Greek junta - Knowledge

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Papadopoulos and Markezinis." Quote: "Thus the students had been played straight into the hands of Ioannidis, who looked upon the coming elections with a jaundiced eye." Quote: "The latter would insist until the end of his life that subversion on behalf… Markezinis was known for his independence to the US interests." Quote: "In that situation Ioannidis was emerging as a solution for the officers, in sharp contrast to Papadopoulos, whose accumulation 'of so many offices and titles (President of Republic, Prime Minister, minister of Defence) was harming the seriousness of the regime and giving it an unacceptable image, which was not left un-exploited by its opponents". Quote: "The first attempt of Papadopoulos to start a process of reform occurred in the spring of 1968. He was claiming that if the 'Revolution' stayed more than a certain time in power, it would lose its dynamics and transform into a 'regime', which was not in his intentions. He tried to implicate Markezinis in the attempt; however, he met the stiff resistance of the hard-liners. Another attempt was again frustrated in the end of 1969 and the beginning of 1970; Papadopoulos was then disappointed and complaining 'I am being subverted by my fellow Evelpides cadets!’ As a result of this second failure, he considered resigning in the summer of 1970, complaining that he lacked any support from other leading figures, his own closest followers included. But the rest of the faction leaders renewed their trust to him." Quote: "The 1973 oil crisis finally dealt a real financial shock to the Greek economy, as it did to all non-oil producing countries, and marked the end of inflation-free growth in Greece for more than two decades."

2668:'s statement that the ancient Greeks invented everything and went on to say: "Foreigners confess and acknowledge Greek superiority. Human civilization was wholly fashioned by our race. Even the enemies of Greece recognize that civilization is an exclusively Greek creation". Ladas went on to denounce young men with long hair as "the degenerate phenomenon of hippy-ism", calling hippies "anti-social elements, drug addicts, sex maniacs, thieves, etc. It is only natural that they should be enemies of the army and the ideals which the military way of life serves". Ladas ended his speech by arguing that Greeks for racial reasons were still the world's preeminent people, but had only declined of inadequate leadership, a problem which had been solved by the "revolution" of 21 April 1967. Ladas claimed that Greece under military leadership would be "cured" of its problems and resume its rightful place in the world. Clogg noted that before the coup, Ladas had been associated with the far-right 987: 3791: 344: 2516:, with over 92 per cent approval. However, the referendum was conducted in less-than-free circumstances; the regime deployed extensive propaganda in favour of the new document while muzzling any opposition. Under the new constitution, the regency would continue until elections were held, unless the junta called Constantine back sooner (though Constantine never acknowledged, let alone recognized, the regency). However, the junta announced that the "Revolution of April 21" (as the regime called itself) would need time to reform the "Greek mentality" before holding elections. It also suspended most of the constitution's guarantees of civil rights until the restoration of civilian rule. 4039: 11152: 1975: 2407: 2393: 2379: 2362: 2334: 2037: 2025: 2011: 1909: 902: 2081: 2069: 2055: 1947: 2859: 7232:. "In addition the writing-off of agricultural debts, the gradual abolition of hard monetary policy and the supply of loans for opportunist investments created a climate of economic euphoria (mainly in 1970–1973). Although the way in which loans were being provided and their uncontrollable use constituted the introduction to the process of de-industrialization which begins with the Ioannidis period. The collapse of the dictatorship, due to the nationalist fury of the last period, the Ioannidis period, led to the collapse of the compulsive interconnections of power that the civil war and its consequences had shaped." p. 12 7695:, 23 July 2004 quote1: "My friend had been sworn in as a minister by mistake. After his coup, Ioannidis dispatched military policemen in jeeps to round up the people he needed to man a puppet government. When they turned up at my friend's home and ordered him to follow them, he was convinced that the soldiers intended to shoot him." quote 2: "The meeting lasted five hours. Then there was a break, and by the time the meeting resumed, Evangelos Averoff, the former foreign minister, who was there, had already telephoned Constantine Karamanlis in Paris to urge him to return immediately and assume the reins of power." 7850:. 5 August 1974. Quote: "Denied Benefits. When the Council of Europe tried to investigate charges that the regime was torturing prisoners, Athens quit the respected if powerless body rather than risk the inquiry. The Common Market was so repelled by the actions of the junta that it expelled Greece from associate membership in the EEC, thus denying the Greek economy some $ 300 million annually in agricultural benefits." and "Caramanlis called the crisis 'a national tragedy' and appealed to Greece's armed forces to bring about a 'political change' in a liberal and democratic direction." Retrieved 6 July 2008 419: 1987: 1830: 328: 4392:

of the junta was finally out in the open. Ioannidis, however, did not make these accusations personally as he always tried to avoid unnecessary publicity. The radio broadcasts, following the now familiar "coup in progress" scenario featuring martial music interspersed with military orders and curfew announcements, kept repeating that the army was taking back the reins of power in order to save the principles of the revolution and that the overthrow of the Papadopoulos-Markezinis government was supported by the army, navy and air force.

4349: 4338: 4326: 4315: 4298: 4275: 2538: 4286: 2350: 1963: 3422:') and cancelling all agricultural loans. By further insisting on promoting, but not really enforcing for fear of middle-class backlash, religion and patriotism, he further appealed to the simpler ideals of rural Greece and strengthened his image as people's champion among farmers, who tended to ridicule the middle class. Furthermore, the regime promoted a policy of economic development in rural areas, which were mostly neglected by the previous governments, that had focused largely on urban industrial development. 2875: 7961:– A Comparative Analysis Stephen A. Garrett International Studies Association 41st Annual Convention Los Angeles, CA 14–18 March 2000 Quote: "Perhaps as important as anything else in establishing the vulnerability of that regime to prosecution was its total discreditation as an institution. Certainly the Cyprus fiasco played a key role here, but also important was the failure of the Papadopolous/Ioannidis government ever 'to consolidate, to institutionalize and to legitimate itself'." 407: 11343: 2844: 2840:(ESA), with an estimated 3,500 people detained in torture centres run by ESA. Commonly used methods of torture included, but were not limited to, beating the soles of detainees' feet, sexual torture, choking and ripping out body hair. The Special Interrogation Unit of the Greek Military Police (EAT/ESA) used a combination of techniques that included continuous standing in an empty room, sleep and food deprivation, beatings and loud sounds. 2644:, stating that consumerism had destroyed the Christian spiritual values of the West, leaving Greece as the last solitary outpost of Christian civilization. In the same book, Georgalas stated the solution to social problems was not as many believed increased employment, but instead "lengthy psycho-therapeutic programmes" which would create "the free man in harmonious co-existence with himself and his fellow beings". The British historian 2520:

The King's portrait remained on coins, in public buildings, etc., but slowly, the military chipped away at the institution of the monarchy: the royal family's tax immunity was abolished, the complex network of royal charities was brought under direct state control, the royal arms were removed from coins, the Navy and Air Force dropped their "Royal" names, and newspapers were prohibited from publishing the King's photo or any interviews.

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to answer questions because brain damage caused by beatings had left him mute and semiparalyzed. Communicating by groans and gestures, glaring at the defendants, Moustaklis clumsily tore his shirt open to reveal the scars that marked his body. Said his wife: 'We have a little girl who has never heard her father's voice.' Verdicts on the 31 accused, which could lead to maximum sentences of 25 years, are due next month.

7402: 3993:, which declares that "all governments ... are determined to safeguard the freedom, common heritage and civilisation of their peoples, founded on the principles of democracy, individual liberty and the rule of law", and, leaving formation, sailed for Rome. There, anchored about 3.5 nautical miles (6 km) away from the coast of Fiumicino, three ensigns sailed ashore with a whaleboat, went to 7140:Η Ορχήστρα Σύγχρονης Μουσικής της ΕΡΤ υπό τη διεύθυνση του Στάθη Σούλη παρουσιάζει ένα μοναδικό μουσικό ταξίδι με ένα έργο ορόσημο της ελληνικής ροκ σκηνής , το Σάββατο 15 Σεπτεμβρίου, στις 20:30, στο "Κηποθέατρο" του Δήμου Παπάγου. 40 χρόνια μετά "Τα απέραντα χωράφια" του Κώστα Τουρνά θα ακουστούν ξανά με τη σύμπραξη της Ορχήστρας Σύγχρονης Μουσικής της ΕΡΤ σε μια βραδιά-αφιέρωμα στη μουσική του... 4603: 192: 3924: 2238:

government had legal sanction, in that it had been appointed by the legitimate head of state, played an important role in the coup's success. The King was later to regret his decision bitterly. For many Greeks, it served to identify him indelibly with the coup and certainly played an important role in the final decision to abolish the monarchy, sanctioned by the 1974 referendum.

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standards had collapsed in the 1940s, and Greek politics were stable. Kassimeris argued that since Papadopoulos played a large role in writing the 1952 manifesto, that it was his "personal ambition" rather than an objective fear of the Greek communists that was driving him forward because in no way could Greece be presented as being on the brink of a communist take-over in 1952.

