was president of the university while Gratz's application was under consideration, and Bollinger while Hamacher's was under consideration. Their class-action lawsuit alleged "violations and threatened violations of the rights of the plaintiffs and the class they represent to
3989:
406:'s College of Literature, Science, and the Arts (LSA). Gratz applied for admission in the fall of 1995 and Hamacher in the fall of 1997. Both were subsequently denied admission to the university. Gratz and Hamacher were contacted by the
461:, 508 U.S. 656 (1993). Here the "injury in fact" necessary to establish standing in the case was the denial of equal treatment resulting from the imposition of the barrier, and not in the ultimate inability to obtain the benefit.
2006:
410:, which filed a lawsuit on their behalf in October 1997. The case was filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan against the University of Michigan, the College of LSA, James Duderstadt, and
194:
A state university's admission policy violated the Equal
Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment because its ranking system gave an automatic point increase to all racial minorities rather than making individual
2979:
2185:
4825:
3925:
3917:
4628:
4069:
4037:
3893:
2272:
2014:
457:
Chief
Justice Rehnquist delivered the opinion of the court. The court's majority found that Gratz and co-plaintiff Hamacher had standing to seek declaratory and injunctive relief, relying on
4716:
4532:
4192:
1813:
2137:
2955:
1290:
4987:
4366:
1914:
2420:
1529:
383:
The
University of Michigan used a 150-point scale to rank applicants, with 100 points needed to guarantee admission. The University gave underrepresented ethnic groups, including
4972:
3901:
3161:
4029:
3215:
2129:
1554:
2753:
2145:
4849:
4748:
3646:
2113:
1488:
3622:
3059:
1634:
1089:
1084:
3861:
3741:
2563:
2328:
419:
337:
4992:
4692:
4342:
3829:
3805:
3003:
2947:
1907:
682:
562:
539:
161:
86:
4636:
3701:
3027:
2995:
2516:
2511:
2430:
1549:
4668:
4580:
4524:
4438:
4430:
4326:
4224:
1099:
719:
4952:
4809:
4184:
4053:
3973:
2907:
2288:
2248:
2030:
1824:
790:
4406:
4005:
3821:
3797:
3498:
1982:
1524:
4947:
4708:
4700:
4318:
4120:
3909:
2362:
2208:
1958:
1900:
1779:
1493:
1317:
751:
4358:
3781:
3075:
2862:
2440:
2046:
1683:
1593:
1576:
1544:
4997:
3306:
1503:
1483:
870:
582:
4857:
4208:
3965:
3813:
3606:
815:
4962:
1534:
1200:
982:
845:
830:
4660:
4572:
3199:
4982:
3458:
2097:
1774:
1708:
1478:
1069:
957:
865:
810:
805:
4684:
4216:
3231:
2554:
2345:
1688:
987:
937:
917:
820:
357:
2340:
1629:
1094:
860:
795:
4957:
4497:
3362:
2963:
2830:
2054:
1923:
1498:
977:
952:
942:
932:
912:
3869:
3043:
2854:
1210:
1003:
875:
3223:
1855:
1759:
1718:
1703:
1566:
1473:
967:
947:
661:
614:
392:
2264:
4374:
4061:
4045:
3949:
2280:
2121:
2038:
2022:
1586:
1263:
744:
3957:
3067:
2232:
1845:
1180:
1163:
962:
855:
4977:
4773:
4489:
4414:
3678:
1931:
1559:
1519:
354:
35:
4833:
2773:
2169:
1723:
1205:
840:
368:
4652:
3522:
2390:
2161:
2153:
1850:
1798:
1654:
1644:
1581:
1333:
922:
4967:
3402:
3247:
2761:
2370:
2240:
1571:
1378:
850:
737:
609:
4232:
3090:
2450:
1158:
1079:
433:
134:
126:
2874:
2613:
2547:
1806:
1385:
1312:
534:
508:
to achieve the respondents' asserted interest in diversity, the policy violated the Equal
Protection Clause.
3630:
3482:
3434:
3175:
2790:
2105:
1446:
1268:
1258:
972:
927:
907:
702:
504:
The court held that because the university’s use of race in its current freshman admissions policy was not
407:
153:
4516:
3686:
2987:
2838:
1168:
485:
3638:
1649:
1338:
4841:
4248:
4240:
3853:
3274:
3207:
4873:
4817:
3981:
3538:
3506:
3137:
2931:
2915:
2540:
2319:
2073:
1966:
1713:
1639:
1539:
723:
586:
395:, an automatic 20-point bonus towards their score, while a perfect SAT score was worth 12 points.
