Green sturgeon - Knowledge

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within the rocks. CH2M Hill (2002) assumed that hatchling green sturgeon embryos drift downstream like hatchling white sturgeon embryos. This was incorrect. Hatchling green sturgeon embryos seek nearby cover, and remain under rocks, unlike white sturgeon which drift downstream as embryos (i.e. newly hatched green sturgeon do not exhibit pelagic behavior like newly hatched white sturgeon). After about 9 days fish develop into larvae and initiate exogenous foraging up- and downstream on the bottom (they do not swim up into the water column, unlike white sturgeon). After a day or so, larvae initiate a downstream dispersion migration that lasts about 12 days (peak, 5 days). At the age of ten days, when exogenous foraging begins, green sturgeons are 19 to 29 mm (0.75 to 1.14 in) in length (mean 24 mm or 0.94 in). At the age of 15 to 21 days, green sturgeon are 30 mm (1.2 in) or greater in length. At the age of 45 days, metamorphosis is complete and green sturgeon are 70 to 80 mm (3.1 in) in length. All migration and foraging during the migration period is nocturnal, unlike white sturgeon. During the first 10 months of life, green sturgeon are the most nocturnal of any North American sturgeon yet studied, and this was the case for all life intervals during any activity (migration, foraging, or wintering). Post-migrant larvae are benthic, foraging up- and downstream diurnally with a nocturnal activity peak. Foraging larvae select open habitat, not structure habitat, but continue to use cover in the day. When larvae develop into juveniles, there is no change in response to bright habitat, and no preference or avoidance of bright habitat. In the fall, juveniles migrate downstream mostly at night to wintering sites, ceasing migration at 7–8 °C (45–46 °F). During winter, juveniles select low light habitat, likely deep pools with some rock structure. Wintering juveniles forage actively at night between dusk and dawn and are inactive during the day, seeking the darkest available habitat.

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decreased at 20.5–22 °C (68.9–71.6 °F), although the tolerance to these temperatures varied between progenies. The lower temperature limit was not evident from the Van Eenennaam et al. 2005 study, although hatching rate decreased at 11 °C (52 °F) and hatched green sturgeon embryos were shorter, compared to 14 °C (57 °F). The mean total length of hatched green sturgeon embryos decreased with increasing temperature, although their wet and dry weight remained relatively constant. Van Eenennaam et al. 2005 concluded that temperatures 17–18 °C (63–64 °F) may be the upper limit of the thermal optima for green sturgeon embryos. Growth studies on younger juvenile green sturgeon determined that cyclical 19–24 °C (66–75 °F) water temperature was optimal.

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were concentrated at San Francisco Bay and Sacramento-San Joaquin and delta sites (Contra Costa, Alameda, San Francisco, Marin, Napa, San Mateo and Santa Cruz counties). Historical 18th-century accounts report the aboriginal gillnetting and use of tule balsa watercraft for the capture of sturgeon, and fishing weirs were also likely employed on bay tidal flats. Most sturgeons were unidentified species but green sturgeons were specifically identified from Contra Costa and Marin County sites. Sturgeon remains (unidentified species) were also identified from lower Sacramento River counties (Sacramento, Yolo, Colusa, Glenn, and Butte counties). No sturgeon remains were found in samples from the upper Sacramento River although other fish species including salmonids were reported in those areas.

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environmental catastrophes. The high fecundity that comes with large size allows them to produce large numbers of offspring when suitable spawning conditions occur and to make up for years of poor conditions. Adult green sturgeon do not spawn every year, and only a fraction of the population enters freshwater where they risk greater exposure to catastrophic events. The widespread ocean distribution of green sturgeon ensures that most of the population is dispersed and less vulnerable than they are in estuaries and freshwater streams.

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out-migration from freshwater. They are commonly observed in bays and estuaries along the western coast of North America, with particularly large concentrations entering the Columbia River estuary, Willapa Bay, and Grays Harbor during the late summer. While there is some bias associated with recovery of tagged fish through commercial fishing, the pattern of a northern migration is supported by the large concentration of green sturgeon in the Columbia River estuary, Willapa Bay, and Grays Harbor, which peaks in August.

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Willapa Bay since 2001. Harvest of green sturgeon in California has been prohibited since March 2007. Beginning in March 2010 and to protect green sturgeon on their spawning grounds, the Sacramento River sturgeon fishery was closed year-round between the Keswick Dam and Hwy 162 bridge (approximately 90 miles or 140 km).