4437: 3706:, escorted by his personal security motorcycles and cars. Alexandros Panagoulis ignited a bomb at a point of the coastal road where the limousine carrying Papadopoulos had to slow down, but the bomb failed to harm Papadopoulos. Panagoulis was captured a few hours later in a nearby sea cave, as the boat that would let him escape the scene of the attack had not shown up. 6951:. "Socrates will probably never get inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. But while other groups were becoming well known in the free world, this Hendrix-style blues band was playing to standing-room-only crowds in a small club in Athens, during Greece's military dictatorship, a period when even Rolling Stone albums were hard to find, and for a time illegal." 3590:, Europa Civiltà, and FUAN-La Caravella. (cf Frattini, Entity, 2004, p. 304) The Italians were impressed. Upon returning to their country, they escalated their political violence, embarking on a terror campaign of bombings and other violence which killed and injured hundreds. Afterwards, the right-wing instigators of this violence blamed the communists. 1601: 7570:"Mr President and the Junta" Ελευθεροτυπία, 30 September 2007 Eleftherotypia 30 September 2007 Quote: "Τη δημιουργία της «Επιτροπής» εξήγγειλε στις 10.4.70 ο δικτάτορας Γεώργιος Παπαδόπουλος σε συνέντευξη Τύπου, ως μέτρο φιλελευθεροποίησης του καθεστώτος. Οπως εξήγησε στους ξένους και Ελληνες δημοσιογράφους, ο Παπαδόπουλος χρησιμοποίησε τον όρο « 3713:(EAT-ESA) offices, where he was questioned, beaten, and tortured (see the proceedings of Theofiloyiannakos's trial). On 17 November 1968, he was sentenced to death. He remained in prison for five years. After democracy was restored, Panagoulis was elected into Parliament. He is regarded as emblematic of the struggle to restore democracy. 4090:'), it was bicameral, composed of the Central Advisory Council and the Provincial Advisory Council. The Central Council met in Athens in the Parliament Building. Both councils had the purpose to advise the dictator. At the time of the announcement of the formation of the council, Papadopoulos explained that he wanted to avoid using the term 2261:

nothing to prevent the government (and especially his chosen prime minister, Kollias) from legally instituting the authoritarian government to come. This same government published and enforced a decree, already proclaimed on radio as the coup was in progress, instituting martial law. Constantine claimed he never signed that decree either.

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consumerism were corroding the spiritual strength of the Greek people, and the military regime would "cure" the Greeks by restoring the traditional values of Orthodoxy (Greek Christianity). One of Papadopoulos' first acts after the coup was to change the pension laws to allow the veterans of the Security Battalions to collect pensions.

7661:, and: "the notorious Brigadier Dimitrios Ioannidis now serving a life sentence for his part in the 1967 seizure of power – immediately scrapped a programme of liberalisation introduced earlier" and: "His was but to do the bidding of a junta strongman who had never made a secret of his belief that Greeks were not ready for democracy." 5985:"At 0643 on April 21, 1967, Armed Forces Central Radio announced that a Royal Decree had been promulgated implementing the suspension procedure. The statement was fraudulent. The king had signed no decree and most of the cabinet who were supposed to have proposed it, including Prime Minister Panayotis Kanellopoulos, were under arrest." 3912:, he protested against human right violations. He was arrested and tortured by the police, as he did not carry, on purpose, any papers on him that could identify him as a foreigner. After his identity was revealed, Wallraff was convicted and sentenced to 14 months in jail. He was released in August, after the end of the dictatorship. 2561:, 'revolution to save the nation'). Their official justification was that a "communist conspiracy" had infiltrated Greece's bureaucracy, academia, press, and military, to such an extent that drastic action was needed to protect the country from communist takeover. Thus, the defining characteristic of the Junta was its staunch 2140:, effectively gaining complete control of the city. At the same time, a large number of small mobile units were dispatched to arrest leading politicians, authority figures, and ordinary citizens suspected of left-wing sympathies, according to lists prepared in advance. One of the first to be arrested was Lieutenant General 6857:. "Because tourism is such an important part of the Greek economy, the bans on mini-skirts, long hair and other symbols of decadence are not enforced." and "Places like Paradise Beach in Mykonos and Matala, Crete become hippy colonies, made up mostly of foreigners and a handful of adventurous young Greeks." 6779:. "In 1971 the movie Woodstock is shown in Athens, causing near riots. For young people it is one of the most exciting events of the period and when Jimi Hendrix appears on the screen the glow of a thousand bic-lighters and candles fills the theater." and "Savopoulos becomes a hero of the youth. His album 5839:Η μεταφορά ωστόσο, είναι ο κυρίαρχος ρητορικός τρόπος που χρησιμοποιεί οΠαπαδόπουλος στους λόγους του. Θυμίζω το περίφημο διάγγελμά του: "ευρισκόμεθα προενός ασθενούς, τον οποίον έχομεν επί χειρουργικής κλίνης…οι περιορισμοί είναι ηπρόσδεσις του ασθενούς επί κλίνης δια να υποστή ακινδύνως την εγχείρισιν 406: 6065:

Witness after witness testified that within a week of Papadopoulos' 21 April 1967, coup more than 8,000 had been arrested. Of these, 6,188 were banished into exile. Another 3,500 were subsequently sent to ESA torture centers. One prosecution witness, former Colonel Spyridon Moustaklis, 49, was unable

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in 2002, the majority of the electoral body (54.7%) consider the regime to have been bad or harmful for Greece while 20.7% consider it to have been good for Greece and 19.8% believe that it was neither good nor harmful. In April 2013, the Metron Analysis Poll, found that 30% of Greeks yearned for the

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Papadopoulos and his junta always claimed that the 21 April 1967 "revolution" saved Greece from the old party system. Now Ioannidis was, in effect, claiming that his coup saved the revolution from the Papadopoulos faction. The dysfunction as well as the ideological fragmentation and fractionalisation

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Papadopoulos' heavy-handed attempt at liberalisation did not find favour among many in Greece. The stilted democratisation process he proposed was constrained by multiple factors. His inexperience at carrying out an unprecedented political experiment of democratisation was burdened by his tendency to

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on 12 December 1969. The Greek junta was so impressed with the manner in which their Italian counterparts were paving the way toward an Italian coup d'état that, on 15 May 1969, Papadopoulos sent them a congratulatory message stating that "His Excellency the Prime Minister notes that the efforts that

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was revoked and no political demonstrations were allowed. Surveillance on citizens was a fact of life, even during permitted social activities. That had a continuously chilling effect on the population who realized that, even though they were allowed certain social activities, they could not overstep

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medical metaphors, where he or the junta assumed the role of the "medical doctor". The supposed "patient" was Greece. Typically Papadopoulos or the junta portrayed themselves as the "doctor" who operated on the "patient" by putting the patient's "foot" in an orthopedic cast and applying restraints on

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During this period, resistance against the colonels' rule became better organized among exiles in Europe and the United States. There was also considerable political infighting within the junta. Still, up until 1973, the junta appeared in firm control of Greece, and not likely to be ousted by violent

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Quote: "Δύο μεγάλα αθλητικά γεγονότα μέσα στην ίδια χρονιά, το 1971, έφεραν την Ελλάδα ξανά στο προσκήνιο μετά τη διεθνή απομόνωσή της για τρία χρόνια εξαιτίας του θλιβερού πραξικοπήματος του 1967. Θέλοντας να δημιουργήσει την εντύπωση μιας δήθεν φιλελευθεροποίησης στη λειτουργία του πολιτεύματος, ο

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was always strong in Greece, even before the dictatorship. Papadopoulos tried hard to suppress and discredit the student movement during his tenure at the helm of the junta. But the liberalisation process he undertook allowed the students to organise more freely, and this gave the opportunity to the

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was actively encouraged by Papadopoulos' government and, funding scandals notwithstanding, there was great development of the tourist sector. With tourism came nightlife. However, under Papadopoulos, in the absence of any civil rights these sociocultural freedoms existed in a legal vacuum that meant

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According to recent research based on new interviews with survivors, in the period from May to November 1973 this combination of interrogation techniques also included the repetition of songs that were popular hits of the time. These were played loudly and repeatedly from loudspeakers. These methods

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In a legally controversial move, even under the junta's own Constitution, the Cabinet voted on 21 March 1972 to oust Zoitakis and replace him with Papadopoulos, thus combining the offices of regent and prime minister. It was thought Zoitakis was problematic and interfered too much with the military.