4881:
4446:
4302:
3563:
3490:
2883:
2798:
2410:
2324:
1619:
1392:
1175:
1124:
825:
800:
372:
4112:
2481:
2476:
2224:
2089:
1840:
1673:
760:
403:
361:
226:
2532:
4801:
4644:
4612:
4200:
3749:
2697:
2589:
2400:
2350:
2334:
1609:
1433:
1131:
1064:
835:
686:
566:
165:
78:
4793:
4540:
4390:
4283:
4088:
4021:
3530:
3466:
3346:
3183:
3011:
2971:
2923:
1998:
1819:
1792:
1741:
1276:
1225:
1148:
527:
427:
139:
1892:
610:"Thoughts on Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger as Law and as Practical Politics"
8:
4724:
4676:
4620:
4556:
4548:
4481:
4398:
4334:
3997:
3941:
3885:
3877:
3514:
3394:
3378:
3255:
3035:
3019:
2713:
2597:
2257:
Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of
America v. City of Jacksonville
2216:
1950:
1748:
1426:
1220:
1028:
902:
885:
774:
254:
4785:
4604:
4596:
4422:
4382:
4350:
4267:
4136:
4128:
4096:
3837:
3789:
3765:
3733:
3654:
3598:
3590:
3442:
3338:
3153:
2822:
2737:
2666:
2577:
2496:
2444:
2384:
2177:
1693:
1440:
1371:
1074:
1043:
1033:
693:
650:
569:
365:
67:
4920:
4912:
4865:
4588:
4462:
4176:
3933:
3773:
3757:
3708:
3694:
3670:
3426:
3410:
3370:
3298:
3239:
2939:
2846:
2782:
2729:
2621:
2506:
2471:
2081:
1343:
1297:
1282:
1230:
1008:
657:
218:
210:
4168:
4144:
3725:
3474:
3450:
3314:
2721:
2689:
2637:
1974:
1662:
1614:
1398:
1023:
645:
415:
384:
177:
81:
3990:
Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of
America v. Jacksonville
3582:
3322:
3191:
2745:
2705:
2629:
2491:
2310:
2305:
1728:
1698:
1678:
1403:
1153:
505:
459:
Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of
America v. Jacksonville
250:
238:
4732:
4564:
4310:
4275:
4152:
3662:
3418:
3330:
3099:
2605:
2501:
2380:
1456:
1364:
1235:
1190:
1048:
1013:
450:
262:
230:
4941:
4826:
Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank
4454:
3845:
3717:
3386:
3354:
3282:
3145:
3051:
2899:
2814:
2486:
1038:
411:
351:
105:
101:
55:
517:
when entrenched discrimination and its after effects have been extirpated."
4740:
4104:
3290:
2645:
1624:
1304:
1215:
242:
108:) ¶ 41,416; 2003 Cal. Daily Op. Service 5362; 16 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. S 387
3614:
2891:
2806:
2678:
1734:
1242:
1185:
1119:
1018:
729:
711:
123:
4070:
Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
2055:
Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
473:
398:
The petitioners, Jennifer Gratz and Patrick Hamacher, both residents of
4160:
2454:
2374:
157:
130:
97:
4038:
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
3894:
Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.
2015:
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
93:
1814:
Michigan Paralyzed Veterans of America v. The University of Michigan
2956:
Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists
2434:
2414:
2404:
2394:
1769:
1143:
399:
388:
181:
2521:
2424:
1451:
1137:
145:
1530:
Engineering Research Center for Wireless Integrated Microsystems
3162:
Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York
2562:
1668:
133:
2000); Summary judgment granted to plaintiffs, 135 F. Supp. 2d
30:
3216:
Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community
1555:
Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research
1195:
371:
policy. In a 6–3 decision announced on June 23, 2003,
1922:
1418:
1413:
1408:
150:
4850:
Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett
2754:
O'Gorman & Young, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co.
4988:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
3647:
Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma
3060:
Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc.
585:. Regents of the University of Michigan. Archived from
4973:
University and college admissions in the United States
3742:
Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
2007:
Doe v. Kamehameha Schools/Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate
449:
It has been argued by some that Jennifer Gratz lacked
432:
the case was heard in District Court, appealed to the
279:
Rehnquist, joined by O'Connor, Scalia, Kennedy, Thomas
3806:
United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education
2948:
City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
540:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 539
4637:
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
3702:
Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
3028:
Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England
122:
Summary judgment granted in part to plaintiffs, 122
4525:
Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co.
720:
Transcript of April 1, 2003 Supreme Court arguments
439:
4185:Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney
4054:Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action
2908:Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth
2031:Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action
649:
436:, and asked to be heard before the Supreme Court.
100:4801; 71 U.S.L.W. 4480; 91 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (
3822:Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
3499:Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health
583:"Gratz v. Bollinger: Motion for Summary Judgment"
4939:
4701:City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc.
3910:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
1959:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
3782:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
3307:Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co.
2047:Coalition for TJ v. Fairfax County School Board
1594:University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index
1577:Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute
1545:Great Lakes Integrated Sciences and Assessments
137:(E.D. Mich. 2001); consolidated on appeal with
4858:Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs
4209:Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County
3966:Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell
3814:Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education
3607:Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education
2548:
1908:
745:
4993:United States racial discrimination case law
3076:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
2980:Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
2863:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
2186:Charlton-Perkins v. University of Cincinnati
327:Ginsburg, joined by Souter, Breyer (in part)
4661:Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia
4573:Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections
3562:
3200:Will v. Michigan Department of State Police
3926:Crawford v. Los Angeles Board of Education
3459:Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill
2555:
2541:
2098:Hazelwood School District v. United States
1915:
1901:
1090:Michigan–Michigan State ice hockey rivalry
1085:Michigan–Michigan State basketball rivalry
759:
752:
738:
4953:United States affirmative action case law
4685:New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer
4217:Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan
3232:Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee
2346:Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
3918:Washington v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1
2341:Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
4948:United States equal protection case law
4629:Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co.
4498:Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Ward
3363:Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur
2964:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
2831:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
1924:Affirmative action in the United States
464:
54:Jennifer Gratz and Patrick Hamacher v.
4940:
4772:
3870:Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver
2665:
2576:
1100:Michigan–Ohio State basketball rivalry
607:
4998:History of the University of Michigan
4900:
4771:
3561:
3224:City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams
2664:
2575:
2536:
1896:
1567:Michigan Aeronautical Research Center
733:
652:The Michigan Affirmative Action Cases
644:
615:Loyola University Chicago Law Journal
18:2003 United States Supreme Court case
3950:Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education
3091:Section 1979 of the Revised Statutes
2281:Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Mineta
2273:Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Slater
2122:Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education
1587:American Customer Satisfaction Index
1095:Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry
468:
444:
422:... and for racial discrimination."
319:Souter, joined by Ginsburg (in part)
287:O'Connor, joined by Breyer (in part)
4963:United States class action case law
4717:Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools
4533:Quaker City Cab Co. v. Commonwealth
3958:City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.
3068:June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo
3044:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt
2855:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt
2233:City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.
1181:Lurie Biomedical Engineering Center
1164:Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library
13:
4490:Arlington County Board v. Richards
4415:Examining Board v. Flores de Otero
4193:Wengler v. Druggists Mut. Ins. Co.