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White and green sturgeon juveniles, subadults, and adults are widely distributed in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and estuary areas including San Pablo. White sturgeon historically ranged into upper portions of the Sacramento system including the Pit River and a substantial number were trapped in

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Prehistoric fish distributions have been mapped by Gobalet et al. 2004 based on bones at Native American archaeological sites. Data were reported on dozens of sites throughout California and summarized by county. Sturgeon remains were observed in 12 counties, all in the Central Valley. Observations

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or 0.52 grains) . This greater reserve of maternal yolk and larger larvae could provide an advantage in larval feeding and survival . Compared with other acipenserids, green sturgeon larvae appear more robust and easier to rear. Juveniles continue to grow rapidly, reaching 300 mm (12 in)

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Individual Southern DPS green sturgeon tagged by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG) in the San Francisco Estuary have been recaptured off Santa Cruz, California; in Winchester Bay on the southern Oregon coast; at the mouth of the Columbia River; and in Gray's Harbor, Washington. Most

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Estuary. This threatened determination was based on the reduction of potential spawning habitat, the severe threats to the single remaining spawning population, the inability to alleviate these threats with the conservation measures in place, and the decrease in observed numbers of juvenile Southern

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behind the dorsal fin as well as behind the anal fin (both lacking in white sturgeon). The scutes also tend to be sharper and more pointed than in white sturgeon. The dorsal fin has 33–36 rays, the anal fin, 22–28. The body colour of the white sturgeon is yellow with some pink instead of the green

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was closed in 1944 and successfully reproduced until the early 1960s. Landlocked white sturgeon populations have been widely observed in the Columbia and Fraser systems but no landlocked green sturgeon populations have ever been documented in any river system, indicating that green sturgeon likely

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The green sturgeon is the most widely distributed member of the sturgeon family Acipenseridae, and is also the most marine-oriented of the sturgeon species. Green sturgeon are known to range in nearshore marine waters from Mexico to the Bering Sea, with a general tendency to head North after their

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For the Klamath River green sturgeon, an average length of 1.0 m (3 ft 3 in) is attained in 10 years, 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) by age 15, and 2.0 m (6 ft 7 in) by 25 years of age. The largest reported green sturgeon weighed about 159 kg (351 lb) and

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A conceptual model of early behavior and migration of green sturgeon early life intervals based on the Kynard et al. 2005 study follows: Females deposit eggs at sites with large rocks and moderate or eddy water flow that keeps the large, dense, poorly adhesive eggs from drifting, so eggs sink deep

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Northern DPS green sturgeon migrate up the Klamath River between late February and late July. The spawning period is March–July, with a peak from mid-April to mid-June. Spawning takes place in deep, fast water. Preferred spawning substrate is likely large cobble, but it can range from clean sand

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in salmon gillnet and other fisheries, water development projects that affect migration or decrease habitat quality, and other land use stressors that affect habitat quality. Exotic species may negatively affect the southern DPS. Commercial fisheries have been prohibited in the Columbia River and

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upstream from the Delta. There is no evidence of green sturgeon spawning in the Columbia River or other rivers in Washington. , . In contrast to those studies, samples from green sturgeon collected in the Columbia River suggest the existence of one or more spawning populations in addition to the

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Little is known about green sturgeon feeding at sea, but it is clear they behave quite differently than white sturgeon. Green sturgeons are probably found in all open Oregon estuaries, with a lot of movement in and out of estuaries and up and down the coast. Adults feed in estuaries during the

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Green sturgeon fertilization and hatching rates are 41.2% and 28.0%, compared with 95.4% and 82.1% for the white sturgeon. However, the survival of green sturgeon larvae is very high (93.3%). Female green sturgeon invest a greater amount of their reproductive resources into maternal yolk for

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Temperatures of 23–26 °C (73–79 °F) affected cleavage and gastrulation of green sturgeon embryos and all died before hatch. Temperatures of 17.5–22 °C (63.5–71.6 °F) were suboptimal as an increasing number of green sturgeon embryos developed abnormally and hatching success

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system annually and spawning of green sturgeon was documented for the first time in 2011. No current use by sturgeon of Sacramento River tributaries, other than the Feather River system, has been reported. No evidence was found to indicate that green sturgeons were historically present, are

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Sturgeons life history strategy seems organized around reducing risks. Sturgeons live a long time, delay maturation to large sizes, and spawn multiple times over their lifespan. The sturgeon's long life span and repeat spawning in multiple years allows them to outlive periodic droughts and

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Green sturgeon are similar in appearance to white sturgeon, except the barbels are closer to the mouth than to the tip of the long, narrow snout. The dorsal row of bony plates numbers 8–11, lateral rows, 23–30, and bottom rows, 7–10; there is one large

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on the underside of their snouts. They protrude their very long and flexible “lips” to suck up food. Sturgeons are confined to temperate waters of the Northern Hemisphere. Of 25 extant species, only two live in California, the green sturgeon and the

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CH2M Hill, Inc. 2002. Environmental Impact Statement/Environmental Impact Report for Fish Passage Improvement Project at the Red Bluff Diversion Dam. Prepared by CH2MHill, Inc. for the Tehama-Colusa Canal Authority and the U.S. Bureau of

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are the Northern DPS green sturgeon, while the green sturgeons which spawn in the Sacramento River system are Southern DPS green sturgeon. Both the Northern DPS green sturgeon and Southern DPS green sturgeon occur in large numbers in the

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Van Eenennaam, Joel P.; Webb, Molly A. H.; Deng, Xin; Doroshov, Serge I.; Mayfield, Ryan B.; Cech, Joseph J.; Hillemeier, David C.; Willson, Thomas E. (2001). "Artificial Spawning and Larval Rearing of Klamath River Green Sturgeon".