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From the outset, the relationship between Constantine and the colonels was an uneasy one. The colonels were not willing to share power, whereas the young king, like his father before him, was used to playing an active role in politics and would never consent to being a mere figurehead, especially in

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The deposed King's adoption of Sulzberger's claims against Karamanlis was castigated by Greece's left-leaning media, which denounced Karamanlis as "shameless" and "brazen". At the time Constantine referred exclusively to Sulzberger's account to support the theory of a planned coup by Karamanlis, and

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what the American attitude would be to an extra-parliamentary solution to the problem. To this the embassy responded negatively in principle – adding, however, that, "U.S. reaction to such a move cannot be determined in advance but would depend on circumstances at the time." Constantine denies this.

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for the "dictatorship") to become a "regime". He attempted to initiate reforms in 1969 and 1970 but was thwarted by the hardline members of the junta, including Ioannidis. Subsequent to his 1970 failed attempt at reform, he threatened to resign. He was dissuaded when the hardliners renewed their

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The collapse of the junta both ideologically and politically was triggered by a series of events which unfolded soon after Papadopoulos' attempt at liberalisation, with ideological collapse preceding its eventual political collapse. During and following this ill-fated process the internal political

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The junta allowed citizens to participate in ordinary societal events such as rock concerts. However, citizens lived in extreme fear, as any behaviour that the junta disapproved of, coupled with the complete absence of any civil rights or freedoms, could easily result in torture, beatings, exile or

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In the meantime, the government was to rule by decree. Since traditionally such Constituent Acts did not need to be signed by the Crown, the King never signed it, permitting him to claim, years later, that he had never signed any document instituting the junta. Critics claim that Constantine II did

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The King, who had relented and decided to co-operate, claimed till his death that he was isolated and did not know what else to do. He has since claimed that he was trying to gain time to organise a counter-coup and oust the Junta. He did organise such a counter-coup; however, the fact that the new

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When the tanks came to the streets of Athens on 21 April, the legitimate National Radical Union government, of which Rallis was a member, asked King Constantine to immediately mobilise the state against the coup; he declined to do so, and swore in a new government in accordance with the putschists'

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According to U.S. diplomat John Day, Washington also worried that Andreas Papandreou would have a very powerful role in the next government, because of his father's old age. According to Robert Keely and John Owens, American diplomats present in Athens at the time, Constantine asked U.S. Ambassador

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Quote: "Αλλά, για να έρθει και η ψυχική κάθαρση να βγουν τα κιτάπια των τραπεζών για τα θαλασσοδάνεια που πήραν επί χούντας οι ευυπόληπτοι πολίτες και αγόρασαν γη και οικόπεδα για να κτίσουν." Translation: "... for the loans of the sea which were received, during the junta years, by respected

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This had the effect of seriously weakening the coherence of the political message and, consequently, the regime's credibility. Later events showed that this was a fatal blow, from which the junta never recovered. At the same time, during Papadopoulos' attempt at liberalisation, some of the junta

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And yet metaphor was a necessary part of his persuasive rhetoric; he described Greece as a patient to convince journalists ... Papadopoulos's desire for a mimetic relationship between what one said and what one meant is evident in his press law, which ... doses; that the 'cast' would be

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The historical repercussions of the junta were profound and are still felt to this day in Greece. Internally the absence of civil rights and the oppression that followed created a sense of fear and persecution among many in the population creating trauma and division that persisted long after the

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Pappas believed that since his fellow anti-junta officers had been arrested, there was no more hope for a movement inside Greece. He therefore decided to act alone in order to motivate global public opinion. He mustered all the crew to the stern and announced his decision, which was received with

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practice of granting ill advised loans to would be hoteliers in order to promote the tourism industry. This fostered the erection of a multitude of hotels, sometimes in non-tourist areas, and with no underlying business rationale. Several such hotels were abandoned unfinished as soon as the loans

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We have a patient. We have put him in a plaster cast. We are checking him to find out if he can walk without the plaster cast. We break the initial cast, potentially to replace it with a new one, where necessary. The referendum shall become a general overview of the patient's capabilities. Let us

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It was clear that this was a critical day for the future of Greece. Turkey had invaded Cyprus on 20 July while the general mobilisation ordered by the Greek regime turned out to be a major fiasco. The civilian government of Adamantios Androutsopoulos, appointed by the second junta under Military

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in September 1967. The Commission on Human Rights took the exceptional step of constituting a Sub-Commission to investigate the accusations of gross human rights abuses. The sub-commission reported its extensive on-site investigation and unearthed significant evidence of torture and human rights

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group of army officers with exactly the same ideals who came to save Greece by using their collective wisdom. The main tenet of the junta ideology (and mythology) was gone and so was the collective. By default, he remained the only man at the top after toppling the other three principals of the

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While never strongly supported by the urban middle class, they at first generally accepted Papadopoulos's rule (albeit reluctantly). Bourgeois Greeks acquiesced to the junta with the understanding that the dictatorship would be temporary and that the colonels would hold free elections upon the

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Up until then constitutional legitimacy had been preserved, since under the Greek Constitution the King could appoint whomever he wanted as prime minister, as long as Parliament endorsed the appointment with a vote of confidence or a general election was called. It was this government, sworn-in

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According to Talbot, Constantine met the army generals, who promised him that they would not take any action before the coming elections. However, the proclamations of Andreas Papandreou made them nervous, and they resolved to re-examine their decision after seeing the results of the elections.

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clashed with liberal reformers. In July 1964, Papandreou announced his intention to fire those officers belonging to IDEA, whom the king did not want dismissed, claiming it was his royal prerogative to protect the IDEA officers, which in turn led to massive demonstrations in Athens, which had a

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quote:A military communiqué announced the overthrow of the government was supported by the army, navy and air force and said it was a "continuation of the revolution of 1967", when the Greek colonels, headed by Mr Papadopoulos, seized control. The statement went on to accuse Mr Papadopoulos of

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Quote: "Οι Ιωαννίδης και Ρουφογάλης, δια των εις αυτούς πιστών Αξιωματικών και πρακτόρων, επηρεάζουν σοβαρώς και σαφώς την όλην επιχείρησιν, εξαπολύοντες κύμα βιαιοτήτων και πυροβολισμών, επί τω τέλει της δημιουργίας ευνοϊκών δια την προαποφασισθείσαν κίνησιν συνθηκών ασφαλείας, αναταραχής και

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Quote: "The Americans asked the Greek government to allow the use of their bases in Greek territory and air space to supply Israel; Markezinis, backed by Papadopoulos, denied on the grounds of maintaining good relations with the Arab countries. This denial is said to have turned the US against

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for four months, fearing public reaction and protests. At the time, his death caused a sensation in Greece and abroad, as it was the first tangible manifestation of the depth of resistance against the junta. He is the only known anti-junta resistance activist to have sacrificed himself. He is

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in mass media in order to help solidify the relationship between the junta and Greek national identity, in turn legitimizing its rule over the country. The regime sponsored song contests and concerts featuring folk musicians throughout its existence. The favoured types of music employed by the

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In the circumstances, middle-ranking pro-junta officers neutralised and arrested Constantine's royalist generals and took command of their units, and subsequently put together a force to advance on Kavala to arrest the King. The junta, not at all shaken by the loss of their figurehead premier,

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to lobby for a conservative coup that would establish Karamanlis as Greece's leader; Sulzberger alleges that Norstad declined to involve himself in such affairs. Sulzberger's account rests solely on the authority of his and Norstad's word. When, in 1997, the former King reiterated Sulzberger's

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Many democratic-minded Greeks resent the open U.S. support of the Papadopoulos dictatorship. Last month Washington gave further evidence of its acceptance of his regime by negotiating for home-port rights in the bays near Athens for the Mediterranean-based Sixth Fleet. In addition, the Nixon

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for running an article saying that homosexuality was accepted as normal in ancient Greece. When the BBC's Greek service reported the incident, Ladas gave a rant at a press conference, claiming that the BBC was run by homosexuals, making him into a sort of unofficial spokesman for the regime.

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In 1952, IDEA issued a manifesto stating that a dictatorship was the only possible solution to Greece's problems, which the Greek scholar Christos Kassimeris called an "astonishing" statement since the communists had been defeated in 1949, Greece was enjoying relative prosperity after living

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described the writings of Georgalas and Konstantopoluos as "pretentious verbiage", claiming that they tended to use elaborate and impressive-sounding language to mask the shallowness of their theories. In essence, intellectuals like Georgalas and Konstantopoulos argued that materialism and

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The flight of Constantine and Kollias left Greece with no legal government or head of state. This did not concern the military junta. Instead the Revolutionary Council, composed of Pattakos, Papadopoulos, and Makarezos, appointed another member to the military administration, Major General

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We are in front of a patient who we have on a surgical bed, and who, should the surgeon not strap on the surgical bed during the operation and the anesthesia, there is a probability, rather than the surgery granting him the restoration of the health, to lead him to his death. ... The

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network. Although there have been persistent rumors about an active support of the coup by the U.S. government, there is no evidence to support such claims. The timing of the coup apparently caught the CIA by surprise. Nevertheless, the United States did support the military dictatorship.