3679:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
2564:United States Fourteenth Amendment
2265:Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña
1560:National Survey of Black Americans
1520:American National Election Studies
638:
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
5009:
4983:United States Supreme Court cases
4834:Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents
4375:Takahashi v. Fish and Game Comm'n
2170:Piscataway School Board v. Taxman
2138:Firefighters v. City of Cleveland
1724:Students for a Democratic Society
846:Literature, Science, and the Arts
689:244 (2003) is available from:
671:
4653:Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas
4062:Fisher v. University of Texas II
3523:Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co.
2162:Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio
2154:Johnson v. Transportation Agency
2039:Fisher v. University of Texas II
1799:Michigan Civil Rights Initiative
1655:Stefan T. Vail Cooperative House
1645:Eugene V. Debs Cooperative House
1630:Graduate Employees' Organization
1582:National Quality Research Center
1535:Environmental Research Institute
472:
440:U.S. Supreme Court consideration
29:
4367:Ohio ex rel. Clark v. Deckebach
4046:Fisher v. University of Texas I
3403:Moore v. City of East Cleveland
3248:Los Angeles County v. Humphries
2762:West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish
2241:Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC
2023:Fisher v. University of Texas I
1572:Michigan Life Sciences Corridor
791:Architecture and Urban Planning
402:, applied for admission to the
4958:2003 in United States case law
4233:J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B.
1775:2020 graduate students' strike
1080:The Big Chill at the Big House
821:Environment and Sustainability
656:. University Press of Kansas.
601:
575:
552:
434:Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals
1:
3902:Dayton Bd. of Ed. v. Brinkman
3107:McNeese v. Board of Education
2614:United States v. Wong Kim Ark
1807:Doe v. University of Michigan
1550:Institute for Social Research
1386:Michigan Mathematical Journal
545:
535:List of class action lawsuits
350:, 539 U.S. 244 (2003), was a
104:) 1803; 84 Empl. Prac. Dec. (
3631:Hirabayashi v. United States
3483:DeShaney v. Winnebago County
3435:Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co.
3176:Owen v. City of Independence
2791:Pierce v. Society of Sisters
2106:United Steelworkers v. Weber
408:Center for Individual Rights
7:
4517:United States v. Cruikshank
3687:Brown v. Board of Education
2988:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
2839:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
2130:Sheet Metal Workers v. EEOC
1169:William L. Clements Library
520:
160:. before judgment granted,
10:
5014:
3639:Korematsu v. United States
1650:Michigan Cooperative House
1525:Business Engagement Center
1339:Matthaei Botanical Gardens
712:Oyez (oral argument audio)
511:
4978:Legal history of Michigan
4907:
4901:
4896:
4842:United States v. Morrison
4780:
4767:
4508:
4473:
4294:
4259:
4249:United States v. Skrmetti
4241:United States v. Virginia
4080:
3854:Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson
3574:
3570:
3557:
3275:Jacobson v. Massachusetts
3266:
3208:Gonzaga University v. Doe
3086:
2873:
2772:
2677:
2673:
2660:
2584:
2571:
2464:
2360:
2303:
2196:
2146:United States v. Paradise
2065:
1942:
1930:
1864:
1833:
1758:
1635:Inter-Cooperative Council
1602:
1512:
1489:Law and government alumni
1466:
1356:
1326:
1251:
1112:
1057:
996:
895:
884:
856:Music, Theatre, and Dance
783:
769:
336:
331:
323:
315:
311:Stevens, joined by Souter
307:
299:
291:
283:
275:
270:
204:
199:
193:
188:
172:
118:
113:
73:
63:
49:
42:
28:
23:
4874:United States v. Georgia
4818:City of Boerne v. Flores
3982:United States v. Fordice
3539:Williams v. Pennsylvania
3507:Washington v. Glucksberg
2320:Civil Rights Act of 1866
2074:Griggs v. Duke Power Co.
1967:United States v. Fordice
1714:Society of Les Voyageurs
1640:Escher Cooperative House
1540:Global Feminisms Project
4882:Shelby County v. Holder
4447:Cabell v. Chavez-Salido
4303:Patsone v. Pennsylvania
3564:Equal Protection Clause
3491:Michael H. v. Gerald D.
2884:United States v. Vuitch
2799:Griswold v. Connecticut
2325:Equal Protection Clause
1620:The Detroit Partnership
1176:Life Sciences Institute
378:
373:Chief Justice Rehnquist
4968:University of Michigan
4749:Armour v. Indianapolis
4113:Moritz v. Commissioner
3169:Procunier v. Navarette
3087:Civil rights liability
2875:Abortion jurisprudence
2225:Fullilove v. Klutznick
2114:Firefighters v. Stotts
2090:Schlesinger v. Ballard
1674:Michigan Marching Band
762:University of Michigan
418:of the laws under the
404:University of Michigan
362:University of Michigan
338:U.S. Const. amend. XIV
4802:Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer
4645:Richardson v. Ramirez
4613:Boddie v. Connecticut
4201:Kirchberg v. Feenstra
4030:Johnson v. California
3750:McLaughlin v. Florida
3138:O'Connor v. Donaldson
2698:Allgeyer v. Louisiana
2590:Slaughter-House Cases
2351:Executive Order 11246
2335:Executive Order 10925
1936:lower court decisions
1883:$ 17.9 billion (2023)
1684:Phi Delta Theta House
1610:Black Action Movement
1499:University presidents
1132:Burton Memorial Tower
608:Heriot, Gail (2004).