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in 1 year and over 600 mm (24 in) within 2–3 years for the Klamath River. Juveniles spend from 1–4 years in fresh and estuarine waters and disperse into salt water at lengths of 300–750 mm (12–30 in).

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The ecology and life history of green sturgeon have received little study, evidently because of the generally low abundance, limited spawning distribution, and low commercial and sport fishing value of the species. As an

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tags for Southern DPS green sturgeon tagged in the San Francisco Estuary have been returned from outside that estuary. Green sturgeons remain present in all documented historic habitats and ranges in Oregon.

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California Department of Fish and Game (2005). White Sturgeon Population Estimate (Report) – via Email from Marty Gingras, Senior Biologist Supervisor, California Department of Fish and Game.

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Green sturgeon are sensitive to exposure to water temperatures above 18 °C (64 °F) during early larval development, prior to yolk sac resorption, which increases the rate of deformities.

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was 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in) in length. The largest green sturgeon have been aged at 42 years, but this is probably an underestimate, and maximum ages of 60–70 years or more are likely.

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Gobalet, Kenneth W.; Schulz, Peter D.; Wake, Thomas A.; Siefkin, Nelson (2004). "Archaeological Perspectives on Native American Fisheries of California, with Emphasis on Steelhead and Salmon".

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to bedrock. Eggs are broadcast and externally fertilized in relatively fast water and probably in depths greater than 3 m. Female green sturgeon produce 59,000–242,000 eggs, about 4.34

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Van Eenennaam, Joel P.; Linares, Javier; Doroshov, Serge I.; Hillemeier, David C.; Willson, Thomas E.; Nova, Arnold A. (2006). "Reproductive Conditions of the Klamath River Green Sturgeon".

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Seesholtz, Alicia M.; Manuel, Matthew J.; Van Eenennaam, Joel P. (2015). "First documented spawning and associated habitat conditions for green sturgeon in the Feather River, California".

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Radtke, L.D. (1966). "Distribution of Smelt, Juvenile Sturgeon, and Starry Flounder in the Sacramento San Joaquin Delta with observations on Food of Sturgeon". In D.W. Kelley (ed.).

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Van Eenennaam, Joel P.; Linares-Casenave, Javier; Deng, Xin; Doroshov, Serge I. (2005). "Effect of incubation temperature on green sturgeon embryos, Acipenser medirostris".

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Kynard, Boyd; Parker, Erika; Parker, Timothy (2005). "Behavior of early life intervals of Klamath River green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris, with a note on body color".

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Ecological Studies of the Sacramento San Joaquin Estuary: Part I; Zooplankton, Zoobenthos, and Fishes of San Pablo and Suisun Bays, Zooplankton and Zoobenthos of the Delta

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Allen, Peter J.; Nicholl, Mary; Cole, Stephanie; Vlazny, Amy; Cech, Joseph J. (2006). "Growth of Larval to Juvenile Green Sturgeon in Elevated Temperature Regimes".

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Rodgers, E.M.; Poletto, J.B.; Isaza, D.F.G.; Van Eenennaam, J.P.; Connon, R.E.; Seesholtz, A.; Heublein, J.C.; Cech, Jr., J.J.; Kelly, J.T.; Fangue, N.A. (2019).

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Israel, Joshua A.; Cordes, Jan F.; Blumberg, Marc A.; May, Bernie (2004). "Geographic Patterns of Genetic Differentiation among Collections of Green Sturgeon".

504:, and possess a few large bony plates instead of scales. Sturgeons are highly adapted for preying on bottom animals, which they detect with a row of sensitive 2559: 587:, has some concerns regarding status and threats, but for which insufficient information is available to indicate a need to list the species under the U.S. 643:

nourishment of the embryo, which results in larger larvae. Five-day-old green sturgeon larvae have almost twice the weight of white sturgeon larvae (65

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in Canada, but Moyle 2002 reported that there was no evidence of green sturgeon spawning in Canada or Alaska. Green and white sturgeon enter the

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did not historically spawn in the upper reaches of rivers prior to the construction of large dams as NMFS 2005 has assumed.

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for the Southern DPS of green sturgeon was designated under the United States Endangered Species Act on October 9, 2009.

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Historical and Current Information on Green Sturgeon Occurrence in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers and Tributaries

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Sacramento system, Klamath, and Rogue populations, suggesting not all spawning populations have been identified.

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species, green sturgeon enters rivers mainly to spawn. and is more marine than other sturgeon species.

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Framework: For the Management and Conservation of Paddlefish and Sturgeon Species in the United States

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l tail, fin structure, jaw structure, and spiracle. They have replaced a bony skeleton with one of

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Green sturgeon can reach 210 cm (7 feet) in length and weigh up to 160 kg (350 pounds).