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was so strongly featured in the music of the junta, it remains associated with the Colonels by many Greeks today. The ideology behind the promotion of folk music was twofold: to bridge the gap of continuity with Greece's past and present, and to limit foreign cultural influences such as

2814:, was immediately and fraudulently suspended. Military courts were established, and political parties were dissolved. Legislation that took decades to fine tune and multiple parliaments to enact was thus erased in a matter of days. The rapid dismantling of Greek democracy had begun. 3974:, the commander and the officers heard over the radio that a number of fellow naval officers had been arrested in Greece. Commander Pappas was involved in a group of democratic officers who remained loyal to their oath to obey the Constitution and planned to act against the junta. 7157:Σύμφωνα με το περιοδικό "Ποπ & Ροκ" ο δίσκος συγκαταλέγεται ανάμεσα στους δέκα δίσκους-σταθμούς του ελληνικού ροκ. Το προοδευτικό και ψυχεδελικό αυτό άλμπουμ το ηχογράφησε ο Τουρνάς συνδυάζοντας τη συμφωνική ορχήστρα με το ροκ γκρουπ "Ρουθ", κάτι πρωτοποριακό για την εποχή. 2699:('Greece for Christian Greeks') would be the example to the rest of the world as maintained that people all over the world would regard his ideology of "Helleno-Christian civilization" alongside the philosophy of Plato and Aristotle as the summit of intellectual achievement. 389: 380: 382: 3203:(which could hold political connotations contrary to those of the junta) by substituting them with traditionally Greek ones. Folk music was also used as an ideological weapon against dissidents, and it was played constantly in detention centres to help break prisoners. 2763:" ("Christ has risen – Greece has risen"), alluding that the junta would save Greece and resurrect her into a greater, new Land. The theme of rebirth was used many times as a standard reply to avoid answering any questions as to how long the dictatorship would last: 7705: 5693:

Papadopoulos made great play during the Junta years in Greece): something in it for everybody. ... For every philosophical sect, as Nussbaum emphasizes, 'the medical analogy is not simply a decorative metaphor; it is an important tool both of discovery and of

388: 387: 385: 1786:

to return to Greece and resume his prior role in politics. According to uncorroborated claims made by the former monarch, Karamanlis replied to Bitsios that he would return only if the King imposed martial law, as was his constitutional prerogative. According to

379: 376: 378: 377: 386: 7555:, και αδειάζει τα ξερονήσια και τις φυλακές από κάμποσους πολιτικούς κρατουμένους, μερικοί από τους οποίους παίρνουν διαβατήριο και αναχωρούν για το εξωτερικό. " ΦΩΤΕΙΝΗ ΤΟΜΑΗ | Κυριακή 20 Απριλίου 2008 Article: To Vima By Fotini Tomai 20 April 2008 (In Greek) 381: 3669:

The entire left wing of the Greek political spectrum, including the long outlawed Communist Party of Greece, opposed the junta from the start. Many new militant groups formed in 1968, both in exile and in Greece, to promote democratic rule. These included

384: 383: 4388:

junta. Characteristically, he cited ideological reasons for ousting the Papadopoulos faction, accusing them with straying from the principles of the Revolution, especially of being corrupt and misusing their privileges as army officers for financial gains.

2195:, recounted in a later interview that "Within twenty minutes every politician, every man, every anarchist who was listed could be rounded up ... It was a simple, diabolical plan". Georgios Papandreou was arrested after a nighttime raid at his villa in 2218:

the Greek political landscape by coup. Papadopoulos as well as the other junta members are known in Greece by the term "Aprilianoi" (Aprilians), denoting the month of the coup. The term "Aprilianoi" has become synonymous with the term "dictators of 1974".

2445:, where an alternative administration would be installed. Constantine hoped that international recognition and internal pressure between the two governments would force the junta to resign, leaving the field clear for him to return triumphant to Athens. 2691:, 'ancestoritis') to describe an obsession with the heritage of the past, which many felt that Papadopoulos and the rest of the junta suffered from. Papadopoulos often described the Greeks in his speeches as the "elect of God", claiming the regenerated 2785:

As soon as the coup d'état was announced over Greek radio, martial music was continuously broadcast over the airwaves. This was interrupted from time to time with announcements of the junta issuing orders, which always started with the introduction,

3577:

At the time, the Italian far right was very impressed with the methods of Papadopoulos and his junta. In April 1968, Papadopoulos invited fifty members of the Italian far right on a Greek tour, to demonstrate the junta's methods. Invitees included

3388:

in Athens which showed political normality. Even the boycott of the West German team was not directed against the junta, but against its own team leadership. Although discos and nightclubs were, initially, subjected to a curfew, partially due to an

4128:, with extensive–and within the context of the system, almost dictatorial–powers vested in the presidency. The decision to return to political rule and the restriction of the military's role was resented by many of the regime's supporters in the 1735:, and new elections were called for 28 May 1967. There were many indications that Papandreou's Centre Union would emerge as the largest party, but would not be able to form a single-party government and would be forced into an alliance with the 2483:

ridiculed Constantine by announcing that he was hiding "from village to village". Realising that the counter-coup had failed, Constantine fled Greece on board the royal plane, taking his family and the helpless Kollias with him. They landed in

2257:

during the early evening hours of 21 April, that formalised the coup. It adopted a "Constituent Act", an amendment tantamount to a revolution, cancelling the elections and effectively abolishing the constitution, which would be replaced later.

405: 4395:

At the same time they announced that the new coup was a "continuation of the revolution of 1967" and accused Papadopoulos with "straying from the ideals of the 1967 revolution" and "pushing the country towards parliamentary rule too quickly".

2253:. Kollias was little more than a figurehead and real power rested with the army, and especially Papadopoulos, who emerged as the coup's strong man and became Minister to the Presidency of the Government. Other coup members occupied key posts. 4621:

Papadopoulos died in the hospital in 1999 after being transferred from Korydallos while Ioannidis remained incarcerated until his death in 2010. This trial was followed by a second trial which centred on the events and the murders during the

2512:. It made the military the guardians of "social and political order", with wide autonomy from governmental and parliamentary oversight. It also heavily circumscribed the activities of political parties. The new constitution was approved in a 4004:

requested permission to remain abroad as political refugees. Indeed, the whole crew wished to follow their commander but were advised by its officers to remain onboard and return to Greece to inform families and friends about what happened.

5776:

Thanasis Valtinos' story, 'The Plaster Cast', is based entirely on a metaphor frequently used by Colonel Papadopoulos to justify the military coup and later the prolongation of martial law. Greece, he would say, was in grave danger. We had

5635:

Clinging to his predilection for medical analogies, Papadopoulos declared after the referendum: 'The country is still in a plaster cast and the fractures have not healed. The cast will be kept on even after the referendum so that it should

2735:

the "patient", tying him on a surgical bed and putting him under anesthesia to perform the "operation" so that the life of the "patient" would not be "endangered" during the operation. In one of his famous speeches Papadopoulos mentioned:

2505:. Zoitakis then appointed Papadopoulos as prime minister. This became the only government of Greece following the failure of the King's attempted counter-coup, as Constantine was unwilling to set up an alternative administration in exile. 5607:

Papadopoulos, returning to his metaphor of Greece as a patient in plaster, described this legal construct as 'a light walking cast'. The Law on the State of Siege, he said, was 'striving for breath, dying, trying in vain to stand on its

5250:Τό δημοσιευόμενο τώρα σκεπτικό τής απόφασης τοΰ δμελοΰς Έφετείου πού δίκασε τούς πρωταίτιους Απριλιανούς, δικαιώνει τήν άποψη τούτη καί λέγει: "... Έπέφερε άποδυνάμωσιν τής έν τώ στρατώ άντιθέτου ιδεολογικής μερίδος, τής έντόνως ... 1608:

rising from its flames and the silhouette of the soldier bearing a rifle with fixed bayonet was the emblem of the Junta. On the header the word Greece (Ελλάς) and on the footer 21 April 1967, the date of the coup d'état, can be seen in

5210:Τέλος ένοχοι είναι καί Ιδιώτες πού χρησιμοποιώντας τίς προσωπικές τους σχέσεις μέ τούς Απριλιανούς, έθη- σαύρισαν σέ βάρος τοϋ έλληνικοϋ λαοϋ. Ό Ελληνικός λαός δέν ξεχνά πώς, άν είχαν τιμωρηθή οί δοσίλογοι τής Γερμανικής κατοχής, δέν . 5663:'We have a patient. We have placed him in a plaster cast. We keep him there until the wound heals,' said Premier George Papadopoulos, the colonel who is strongman of the current Greek military regime. He was only trying to explain why 5569:

It's no secret that Mr George Papadopoulos, the top man of the bunch, with his gory surgical metaphors, his flinty eyes, his flood of garbled messianic language, was for years under psychiatric treatment. Mr Pattakos, the strutting,

4411:(ESA) soldiers in roving jeeps to serve and others that were simply chosen by mistake. The Ioannidis method of forming a government dealt yet another blow to the rapidly diminishing credibility of the regime both at home and abroad. 2775:

Our obligations are described by both our religion and our history. Christ teaches concord and love. Our history demands faith in the Fatherland. ... Hellas is being reborn, Hellas will accomplish great things, Hellas will live

2918:

as well as maltreatment during police arrest, ranging from threats to beatings or worse, made life under the junta a difficult proposition for many ordinary citizens. Photography by ordinary citizens was banned in public locations.