92:123 S. Ct. 2411; 156
45:Decided June 23, 2003
4794:Katzenbach v. Morgan
4541:Breedlove v. Suttles
4391:Graham v. Richardson
4284:Obergefell v. Hodges
4089:Breedlove v. Suttles
4022:Grutter v. Bollinger
3862:Jefferson v. Hackney
3531:Obergefell v. Hodges
3467:Edwards v. Aguillard
3347:Epperson v. Arkansas
3184:Harlow v. Fitzgerald
3119:Jenkins v. McKeithen
3012:Mazurek v. Armstrong
2972:Hodgson v. Minnesota
2932:Bellotti v. Baird II
2924:Colautti v. Franklin
2679:Economic substantive
2329:Fourteenth Amendment
2318:Section 1981 of the
1999:Grutter v. Bollinger
1825:Vietnam War protests
1820:Treaty of Fort Meigs
1793:Grutter v. Bollinger
1291:The Romanovs Collect
1149:Ford Nuclear Reactor
589:on February 21, 2014
528:Grutter v. Bollinger
465:Opinion of the Court
420:Fourteenth Amendment
303:Breyer (in judgment)
140:Grutter v. Bollinger
43:Argued April 1, 2003
4725:Gregory v. Ashcroft
4693:Mills v. Habluetzel
4677:Zablocki v. Redhail
4621:Eisenstadt v. Baird
4557:Oyama v. California
4549:Skinner v. Oklahoma
4482:Shapiro v. Thompson
4399:Sugarman v. Dougall
4343:Porterfield v. Webb
4335:Terrace v. Thompson
3998:Missouri v. Jenkins
3942:Hunter v. Underwood
3886:Milliken v. Bradley
3878:Norwood v. Harrison
3830:McDaniel v. Barresi
3515:Troxel v. Granville
3395:Mathews v. Eldridge
3379:Taylor v. Louisiana
3256:Connick v. Thompson
3036:Gonzales v. Carhart
3020:Stenberg v. Carhart
3004:Lambert v. Wicklund
2916:Bellotti v. Baird I
2714:Lochner v. New York
2598:Minor v. Happersett
2217:Califano v. Webster
1951:DeFunis v. Odegaard
1749:The Yellow and Blue
1709:Social Venture Fund
1029:Phyllis Ocker Field
903:Michigan Wolverines
776:Ann Arbor, Michigan
703:Library of Congress
255:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
227:Sandra Day O'Connor
4786:Civil Rights Cases
4774:Enforcement Clause
4605:Oregon v. Mitchell
4597:Williams v. Rhodes
4423:Nyquist v. Mauclet
4383:Hernandez v. Texas
4268:Bowers v. Hardwick
4260:Sexual orientation
4137:Stanton v. Stanton
4129:Geduldig v. Aiello
4097:Goesaert v. Cleary
4014:Gratz v. Bollinger
3838:Palmer v. Thompson
3790:Hunter v. Erickson
3766:Loving v. Virginia
3734:Anderson v. Martin
3655:Shelley v. Kraemer
3599:Plessy v. Ferguson
3591:Yick Wo v. Hopkins
3443:Kolender v. Lawson
3339:Loving v. Virginia
3154:Imbler v. Pachtman
3131:Wood v. Strickland
2996:Leavitt v. Jane L.
2823:Bowers v. Hardwick
2738:Buchanan v. Warley
2667:Due Process Clause
2578:Citizenship Clause
2517:Stephan Thermstrom
2512:Abigail Thermstrom
2497:Richard Kahlenberg
2431:State Question 759
2178:Ricci v. DeStefano
1991:Gratz v. Bollinger
1786:Gratz v. Bollinger
1780:Affirmative action
1379:Every Three Weekly
1075:Paul Bunyan Trophy
1044:Waterman Gymnasium
1034:Ray Fisher Stadium
988:Women's volleyball
938:Women's gymnastics
918:Women's basketball
679:Gratz v. Bollinger
559:Gratz v. Bollinger
484:. You can help by
366:affirmative action
347:Gratz v. Bollinger
215:Associate Justices
24:Gratz v. Bollinger
4935:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4921:Trump v. Anderson
4913:Gold Clause Cases
4892:
4891:
4866:Tennessee v. Lane
4763:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4669:Trimble v. Gordon
4589:Levy v. Louisiana
4581:Rinaldi v. Yeager
4463:Bernal v. Fainter
4439:Ambach v. Norwick
4431:Foley v. Connelie
4327:Crane v. New York
4225:Lehr v. Robertson
4177:Caban v. Mohammed
3934:Palmore v. Sidoti
3774:Lee v. Washington
3758:Reitman v. Mulkey
3709:Gebhart v. Belton
3695:Briggs v. Elliott
3671:Sweatt v. Painter
3553:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3427:Parratt v. Taylor
3411:Duren v. Missouri
3371:Arnett v. Kennedy
3299:Powell v. Alabama
3240:Ashcroft v. Iqbal
3125:Scheuer v. Rhodes
2940:H. L. v. Matheson
2847:Lawrence v. Texas
2783:Meyer v. Nebraska
2730:Coppage v. Kansas
2656:
2655:
2622:Perez v. Brownell
2530:
2529:
2507:Stuart Taylor Jr.
2472:Peter Arcidiacono
2299:
2298:
2082:Morton v. Mancari
1890:
1889:
1494:Faculty and staff
1352:
1351:
1344:Nichols Arboretum
1201:President's House
1108:
1107:
1009:Canham Natatorium
663:978-0-7006-1549-0
646:Perry, Barbara A.
