1024:
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51:
624:Δεν θα ξεχάσω τις τρεις - τέσσερις πρώτες μέρες μου στην ΕΑΤ-ΕΣΑ. Ημουν σε ένα κελί, αναγκασμένος μετά από πολύ ξύλο να στέκω όρθιος και να περπατώ συνέχεια, χωρίς νερό και φαΐ... Είχε παράθυρο το κελί σας; «Στην αρχή είχε μόνο έναν μικρό φεγγίτη. Μετά όμως με την παρέμβαση του Ερυθρού Σταυρού μού άνοιξαν ένα παράθυρο». .
388:
Research based on interviews with 21 former ESA members shows that all had been men had been drafted, first into regular military service and then into the ESA. Carried out by Janice T. Gibson and Mika
Haritos-Fatouros, the research also showed that recruits underwent series of rigorous treatments
628:
I will never forget my first three-four days at EAT/ESA. I was in a cell forced after a lot of beating to stand and to walk continuously without water or food. Did your cell have a window? In the beginning it only had a small opening. After the intervention of the Red Cross however they opened a
608:
The food was filled with salt. Threats. Some even suffered moral threats. That their wives and so on and some forged photos with scandals let's say. With threats, with such stuff and profanity. All day and all night long a radio playing. A radio with various songs of the time and so on. And tape
263:
acting as military police whereas necessary. Being posted in the ESA was a major bonus for Army officers because it had very extensive powers within the military, even before the dictatorship. Both the officers and the soldiers who served in ESA were picked for their extreme, almost paranoid,
243:, as martial law was introduced widely. Its Special Investigative Section engaged in widespead abuse against officers and soldiers and thus, following the fall of the junta and the restoration of democracy in 1974, it was gradually cleansed of torturers and reorganized into its current form.
609:
recorders with cries to break the morale, let's say. Such stuff, and for some people of course, not everybody was humiliated in the same way. Είχανε κάτι ζωστήρες. They had some belts. The worst case was that of
Moustaklis, of course; the man was severely beaten and almost died.
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1221:
380:. Notably, 3 ESA members (out of the 37 prosecuted) were sentenced in 23, 22, and 17 years in prison as their charges included assault against superior officers held in ESA after the 1973 mutiny plot, charges later reduced upon appeal.
991:
1201:
1216:
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Translation Quote: "«" Whoever comes here, is a friend (of the regime) or a cripple when he leaves "was the" doctrine "of ESA, as revealed by witnesses at the Court-Martial» writes The «Vima» of 13 August
299:
after the 1967 coup, he increased the power of the ESA even further by making it the junta's chief arm of law and order as well as repression. Under
Ioannides, ESA rose to a force of more than 20,000 men.
1242:
1237:
1180:
1060:
1206:
747:
Christos
Karanikas Quote: "«"Φίλος ή σακάτης βγαίνει όποιος έρχεται εδώ μέσα" ήταν το "δόγμα" της ΕΣΑ, όπως αποκαλύπτουν οι μάρτυρες εις το Στρατοδικείο» γράφει «Το Βήμα» της 13ης Αυγούστου 1975"
1257:
786:
728:
quote: 12.00 a.m. - 1.00 p.m.: Commemoration and press conference at the EAT-ESA (EAT-ESA is a museum today, and it was used as a torture center of the gendarmery during the military junta)
780:
1252:
1247:
1185:
552:
442:
focuses on the violence and torture carried out at the EAT/ESA headquarters, examining the impact of the Greek junta on a group of people with differing political convictions.
276:
on their right shoulder and an armband with the letters ESA around their left arm. The uniform remains unchanged save for the ESA acronym, which has now been replaced by SN.
599:
307:'s most desolate islands, called the prison islands. Many of the allegations of prisoner torture under the Papadopoulos regime involved the ESA, in particular its
268:. This resulted in making ESA a bastion of the most conservative and anti-democratic members of the Greek officer corps. ESA men wore a distinctive uniform with a
485:
These three forces work together often but are independent from each other. Most of the personnel are draftee soldiers undergoing their regular military service.
397:
The headquarters of the
Special Interrogation Sections of the Military Police (EAT-ESA) was in a building which now houses the Eleftherios Venizelos Museum at
721:
1123:
357:
Alarmed at moves
Papadopoulos was making towards a transition to democratic rule, Ioannidis used his position and power as ESA chief to oust him from power.
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and training over a matter of months in order to prepare them psychologically for the task of torturing detainees.