5270:Επρεπε έτσι νά διαβρωθούν οι πολιτικοι θεσμοι της χώρας και νά διογκωθή ό κομμουνιστικός κίνδυνος. "Ολα τούτα οΐ Απριλιανοί τά προπαρασκεύασαν και τά επέτυχαν έντεχνα αλλα "νόμιμα" κάτω άπό τις ευλογίες ενός συντεταγμένου κράτους. 3384:

they were not guaranteed, but rather dispensed at the whim of the junta. In addition any transgressing into political matters during social or cultural activities usually meant arrest and punishment. Tourism was furthered by the

4368:, a disgruntled junta hardliner and long-time protégé of Papadopoulos as head of the feared Military Police, used the uprising as a pretext to reestablish public order, and staged a counter-coup that overthrew Papadopoulos and 4189:

Ioannidis' involvement in inciting unit commanders to commit criminal acts during the uprising, so that he could facilitate his own upcoming coup, was noted in the indictment presented to the court by the prosecutor during the

3015:

on the other hand were voicing criticism about Greece's human rights record but supported the country's continued membership in the Council of Europe and NATO because of the country's strategic value for the western alliance.

375: 3562:

Another contested policy of the regime was the writing-off of agricultural loans, up to a value of 100,000 drachmas, to farmers. This has been attributed to an attempt by Papadopoulos to gain public support for his regime.

986: 5230:με αυξημένη βαρβαρότητα απ' ό,τι στους υπόλοιπους καταδικους. Και δεν εννοούμε, φυσικά, τους ελάχιστους Απριλιανούς, που έχουν απομείνει στον Κορυδαλλό, με τους κλιματισμούς, τα ψυγεία και την ασυδοσία των επισκεπτηρίων. 3725:, on 3 November 1968, spontaneously turned into a massive demonstration against the junta. Thousands of Athenians disobeyed the military's orders, and followed the casket to the cemetery. The junta arrested 41 people. 3461:

was made the official language of the state, including education; Demotic was banned from schools except for the first three years of primary classes, and even there the Demotic used was altered to make it as much like

3234:

were very popular throughout the dictatorship years both on radio and television. Most Western record sales were similarly not restricted. In fact, even rock concerts and tours were allowed such as by the then popular

3073:

Remarkably, after some initial hesitation and as long as they were not deemed to be politically damaging to the junta, junta censors allowed wide access to Western music and films. Even the then-racy West German film

2487:

early in the morning of 14 December. Constantine remained in exile during the remainder of military rule. Although he subsequently returned to Greece, the abolition of the monarchy in 1973 removed his status as King.

3597:

operations and embarked on a campaign of infiltration of leftist, anarchist, and Marxist–Leninist organisations. One of the neo-fascists conducted frequent provocations and infiltrations in the months leading to the

3405:

The farmers were Papadopoulos's natural constituency and were more likely to support him, seeing him as one of their own because of his rural roots. He cultivated this relationship by appealing to them, calling them

4657:

The 21 April regime remains highly controversial to this day, with most Greeks holding very strong and polarised views in regards to it. According to a survey by Kapa Research published in the centre-left newspaper

3135:

was shown all over Greece, with reports of arrests and disturbances especially in Athens as many youths flocked to see the film and filled theatres to capacity, while many others were left outside. Films such as

2468:. Constantine also took with him Prime Minister Kollias. At first, things seemed to be going according to plan. Constantine was well received in Kavala, which was under the command of a general loyal to him. The 3027:. Ceaușescu's rationale for seeking good working relations with the Greek junta stemmed from a mutual desire to maintain stability in the Balkans and due to the shared dictatorial characters of the two regimes. 5190:βραχυκυκλωθή άπό άτομα τά όποία έχουν λιβανίσει μέχρι άηδίας τό έπάρατο καθεστώς τής 7ετίας μέ τά άλλεπάλληλα τηλεγραφήματα, τά όποία έχουν στείλει στούς " Απριλιανούς" δηλώνοντας πίστη, άφοσίωσι, υπακοή κ.τ.λ. 5893:

Greece in those days was littered with propaganda, and radios or public loudspeakers regularly blared out martial music. The grotesque symbol of the junta—a soldier standing before a spread-winged phoenix—was

3482:, loose emigration policies, public spending, and pro-business incentives that fostered both domestic and foreign capital spending. Several international companies invested in Greece at the time, including 4147:

concentrate as much power in his hands as possible, a weakness he exhibited during the junta years when he would sometimes hold multiple high-echelon government portfolios. This especially antagonised the

2942:

coupled with nonexistent civil rights meant that continuous cases of civil rights abuses could neither be reported nor investigated by an independent press or any other reputable authority. This led to a

2476:, both strongly royalist and not involved in the junta, immediately declared for him and mobilised. Another of Constantine's generals effectively cut all communication between Athens and northern Greece. 1653:), and many Communists either fled the country or faced persecution. The CIA and the Greek military began to work together closely, especially after Greece joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( 4684:, in 1975. Many of his junta-connected associates were also assassinated in this time period. Avrakotos himself had his cover blown by the media and his life became endangered. In 1999, U.S. President 7252:. Translated by Dimitris Charalambis, Laura Maratou-Alipranti, Andromachi Hadjiyanni Contributor Dimitris Charalambis, Laura Maratou-Alipranti, and Andromachi Hadjiyanni. McGill-Queen's Press, 2004 4046:

Despite his heavy-handed approach to dissent, Papadopoulos had indicated as early as 1968 that he was eager for a reform process. He had declared at the time that he did not want the "Revolution" (

1597:) in the wake of the retreating German military. This was to be a lengthy and open-ended commitment. The United States stepped in to help the Greek government against the communist forces in 1947. 2935:. Thousands were jailed for political reasons by the dictatorship and thousands were forced into exile. More than 10,000 were estimated to have been arrested in the first few days after the coup. 4151:, whose primary exponents were the students. The students at the Law School in Athens, for example, demonstrated multiple times against the dictatorship prior to the events at the Polytechneion. 3035:

To gain support for his rule, Papadopoulos projected an image that appealed to some key segments of Greek society. The son of a poor but educated rural family, he was educated at the prestigious

1747:

Greek historiography and journalists have hypothesized about a "Generals' Coup", a coup that would have been deployed at Constantine's behest under the pretext of combating communist subversion.

4178:, 'Free Besieged'), as the students called themselves, at the Athens Polytechnic which had commenced on 14 November. Shortly after 3:00 am. EET, under almost complete cover of darkness, an 3822:. The most famous were in external exile, most of whom were substantially involved in the resistance, organising protests in European capital cities or helping and hiding refugees from Greece. 2767:

Because the latter is someone else's concern. They are the concerns of those, who lit the fuse of the dynamite for the explosion which led to the rebirth of the State the night of 21 April 1967.

373: 4105:

The council was dissolved just prior to Papadopoulos' failed attempt to liberalise his regime. As internal dissatisfaction grew in the early 1970s, and especially after an abortive coup by the

3087:

featuring a live birth scene, had no trouble making its debut in Greece just like in any other Western country. Moreover, the film was only restricted for those under 13 years of age. In 1971

4163:

to organise a demonstration that grew progressively larger and more effective. The political momentum was on the side of the students. Sensing this, the junta panicked and reacted violently.

4509: 2931:. Absence of elected representation meant that the citizens' stark and only choice was to submit to these arbitrary measures exactly as dictated by the junta. The country had become a true 4481:

There was a well-founded fear that an all-out war with Turkey was imminent. The Cyprus fiasco led to senior Greek military officers withdrawing their support for junta strongman Brigadier

3997:

and telephoned the international press agencies, notifying them of the situation in Greece, the presence of the destroyer, and that the captain would hold a press conference the next day.