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Ganssle, D. (1966). "Fishes and Decapods of San Pablo and Suisun Bays.". In D.W. Kelley (ed.).

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DPS green sturgeon collected in the past two decades compared to those collected historically.

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native to the northern Pacific Ocean, from China and Russia to Canada and the United States.

371: 355: 3309: 1134: 2894: 2528: 1921: 1886: 1849: 1812: 1751: 1633: 1596: 1550: 1478: 1409: 781: 572: 720:), and unidentified crab and fish. Stomachs of green sturgeons caught in Delta contained 8: 3231: 3002: 2956: 2702: 2586: 2521: 2424: 1788:. Fish Bulletin. Vol. 133. California Department of Fish and Game. pp. 115–129. 1122: 954: 208: 150: 88: 44: 3270: 1890: 1853: 1816: 1755: 1637: 1600: 1554: 1482: 1413: 146: 84: 3409: 3130: 3026: 2923: 2905: 2693: 2444: 2138: 1425: 545:(DPS) of North American green sturgeon as a threatened species under the United States 380: 255: 1782:

Ecological Studies of the Sacramento San Joaquin Estuary: Part II; Fishes of the Delta

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Beamesderfer, R.; Simpson, M.; Kopp, G.; Inman, J.; Fuller, A.; Demko, D. (2004).

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currently present, or were historically present and have been extirpated from the

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Van Der Laan, Richard; Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ronald (11 November 2014).

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is one of the factors affecting conservation efforts for the green sturgeon.

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Comparison of Early Life Stages and Growth of Green and White Sturgeon

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level. The time since the divergence of the green sturgeon and the

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According to recent genetic data, the differences between the

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10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0159:ASALRO>2.0.CO;2

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The northern DPS of the green sturgeon (which spawn in the

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Deng, X.; Eenennaam, J.P. Van; Doroshov, S.I. (2002).

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Threats to the green sturgeon include being taken as

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Sturgeons are among the largest and most ancient of

1232: 1037: 1035: 1033: 1031: 1029: 1027: 1025: 1023: 1021: 1019: 1623: 1247: 3376: 1729:National Marine Fisheries Service (2006-04-07). 1716:National Marine Fisheries Service (2005-04-06). 1707:Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (2005b). 1694:Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (2005a). 1672:Age and Growth of Klamath River Green Sturgeon ( 1669: 1095: 1016: 541:(NMFS) issued a final rule listing the Southern 1068:. U.S. Fish Wildlife Service. pp. 526:1–8. 664:summer. Stomachs of green sturgeons caught in 1879:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 1805:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 1670:Nakamoto, Rodney J.; Kisanuki, Tom T. (1995). 1589:North American Journal of Fisheries Management 1543:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 1471:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 579:) is a U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service 488:and numerous fossil groups, in the infraclass 2602: 1998: 1929: 692:worms. Stomachs of green sturgeon caught in 73:The examples and perspective in this article 1372:Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife 2005b 1227:Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife 2005a 1210:California Department of Fish and Game 2005 952: 800:A number of presumed spawning populations ( 53:Learn how and when to remove these messages 2609: 2595: 2072: 1936: 1922: 1513:(Report). S.P. Cramer and Associates, Inc. 1336:Seesholtz, Manuel & Van Eenennaam 2015 867:) to correspond to the variability at the 217: 198: 1287: 999: 891: 496:, retaining such ancestral features as a 176:Learn how and when to remove this message 111:Learn how and when to remove this message 739: 598: 553:and living in the Sacramento River, the 471: 1793:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1993). 1577: 1446: 1241: 621:United States Fish and Wildlife Service 3377: 1778: 1395: 1312:National Marine Fisheries Service 2005 1253: 1079:National Marine Fisheries Service 2006 623:(USFWS) reported in 1995 that for the 3051: 3050: 2590: 1955: 1917: 1660: 1051: 984:"Family-group names of Recent fishes" 595:Life history and habitat requirements 3362:561C2448-96A7-4440-A4CB-B24B169F36E2 3323:619F92B0-1AD2-AF74-39EC-855A9DABD641 1063: 875:may be approximately 160,000 years. 122: 59: 18: 1198:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1993 1181:Deng, Eenennaam & Doroshov 2002 903:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 780:Green sturgeons which spawn in the 768:Current and historical distribution 532: 13: 3395:Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta 14: 3421: 1402:Russian Journal of Marine Biology 585:National Marine Fisheries Service 539:National Marine Fisheries Service 34:This article has multiple issues. 3385:IUCN Red List endangered species 2571: 2565: 2558: 1709:Oregon Native Fish Status Report 797:, and Grays Harbor, Washington. 259: 127: 64: 23: 1943: 1842:Environmental Biology of Fishes 1744:Environmental Biology of Fishes 1626:Environmental Biology of Fishes 1440: 1389: 1259: 735: 484:. They are placed, along with 42:or discuss these issues on the 1057: 975: 953:Froese, R.; Pauly, D. (2017). 946: 922: 467: 1: 1396:Shedko, Sergei (2017-05-04). 878: 619:A report commissioned by the 1096:Nakamoto & Kisanuki 1995 555:Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta 7: 1663:Inland Fishes of California 846: 543:distinct population segment 140:to comply with Knowledge's 87:, discuss the issue on the 10: 3426: 393:Ayres 1854 non Antipa 1909 3059: 3015: 2991: 2982: 2936: 2892: 2859: 2673: 2664: 2626: 2555: 2464: 2384: 2375: 2324: 2287: 2258: 2247: 2171: 2087: 2083: 2068: 2049: 2025: 2007: 1994: 1951: 1862:10.1007/s10641-004-8758-1 1764:10.1007/s10641-014-0325-9 1646:10.1007/s10641-004-6584-0 1422:10.1134/S1063074017020080 1146:Van Eenennaam et al. 2005 1129:Van Eenennaam et al. 2006 1117:Van Eenennaam et al. 2001 1001:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1 603:A juvenile green sturgeon 386: 379: 361: 354: 256:Scientific classification 254: 237: 215: 206: 197: 192: 2786:A. oxyrinchus oxyrinchus 1464:. February 2009 version. 1450:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 1357:Beamesderfer et al. 2004 647:or 1.00 grain versus 34 635:(171 mils) in diameter. 153:may contain suggestions. 138:may need to be rewritten 2838:European sea sturgeon ( 2619:sturgeon and paddlefish 1276:Conservation Physiology 855:of the green sturgeon ( 526:of the green sturgeon. 3405:Fish described in 1854 3400:ESA threatened species 1289:10.1093/conphys/coz035 753: 604: 589:Endangered Species Act 547:Endangered Species Act 537:On April 7, 2006, the 477: 390:Acipenser acutirostris 3390:Fish of North America 3131:acipenser-medirostris 3091:Acipenser medirostris 3061:Acipenser medirostris 3003:American paddlefish ( 2957:Shovelnose sturgeon ( 2777:A. oxyrinchus desotoi 1674:Acipenser medirostris 1454:Acipenser medirostris 1270:Acipenser medirostris 896:Acipenser medirostris 857:Acipenser medirostris 784:, Klamath River, and 748: 602: 575:, Klamath River, and 475: 457:Acipenser medirostris 365:Acipenser medirostris 3027:Chinese paddlefish ( 2924:Amu Darya sturgeon ( 2906:Syr Darya sturgeon ( 2694:Shortnose sturgeon ( 2529:Pseudoscaphirhynchus 1661:Moyle, P.B. (2002). 1064:Dees, L. T. (1961). 930:"Appendices | CITES" 726:Neomysis awatchensis 682:Neomysis awatchensis 93:create a new article 85:improve this article 75:may not represent a 2784:Atlantic sturgeon ( 2757:Adriatic sturgeon ( 2748:Japanese sturgeon ( 2739:Sakhalin sturgeon ( 2685:Siberian sturgeon ( 2522:Protoscaphirhynchus 1891:2006TrAFS.135..151V 1854:2005EnvBF..72..145V 1817:2001TrAFS.130..159V 1756:2015EnvBF..98..905S 1638:2005EnvBF..72...85K 1601:2004NAJFM..24..922I 1555:2004TrAFS.133..801G 1483:2006TrAFS.135...89A 1414:2017RuJMB..43..176S 1386:, pp. 922–931. 1338:, pp. 905–912. 1326:, pp. 801–833. 1324:Gobalet et al. 2004 1148:, pp. 145–154. 1131:, pp. 151–163. 1119:, pp. 159–165. 714:Synidotea laticauda 347:A. medirostris 209:Conservation status 2966:Alabama sturgeon ( 2820:Chinese sturgeon ( 2793:Persian sturgeon ( 2766:Bastard sturgeon ( 2723:A. gueldenstaedtii 2721:Russian sturgeon ( 2703:Dabry's sturgeon ( 2139:Bobasatraniiformes 1384:Israel et al. 2004 1292:. Art. No. coz035. 892:Moser, M. (2022). 754: 730:Corbicula fluminea 706:Photis californica 698:Crago franciscorum 678:Crago franciscorum 605: 581:Species of Concern 478: 460:) is a species of 3372: 3371: 3305:Open Tree of Life 3053:Taxon identifiers 3044: 3043: 3040: 3039: 2978: 2977: 2948:Pallid sturgeon ( 2829:Starry sturgeon ( 2584: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2553: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2243: 2242: 2161:Saurichthyiformes 2150:Guildayichthyidae 2064: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2045: 2044: 1899:10.1577/T05-030.1 1609:10.1577/M03-085.1 1563:10.1577/T02-084.1 1491:10.1577/T05-020.1 1160:, pp. 89–96. 1158:Allen et al. 2006 962:version (02/2017) 910:: e.T233A97433481 873:Sakhalin sturgeon 865:Acipenser mikadoi 861:Sakhalin sturgeon 823:San Joaquin River 746: 559:San Francisco Bay 482:ray finned fishes 448: 447: 442: 426: 410: 394: 249: 232: 186: 185: 178: 168: 167: 142:quality standards 121: 120: 113: 95:, as appropriate. 57: 3417: 3365: 3364: 3352: 3351: 3339: 3338: 3326: 3325: 3313: 3312: 3300: 3299: 3287: 3286: 3274: 3273: 3261: 3260: 3248: 3247: 3235: 3234: 3222: 3221: 3209: 3208: 3196: 3195: 3183: 3182: 3170: 3169: 3157: 3156: 3144: 3143: 3134: 3133: 3121: 3120: 3108: 3107: 3095: 3094: 3093: 3080: 3079: 3078: 3048: 3047: 2989: 2988: 2915:Dwarf sturgeon ( 2849:A. transmontanus 2847:White sturgeon ( 2750:A. multiscutatus 2730:Green sturgeon ( 2671: 2670: 2611: 2604: 2597: 2588: 2587: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2519: 2509: 2492: 2482: 2452: 2442: 2432: 2415: 2405: 2395: 2382: 2381: 2327: 2290: 2275: 2264: 2256: 2255: 2250:Acipenseriformes 2220:Plesiococcolepis 2174: 2158: 2147: 2136: 2126: 2115: 2104: 2093: 2085: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2070: 2069: 2005: 2004: 1996: 1995: 1989: 1988: 1953: 1952: 1938: 1931: 1924: 1915: 1914: 1910: 1873: 1836: 1798: 1789: 1787: 1775: 1738: 1735:Federal Register 1725: 1722:Federal Register 1712: 1703: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1680: 1666: 1657: 1620: 1583: 1574: 1537: 1535: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1502: 1465: 1434: 1433: 1393: 1387: 1381: 1375: 1369: 1360: 1354: 1339: 1333: 1327: 1321: 1315: 1309: 1294: 1293: 1291: 1263: 1257: 1251: 1245: 1239: 1230: 1224: 1213: 1207: 1201: 1195: 1184: 1178: 1161: 1155: 1149: 1143: 1132: 1126: 1120: 1114: 1099: 1093: 1082: 1076: 1070: 1069: 1061: 1055: 1049: 1014: 1013: 1003: 979: 973: 972: 970: 968: 950: 944: 943: 941: 940: 926: 920: 919: 917: 915: 889: 747: 724:sp. (amphipod), 712:sp. (amphipod), 566:Critical habitat 551:Sacramento River 533:Protected status 515:A. transmontanus 440: 424: 408: 392: 367: 313:Acipenseriformes 264: 263: 243: 226: 221: 220: 202: 190: 189: 181: 174: 163: 160: 154: 131: 123: 116: 109: 105: 102: 96: 68: 67: 60: 49: 27: 26: 19: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3415: 3414: 3375: 3374: 3373: 3368: 3360: 3355: 3347: 3342: 3334: 3329: 3321: 3316: 3308: 3303: 3295: 3290: 3282: 3279:Observation.org 3277: 3269: 3264: 3256: 3251: 3243: 3238: 3230: 3225: 3217: 3212: 3204: 3199: 3191: 3186: 3178: 3173: 3165: 3160: 3152: 3147: 3139: 3137: 3129: 3124: 3116: 3111: 3103: 3098: 3089: 3088: 3083: 3074: 3073: 3068: 3055: 3045: 3036: 3011: 2974: 2959:S. platorynchus 2932: 2908:P. fedtschenkoi 2896: 2888: 2855: 2811:Amur sturgeon ( 2775:Gulf sturgeon ( 2712:Lake sturgeon ( 2696:A. brevirostrum 2660: 2622: 2615: 2585: 2576: 2557: 2541: 2460: 2371: 2320: 2283: 2267:Cylindracanthus 2252: 2239: 2167: 2077: 2056: 2041: 2021: 1990: 1958: 1957: 1947: 1942: 1785: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1533: 1510: 1443: 1438: 1437: 1394: 1390: 1382: 1378: 1370: 1363: 1355: 1342: 1334: 1330: 1322: 1318: 1310: 1297: 1264: 1260: 1252: 1248: 1240: 1233: 1225: 1216: 1208: 1204: 1196: 1187: 1179: 1164: 1156: 1152: 1144: 1135: 1127: 1123: 1115: 1102: 1094: 1085: 1077: 1073: 1062: 1058: 1050: 1017: 980: 976: 966: 964: 955:"Acipenseridae" 951: 947: 938: 936: 928: 927: 923: 913: 911: 890: 886: 881: 849: 804:and South Fork 770: 750:Water diversion 740: 738: 597: 535: 470: 375: 369: 363: 350: 258: 250: 233: 222: 218: 211: 193:Green sturgeon 182: 171: 170: 169: 164: 158: 155: 145: 132: 117: 106: 100: 97: 82: 69: 65: 28: 24: 17: 16:Species of fish 12: 11: 5: 3423: 3413: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3366: 3353: 3340: 3327: 3314: 3301: 3288: 3275: 3271:green-sturgeon 3262: 3249: 3236: 3223: 3210: 3197: 3184: 3171: 3158: 3145: 3135: 3122: 3109: 3096: 3081: 3065: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3042: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3034: 3023: 3021: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3009: 2999: 2997: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2972: 2963: 2954: 2944: 2942: 2939:Scaphirhynchus 2934: 2933: 2931: 2930: 2921: 2912: 2902: 2900: 2897:scaphirhynchus 2890: 2889: 2887: 2886: 2877: 2867: 2865: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2853: 2844: 2835: 2826: 2817: 2808: 2799: 2790: 2781: 2772: 2768:A. nudiventris 2763: 2754: 2745: 2736: 2732:A. medirostris 2727: 2718: 2709: 2700: 2691: 2681: 2679: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2614: 2613: 2606: 2599: 2591: 2582: 2581: 2578: 2577: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2547: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2540: 2539: 2536:Scaphirhynchus 2532: 2525: 2515: 2505: 2498: 2495:Engdahlichthys 2488: 2485:Anchiacipenser 2478: 2470: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2458: 2455:Pugiopsephurus 2448: 2438: 2435:Protopsephurus 2428: 2421: 2411: 2408:Paleopsephurus 2401: 2390: 2388: 2379: 2377:Acipenseroidei 2373: 2372: 2370: 2369: 2362: 2355: 2348: 2341: 2333: 2331: 2329:Peipiaosteidae 2322: 2321: 2319: 2318: 2315:Strongylosteus 2311: 2304: 2296: 2294: 2292:Chondrosteidae 2285: 2284: 2282: 2281: 2278:Eochondrosteus 2271: 2259: 2253: 2248: 2245: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2238: 2237: 2234:Toarcocephalus 2230: 2223: 2216: 2209: 2202: 2195: 2188: 2180: 2178: 2176:Coccolepididae 2169: 2168: 2166: 2165: 2154: 2143: 2132: 2122: 2111: 2100: 2088: 2078: 2073: 2066: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2040: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2031: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2020: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2015:Actinopterygii 2008: 2002: 2000:Actinopterygii 1992: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1977: 1975:Actinopterygii 1971: 1965: 1949: 1948: 1941: 1940: 1933: 1926: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1885:(1): 151–163. 1874: 1848:(2): 145–154. 1837: 1811:(1): 159–165. 1799: 1790: 1776: 1750:(3): 905–912. 1739: 1726: 1713: 1704: 1691: 1667: 1658: 1621: 1595:(3): 922–931. 1584: 1575: 1549:(4): 801–833. 1538: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1503: 1466: 1448:Froese, Rainer 1442: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1408:(2): 176–179. 1388: 1376: 1361: 1340: 1328: 1316: 1295: 1258: 1246: 1231: 1214: 1202: 1185: 1162: 1150: 1133: 1121: 1100: 1083: 1071: 1056: 1015: 974: 945: 921: 883: 882: 880: 877: 848: 845: 791:Columbia River 769: 766: 737: 734: 700:(bay shrimp), 686:Opossum shrimp 680:(bay shrimp), 596: 593: 534: 531: 511:white sturgeon 476:Green sturgeon 469: 466: 452:green sturgeon 446: 445: 444: 443: 427: 411: 395: 384: 383: 377: 376: 370: 359: 358: 352: 351: 344: 342: 338: 337: 330: 326: 325: 320: 316: 315: 310: 306: 305: 303:Actinopterygii 300: 296: 295: 290: 286: 285: 280: 276: 275: 270: 266: 265: 252: 251: 238: 235: 234: 216: 213: 212: 207: 204: 203: 195: 194: 184: 183: 166: 165: 135: 133: 126: 119: 118: 79:of the subject 77:worldwide view 72: 70: 63: 58: 32: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3422: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3071: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3032: 3030: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3019: 3014: 3008: 3006: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2995: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2984:Polyodontidae 2981: 2971: 2969: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2940: 2935: 2929: 2927: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2898: 2891: 2885: 2883: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2863: 2858: 2852: 2850: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2813:A. schrenckii 2809: 2807: 2805: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2714:A. fulvescens 2710: 2708: 2706: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2683: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2677: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2666:Acipenseridae 2663: 2657: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2628: 2625: 2620: 2612: 2607: 2605: 2600: 2598: 2593: 2592: 2589: 2574: 2570: 2568: 2561: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2524: 2523: 2516: 2514: 2513: 2512:Priscosturion 2506: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2497: 2496: 2489: 2487: 2486: 2479: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2466:Acipenseridae 2463: 2457: 2456: 2449: 2447: 2446: 2439: 2437: 2436: 2429: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2420: 2419: 2418:Parapsephurus 2412: 2410: 2409: 2402: 2400: 2399: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2386:Polyodontidae 2383: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2347: 2346: 2342: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2272: 2269: 2268: 2261: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2246: 2236: 2235: 2231: 2229: 2228: 2224: 2222: 2221: 2217: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2208: 2207: 2203: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2194: 2193: 2189: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2170: 2163: 2162: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2133: 2131: 2130: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2090: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2055: 2054: 2048: 2035: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2016: 2012: 2011: 2010: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1985: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1939: 1934: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1920: 1919: 1916: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1784: 1783: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1677: 1675: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1532: 1531: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1392: 1385: 1380: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1358: 1353: 1351: 1349: 1347: 1345: 1337: 1332: 1325: 1320: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1290: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1271: 1262: 1255: 1250: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1211: 1206: 1199: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1182: 1177: 1175: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1159: 1154: 1147: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1130: 1125: 1118: 1113: 1111: 1109: 1107: 1105: 1097: 1092: 1090: 1088: 1080: 1075: 1067: 1060: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1044: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1034: 1032: 1030: 1028: 1026: 1024: 1022: 1020: 1011: 1007: 1002: 997: 993: 989: 985: 978: 963: 961: 956: 949: 935: 931: 925: 909: 905: 904: 899: 897: 888: 884: 876: 874: 870: 869:intraspecific 866: 862: 858: 854: 844: 841: 837: 831: 827: 824: 819: 818:Feather River 815: 811: 807: 806:Trinity River 803: 798: 796: 792: 787: 783: 778: 774: 765: 762: 759: 751: 733: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 694:San Pablo Bay 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 661: 657: 653: 650: 646: 640: 636: 634: 628: 626: 625:Klamath River 622: 617: 615: 609: 601: 592: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 569: 567: 563: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 530: 527: 524: 518: 516: 512: 507: 503: 499: 495: 494:chondrosteans 491: 487: 483: 474: 465: 463: 459: 458: 453: 439: 435: 431: 428: 423: 419: 415: 412: 407: 403: 399: 396: 391: 388: 387: 385: 382: 378: 373: 368: 366: 360: 357: 356:Binomial name 353: 349: 348: 343: 340: 339: 336: 335: 331: 328: 327: 324: 323:Acipenseridae 321: 318: 317: 314: 311: 308: 307: 304: 301: 298: 297: 294: 291: 288: 287: 284: 281: 278: 277: 274: 271: 268: 267: 262: 257: 253: 247: 241: 236: 230: 225: 214: 210: 205: 201: 196: 191: 188: 180: 177: 162: 152: 148: 143: 139: 136:This article 134: 130: 125: 124: 115: 112: 104: 101:November 2022 94: 90: 86: 80: 78: 71: 62: 61: 56: 54: 47: 46: 41: 40: 35: 30: 21: 20: 3060: 3028: 3016: 3004: 2992: 2967: 2958: 2949: 2937: 2926:P. kaufmanni 2925: 2916: 2907: 2893: 2881: 2872: 2860: 2848: 2839: 2831:A. stellatus 2830: 2821: 2812: 2803: 2794: 2785: 2776: 2767: 2758: 2749: 2740: 2731: 2729: 2722: 2713: 2705:A. dabryanus 2704: 2695: 2686: 2674: 2650:Osteichthyes 2564: 2534: 2527: 2520: 2510: 2500: 2493: 2483: 2473: 2453: 2443: 2433: 2423: 2416: 2406: 2398:Crossopholis 2396: 2364: 2359:Stichopterus 2357: 2350: 2345:Peipiaosteus 2343: 2336: 2313: 2306: 2301:Chondrosteus 2299: 2276: 2265: 2232: 2225: 2218: 2211: 2204: 2197: 2190: 2183: 2159: 2148: 2137: 2127: 2116: 2107:Errolichthys 2105: 2094: 2051: 1979: 1882: 1878: 1845: 1841: 1808: 1804: 1781: 1747: 1743: 1734: 1721: 1708: 1699: 1685:13 September 1683:. Retrieved 1673: 1662: 1632:(1): 85–97. 1629: 1625: 1592: 1588: 1579: 1546: 1542: 1529: 1523:Reclamation. 1477:(1): 89–96. 1474: 1470: 1459: 1453: 1441:Bibliography 1405: 1401: 1391: 1379: 1331: 1319: 1279: 1275: 1269: 1261: 1249: 1242:Ganssle 1966 1205: 1153: 1124: 1074: 1065: 1059: 994:(1): 1–230. 991: 987: 977: 965:. Retrieved 958: 948: 937:. Retrieved 933: 924: 912:. Retrieved 907: 901: 895: 887: 864: 856: 850: 832: 828: 814:Fraser River 799: 786:Umpqua River 779: 775: 771: 763: 755: 736:Conservation 729: 725: 721: 713: 709: 708:(amphipod), 705: 704:sp. 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