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Corresponding organizations exist also for the other two branches of the Greek armed forces: for the
402:
1319:
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474:), founded in 1945 as "Greek Air Force Police" (Ἑλληνική Ἀεροπορικὴ Ἀστυνομία, EAA), and for the
1427:
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361:
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was one example of a person tortured at the EAT/ESA interrogation cell units. Greek politician
303:
Thousands of the junta's political opponents were arrested by the ESA and sent to some of the
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343:
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chief of the ESA, which gradually had been transformed into an internal security army.
376:
in the penal code when it was perpetrated, and thus they could only be prosecuted for
372:, although many served only token prison terms. This was due to the fact that torture
656:
351:
1023:
354:
was left brain damaged and unable to speak after the torture he endured at EAT/ESA.
435:
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In April 1967, shortly after seizing power in a coup, junta leader
783:
TV series: Reportage without frontiers (From ET Greek
National TV)
501:
Greek Army
General Staff, Directorate of Military Police, History
459:
Law 276/76 renamed ESA simply to "Military Police" (Στρατονομία,
273:
272:
cap cover (whilst the soldiers wore a beret at the time), golden
251:
The ESA was established in 1951, as Greece was preparing to join
688:
652:
56:
1222:
Hellenic Air Force
Technical Non-Commissioned Officers Academy
519:
Greek Army General Staff, Directorate of Stratonomia, History.
425:"Those who enter here, exit either as friends or as cripples."
323:), commonly known in its abbreviated form as ΕAT or EAT/ESA (
606:
Interview with Vice Admiral Konstantinos Dimitriadis Quote:
1304:
259:
did not have a specialized military police force, with the
252:
781:
Google Translation of Vice Admiral Dimitriades' interview
597:
Reportage without frontiers from ET (Greek National TV)
455:
Men of the current Greek Military Police (Stratonomia).
639:
338:
by ESA during interrogations was reported during the
712:
640:Συρίγος, Άγγελος; Χατζηβασιλείου, Ευάνθης (2024).
561:
510:Petridis, Exousia kai Paraexousia 1957-1967, 2001
364:and its leading members involved in torture were
1409:
1202:Hellenic Army Non-Commissioned Officers Academy
992:National Security Advisor to the Prime Minister
701:Janice T. Gibson & Mika Haritos-Fatouros,
545:
543:
947:
808:
675:
622:Interview with Nikos Konstantopoulos. Quote:
787:To Vima interview with Nikos Konstantopoulos
231:Army officers. It became the main security (
1217:Hellenic Air Force Radio Navigators Academy
592:
590:
540:
482:, properly Υπηρεσία Ναυτονομίας or Y.NΑ.).
1433:Defunct law enforcement agencies of Greece
1243:Hellenic Supreme Joint War College (HSJWC)
954:
940:
815:
801:
528:Theodoracopoulos, the Greek Upheaval, 1978
961:
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1238:Hellenic National Defence College (HNDC)
1181:Hellenic Corps Officers Military Academy
613:
587:
450:
982:Hellenic National Defence General Staff
1410:
1258:Hellenic Air Force War College (HAFWC)
868:Ministry of Shipping and Island Policy
488:
935:
796:
649:1974 – 1975; 50 questions and answers
429:
408:
1278:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Athens)
1207:Hellenic Navy Petty Οfficers Academy
923:* Merged to form the Hellenic Police
219:), between 1951 and 1976. Up until
550:Athens news on ESA torture chambers
374:was not a recorded criminal offence
279:
13:
1438:Former Greek intelligence agencies
14:
1449:
1253:Hellenic Naval War College (HNWC)
774:
691:: Θεμέλιο. pp. 242–254, 278.
651:] (in Greek) (1st ed.).
360:The ESA was disbanded in 1974 by
241:Greek military junta of 1967–1974
34:1951–1976 (Greek Military Police)
1392:
1248:Hellenic Army War College (HAWC)
1022:
676:Καλλιβρετάκης, Λεωνίδας (2017).
246:
67:
49:
1356:Military awards and decorations
998:Council of General Staff Chiefs
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695:
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350:is another example. Army Major
1423:Political repression in Greece
830:Ministry of Citizen Protection
569:"Obitury: Dimitrios Ioannidis"
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522:
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504:
495:
413:According to witnesses at the
205:Ελληνική Στρατιωτική Αστυνομία
37:1976–present (Military Police)
1:
848:National Intelligence Service
703:"The education of a torturer"
655:: Πατάκης. pp. 266–267.
446:
417:proceedings, ESA's operating
309:Special Investigative Section
195:It was formerly known as the
977:Ministry of National Defence
678:Δικτατορία και Μεταπολίτευση
392:
7:
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719:Political prisoners network
295:When Papadopoulos declared
10:
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1171:Hellenic Air Force Academy
1004:Supreme Military Councils
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132:Consciously obey the Laws
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911:National Security Service
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642:Μεταπολίτευση 1974 – 1975
403:Vassilissis Sofias Avenue
368:and sentenced during the
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321:Eidikón Anakritikón Tmíma
317:Εἰδικὸν Ἀνακριτικὸν Τμῆμα
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724:10 February 2009 at the
602:11 February 2009 at the
575:. London. 17 August 2010
555:11 February 2009 at the
239:organization during the
789:(Translation by Google)
112:37.980959°N 23.752130°E
1186:Nursing Officer School
1176:Hellenic Naval Academy
537:Theodoracopoulos, 1978
456:
427:
362:Constantine Karamanlis
207:), and by the acronym
1010:Supreme Naval Council
963:Hellenic Armed Forces
905:Greek Military Police
843:Hellenic Fire Service
823:Greek security forces
743:7 August 2011 at the
709:(1986), 20, pp. 50-58
454:
423:
348:Nikos Konstantopoulos
344:Alexandros Panagoulis
255:. Up until then, the
197:Greek Military Police
1007:Supreme Army Council
893:Hellenic Gendarmerie
876:Hellenic Coast Guard
378:grievous bodily harm
340:Greek military junta
261:Hellenic Gendarmerie
117:37.980959; 23.752130
1130:Hellenic Air Force
886:Historical services
769:Your Neighbor's Son
573:The Daily Telegraph
489:Citations and notes
290:Dimitrios Ioannides
286:George Papadopoulos
108: /
1325:Presidential Guard
1310:Balkan Battlegroup
1288:Defence Battalions
1073:Hellenic Air Force
1001:Council of Defence
687:] (in Greek).
468:Hellenic Air Force
457:
430:In popular culture
409:Operating doctrine
370:Greek junta trials
1405:
1404:
1399:Greece portal
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1159:Officer academies
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682:Dictatorship and
352:Spyros Moustaklis
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1371:Defence industry
1361:Military history
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970:Governing bodies
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233:secret police
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226:
222:
221:Metapolitefsi
214:
210:
202:
198:
193:
191:
190:Hellenic Army
187:
179:
175:
169:Military unit
162:
157:
154:
150:
145:
140:Νόμοις Πείθου
137:
131:
127:
121:
93:
89:
86:
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79:
76:
75:Hellenic Army
65:
61:
58:
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32:
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26:
19:
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1366:Conscription
1294:
904:
853:Forest Guard
733:
714:
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641:
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627:
623:
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577:. Retrieved
572:
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470:(Αερονομία,
465:
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424:
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237:intelligence
229:conservative
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196:
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173:
171:
160:
158:(1951–1976)
155:
152:Abbreviation
91:Headquarters
15:
1418:Greek junta
1152:and schools
913:(1958–1984)
907:(1951–1974)
901:(1921–1984)
895:(1833–1984)
461:Stratonomia
405:in Athens.
297:Martial law
182:Στρατονομία
115: /
23:Στρατονομία
1412:Categories
1139:Historical
1124:Historical
1109:Historical
480:Naftonomia
447:After 1974
288:appointed
270:royal blue
257:Greek Army
225:right-wing
184:), is the
103:23°45′08″E
100:37°58′51″N
1150:Academies
1094:Equipment
472:Aeronomia
440:Cell Zero
393:Buildings
1032:Branches
758:See also
741:Archived
722:Archived
600:Archived
553:Archived
419:doctrine
147:Insignia
129:Motto(s)
1315:SEEBRIG
1271:Related
1134:Current
1119:Current
1104:Current
579:31 July
384:Members
342:years.
334:Use of
274:lanyard
188:of the
45:Country
750:1975,"
689:Athens
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653:Athens
319:, tr.
305:Aegean
235:) and
72:
63:Branch
57:Greece
54:
28:Active
1351:Ranks
1341:Bases
1334:Other
1320:ELDYK
1078:Chief
1061:Chief
1044:Chief
987:KYSEA
680:[
644:[
421:was:
325:Greek
313:Greek
213:Greek
201:Greek
178:Greek
136:Greek
124:(ESA)
1376:MOMA
1305:NATO
657:ISBN
581:2017
253:NATO
172:The
81:Role
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217:ΕΣΑ
209:ESA
156:ΕΣΑ
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