3857:, philanthropist, political activist). Some chose exile, unable to stand life under the junta. For example, Melina Mercouri was allowed to enter Greece, but stayed away on her own accord. 2652:

A central part of the regime's ideology was xenophobia, which presented Greeks as the creators of civilization with the rest of the world jealous of the debts they owed to Greece. Colonel

2437:

The King finally decided to launch his counter-coup on 13 December 1967. Since Athens was militarily in the hands of the colonels, Constantine decided to fly to the small northern city of

7610: 5457: 9561: 4646:

was a continuous source of embarrassment for the free world, and this and other reasons made Greece an international pariah abroad and interrupted its process of integration with the

4638:

While the Cyprus fiasco was due to the actions of Ioannidis, it was Papadopoulos who started the cycle of coups. Externally, the absence of human rights in a country belonging to the

3798:

The junta exiled thousands, on the grounds that they were communists and/or "enemies of the country". Most of them were subjected to internal exile on Greek deserted islands, such as

2656:, the Secretary-general of the Ministry of Public Order, came to international prominence in the summer of 1968 when he personally beat up Panayiotis Lambrias, the editor of magazine 2207:

forcibly entered his home. Andreas Papandreou escaped to the roof of his house, but surrendered after one of the soldiers held a gun to the head of his then-fourteen-year-old son

374: 2906:, was sent to Greece by Amnesty International. He wrote in December 1969 that "a conservative estimate would place at not less than two thousand" the number of people tortured. 7684: 7654: 2749:

pray for him never to need a cast again; and should he need one, we will put it to him. And the one thing I can promise you, is to invite you to witness the foot without a cast!

2441:, where he hoped to be among troops loyal only to him. The vague plan that Constantine and his advisors had conceived was to form a unit that would invade and take control over 1593:

In 1944 British prime minister Winston Churchill determined to halt the Soviet encroachment in the Balkans, and ordered British forces to intervene in the Greek Civil War (see

4120:, the results of which were not recognised by the political parties. He furthermore sought the support of the old political establishment, but secured only the cooperation of 3194:

folk dances. Additionally, the regime encouraged the production of new folk songs with lyrics praising the government and its leaders, like Georgios Papadopoulos. Because the

2430:– in an attempt to avoid an international backlash – told Constantine that it would be best to replace the junta with a new government according to Paul Ioannidis in his book 4565:

were the first free elections held in a decade. A referendum held 8 December 1974 rejected re-establishment of the monarchy by a 2-to-1 margin, and Greece became a republic.

2249:(supreme court), was chosen. He was a well-known royalist and had even been disciplined under the Papandreou government for meddling in the investigation of the murder of MP 10896: 3320: 2672:, and contributed many articles to that party's journal, which was a "racist and anti-Semitic" magazine which glorified not only 4 August Regime, but also the Third Reich. 8060: 5824:"Θρυμματίζοντας το γύψο της Χούντας: ο λόγος κι η σιωπή στα Δεκαοχτώ Κείμενα (1970)/Shattering the junta's plaster: the discourse and the silence in Eighteen Texts (1970)" 3769:, who was imprisoned by the junta and later went into exile, and the music was smuggled into the country and added to other inspirational, underground Theodorakis tracks. 7989: 6756: 7278: 6787:) is a classic, a thinly veiled attack on the dictatorship, that if they heard it, must have had the colonels wringing their hands wondering what to do with this guy." 5863:

Greeks woke up on the morning of Friday 21 April 1967 with military marches and national folk music broadcast on the radio, and with the dictatorship a fait accompli.

3051:

were at times heavy-handed, especially in areas deemed sensitive by the junta, such as political activities, and politically related art, literature, film and music.

7539: 7340:. "Remember Pattakos, the striking baldie superstar of the junta, who never missed a chance to pose with a trowel at hand and never missed a documentary of Epikaira" 6109: 2630: 1719:

was a sign of change. In a bid to gain more control over the country's government than his limited constitutional powers allowed, the young and inexperienced King

3478:

The 1967–1973 period was marked by high rates of economic growth coupled with low inflation and low unemployment. Economic growth was driven by investment in the

3065:'s music, among others, were never allowed even during the most relaxed times of the dictatorship, and an index of prohibited songs, literature and art was kept. 202: 4124:, who was appointed prime minister. Concurrently, many restrictions were lifted, and the army's role significantly reduced. Papadopoulos intended to establish a 4074:, "Advisory Council") otherwise known as "Papadopoulos' (pseudo) Parliament". Composed of members elected through an electoral type process but limited only to 1731:

After making several attempts to form governments, relying on dissident Centre Union and conservative MPs, Constantine II appointed an interim government under

11430: 3169:" after staying in the Matala caves with the hippie community in 1971. Hippie colonies also existed in other popular tourist spots such as "Paradise Beach" in 7605: 6728:

on IMDB, which summarises the film as "A group of friends search for a young English Oxford student who has disappeared whilst researching in Greece ..."

5948:Έγινε Χούντα. Ανοίξτε αμέσως το ραδιόφωνο. Το ραδιόφωνο: διάγγελμα Παπαδόπουλου, τσάμικα και καλαματιανά, "αποφασίζομεν και διατάσσομεν". Ό,τι συζητούσαμε ... 9747: 17: 4718:

officers to the party's statements sympathising with the junta, which commentators note would appeal to policemen whose livelihoods are threatened by harsh

11131: 9178: 7583:

Kostis Kornetis (2013). Children of the Dictatorship. Student Resistance, Cultural Politics and the "Long 1960s" in Greece. New York : Berghahn Books.

7352: 4606:

Members of the junta on trial. Front row (from left): Papadopoulos, Makarezos, and Pattakos. Ioannidis can be seen on the second row, just behind Pattakos.

2626: 1810:

allegations, Karamanlis stated that he "will not deal with the former king's statements, because both their content and attitude are unworthy of comment".

4994: 11445: 11425: 11136: 4714:, met the leaders of the junta while in prison and was inspired to lay the foundations for the party. Some have linked alleged support of Golden Dawn by 3431:

restoration of order. In addition, the Greek business community largely approved of the regime's economic policies, especially its promotion of tourism.

2999:

regime, despised the Regime of the Colonels, there was a mixed response to the junta from Western Europe. The Scandinavian countries and the Netherlands

2434:. Constantine took that as an encouragement to organize a counter-coup, although no direct help or involvement of the U.S. (or Britain) was forthcoming. 9226: 7121: 2127:. The colonels were able to seize power quickly by using elements of surprise and confusion. Pattakos was the commander of the Armour Training Centre ( 7337: 7059: 4182:

tank crashed through the rail gate of the Athens Polytechnic with subsequent loss of life. An estimated 24 people were killed. The army also occupied

2545:

became the sole national flag. A darker shade of blue was preferred at this time, but the variant is not exclusively associated with this time period.

343: 10881: 10408: 9158: 8111: 8025: 6332: 6868: 6171: 4579:

In January 1975 the junta members were arrested and in early August of the same year the government of Konstantinos Karamanlis brought charges of

3501:

generation units and other significant infrastructure development, took place. The junta used to proudly announce these projects with the slogan:

8725: 8115: 3331:, who was initially imprisoned by the regime, nevertheless rose to great popularity and produced a number of influential and highly politically 2183:

were suspended. One of the consequences of these suspensions was that anyone could be arrested without warrant at any time and brought before a

213: 10967: 8476: 8285: 8152: 7836: 3076: 3008:

violations. Greece however opted to leave the Council of Europe in December 1969 before a full verdict of the commission could be handed down.

1817:

As it turned out, the constitutional crisis did not originate either from the political parties, or from the Palace, but from middle-rank army

1368: 3224: 2479:

However, Constantine's plans were overly bureaucratic, naïvely supposing that orders from a commanding general would automatically be obeyed.

418: 7788: 7771: 7227: 6377: 6042: 2829:. 6,188 suspected communists and political opponents were imprisoned or exiled to remote Greek islands within the first week after the coup. 1575:. After the liberation in 1944, Greece descended into a civil war, fought between the communist forces and those loyal to the newly returned 1559:

The 1967 coup and the following seven years of military rule were the culmination of 30 years of national division between the forces of the

4009:

returned to Greece after a month with a replacement crew. After the fall of the junta all officers and petty officers returned to the Navy.

3542:

Economists have criticized the waste, fraud, and abuse derived from the junta's economic policies. One notable example is tourism minister

1814:

made no mention of the alleged 1966 meeting with Bitsios, which he referred to only after both participants had died and could not respond.

10957: 3253:, was a pioneer of Greek pop music in the early 1970s. Its lead singer and composer was Robert Williams, who was later joined, in 1971, by 2927:. The absence of a valid code of jurisprudence led to the unequal application of the law among the citizens and to rampant favouritism and 2171:

By the early morning hours, the whole of Greece was in the hands of the colonels. All leading politicians, including acting prime minister

6083: 4051:

personal allegiance to him. There was a significant divide in the junta between those like Papadoupolos who identified with the legacy of

10931: 9818: 7933: 7213:. "A Cultural Revolution? The Boycott of the European Athletics Championships by the West German Team in Athens 1969", in: CESH (Hrsg.), 6906: 1430: 7746: 6220:

Barbarism in Greece: A Young American Lawyer's Inquiry Into the Use of Torture In Contemporary Greece, with Case Histories and Documents

2423:

a military administration. Although the colonels' strong anti-communist, pro-NATO, and pro-Western views appealed to the United States,

10921: 4399:

Prior to seizing power, Ioannidis preferred to work in the background and he never held any formal office in the junta. He was now the

4030:. This led to demands for more freedoms, and political unrest, in a society well used to democratic action prior to the dictatorship. 3393:, this was eventually extended from 1:00 a.m. to 3:00 a.m. as the energy crisis eased. These freedoms were later reversed by 1293: 7681: 7651: 11440: 11010: 6239: 4414:

The new junta, despite its rather inauspicious origins, pursued an aggressive internal crackdown and an expansionist foreign policy.