506:narrowly tailored
502:
501:
445:Issue of standing
385:African-Americans
343:
342:
211:William Rehnquist
156:(6th Cir. 2001);
5005:
4898:
4897:
4810:Dellmuth v. Muth
4769:
4768:
4169:Parham v. Hughes
4145:Edwards v. Healy
3974:Freeman v. Pitts
3729:(M.D. Ala. 1956)
3726:Browder v. Gayle
3572:
3571:
3559:
3558:
3475:Turner v. Safley
3451:Hudson v. Palmer
3315:NAACP v. Alabama
2774:Right to privacy
2722:Muller v. Oregon
2690:Mugler v. Kansas
2675:
2674:
2662:
2661:
2638:Rogers v. Bellei
2573:
2572:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2534:
2533:
2289:Vitolo v. Guzman
2252:(D.C. Cir. 1992)
2249:Lamprecht v. FCC
1975:Hopwood v. Texas
1940:
1939:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1894:
1893:
1841:Ann Arbor (Main)
1762:
1615:Compulsive Lyres
1504:Board of Regents
1270:Behind the Walls
1249:
1248:
1070:Little Brown Jug
1024:Michigan Stadium
953:Women's lacrosse
943:Men's ice hockey
933:Men's gymnastics
913:Men's basketball
893:
892:
888:
826:Graduate Studies
777:
763:
754:
747:
740:
731:
730:
716:
710:
707:
701:
698:
692:
667:
655:
632:
631:
629:
627:
605:
599:
598:
596:
594:
579:
573:
556:
497:
494:
476:
469:
416:equal protection
393:Native Americans
200:Court membership
168:1044 (2002).
33:
32:
21:
20:
5013:
5012:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4927:
4903:
4888:
4776:
4755:
4504:
4469:
4407:In re Griffiths
4351:Webb v. O'Brien
4290:
4255:
4076:
4006:Texas v. Lesage
3798:Hadnott v. Amos
3583:Pace v. Alabama
3566:
3545:
3323:Hoyt v. Florida
3262:
3192:Felder v. Casey
3088:
3082:
2869:
2768:
2746:Adams v. Tanner
2706:Holden v. Hardy
2680:
2669:
2652:
2630:Afroyim v. Rusk
2580:
2567:
2561:
2531:
2526:
2492:Arthur Fletcher
2460:
2457:, 2020, failed)
2447:, 2019, failed)
2421:Proposition 107
2407:, 2008, failed)
2371:Proposition 209
2356:
2308:
2295:
2292:(6th Cir. 2021)
2200:
2198:
2192:
2189:(6th Cir. 2022)
2061:
2050:(4th Cir. 2023)
2010:(9th Cir. 2006)
1983:Texas v. Lesage
1978:(5th Cir. 1996)
1935:
1926:
1921:
1891:
1886:
1860:
1829:
1760:
1754:
1729:Theta Phi Alpha
1699:Order of Angell
1689:Men's Glee Club
1679:Michigan Ultras
1598:
1508:
1484:Business alumni
1462:
1404:Michigan Public
1348:
1322:
1318:Natural History
1247:
1211:Student housing
1154:Hill Auditorium
1104:
1053:
992:
983:Track and field
886:
880:
779:
775:
765:
761:
758:
714:
708:
705:
699:
696:
690:
674:
664:
641:
639:Further reading
636:
635:
625:
623:
606:
602:
592:
590:
581:
580:
576:
557:
553:
548:
523:
514:
498:
492:
489:
482:needs expansion
467:
447:
442:
381:
253:
251:Clarence Thomas
241:
239:Anthony Kennedy
229:
219:John P. Stevens
195:determinations.
109:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
5011:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4933:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4917:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4878:
4870:
4862:
4854:
4846:
4838:
4830:
4822:
4814:
4806:
4798:
4790:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4765:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4745:
4737:
4733:Vacco v. Quill
4729:
4721:
4713:
4709:Clark v. Jeter
4705:
4697:
4689:
4681:
4673:
4665:
4657:
4649:
4641:
4633:
4625:
4617:
4609:
4601:
4593:
4585:
4577:
4569:
4565:Oyler v. Boles
4561:
4553:
4545:
4537:
4529:
4521:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4494:
4486:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4459:
4451:
4443:
4435:
4427:
4419:
4411:
4403:
4395:
4387:
4379:
4371:
4363:
4355:
4347:
4339:
4331:
4323:
4319:Heim v. McCall
4315:
4311:Truax v. Raich
4307:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4280:
4276:Romer v. Evans
4272:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4245:
4237:
4229:
4221:
4213:
4205:
4197:
4189:
4181:
4173:
4165:
4157:
4153:Craig v. Boren
4149:
4141:
4133:
4125:
4121:Kahn v. Shevin
4117:
4109:
4101:
4093:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4066:
4058:
4050:
4042:
4034:
4026:
4018:
4010:
4002:
3994:
3986:
3978:
3970:
3962:
3954:
3946:
3938:
3930:
3922:
3914:
3906:
3898:
3890:
3882:
3874:
3866:
3858:
3850:
3842:
3834:
3826:
3818:
3810:
3802:
3794:
3786:
3778:
3770:
3762:
3754:
3746:
3738:
3730:
3722:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3683:
3675:
3667:
3663:Perez v. Sharp
3659:
3651:
3643:
3635:
3627:
3623:Smith v. Texas
3619:
3611:
3603:
3595:
3587:
3578:
3576:
3568:
3567:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3535:
3527:
3519:
3511:
3503:
3495:
3487:
3479:
3471:
3463:
3455:
3447:
3439:
3431:
3423:
3419:Parham v. J.R.
3415:
3407:
3399:
3391:
3383:
3375:
3367:
3359:
3351:
3343:
3335:
3331:Oyler v. Boles
3327:
3319:
3311:
3303:
3295:
3287:
3279:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3252:
3244:
3236:
3228:
3220:
3212:
3204:
3196:
3188:
3180:
3172:
3166:
3158:
3150:
3142:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3113:Pierson v. Ray
3110:
3104:
3100:Monroe v. Pape
3095:
3093:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3072:
3064:
3056:
3048:
3040:
3032:
3024:
3016:
3008:
3000:
2992:
2984:
2976:
2968:
2960:
2952:
2944:
2936:
2928:
2920:
2912:
2904:
2896:
2888:
2879:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2859:
2851:
2843:
2835:
2827:
2819:
2811:
2803:
2795:
2787:
2778:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2758:
2750:
2742:
2734:
2726:
2718:
2710:
2702:
2694:
2685:
2683:
2671:
2670:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2642:
2634:
2626:
2618:
2610:
2606:Elk v. Wilkins
2602:
2594:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2569:
2568:
2560:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2537:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2502:Richard Sander
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2451:Proposition 16
2448:
2438:
2428:
2418:
2411:Initiative 424
2408:
2398:
2388:
2381:Initiative 200
2378:
2367:
2365:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2322:
2315:
2313:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2213:
2209:Kahn v. Shevin
2204:
2202:
2201:and Set-Asides
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2182:
2174:
2173:(3d Cir. 1996)
2166:
2158:
2150:
2142:
2134:
2126:
2118:
2110:
2102:
2094:
2086:
2078:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2051:
2043:
2035:
2027:
2019:
2011:
2003:
1995:
1987:
1979:
1971:
1963:
1955:
1946:
1944:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1897:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1789:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1764:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1719:Solar Car Team
1716:
1711:
1706:
1704:Pops Orchestra
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1474:General alumni
1470:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1437:
1434:Street Journal
1430:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1401:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1365:Michiganensian
1360:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1261:
1255:
1253:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1191:Michigan Union
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1049:Yost Ice Arena
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1014:Crisler Center
1011:
1006:
1000:
998:
994:
993:
991:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
968:Women's soccer
965:
960:
955:
950:
948:Men's lacrosse
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
899:
897:
890:
882:
881:
879:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
796:Art and Design
793:
787:
785:
781:
780:
770:
767:
766:
757:
756:
749:
742:
734:
728:
727:
717:
673:
672:External links
670:
669:
668:
662:
640:
637:
634:
633:
600:
574:
550:
549:
547:
544:
543:
542:
537:
532:
522:
519:
513:
510:
500:
499:
479:
477:
466:
463:
451:legal standing
446:
443:
441:
438:
380:
377:
364:undergraduate
360:regarding the
341:
340:
334:
333:
329:
328:
325:
321:
320:
317:
313:
312:
309:
305:
304:
301:
297:
296:
293:
289:
288:
285:
281:
280:
277:
273:
272:
268:
267:
266:
265:
263:Stephen Breyer
231:Antonin Scalia
216:
213:
208:
202:
201:
197:
196:
191:
190:
186:
185:
176:On remand, 80
174:
170:
169:
120:
116:
115:
111:
110:
91:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
51:
50:Full case name
47:
46:
40:
39:
34:
26:
25:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5010:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
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4945:
4943:
4923:
4922:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4910:
4909:
4906:
4899:
4895:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4782:
4779:
4775:
4770:
4766:
4751:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4455:Plyler v. Doe
4452:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4359:Frick v. Webb
4356:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3846:Coit v. Green
3843:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3718:Lucy v. Adams
3715:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3387:Goss v. Lopez
3384:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:In re Winship
3352:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3283:Zucht v. King
3280:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3146:Paul v. Davis
3143:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:Azar v. Garza
3049:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2900:Doe v. Bolton
2897:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2815:Doe v. Bolton
2812:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2558:
2553:
2551:
2546:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2487:Ward Connerly
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2441:Referendum 88
2439:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2359:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2195:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1932:Supreme Court
1929:
1925:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1882:
1879:
1877:52,065 (2023)
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1770:1965 Teach-in
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1757:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1663:Let's Go Blue
1660:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1039:Regents Field
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
999:
995:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
900:
898:
894:
891:
889:
883:
877:
876:Public Policy
874:
872:
871:Public Health
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
788:
786:
782:
778:
773:
768:
764:
755:
750:
748:
743:
741:
736:
735:
732:
725:
721:
718:
713:
704:
695:
688:
684:
680:
676:
675:
665:
659:
654:
653:
647:
643:
642:
626:September 26,
621:
617:
616:
611:
604:
588:
584:
578:
571:
568:
564:
560:
555:
551:
541:
538:
536:
533:
530:
529:
525:
524:
518:
509:
507:
496:
487:
483:
480:This section
478:
475:
471:
470:
462:
460:
455:
452:
437:
435:
431:
429:
423:
421:
417:
413:
412:Lee Bollinger
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
376:
374:
370:
367:
363:
359:
356:
355:Supreme Court
353:
352:United States
349:
348:
339:
335:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
271:Case opinions
269:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:Chief Justice
206:
205:
203:
198:
192:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
152:
148:
147:
142:
141:
136:
132:
128:
125:
121:
117:
112:
107:
103:
99:
95:
89:
88:
83:
80:
76:
72:
69:
66:
62:
59:
57:
56:Lee Bollinger
52:
48:
41:
37:
27:
22:
16:
4919:
4911:
4880:
4872:
4864:
4856:
4848:
4840:
4832:
4824:
4816:
4808:
4800:
4792:
4784:
4747:
4741:Bush v. Gore
4739:
4731:
4723:
4715:
4707:
4699:
4691:
4683:
4675:
4667:
4659:
4651:
4643:
4635:
4627:
4619:
4611:
4603:
4595:
4587:
4579:
4571:
4563:
4555:
4547:
4539:
4531:
4523:
4515:
4496:
4488:
4480:
4461:
4453:
4445:
4437:
4429:
4421:
4413:
4405:
4397:
4389:
4381:
4373:
4365:
4357:
4349:
4341:
4333:
4325:
4317:
4309:
4301:
4282:
4274:
4266:
4247:
4239:
4231:
4223:
4215:
4207:
4199:
4191:
4183:
4175:
4167:
4159:
4151:
4143:
4135:
4127:
4119:
4111:
4105:Reed v. Reed
4103:
4095:
4087:
4068:
4060:
4052:
4044:
4036:
4028:
4020:
4013:
4012:
4004:
3996:
3988:
3980:
3972:
3964:
3956:
3948:
3940:
3932:
3924:
3916:
3908:
3900:
3892:
3884:
3876:
3868:
3860:
3852:
3844:
3836:
3828:
3820:
3812:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3780:
3772:
3764:
3756:
3748:
3740:
3732:
3724:
3716:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3685:
3677:
3669:
3661:
3653:
3645:
3637:
3629:
3621:
3613:
3605:
3597:
3589:
3581:
3537:
3529:
3521:
3513:
3505:
3497:
3489:
3481:
3473:
3465:
3457:
3449:
3441:
3433:
3425:
3417:
3409:
3401:
3393:
3385:
3377:
3369:
3361:
3353:
3345:
3337:
3329:
3321:
3313:
3305:
3297:
3291:Buck v. Bell
3289:
3281:
3273:
3254:
3246:
3238:
3230:
3222:
3214:
3206:
3198:
3190:
3182:
3174:
3168:
3160:
3152:
3144:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3098:
3074:
3066:
3058:
3050:
3042:
3034:
3026:
3018:
3010:
3002:
2994:
2986:
2978:
2970:
2962:
2954:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2914:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2882:
2861:
2853:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2805:
2797:
2789:
2781:
2760:
2752:
2744:
2736:
2728:
2720:
2712:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2646:Saenz v. Roe
2644:
2636:
2628:
2620:
2612:
2604:
2596:
2588:
2401:Amendment 46
2287:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2199:Contracting,
2184:
2176:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2088:
2080:
2072:
2053:
2045:
2037:
2029:
2021:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1812:
1805:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1625:Eclipse Jazz
1603:Student life
1439:
1432:
1425:
1393:The Gargoyle
1391:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1305:Stiff Box 12
1303:
1296:
1289:
1283:
1275:
1269:
1136:
1004:Alumni Field
963:Men's soccer
923:Field hockey
771:
678:
651:
624:. Retrieved
619:
613:
603:
591:. Retrieved
587:the original
577:
572: (2003).
558:
554:
526:
515:
503:
490:
486:adding to it
481:
458:
456:
448:
426:
424:
397:
382:
346:
345:
344:
332:Laws applied
258:
246:
243:David Souter
234:
222:
144:
138:
114:Case history
85:
53:
15:
3666:(Cal. 1948)
3615:Lum v. Rice
2892:Roe v. Wade
2807:Roe v. Wade
2681:due process
2477:Edward Blum
2363:initiatives
2306:legislation
1735:The Victors
1479:Arts alumni
1259:Archaeology
1243:Weiser Hall
1226:Martha Cook
1186:Lurie Tower
1125:Observatory
1120:Angell Hall
1019:Ferry Field
836:Kinesiology
831:Information
816:Engineering
772:Located in:
593:February 3,
300:Concurrence
292:Concurrence
284:Concurrence
149:court, 277
124:F. Supp. 2d
4942:Categories
4161:Orr v. Orr
2482:Carl Cohen
2391:Proposal 2
2066:Employment
1881:Endowment:
1694:Naked Mile
724:PDF format
546:References
369:admissions
178:Fed. App'x
173:Subsequent
131:E.D. Mich.
98:U.S. LEXIS
96:257; 2003
64:Docket no.
4474:Residency
1943:Education
1875:Students:
1459:(defunct)
1334:Herbarium
1327:Botanical
1313:Dentistry
1236:Stockwell
887:Athletics
811:Education
806:Dentistry
493:June 2023
389:Hispanics
94:L. Ed. 2d
74:Citations
4295:Alienage
2566:case law
2304:Federal
1869:Founded:
1846:Dearborn
1834:Campuses
1513:Research
1277:Daedalus
1206:The Rock
1144:The Diag
1138:The Cube
1065:Cold War
978:Swimming
973:Softball
928:Football
908:Baseball
866:Pharmacy
851:Medicine
801:Business
784:Colleges
677:Text of
648:(2007).
521:See also
400:Michigan
276:Majority
182:6th Cir.
58:, et al.
3690:(1954)
2522:Ron Unz
2437:, 2012)
2427:, 2010)
2417:, 2008)
2397:, 2006)
2387:, 1998)
2377:, 1996)
2327:of the
2197:Grants,
1856:Detroit
1761:History
1742:Varsity
1452:WCBN-FM
1399:Channel
1252:Museums
1231:Markley
1221:Barbour
1216:Bursley
1159:Library
861:Nursing
512:Dissent
428:Grutter
324:Dissent
316:Dissent
308:Dissent
189:Holding
146:en banc
143:before
4924:(2024)
4916:(1935)
4885:(2013)
4877:(2006)
4869:(2004)
4861:(2003)
4853:(2001)
4845:(2000)
4837:(2000)
4829:(1999)
4821:(1997)
4813:(1989)
4805:(1976)
4797:(1966)
4789:(1883)
4752:(2012)
4744:(2000)
4736:(1997)
4728:(1991)
4720:(1988)
4712:(1988)
4704:(1985)
4696:(1982)
4688:(1979)
4680:(1978)
4672:(1977)
4664:(1976)
4656:(1974)
4648:(1974)
4640:(1973)
4632:(1973)
4624:(1972)
4616:(1971)
4608:(1970)
4600:(1968)
4592:(1968)
4584:(1966)
4576:(1966)
4568:(1962)
4560:(1948)
4552:(1942)
4544:(1937)
4536:(1928)
4528:(1886)
4520:(1876)
4501:(1985)
4493:(1977)
4485:(1969)
4466:(1984)
4458:(1982)
4450:(1982)
4442:(1979)
4434:(1978)
4426:(1977)
4418:(1976)
4410:(1973)
4402:(1973)
4394:(1971)
4386:(1954)
4378:(1948)
4370:(1927)
4362:(1923)
4354:(1923)
4346:(1923)
4338:(1923)
4330:(1915)
4322:(1915)
4314:(1915)
4306:(1914)
4287:(2015)
4279:(1996)
4271:(1986)
4252:(2024)
4244:(1996)
4236:(1994)
4228:(1983)
4220:(1982)
4212:(1981)
4204:(1981)
4196:(1980)
4188:(1979)
4180:(1979)
4172:(1979)
4164:(1979)
4156:(1976)
4148:(1975)
4140:(1975)
4132:(1974)
4124:(1974)
4116:(1972)
4108:(1971)
4100:(1948)
4092:(1937)
4073:(2023)
4065:(2016)
4057:(2014)
4049:(2013)
4041:(2007)
4033:(2005)
4025:(2003)
4017:(2003)
4009:(1999)
4001:(1995)
3993:(1993)
3985:(1992)
3977:(1992)
3969:(1991)
3961:(1989)
3953:(1986)
3945:(1985)
3937:(1984)
3929:(1982)
3921:(1982)
3913:(1978)
3905:(1977)
3897:(1977)
3889:(1974)
3881:(1973)
3873:(1973)
3865:(1972)
3857:(1971)
3849:(1971)
3841:(1971)
3833:(1971)
3825:(1971)
3817:(1969)
3809:(1969)
3801:(1969)
3793:(1969)
3785:(1968)
3777:(1968)
3769:(1967)
3761:(1967)
3753:(1964)
3745:(1964)
3737:(1964)
3721:(1955)
3682:(1950)
3674:(1950)
3658:(1948)
3650:(1948)
3642:(1944)
3634:(1943)
3626:(1940)
3618:(1927)
3610:(1899)
3602:(1896)
3594:(1886)
3586:(1883)
3542:(2016)
3534:(2015)
3526:(2009)
3518:(2000)
3510:(1997)
3502:(1990)
3494:(1989)
3486:(1989)
3478:(1987)
3470:(1987)
3462:(1985)
3454:(1984)
3446:(1983)
3438:(1982)
3430:(1981)
3422:(1979)
3414:(1979)
3406:(1977)
3398:(1976)
3390:(1975)
3382:(1975)
3374:(1974)
3366:(1974)
3358:(1971)
3350:(1968)
3342:(1967)
3334:(1962)
3326:(1961)
3318:(1958)
3310:(1950)
3302:(1932)
3294:(1927)
3286:(1922)
3278:(1905)
3259:(2011)
3251:(2010)
3243:(2009)
3235:(2009)
3227:(2005)
3219:(2003)
3211:(2002)
3203:(1989)
3195:(1988)
3187:(1982)
3179:(1980)
3171:(1978)
3165:(1978)
3157:(1976)
3149:(1976)
3141:(1975)
3133:(1975)
3127:(1974)
3121:(1969)
3115:(1967)
3109:(1963)
3103:(1961)
3089:under
3079:(2022)
3071:(2020)
3063:(2019)
3055:(2018)
3047:(2016)
3039:(2007)
3031:(2006)
3023:(2000)
3015:(1997)
3007:(1997)
2999:(1996)
2991:(1992)
2983:(1990)
2975:(1990)
2967:(1989)
2959:(1986)
2951:(1983)
2943:(1981)
2935:(1979)
2927:(1979)
2919:(1976)
2911:(1976)
2903:(1973)
2895:(1973)
2887:(1971)
2866:(2022)
2858:(2016)
2850:(2003)
2842:(1992)
2834:(1989)
2826:(1986)
2818:(1973)
2810:(1973)
2802:(1965)
2794:(1925)
2786:(1923)
2765:(1937)
2757:(1931)
2749:(1917)
2741:(1917)
2733:(1915)
2725:(1908)
2717:(1905)
2709:(1898)
2701:(1897)
2693:(1887)
2649:(1999)
2641:(1971)
2633:(1967)
2625:(1958)
2617:(1898)
2609:(1884)
2601:(1875)
2593:(1873)
2465:People
2361:State
2353:(1965)
2337:(1961)
2331:(1868)
2311:edicts
2284:(2001)
2276:(2000)
2268:(1995)
2260:(1993)
2244:(1990)
2236:(1989)
2228:(1980)
2220:(1977)
2212:(1974)
2181:(2009)
2165:(1989)
2157:(1987)
2149:(1987)
2141:(1986)
2133:(1986)
2125:(1986)
2117:(1984)
2109:(1979)
2101:(1977)
2093:(1975)
2085:(1974)
2077:(1971)
2058:(2023)
2042:(2016)
2034:(2014)
2026:(2013)
2018:(2007)
2002:(2003)
1994:(2003)
1986:(1999)
1970:(1992)
1962:(1978)
1954:(1974)
1669:MHacks
1467:People
1427:Review
1113:Campus
997:Venues
715:
709:
706:
700:
697:
694:Justia
691:
660:
561:,
531:(2003)
391:, and
295:Thomas
261:
259:·
257:
249:
247:·
245:
237:
235:·
233:
225:
223:·
221:
68:02-516
4902:Other
4509:Other
3267:Other
1851:Flint
1447:Press
1441:Times
1372:Daily
1357:Media
1298:Shang
1284:Orion
1196:Mcity
1058:Other
958:Rugby
896:Teams
685:
622:: 137
565:
425:Like
184:2003)
180:417 (
164:
119:Prior
3575:Race
2309:and
1871:1817
1457:WJJX
1419:WVGR
1414:WUOM
1409:WFUM
687:U.S.
658:ISBN
628:2020
595:2014
567:U.S.
379:Case
358:case
166:U.S.
158:cert
151:F.3d
87:more
79:U.S.
77:539
4081:Sex
1934:and
1264:Art
841:Law
683:539
570:244
563:539
488:.
162:537
154:803
135:790
127:811
106:CCH
102:BNA
82:244
4944::
2455:CA
2445:WA
2435:OK
2425:AZ
2415:NE
2405:CO
2395:MI
2385:WA
2375:CA
681:,
620:36
618:.
612:.
387:,
2556:e
2549:t
2542:v
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1747:"
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753:e
746:t
739:v
726:)
722:(
666:.
630:.
597:.
495:)
491:(
430:,
129:(
90:)
84:(
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