4116:

On 1 June 1973, he abolished the monarchy and declared Greece a republic with himself as president. He was confirmed in office after

1750:

Before the elections that were scheduled for 28 May 1967, with expectations of a wide Center Union victory, a number of conservative

11151: 6714:

thus: "A young man finds himself turning into a bloodsucking monster. Set on the Greek island of Hydra. A must for all Cushing fans"

10962: 8995: 8081: 5921:

People went about their business in the usual way, undisturbed by the armoured cars and the martial music churned out by the radio.

3385: 4194:, and in his subsequent conviction in the Polytechneion trial where he was found to have been morally responsible for the events. 3470:

became so closely identified with the junta that its eventual downfall settled the question once and for all in favor of Demotic.

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Papadopoulos, Pattakos, Makarezos and Ioannidis were sentenced to death for high treason. These sentences were later commuted to

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in early 1973, Papadopoulos attempted to legitimize the regime by beginning a gradual "democratization" (See also the article on

2855:

attacked the senses without leaving any visible traces and have been classified since as torture by international organisations.

2153: 1739:, which was suspected by conservatives of being a proxy for the banned KKE. This possibility was used as a pretext for the coup. 1672:

Greece was a vital link in the NATO defence arc which extended from the eastern border of Pakistan to the northernmost point in

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The agenda was to appoint a national unity government that would lead the country to elections. Although former prime minister

3872:

set himself ablaze in protest against the dictatorship of George Papadopoulos. The junta delayed the arrival of his remains to

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Administration is trying to persuade Congress to up military aid to Greece from about $ 90 million to $ 118 million.

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In the early hours of Saturday, 17 November 1973, Papadopoulos sent the army to suppress the student strike and sit-in of the

2817:

In fact, the junta crackdown was so fast that by September 1967, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, and the Netherlands went before the

1676:. Greece in particular was seen as being at risk, having experienced a communist insurgency. In particular, the newly founded 11048: 10886: 8821: 8508: 8486: 7386: 7321: 7257: 6835: 6808: 6752: 6342: 6227: 6160:

special issue: "Music and Torture | Music and Punishment" 2:1(2013), guest edited by M. J. Grant and Anna Papaeti, pp. 73–80.

5886: 5722: 5686: 5593: 5170: 4703: 2513: 2453: 1637:(CIA) as one of Greece's main "democratic" (i.e. anti-communist) forces. Several of the future leaders of the junta, such as 1633:–Holy Bond of Greek Officers). From 1947 onward, the Holy Bond was subsidized to the sum of $ 1 million annually by the 9909: 7285: 7169: 4474:, "Greek Force for Cyprus"). During a military council, Ioannidis is reported to have said angrily to the American minister 2802:, that had been taken for granted and enjoyed by the Greek people for decades, were instantly suppressed. Article 14 of the 11242: 11176: 9728: 9653: 9313: 8913: 7152: 4700: 4087: 4047: 3419: 2622: 2602: 2586: 2465: 761: 7638: 154: 10926: 9333: 8466: 4587:

against Georgios Papadopoulos and nineteen other co-conspirators of the military junta. The mass trial was staged at the

2826: 2818: 1189: 8575: 8503: 126: 11015: 10368: 9463: 8441: 8326: 8280: 8275: 8221: 8169: 8136: 8095: 5056: 3757:. The film, banned in Greece, presented a lightly fictionalized account of the events surrounding the assassination of 7719: 7536: 4000:

This action increased international interest in the situation in Greece. The commander, six officers, and twenty five

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The assassination attempt took place on the morning of 13 August, when Papadopoulos went from his summer residence in

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restrictions are the strapping of the patient to the surgical bed so that he will undergo the surgery without danger.

2711: 2581:') to describe leftists in general. In a similar vein, the junta attempted to steer Greek public opinion not only by 249: 231: 173: 76: 8671: 7088: 4383:

Ioannidis's heavy-handed and opportunistic intervention had the effect of destroying the myth that the junta was an

11385: 11380: 9803: 9798: 9293: 9256: 8985: 8431: 7642:"straying from the ideals of the 1967 revolution" and "pushing the country towards parliamentary rule too quickly". 7091:. "After the split of 'Poll', Kostas Tournas went on to record a great progressive-psychedelic concept solo album." 6800:

Militant Around the Clock?: Left-Wing Youth Politics, Leisure, and Sexuality in Post-Dictatorship Greece, 1974–1981

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apologised on the behalf of the U.S. government for supporting the military junta in the name of Cold War tactics.

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The only concession the King could achieve was to appoint a civilian as prime minister, rather than Spandidakis.

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invasion, they agreed to guard against a left-wing coup. The LOK in particular were integrated into the European

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The uprising triggered a series of events that put an abrupt end to Papadopoulos' attempts at "liberalisation".

3019:

Unusually, in spite of the anti-communism of the Regime of the Colonels, it developed better relations with the

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by the Karamanlis government for humanitarian reasons. A plan to grant amnesty to the junta principals by the

4543: 4445: 4423: 1650: 10901: 9916: 9869: 9633: 9556: 9288: 7478: 7416: 6613: 6156:

Papaeti, Anna (2013). "Music, Torture, Testimony: Reopening the Case of the Greek Military Junta (1967–74)".

5852: 3989:

Pappas signalled his intentions to the squadron commander and NATO headquarters, quoting the preamble of the

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were secured, and their remains still dot the Greek countryside. These questionable loans are referred to as

3273:(Come, My Sun)", composed by Tournas, Williams. Tournas later pursued a solo career and in 1972 produced the 3020: 2981: 1348: 140: 9348: 9057: 8980: 8651: 7127: 6961: 4834:

The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations: Volume 4, America in the Age of Soviet Power, 1945–1991

3211:

In the early days of the dictatorship, Western music broadcasts were limited from the airwaves in favour of

2914:

the boundaries and delve into or discuss forbidden subjects. This realization, including the absence of any

9934: 9894: 9864: 9813: 9673: 9591: 9587: 9458: 9388: 9153: 8970: 8736: 8631: 8563: 3765:

in 1963. The film captured the sense of outrage about the junta. The soundtrack of the film was written by

3634: 2165: 870: 107: 62: 6360: 4959: 2726:

Throughout his tenure as the junta strongman, Papadopoulos often employed what have been described by the

1766:

as the monarchist constitution permitted him. According to Rallis, Constantine was receptive to the idea.

1463: 11299: 11201: 10906: 10378: 10373: 10090: 9768: 9496: 9241: 9200: 9144: 9047: 8928: 8886: 8791: 8316: 8270: 4623: 4141: 3878: 3603:

have been undertaken by the Greek National government in Italy for some time start to have some impact".

2246: 1634: 797: 395: 327: 8035: 6763:, Greek blog site. Translation: "The beatings and arrests during the Woodstock showing in 1970 ..." 6175: 2108:

On 21 April 1967, just weeks before the scheduled elections, a group of right-wing army officers led by

122: 11420: 11400: 11333: 11214: 11196: 11181: 11116: 10743: 9964: 9949: 9939: 9793: 9393: 8881: 8684: 8451: 8030: 7198: 7077: 7048: 7009: 6992: 6932: 4461: 4427: 4377: 3733: 3679: 2988:. U.S. support for the junta, which was staunchly anti-communist, is claimed to be the cause of rising 2509: 2449: 1684:(LOK) maintained a very close liaison with their American counterparts. In addition to preparing for a 1681: 1518: 1416: 1388: 966: 686: 495: 5509:"Making the Junta Fascist: Antidictatorial Struggle, the Colonels, and the Statues of Ioannis Metaxas" 4038: 31: 11315: 11041: 10972: 10848: 10793: 10613: 9601: 9308: 8869: 8481: 8398: 4979:

Greece and the American Embrace: Greek Foreign Policy Towards Turkey, the US and the Western Alliance

4883:

Greece and the American Embrace: Greek Foreign Policy Towards Turkey, the US and the Western Alliance

3239: 3036: 1646: 1576: 1502: 1285: 1231: 560: 6461: 4478:(who was present) "You betrayed us! You had assured us that you would prevent any Turkish landing". 11269: 10598: 10165: 9428: 9318: 9072: 8616: 6412: 4731: 4691:

There has been speculation that lingering social effects of the junta played a role in the rise of

4524: 4498: 4490: 3901: 3842: 3453:, based on the vernacular actually spoken by most Greek, the junta came firmly down on the side of 3228: 2384: 2228: 2172: 2152:

to move the coup forward. Under the command of paratrooper Brigadier General Kostas Aslanides, the

2029: 2016: 1720: 1716: 1498: 1267: 1215: 630: 551: 10338: 7796: 7592: 6827:

Children of the Dictatorship: Student Resistance, Cultural Politics and the 'Long 1960s' in Greece

6385: 6052: 5798:"Manipulating Language: Metaphors in the Political Discourse of Georgios Papadopoulos (1967–1973)" 3873: 1665:. Avrakotos maintained a close relationship with the colonels who would figure in the later coup. 206:

that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

11415: 11405: 9828: 9773: 9758: 9698: 9506: 9486: 9246: 8923: 8528: 5357:

edited by Richard Clogg & George Yannopoloulos; London: Secker & Warburg, 1971 pp. 43–44.

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colony which had been living in the caves since the 1960s was never disturbed. Singer-songwriter

2664:

At a subsequent speech before a visiting group of Greek-Americans on 6 August 1968, Ladas quoted

2606: 1802: 1788: 1732: 1538: 1321: 1240: 1127: 920: 810: 540: 481: 100: 8731: 6849: 6847: 6641:"An Uneasy Triangle: Nicolae Ceaușescu, the Greek Colonels and the Greek Communists (1967–1974)" 6534: 6133: 6127: 5961: 2858: 1621:

governments in Greece, Turkey, and Iran in order to ensure that these states did not fall under

11141: 10618: 10122: 9516: 9190: 8666: 8426: 8421: 8214: 6080: 5458:"Italy and the Greek military regime from the 1967 coup d'état to the fall of the dictatorship" 4759: 4751: 4711: 4618:

government in 1990 was cancelled after protests from conservatives, socialists and communists.

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and occupying the northern part of the island, after heavy fighting with the Cypriot and Greek

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propaganda documentaries that were screened before feature film presentation in Greek cinemas.

3126: 3093: 2996: 2754: 1936: 1931: 1783: 1751: 1736: 1383: 510: 349: 10828: 7941: 7376: 6903: 6825: 6462:"Human Rights and International Security: The International Community and the Greek Dictators" 5676: 5283: 3782:, detailed the subordination and training of simple youths to become torturers for the junta. 3728:

On 28 March 1969, after two years of widespread censorship, political detentions and torture,

3529:, 'the first trowel of Greece'), since he frequently appeared at project inaugurations with a 1758:(the son of Georgios Papandreou), would lead to a constitutional crisis. One such politician, 11106: 11071: 10853: 10137: 10132: 9899: 9788: 9743: 9703: 9638: 9582: 9501: 9283: 9097: 8975: 8893: 8801: 8766: 8676: 8621: 8518: 8359: 6844: 6798: 6737: 5876: 5737:

constantly replaced 'where it needed'; and that language and literature would be 'cleansed'.

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edited by Richard Clogg & George Yannopoloulos; London: Secker & Warburg, 1971 p. 53.

5424:

edited by Richard Clogg & George Yannopoloulos; London: Secker & Warburg, 1971 p. 45.

5408:

edited by Richard Clogg & George Yannopoloulos; London: Secker & Warburg, 1971 p. 42.

5390:

edited by Richard Clogg & George Yannopoloulos; London: Secker & Warburg, 1971 p. 41.

5341:

edited by Richard Clogg & George Yannopoloulos; London: Secker & Warburg, 1971 p. 43.

4793: 4408: 4342: 4243: 4125: 4052: 3990: 3710: 3687: 3683: 3587: 3483: 3088: 2951:

among the citizens during the Papadopoulos dictatorship, which became worse under Ioannidis.

2895: 2867: 2837: 2412: 2215: 2192: 2176: 2141: 2116: 2060: 1952: 1838: 1725: 1638: 1550: 1510: 1506: 661: 607: 577: 514: 499: 485: 452: 7443:

America's Recruitment of Nazis and Its Destructive Impact on Our Domestic and Foreign Policy

6508: 11410: 11375: 11096: 11034: 10393: 10160: 10015: 9969: 9884: 9879: 9678: 9577: 9526: 9521: 9413: 9368: 9323: 9261: 9092: 9067: 9017: 8945: 8859: 8709: 8311: 8290: 4692: 4022:

against each other, thus destroying the seemingly monolithic cohesion of the dictatorship.

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In the early morning hours of 13 December, the King boarded the royal plane, together with

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Apo to P.A.K. sto PA.SO.K.: logoi, arthra, synenteuxeis, dēlōseis tou Andrea G. Papandreou

3024: 2149: 1588: 8: 11294: 11086: 10838: 10753: 10748: 10648: 10511: 10308: 10192: 10107: 9995: 9848: 9843: 9823: 9808: 9718: 9713: 9618: 9551: 9541: 9453: 9448: 9438: 9338: 9278: 9251: 9077: 9062: 9032: 9010: 8796: 8786: 8513: 8436: 8406: 8390: 6105: 6077: 4913: 4536: 4482: 4457: 4365: 4319: 4249: 3893: 3754: 3394: 2910: 2879: 2669: 2665: 2397: 2161: 2041: 1712: 1626: 1605: 1564: 1514: 1475: 1452: 1373: 1173: 1045: 1023: 1016: 701: 588: 147: 9693: 9606: 7506:""A gift from God": Anglo-Greek relations during the dictatorship of the Greek colonels" 6581:""A gift from God": Anglo-Greek relations during the dictatorship of the Greek colonels" 6300:""A gift from God": Anglo-Greek relations during the dictatorship of the Greek colonels" 5304:""A gift from God": Anglo-Greek relations during the dictatorship of the Greek colonels" 11226: 11126: 11081: 11076: 10992: 10788: 10773: 10698: 10678: 10673: 10658: 10505: 10253: 10005: 9889: 9643: 9546: 9531: 9443: 9433: 9408: 9403: 9168: 9122: 9037: 9022: 8965: 8781: 8704: 8580: 8471: 8461: 8146: 8125: 8105: 7994: 7911: 7873: 6664: 6554: 6483: 6432: 6092: 5536: 5483: 4696: 4574: 4191: 3846: 3762: 3675: 3514: 3243: 2887: 2807: 2803: 2469: 2339: 2250: 2180: 2175:, had been arrested and were held incommunicado by the conspirators. At 6:00 a.m. 2120: 2112: 2085: 2073: 1991: 1842: 1834: 1829: 1793: 1755: 1560: 1118: 524: 10688: 10517: 6704: 4110: 3905: 2874: 2199:. Andreas was arrested at around the same time, after seven soldiers armed with fixed 11247: 11101: 11005: 10858: 10803: 10778: 10733: 10663: 10638: 10603: 10593: 10562: 10449: 10333: 10303: 10040: 10030: 9944: 9838: 9683: 9398: 9195: 9052: 9005: 8903: 8854: 8828: 8806: 8646: 8626: 8570: 8558: 8372: 8207: 8165: 8132: 8091: 7915: 7484: 7422: 7382: 7317: 7253: 7233: 6879: 6831: 6804: 6668: 6619: 6558: 6487: 6436: 6338: 6271: 6245: 6223: 6137: 6021: 5967: 5882: 5758: 5718: 5682: 5589: 5540: 5528: 5487: 5473: 5166: 5158: 4964: 4707: 4611: 4588: 4502: 4494: 4369: 4353: 4121: 4019: 3994: 3975: 3854: 3834: 3766: 3737: 3380: 3200: 3118: 3062: 3004: 2924: 2863: 2676: 2578: 2498: 2427: 2361: 2333: 2208: 1918: 1914: 1702: 1249: 1180: 975: 907: 673: 573: 209: 10982: 10653: 6962:"Millennium Top-1000: Nostradamos Ta Paramythia Ths Giagias and Dws'moy to Xeri Soy" 5751: 2870:

building. During a torture session, he suffered brain trauma and was left paralyzed.

2124: 1818: 11091: 10768: 10693: 10623: 10608: 10588: 10535: 10318: 10313: 10293: 10243: 10233: 10060: 10025: 10010: 9959: 9688: 9628: 9468: 9127: 9107: 8816: 8758: 8752: 8719: 8699: 8689: 8538: 8339: 8331: 7903: 7865: 7517: 6654: 6592: 6546: 6475: 6424: 6311: 5520: 5465: 5315: 4908: 4651: 4592: 4132:, whose dissatisfaction with Papadopoulos would become evident a few months later. 3967: 3869: 3815: 3490: 3479: 3277: 3274: 3182: 3131: 3084: 2989: 2974: 2898:, in the first month of the 21 April coup an estimated 8,000 people were arrested. 2731: 2707: 2502: 1568: 1378: 1150: 1109: 1061: 1029: 996: 68: 7455: 7179: 6659: 6640: 6479: 5442: