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and identified subtle nuances to the contrasting positions. The study looked at, among others, dwelling types, unit density (site density) movement on the street, culsâde-sac or grids and the permeability of a residential area. Among its conclusions are, respectively, that flats are always safer than houses and the wealth of inhabitants matters, density is generally beneficial but more so at ground level, local movement is beneficial, but not larger scale movement, relative affluence and the number of neighbours have a greater effect than either being on a cul-de-sac or being on a through street. It also re-established that simple, linear cul-de-sac with good numbers of dwellings that are joined to through streets tend to be safe. As for permeability, it suggests that residential areas should be permeable enough to allow movement in all directions but no more. The overprovision of poorly used permeability is a crime hazard. The open, uniform grid could be seen as an example of undifferentiated permeability.
1543:. The advantage of the intersection density for pedestrians, however, can have a contrary effect for cars due to its potential for reducing speeds. Low speeds below 20 mph (32 km/h) have a significantly higher coefficient of pollutant production than above 30 mph (48 km/h), though the coefficient after leveling off tends to increase gradually after 50 mph (80 km/h). This effect is accentuated with high traffic density in areas with commercial uses where speeds come to a crawl. Since the grid plan is non-hierarchical and intersections are frequent, all streets can be subject to this potential reduction of average speeds, leading to a high production of pollutants. Greenhouse and noxious gases can be detrimental to the environment and to resident health.
1267:, severely criticized some of the grid's characteristics: "With a T-square and a triangle, finally, the municipal engineer could, without the slightest training as either an architect or a sociologist, 'plan' a metropolis, with its standard lots, its standard blocks, its standard street widths, in short, with its standardized comparable, and replaceable parts. The new gridiron plans were spectacular in their inefficiency and waste. By usually failing to discriminate sufficiently between main arteries and residential streets, the first were not made wide enough while the second were usually too wide for purely neighborhood functions... as for its contribution to the permanent social functions of the city, the anonymous gridiron plan proved empty."
1217:, who, based on observation, claimed that speeding cars would eventually kill tens of thousands of small children per year. Apparently, at this early stage of the car's entry into the grid, the streets of major cities worldwide were the scene of virtual "slaughter" as the fatality rate in proportion to population was more than double the current rate. In 2009, after several decades of road safety improvements and a continuous decline in fatalities, an estimated 33,963 people died in motor vehicle traffic crashes and, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, "Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for children from 3 to 14 years old." Planners, therefore, called for an inwardly focused "
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251:(498â408 BC), who planned and replanned many Greek cities in accordance with this form. The concept of a grid as the ideal method of town planning had become widely accepted by the time of Alexander the Great. His conquests were a step in the propagation of the grid plan throughout colonies, some as far-flung as Taxila in Pakistan, that would later be mirrored by the expansion of the Roman Empire. The Greek grid had its streets aligned roughly in relation to the cardinal points and generally looked to take advantage of visual cues based on the hilly landscape typical of Greece and Asia Minor. The street grid consisted of
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7,800 feet (2,400 m) linear feet, a 39% reduction. Simultaneously, block lengths increase from 200 Ă 200 feet to 1240 Ă 200 feet. When all five blocks have reached the ultimate size of 1,240 feet (380 m) four street lengths out of total eight have been eliminated. Block lengths of 1,000 feet (300 m) or larger rarely appear in grid plans and are not recommended as they hinder pedestrian movement (Pedestrianism, below). From the pedestrian perspective, the smaller the block is, the easier the navigation and the more direct the route. Consequently, the finer grids are preferred.
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traffic. Any time traffic flows meet at an acute angle, someone cannot see traffic approaching them. The grid is thus a geometric response to our human physiology. It is very likely the original purpose of grid layouts comes from the
Athenian Agora. Before the grid organization, markets were laid out randomly in a field with traffic approaches at odd angles. This caused carts and wagons to turn over due to frequent collisions. Laying out the market stalls into regularized rows at right angles solved this problem and was later built into the Athenian Agora and copied ever since.
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significantly reduced on through roads where traffic is, or perceived by parents to be, a risk. As a result of this misperception of risk, children living in cul-de-sac communities are more likely to be killed by vehicles. This increased risk of death is due to multiple factors, including the families driving longer distances to reach their destinations, parents spending less time teaching their children to be as wary of traffic, and an increased risk of the parents accidentally driving over the children in their "safe" driveways and cul-de-sac streets.
1377:
1363:). Each grid road was spaced roughly one kilometre along from the next, forming squares of approximately one square kilometre. Each square and each roundabout was given its own name. The system provided very easy transport within the city, although it confused visitors who were unfamiliar with the system. The grid squares thus formed are far larger than the city blocks described earlier, and the road layouts within the grid squares are generally 'organic' in form â matching the street hierarchy model described above.
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20:
1564:, all of which are aimed at improving a street's social milieu. The amount of traffic on a street depends on variables such as the population density of the neighbourhood, car ownership and its proximity to commercial, institutional or recreational edifices. Most importantly, however, it depends on whether a street is or could become a through road to a destination. As a through road, it could sustain unpredictable levels of traffic that may fluctuate during the day and increase over time.
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1088:, who marked it out in 1837 establishing the first formal town plan. This grid of streets, laid out when there were only a few hundred settlers, became the nucleus for what is now a city of over 5 million people, the city of Melbourne. The unusual dimensions of the allotments and the incorporation of narrow 'little' streets were the result of compromise between Hoddle's desire to employ the regulations established in 1829 by previous
567:(Canary Islands) in 1496. In 1573, King Philip II of Spain compiled the Laws of the Indies to guide the construction and administration of colonial communities. The Laws specified a square or rectangular central plaza with eight principal streets running from the plaza's corners. Hundreds of grid-plan communities throughout the Americas were established according to this pattern, echoing the practices of earlier Indian civilizations.
902:
763:, while the opposite side of this street is called the '1-st Line'. Next street is named the '2-nd Line' on the eastern side, and the '3-rd Line' on the western side. After the reorganization of house numbering in 1834 and 1858 the even house numbers are used on the odd-numbered lines, and respectively odd house numbers are used for the even-numbered lines. The maximum numbers for 'lines' in Petersburg are 28-29th lines.
218:(770-476 BC) stated: "a capital city should be square on plan. Three gates on each side of the perimeter lead into the nine main streets that crisscross the city and define its grid-pattern. And for its layout the city should have the Royal Court situated in the south, the Marketplace in the north, the Imperial Ancestral Temple in the east and the Altar to the Gods of Land and Grain in the west."
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1714:, with a main street connecting between the perpendicular roads. However, this can be mitigated by allowing mixed use development so that destinations become closer to home. Many cities, especially in Latin America, still successfully retain their grid plans. Recently, planners in the United States and Canada have revisited the idea of reintroducing grid patterns to many cities and towns.
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length and width of a block. The higher the frequency of streets the longer is their total length. The smaller the block dimensions the higher the frequency of the streets. As the frequency of street increases so does the number of intersections. Intersections normally cost more than straight street length because they are labour-intensive and require street and traffic signage.
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987:. It is a composite, cellular city block consisting of four large corner blocks, four small blocks in between and a public square in the centre; the entire composition of approximately ten acres (four hectares) is known as a ward. Its cellular structure includes all the primary land uses of a neighborhood and has for that reason been called
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example, can find a regular walk challenging. For bicycles this disadvantage is accentuated as their normal speed is at least double that of pedestrians. Frequent stops negate the speed advantage and the physical benefit of bicycling and add to frustration. Intersections are not only unpleasant but also dangerous. Most
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up to four times the area of
Portland's block. New York's 1811 plan (see above) has blocks of 200 feet (61 m). in width and variable lengths ranging from about 500 feet (150 m) to 900 feet (270 m) feet. The corresponding frequency of streets for each of these block sizes affects the street length.
181:, housed a rotating labor force and was laid out in blocks of long galleries separated by streets in a formal grid. Many pyramid-cult cities used a common orientation: a northâsouth axis from the royal palace and an eastâwest axis from the temple, meeting at a central plaza where King and God merged and crossed.
1139:. All of these towns were laid out on a grid plan, so it was easy to divide the land into plots of an acre (approximately 0.4 ha.), and these became known as town acres. Adelaide was divided into 1042 Town Acres. Maps showing the divisions of the town acres are available for Adelaide, Nelson, and Wellington.
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In maps of larger
American cities, the downtown areas are almost always grids. These areas represent the original land dimensions of the founded city, generally around one square mile. Some cities expanded the grid further out from the centre, but maps also show that, in general, as the distance from
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uses all three schemes: northâsouth streets are numbered from west to east, and eastâwest streets are split between a lettered series running southward from A through L and a series of streets named after trees or plants, running northward alphabetically from Ash to Walnut. As in many cities, some of
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were often standard, with each of its four walls generally having a length of 660 metres (2,150 ft). Familiarity was the aim of such standardisation: soldiers could be stationed anywhere around the Empire, and orientation would be easy within established towns if they had a standard layout. Each
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Two newer studies examined the frequency of collisions in two regional districts using the latest analytical tools. They investigated the potential correlation between street network patterns and frequency of collisions. In one study, cul-de-sac networks appeared to be much safer than grid networks,
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A dilemma arises from trying to meet important planning objectives when using the grid: pedestrianism, cost efficiency and environmental responsiveness. To serve pedestrians well, a rectangular configuration and high frequency of streets and intersections is the preferred route, which the orthogonal
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A key characteristic of the grid pattern is that any and all streets are equally accessible to traffic (non-hierarchical) and could be chosen at will as alternative routes to a destination. Cut-through driving, or shortcutting, has been resisted by residents. Cities responded by making modifications
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Traditional orthogonal grid patterns generally have greater street frequencies than discontinuous patterns. For example, Portland's block is 200 feet Ă 200 feet while
Miletus' is half that size and Timgad's half again (see diagram). Houston, Sacramento and Barcelona are progressively bigger reaching
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influences proportionately the number of street components that have to be constructed such as pavement, curbs and sidewalks, storm sewers and drains, light poles, and trees. The street length of a given area of development depends on the frequency at which streets occur which in turn depends on the
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The question of neighbourhood security has been a constant focus of research since Oscar Newman's work. New research has expanded the discussion on this disputed issue. A recent study did extensive spatial analysis and correlated several building, site plan and social factors with crime frequencies
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described ways to improve the social environment and security of neighbourhoods and streets. In a practical application of his theory at Five Oaks, the neighbourhood's grid pattern was modified to prevent through traffic and create identifiable smaller enclaves while maintaining complete pedestrian
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A street network pattern can affect the production of pollutants by the amount of car travel that it necessitates and the speed at which cars can travel. The grid plan with its frequent intersections may displace a portion of the local car trips with walking or biking due to the directness of route
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Frequency of intersections, however, becomes also a disadvantage for pedestrians and bicycles. It disrupts the relaxed canter of walking and forces pedestrians repeatedly onto the road, a hostile, anxiety-generating territory. People with physical limitations or frailties, children and seniors for
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on site becomes problematic with high percentages of impermeable surfaces. And since roads constitute the largest share of the total impermeable surfaces of a development, the difficulty is compounded by the grid type of layout. For these reasons modern planners have attempted to modify the rigid,
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to the east, including five squares of dedicated parkland. Penn advertised this orderly design as a safeguard against overcrowding, fire, and disease, which plagued
European cities. Holme drafted an ideal version of the grid, but alleyways sprouted within and between larger blocks as the city took
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A 2009 study suggests that land use patterns play a significant role in traffic safety and should be considered in conjunction with the network pattern. While all intersection types in general reduce the incidence of fatal crashes, four-way intersections, which occur regularly in a grid, increase
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Perceived and actual safety play a role in the use of the street. Perceived safety, though perhaps an inaccurate reflection of the number of injuries or fatalities, influences parents' decision to allow their children to play, walk or bike on the street. Actual levels of safety as measured by the
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Another important aspect of street grids and the use of rectilinear blocks is that traffic flows of either pedestrians, cars, or both, only cross at right angles. This is an important traffic safety feature, since no one entering the intersection needs to look over their shoulder to see oncoming
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street length (the sum of all individual street lengths) and the corresponding increase in block length. For a corresponding reduction of one, two, three and four streets within this 40-acre (16 ha) parcel, the street length is reduced from an original total of 12,600 feet (3,800 m) to
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Street networks of old cities that grew organically, though admired for being picturesque, can be confusing for visitors but rarely for the original inhabitants (see plan). Similarly confusing to visitors are the plans of modern subdivisions with discontinuous and curvilinear streets. Change of
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pavements. Of all three factors that affect cost, street width, street length and pavement width, only street length is pattern dependent. An objective cost comparison would, therefore, rely on this variable with the full understanding that the other variables, though optional, can play a role.
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A recent study in
California examined the amount of child play that occurred on the streets of neighbourhoods with different characteristics; grid pattern and culs-de-sac. The findings indicate that the open grid streets showed substantially lower play activity than the cul-de-sac street type.
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or mature woodlots in preference for the application of the immutable geometry. It is said of the New York City grid plan that it flattened all obstacles in its way. By contrast, recent discontinuous street patterns follow the configuration of natural features without disrupting them. The grid
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These innovations he based on functional grounds: the block size, to enable the creation of a quiet interior open space (60 m by 60 m) and allow ample sunlight and ventilation to its perimeter buildings; the rectilinear geometry, the wide streets and boulevards to sustain high mobility and the
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from traffic, and thereby encourage more outdoor play. It pointed the way toward the development of hybrid street network patterns that improve pedestrian movement but restrict cut-through driving. Similar studies in Europe and most recently in
Australia found that children's outdoor play is
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influences the cost by affecting the amount of materials and labour required to provide a finished road surface. Pavement width is generally based on traffic engineering considerations and is not dependent on pattern configuration. As with the street width, any pattern can have wide or narrow
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While the imposition of only one town form regardless of region could be seen as an imposition of imperial authority, there is no doubting the practical reasoning behind the formation of the Roman grid. Under Roman guidance, the grid was designed for efficiency and interchangeability, both
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Carrington's 1842 map records in detail the topography of the area, and shows the grid he laid out for the town's streets, ignoring the many river valleys. Carrington's tight street grid survived in 21st-century New
Plymouth, but made traffic movement through the central city difficult at
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Using
Macrolevel Collision Prediction Models in Road SafetyPlanning Applications Gordon R. Lovegrove and Tarek Sayed Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1950, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2006, pp.
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An inherent advantage of the orthogonal geometry of a proper grid is its tendency to yield regular lots in well-packed sequences. This maximizes the use of the land of the block; it does not, however, affect street frequency. Any frequency of orthogonal streets produces the same
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layout, which has greater permeability for pedestrians than for cars due to its inclusion of dedicated pedestrian paths. It also showed a 7 to 10 percent range of reduction in driving with respect to the remainder six neighbourhood layouts in the set, an environmental benefit.
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grid geometry provides. To reduce development costs and environmental impact, lower frequency of streets is the logical path. Since these two design objectives are contradictory a balance needs to be struck. Such balance has been achieved in leading modern projects such as
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Published in 2003 by the UNESCO World
Heritage Centre, p36 and multiple further pps, Including footnote: "See Ildefonso CerdĂĄ, TeorĂa general de la urbanizaciĂłn y aplicaciĂłn de sus principios y doctrina a la reforma y ensanche de Barcelona, Madrid, 1867." Accessed 17 May
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Stringent adherence to the grid plan can cause steep inclines since the topology of the land is not taken into account. This may be unsafe for drivers, pedestrians and bicycles since it is more difficult to control speed and braking, particularly in winter conditions.
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designed a fourteen-block grid that fronted the river on 640 acres (exactly 1 square mile; about 2.6 km). After surveying the land, Waller organized the almost immediate sale of 306 lots, and by the end of the year the entire Texas government had arrived by
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An earlier study found significant differences in recorded accidents between residential neighborhoods that were laid out on a grid and those that included culs-de-sac and crescents. The frequency of accidents was significantly higher in the grid neighborhoods.
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at its heart, and their intersection would form the forum, around which would be sited important public buildings. Indeed, such was the degree of similarity between towns that Higgins states that soldiers "would be housed at the same address as they moved from
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The peculiarity of 'lines' (streets) naming in this grid is that are each side of street has its own number, so one 'line' is a side of a street, not the whole street. The numbering is latently zero-based, however the supposed "zero line" has its proper name
991:. Its street configuration presages modern traffic calming techniques applied to uniform grids where certain selected streets become discontinuous or narrow, thus discouraging through traffic. The configuration also represents an example of functional
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a watercolour and ink plan, drawn by 16-year-old draughtsman Robert George Thomas to instructions from Light... The streets were named by a Street Naming Committee that met on 23 May 1837, indicating that this plan must have been completed after that
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In his seminal 1982 study on livable streets that was conducted in neighbourhoods with a grid, Donald Appleyard showed that social networking and street playing degraded as traffic increased on a street. His research provided the groundwork for
1658:, Davis. Both score high in pedestrian and bike mode share and, at the same time, in reducing negative development externalities. Their layout configurations represent a fusion of the classic grid plan with recent street network patterns.
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these streets have been given new names violating the system (the former D Street is now Broadway, the former 12th Avenue is now Park Boulevard, etc.); this has meant that 2nd, not 1st, is the most common street name in the United States.
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the centre increases, a variety of patterns emerge in no particular discernible order. In juxtaposition to the grid, they appear random. These new patterns have been systematically classified and their design characteristics measured.
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have not, in general, regarded pedestrian movement as a priority and, consequently, have produced blocks that are usually in the 1,000 feet (300 m) range and often exceed it. As a result, street frequency drops and so does the
1399:. The wider the street, the higher the opportunity cost. Street width is determined by circulation and aesthetic considerations and is not dependent on the pattern configuration. Any configuration can have wide or narrow streets.
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freedom of movement. The positive outcome of these changes reinforces Appleyard's findings and the need to reduce or prevent through traffic on neighbourhood streets; a need that cannot be met with a typical, uniform, open grid.
3391:"The Grid and Modular Measures in The Town Planning of Mohenjodaro and Kathmandu Valley: A Study on Modular Measures in Block and Plot Divisions in the Planning of Mohenjodaro and Sirkap (Pakistan), and Thimi (Kathmandu Valley)"
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at each intersection. The horizontal roads were all given names ending in 'way' and H numbers (for 'horizontal', e.g., H3 Monks Way). The vertical roads were given names ending in 'street' and V numbers (for 'vertical', e.g.,
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354:(forts or camps) first as military centres; some of them developed into administrative hubs. The Roman grid was similar in form to the Greek version of a grid but allowed for practical considerations. For example, Roman
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Later in the middle of the 18th century another grid of rectangular blocks with the numbered streets appeared in the continental part of the city: 13 streets named from the '1-st Rota' up to the '13-th Rota', where the
1536:. But, as long as cars are also allowed on those streets, it makes the same routes more direct for cars, which could be an enticement for driving. The potential car trip displacement would result in a reduction of
1516:. In comparison with recent networks with discontinuous street types, grids can be up to 30% higher in impermeable surfaces attributable to roads. The emerging environmental priority of retaining as much as 90% of
195:: constructing and restoring temples, city walls, public buildings, and irrigation canals. The streets of Babylon were wide and straight, intersected approximately at right angles, and were paved with bricks and
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Final Facility Specific Speed Correction Factors:M6.SPD.002 David Brzezinski, Constance Hart, Phil Enns Assessment and Standards Division, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U.S. Environmental Protection
1477:'s plan, for example, is set on a hill side and most of its northâsouth streets are stepped, a feature that would have made them inaccessible to carts, chariots and loaded animals. Many modern cities, such as
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The geometry of the normal, open grid is evidently unsuitable for protecting or enhancing the social environment of a street from the negative influence of traffic. Similarly, a 1972 ground-breaking study by
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extended from the town gates out towards neighbouring settlements. These were lined up to be as straight as possible, only deviating from their path due to natural obstacles that prevented a direct route.
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Wellington's plan was designed by New Zealand Company surveyor William Mein Smith in 1840. It comprised a series of interconnected grids which expanded along the town's valleys and up the lower slopes of
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Hillier, Bill and Sahbaz, Ozlem (March 2008) "An evidence based approach to crime and urban design Or, can we have vitality, sustainability and security all at once?" Bartlett School of Graduate Studies,
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1225:; traffic generators, such as apartment complexes and shops, would be restricted to the edges of the superblock, along the arterial. This paradigm prevailed between about 1930 and 1960, especially in
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region. Many were built on ancient grids originally established as Roman colonial outposts. In the British Isles, the planned new town system involving a grid street layout was part of the system of
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Eran Ben-Joseph, Livability and Safety of Suburban Street Patterns: A Comparative Study (Berkeley, CA: Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University of California, Working Paper 641, 1995)
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One of the greatest difficulties with grid plans is their lack of specialization, most of the important amenities being concentrated along the city's main arteries. Often grid plans are found in
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Traditional street functions such as kids' play, strolling and socializing are incompatible with traffic flow, which the open, uniform grid geometry encourages. For these reasons, cities such as
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shape. As the United States expanded westward, grid-based city planning modeled on Philadelphia's layout would become popular among frontier cities, making grids ubiquitous across the country.
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street length and, therefore, the cost. In general, it is not the street pattern per se that affects costs but the frequency of streets that it either necessitates or purposely incorporates.
247:
Although the idea of the grid was present in Hellenic societal and city planning, it was not pervasive prior to the 5th century BC. However, it slowly gained primacy through the work of
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framed by major roads in a grid configuration. The road network within the sector uses cul-de-sac streets complemented by bike and foot paths which connect the entire sector and beyond.
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a very large block measuring 113 by 113 m (371 by 371 ft), far larger than the old city blocks and larger than any Roman, Greek blocks and their mutations (see drawing below);
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total number of collisions and the number and severity of injuries are a matter of public concern. Both should inform the layout, if the street network is to achieve its optimum use.
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that often, and erroneously, is characterized as a grid. It shows the highly irregular city blocks and the range of street orientations, both common attributes of many historic cities
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1528:, have devised means to improve a street's retention capacity. However, frequent intersections as they occur in a regular grid would pose an obstacle to their effective application.
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Recent studies have found higher traffic fatality rates in outlying suburban areas than in central cities and inner suburbs with smaller blocks and more-connected street patterns.
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significantly. The study recommends hybrid street networks with dense concentrations of T-intersections and concludes that a return to the 19th century gridiron is undesirable.
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respectively) could first be seen in Italy. According to Stanislawski (1946), the Romans did use grids until the time of the late Republic or early Empire, when they introduced
301:
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Outside of the castra, large tracts of land were also divided in accordance with the grid within the walls. These were typically 730 metres (2,400 ft) per side (called
1354:. In this planned city, which began construction in 1967, a system of ten "horizontal" (roughly eastâwest) and eleven "vertical" (roughly northâsouth) roads was used, with
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317:
275:, in present-day western Turkey, where the orthogonal city grid was based on the cardinal points, on sloping terrain that struck views out towards a river and the city of
150:, were built with blocks divided by a grid of straight streets, running northâsouth and eastâwest. Each block was subdivided by small lanes. The cities and monasteries of
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Sun, J. & Lovegrove, G. (2009). Research Study on Evaluating the Level of Safety of the Fused Grid Road Pattern, External Research Project for CMHC, Ottawa, Ontario
1489:, follow Priene's example. In a modern context, steep grades limit accessibility by car, and more so by bicycle, on foot, or wheelchair, particularly in cold climates.
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1665:, a recent comparison of seven neighbourhood layouts found a 43 and 32 percent increase in walking with respect to a grid plan and conventional suburban layout in a
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The New Zealand Company settlements â including Wellington, New Plymouth and Nelson â were highly planned...All towns were laid out on a rectilinear or grid plan.
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Two inherent characteristics of the grid plan, frequent intersections and orthogonal geometry, facilitate movement. The geometry helps with orientation and
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Governor Ralph Darling, requiring square blocks and wide, spacious streets and Bourke's desire for rear access ways (now the 'little' streets, for example
635:. The central diamond within a walled city with four gates was considered a good design for defence. The grid pattern was widely copied in the colonies of
1395:, or right of way (ROW), influences the amount of land that is devoted to streets, which becomes unavailable for development and therefore represents an
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at the new site. Apart from the speed of surveying advantage, the rationale at the time of the grid's adoption in this and other cities remains obscure.
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at the end of the 6th century BC. Its layout was based on Greek Ionic ideas, and it was here that the main eastâwest and northâsouth axes of a town (the
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1605:, among many others, transformed existing residential streets part of a grid plan into permeable, linked culs-de-sac. This transformation retains the
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were often sited on flat land, especially close to or on important nodes like river crossings or intersections of trade routes. The dimensions of the
1010:(1890). In these western cities the streets were numbered even more carefully than in the east to suggest future prosperity and metropolitan status.
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South Australia and its mines: With an historical sketch of the colony, under its several administrations, to the period of Captain Grey's departure
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by nearly three to one. A second study found the grid plan to be the least safe by a significant margin with respect to all other street patterns.
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In the westward development of the United States, the use of the grid plan was nearly universal in the construction of new settlements, such as in
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Southworth, Michael & Owens, Peter (1993). "The Evolving Metropolis: Studies of Community, Neighbourhood, and Street Form at the Urban Edge".
956:. As the city grew, the plan was duplicated to cover most of the remainder of the capital. Meanwhile, the core of the city faced disarray and the
582:, dating back to the 16th century, was built following a rigid grid plan of uniformly designed houses, dotted with palaces, churches and squares.
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and connectivity of the grid for the active modes of transport but filters and restricts car traffic on the cul-de-sac street to residents only.
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was designed on a rectilinear street grid in 1682, one of the first cities in North America to use a grid system. At the urging of city founder
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became politically centralized in the 7th century AD, those societies adopted Chinese grid-planning principles in numerous locations. In Korea,
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706:: elongated rectangles. The longest side of each block faces the relatively narrow street with a numeric name (in Petersburg they are called
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effect. Orthogonal geometry also minimizes disputes over lot boundaries and maximizes the number of lots that could front a given street.
1180:. The Eixample grid introduced innovative design elements which were exceptional at the time and even unique among subsequent grid plans:
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3485:
Belozerskaya, Marina and Lapatin, Kenneth (2004), Ancient Greece: art, architecture, and history. Los Angeles: Getty Publications, p. 94.
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4312:(1995) "Children and Their Living Surroundings for the Everyday Life and Development of Children." Children's Environments 12(4): 1-17
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1286:âis completely separated from the road network except for one or two connections to arterial roads. In a way, this is a return to
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Dumbaugh, Eric; Rae, Robert (2009). "Safe Urban Form: Revisiting the Relationship Between Community Design and Traffic Safety".
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Often, some of the streets in a grid are numbered (First, Second, etc.), lettered, or arranged in alphabetical order. Downtown
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850:, one of the earliest colonies in America, was designed with a tiny 9-square grid at its founding in 1638. On a grander scale,
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846:, did not start with a grid system. However, even in pre-revolutionary days some cities saw the benefits of such a layout.
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Xiongbing Jin (2010) "Modeling the Influence of Neighbourhood Design on Daily Trip Patterns in Urban Neighbourhoods",
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grounds. In later periods, some parts of Tokyo were grid-planned, but grid plans are generally rare in Japan, and the
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3807:
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348:
The military expansion of this period facilitated the adoption of the grid form as standard: the Romans established
3958:
3695:
1630:
street orientation, particularly when gradual or arbitrary, cannot be "mapped" in the mind. Impasses, crescents or
834:
676:
4794:
4324:"Individual, social and physical environmental correlates of children's active free-play: a cross-sectional study"
4046:
4297:
4181:
Statistics of Road Traffic Accidents in Europe and North America Published: January 2007 or Published: April 2007
1302:, there is a strong resemblance between the street arrangements of modern American suburbs and those of medieval
1278:". This is a thoroughly "asymmetric" street arrangement in which a residential subdivisionâoften surrounded by a
1120:
3738:
Batty, M. & Longley, P. (1994) Fractal Cities: A Geometry of Form and Function (San Diego, Calif.: Academic)
235:
Perhaps the most well-known grid system is that spread through the colonies of the Roman Empire. The archetypal
3614:
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2354:
1877:
1345:
879:
808:
699:
425:
207:
4764:
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1465:
Surveyor's plan of Salt Lake City, circa 1870s - an example of a typical, uniform, square-grid street network
239:
was introduced to Italy first by the Greeks, with such information transferred by way of trade and conquest.
1568:
to prevent it. Current recommended design practice suggests the use of 3-way intersections to alleviate it.
1221:" arrangement that minimized through automobile traffic and discouraged cars from traveling on anything but
822:
A diagram of three U.S. city grids at the same scale showing the differences in dimensions and configuration
564:
327:, whose territories in Italy encompassed what would eventually become Rome, founded what is now the city of
3986:
3979:
Llewellyn-Smith, Michael (2012). "The Background to the Founding of Adelaide and South Australia in 1836".
3251:
1172:, a Spanish civil engineer, defined a concept of urban planning, based on the grid, that he applied to the
651:
The map of St. Petersburg (1717). The grid of 'lines' and 'prospekts' is seen across the whole rectangular
4180:
4819:
2631:
1602:
961:
707:
384:". Pompeii has been cited by both Higgins and Laurence as the best-preserved example of the Roman grid.
4705:
4489:
2611:
2043:
1198:
truncated corners to facilitate turning of carts and coaches and particularly vehicles on fixed rails.
933:
484:
4281:
3897:
3169:
2596:
2115:
1983:
1848:
1763:
1486:
1132:
1100:
147:
3762:
2635:
2581:
1967:
1923:
1778:
1573:
675:. Being aware of the modern European construction experience which he examined in the years of his
215:
4799:
3524:
4824:
3583:
2639:
2003:
1993:
1928:
1908:
1838:
1577:
1420:
A simple example of a grid street pattern (see diagram) illustrates the progressive reduction in
1252:
1226:
1128:
1116:
768:
4372:
4116:'activity-38-1.pdf' World Heritage Papers 5: Identification and Documentation of Modern Heritage
559:
of Ferdinand and Isabella. It was subsequently applied in the new cities established during the
98:
and its frequent intersections with the choice and directness of route to desired destinations.
4572:
David J. Cuff, William J. Young, Edward K. Muller, Wilbur Zelinsky, and Ronald F. Abler, eds.,
3284:
3274:
2996:
2659:
2647:
2432:
1938:
1868:
1157:
1029:, the functioning of the government required the rapid population of the town, which was named
1026:
691:), with three lengthwise thoroughfares, rectangularly crossed with about 30 crosswise streets.
109:. The grid plan dates from antiquity and originated in multiple cultures; some of the earliest
3831:
3376:
3372:
713:) while the shortest side faces wide avenues. To denote avenues in Petersburg, a special term
490:
The grid-planning tradition in Asia continued through the beginning of the 20th century, with
4834:
3797:
3390:
3104:
3094:
1948:
1753:
1642:
and injuries occur at intersections and the majority of the injuries to pedestrians crossing
1634:
frustrate the traveler especially when they are long, forcing an arduous retracing of steps.
1093:
913:, set out a northâsouth, eastâwest grid pattern with diagonal streets radiating out from the
636:
248:
4066:
3159:
1187:
a 20 m (66 ft) road width (right of way) compared with mostly 3 m in the old city;
3431:
Stanislawski, Dan (1946). "The Grid-Pattern Town", Geog. Rev., xxxvi, pp. 105-120, p. 116.
3332:
2130:
2110:
2075:
2053:
2038:
1958:
1598:
1063:
937:
793:
448:
47:
4660:
4160:
170:), dating from the 1st millennium BC to the 11th century AD, also had grid-based designs.
8:
4293:
3512:
A history of American architecture: buildings in their cultural and technological context
2674:
2360:
2105:
2048:
1798:
1748:
1509:
1493:
1165:. The blocks include wide open spaces that continue across the street to adjacent blocks.
1136:
1124:
1115:
The term "town acre" (often spelt with initial capital letters) may have originated with
1071:
744:
502:
345:, a system which they spread around the Mediterranean and into northern Europe later on.
4296:(2007) "Cul-de-Sacs and Children's Outdoor Play: Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence"
3336:
818:
4555:
4462:
4437:
4350:
4323:
4004:
4000:
3573:
3551:
3149:
3114:
2965:
2321:
1933:
1803:
1711:
1315:
1014:
940:
was developed using a grid plan that is interrupted by diagonal avenues, most famously
719:
was introduced. Inside the grid of Vasilyevsky Island there are three prospekts, named
695:
684:
652:
520:
towns were planned using grids beginning in the 12th century, most prodigiously in the
341:
236:
4193:
Early Estimate of Motor Vehicle Traffic Fatalities in 2009 at crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov
3980:
1456:
1318:
in modern suburbiaâisolates itself from the larger urban scene by using dead ends and
479:
eschewed the grid, opting instead for an irregular network of streets surrounding the
4721:
4559:
4467:
4355:
3990:
3803:
3691:
3645:
3597:
3587:
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3364:
3174:
3129:
2570:
2387:
2080:
2070:
1973:
1758:
1738:
1639:
1360:
1205:
In the United States, the grid system was widely used in most major cities and their
1022:
980:
953:
715:
687:
was a typical rectangular grid of streets (originally intended to be canals, like in
680:
606:
597:
was the first Renaissance city laid out on the grid plan. Later came the New Town in
365:
4157:"Estimating global road fatalities - Regional Analyses - Highly Motorised Countries"
1508:
The grid's inherent high street and intersection frequencies produce large areas of
1449:
said Manhattan's grid plan facilitated "buying, selling and improving real estate".
1310:
cities. In each case, the community unit at handâthe clan or extended family in the
1193:
major roads, perpendicular and diagonal, measuring 50 m (160 ft) in width.
1169:
1162:
4839:
4547:
4457:
4449:
4438:"Urban sprawl as a risk factor in motor vehicle occupant and pedestrian fatalities"
4345:
4335:
4309:
4138:
4091:
3674:
3402:
3340:
3290:
3189:
2905:
2150:
2125:
2027:
1913:
1903:
1893:
1651:
1442:
1396:
1275:
921:
910:
906:
887:
863:
847:
785:
683:
to elaborate the first general plan of the city. The project of this architect for
436:
167:
4486:"Danger in Exurbia | U.Va. Study Reveals Outer Suburbs More Dangerous Than Cities"
3345:
1218:
4053:
3713:
3300:
2955:
2950:
2415:
2344:
2224:
2139:
2095:
2085:
2033:
2023:
2013:
1977:
1888:
1553:
1283:
1089:
984:
929:
777:
672:
549:
324:
159:
4587:
4386:"Tomorrow's Cities, Tomorrow's Suburbs | Better! Cities & Towns Online"
3924:
3320:
2292:
2209:
1376:
4192:
3799:
Keeping a Trust: South Australia's Wyatt Benevolent Institution and Its Founder
3295:
3099:
3047:
2915:
2643:
2309:
1943:
1783:
1617:
1590:
1497:
1214:
1067:
999:
945:
895:
867:
748:
668:
110:
60:
4551:
4142:
1070:) of the river were laid out in grid pattern, with the city surrounded by the
19:
4808:
4204:
3032:
2945:
2940:
2759:
2537:
2479:
2350:
2199:
2177:
1953:
1898:
1883:
1873:
1733:
1655:
1557:
1478:
1351:
1332:
1279:
1264:
1222:
1104:
1085:
1059:
1051:
1030:
1007:
995:, where pedestrian and vehicular traffic can safely and comfortably coexist.
965:
957:
949:
925:
875:
618:
444:
371:
291:
84:
24:
3601:
3321:"Street network patterns for mitigating urban heat islands in arid climates"
487:
is accordingly based on increasingly fine subdivisions, rather than a grid.
4471:
4453:
4359:
4340:
3555:
2930:
2747:
2679:
2669:
2664:
2532:
2466:
2248:
2194:
2160:
2018:
1918:
1823:
1818:
1502:
1428:
Patterns that incorporate discontinuous street types such as crescents and
1295:
1291:
1248:
1240:
1034:
992:
914:
862:
designed a system of wide streets intersecting at right angles between the
859:
855:
851:
826:
664:
628:
552:
is an example of a town planned on a grid system in the late 11th century.
460:
456:
210:
of various ancient Chinese states. Guidelines put into written form in the
163:
139:
106:
102:
1013:
One of the main advantages of the grid plan was that it allowed the rapid
55:, South Australia was laid out in a grid, surrounded by gardens and parks.
3689:
Twelve Historical New York City Street and Transit Maps from 1860 to 1967
3042:
3037:
2920:
2834:
2615:
2605:
2304:
2172:
1863:
1833:
1662:
1631:
1540:
1274:
and urban planners abandoned the grid virtually wholesale in favor of a "
1244:
1077:
883:
586:
556:
472:
420:
225:
221:
4695:
126:
4209:
The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformation, and Its Prospects
4115:
3667:"The Great American Grid â A History of the American Grid in 4 Minutes"
3407:
3279:
3263:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3184:
3080:
3069:
3022:
2829:
2701:
2684:
2375:
2370:
2236:
1773:
1666:
1533:
1470:
1429:
1355:
1327:
1320:
1210:
1003:
752:
647:
480:
464:
328:
95:
1209:
until the 1960s. However, during the 1920s, the rapid adoption of the
528:
that were built during the 13th and 14th centuries. Medieval European
3231:
3139:
3134:
3124:
3059:
3010:
2960:
2824:
2742:
2730:
2706:
2601:
2558:
2461:
2279:
2215:
Most cities and towns in Argentina follow a traditional square grid.
2145:
2120:
1988:
1858:
1828:
1561:
1537:
1482:
1388:
In a numbered grid system, adding an extra street can cause confusion
1177:
1151:
1081:
972:
891:
812:
703:
688:
610:
598:
287:
211:
188:
184:
1021:
of a large parcel of land. For example, when the legislature of the
494:, Japan (est. 1868) following a grid plan under American influence.
424:
Grid blocks in Sapporo circa 1930, subdivisions are named after the
88:
4328:
International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
4067:"Nelson region - European settlement:Nelson town blocks (1st of 2)"
3707:
NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES: Most Common U.S. Street Names at nlc.org
3547:
3154:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2888:
2785:
2763:
2576:
2566:
2520:
2496:
2444:
2365:
2327:
2317:
2283:
2265:
2204:
2155:
2090:
1513:
1457:
Ecological features, rainwater absorption, and pollutant generation
1287:
1173:
1055:
590:
579:
537:
529:
521:
440:
295:
267:
261:
229:
52:
1384:
901:
4411:"Cul-de-Sacs Are Killing Us: Public Safety Lessons From Suburbia"
3525:"St Edmundsbury Local History - St Edmundsbury from 1066 to 1216"
3206:
3089:
3064:
2970:
2878:
2865:
2853:
2812:
2420:
2339:
2135:
2065:
1963:
1843:
1813:
1808:
1793:
1768:
1743:
1525:
1307:
1018:
988:
632:
602:
594:
571:
541:
510:
506:
491:
276:
232:. The city's grid covered 21 square kilometres (8 square miles).
196:
192:
143:
131:
40:
4292:
Handy, Susan; Sommer, Samantha; Ogilvie, Julie; Cao, Xinyu; and
2270:
838:
Map of the Original City of Philadelphia in 1682 by Thomas Holme
743:) while the far ends of each line cross with the embankments of
555:
The Roman model was also used in Spanish settlements during the
497:
4245:"Traditional Neighborhood Development Street Design Guidelines"
3144:
3119:
3109:
2975:
2935:
2910:
2883:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2807:
2775:
2627:
2591:
2586:
2456:
2399:
2300:
2100:
2008:
1788:
1474:
1311:
1256:
1206:
843:
660:
614:
545:
525:
517:
452:
350:
272:
155:
151:
80:
544:. An example of a medieval planned city in The Netherlands is
4230:
Philip Langdon, 2006: Seaside Stews Over Street Connections.
4015:
3236:
3194:
3179:
3164:
2925:
2900:
2802:
2780:
2718:
2621:
2484:
2409:
2404:
1998:
1853:
1622:
624:
575:
533:
476:
468:
432:
203:
178:
3579:
Crabgrass frontier: The suburbanization of the United States
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
1025:
decided in 1839 to move the capital to a new site along the
968:
and a parks system that is still today a jewel of the city.
804:
799:
31:
4696:
M. Takezawa, K. Wakamatsu, and M. Otsuka (28 August 2016).
3027:
2508:
1517:
1303:
1039:
471:(Heian-KyĂŽ, AD 794â1868) also adapted from Tang's capital,
174:
76:
36:
1461:
842:
Many of the earliest cities in the United States, such as
3452:
2557:
Schematic plan of Hoddle's allotments for the village of
1492:
The same inflexibility of the grid leads to disregarding
1161:
The city blocks and streets of Barcelona as conceived by
979:
An exception to the typical, uniform grid is the plan of
412:
facilitated by and aiding the expansion of their empire.
1909:
Pittsburgh (former Allegheny City section), Pennsylvania
1147:
113:
were built using grid plans in the Indian subcontinent.
4031:"Town Acre Reference Map - Map of the City of Adelaide"
2553:
589:
in Northern Europe. In 1606, the newly founded city of
4576:, Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 1989; p. 149.
3874:"Contextual Historical Overview for Christchurch City"
3395:
Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering
3319:
Chenary, Kimia; Soltani, Ali; Sharifi, Ayyoob (2023).
459:
Chinese model. The ancient capitals of Japan, such as
105:, the grid plan method of land measurement was called
4789:
3846:
Original from Oxford University; Digitized 2 Oct 2007
3318:
1350:
One famous grid system is in the British new town of
1119:, who was involved in various schemes to promote the
4322:
Veitch, Jenny; Salmon, Jo & Ball, Kylie (2010).
3982:
Behind the Scenes: The Politics of Planning Adelaide
1717:
415:
16:
Type of urban plan in which city streets form a grid
4435:
3904:. State Library of South Australia. 5 February 2015
1142:
1045:
585:The grid plan became popular with the start of the
475:. However, for reasons of defense, the planners of
3427:
3425:
1612:
1546:
191:in the 18th century BC, ordered the rebuilding of
4785:Superblocks, Barcelona Answer to Car-Centric City
3760:
1705:
1621:A 2Ă2 km square segment of the street network of
393:) and contained 100 parcels of land (each called
4806:
4321:
830:Twenty American grids compared at the same scale
655:, while actually only the eastern part was built
4128:
3978:
3862:. Melbourne: City of Melbourne. pp. 25â29.
3422:
532:using grid plans were widespread, ranging from
228:, is the largest ancient grid-plan site in the
3506:
3504:
3084:Grid street plan comparison in the Philippines
698:are the same, as was later implemented in the
4211:. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p.425.
3860:Melbourne: The City's History and Development
3469:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. p.60.
874:Another well-known grid plan is the plan for
498:Europe and its colonies (12th-17th centuries)
202:The tradition of grid plans is continuous in
4726:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4540:Journal of the American Planning Association
4131:Journal of the American Planning Association
3568:
3566:
3564:
4661:"City planning - Early settlement planning"
4588:"City planning - Early settlement planning"
4537:
4436:Ewing, R; Schieber, RA; Zegeer, CV (2003).
3925:"City planning - Early settlement planning"
3501:
2995:Towns and villages from the results of the
3441:
3439:
3437:
3361:The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives
1496:sensitive areas such as small streams and
1469:Typical uniform grids are unresponsive to
1366:
627:, constructed in 1613â1618, was the first
4800:City Street Orientations around the World
4461:
4349:
4339:
3802:. Adelaide: Wakefield Press. p. 37.
3561:
3406:
3344:
2274:Enlargement plan map of Barcelona (1859).
1190:square blocks with truncated corners; and
944:. These diagonals are often connected by
800:Early United States (17th-19th centuries)
271:). This was probably best exemplified in
4373:Cul-de-Sacs: Suburban Dream or Dead End?
4028:
3922:
3836:. Adelaide: T. and W. Boone. p. 117
3388:
3079:
2552:
2269:
1616:
1460:
1383:
1375:
1326:
1239:
1156:
1146:
936:. Under the L'Enfant plan, the original
900:
833:
825:
817:
803:
646:
642:
501:
419:
286:
125:
46:
30:
18:
4666:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
4629:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
4593:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
4064:
3916:
3572:
3434:
3225:
206:from the 15th century BC onward in the
4830:Urban studies and planning terminology
4807:
4762:
4673:from the original on 23 September 2023
4636:from the original on 23 September 2023
4600:from the original on 23 September 2023
3829:
3823:
3761:Margaret Anderson (31 December 2013).
3650:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3325:International Journal of Digital Earth
4252:Institute of Transportation Engineers
3948:
3890:
3857:
3729:. University of Virginia Press, 2012.
3389:Pant, Mohan; Fumo, Shjui (May 2005).
1123:in the 1830s, and, as founder of the
1084:, Victoria, named after the surveyor
601:and almost the entire city centre of
173:A workers' village (2570â2500 BC) at
121:
3795:
3754:
1556:and for several initiatives such as
1314:world, the economically homogeneous
561:Spanish colonization of the Americas
4763:Robson, Daniel (21 November 2010).
4425:Memorial University of Newfoundland
3773:from the original on 18 August 2017
2624:in many of the older inner suburbs.
1263:A prominent 20th century urbanist,
1080:is the name given to the layout of
300:1.- Decumano; 2.- Cardo ; 3.-
13:
4790:Historical Society of Pennsylvania
4698:"The Layout of Kyoto City Streets"
4092:"Town Acre Map of Wellington 1841"
4071:Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand
3929:Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand
1505:solution to a multifaceted issue.
14:
4851:
4778:
4622:Lambert, Ron (1 September 2016).
4029:Adelaide, City of (5 June 2014).
2561:, Victoria, Australia, March 1837
2333:
1718:Cities and towns with a grid plan
1371:
1229:, where notable examples include
416:Asia from the first millennium AD
242:
4752:from the original on 2018-09-12.
4624:"Taranaki places - New Plymouth"
4586:Schrader, Ben (26 March 2015) .
3959:History Trust of South Australia
3951:"Light's Plan of Adelaide, 1840"
3949:Elton, Jude (10 December 2013).
3879:(PDF). June 2005. Archived from
3529:www.stedmundsburychronicle.co.uk
3496:Roman Pompeii: space and society
2412:, partially with the Beruto plan
2183:
1727:
1722:
1339:
1143:Late 19th century to the present
1058:, South Australia, spanning the
1046:Early 19th century â Australasia
294:Roman city matching the current
23:A simple grid plan from 1908 of
4815:3rd-millennium BC introductions
4756:
4734:
4689:
4658:
4652:
4615:
4579:
4566:
4531:
4522:
4512:
4503:
4478:
4429:
4417:
4403:
4378:
4366:
4315:
4302:
4298:University of California, Davis
4286:
4273:
4237:
4224:
4214:
4198:
4186:
4174:
4149:
4122:
4109:
4084:
4065:Walrond, Carl (1 August 2015).
4058:
4022:
3972:
3942:
3866:
3851:
3789:
3763:"Light's Plan of Adelaide 1837"
3741:
3732:
3719:
3700:
3681:
3659:
3619:
3608:
3541:
3517:
2736:
1613:Pedestrian and bicycle movement
1547:Social environment and security
1512:in the street pavement and the
1121:colonisation of South Australia
890:for the development of most of
282:
4659:Schrader, Ben (26 Mar 2015) .
4254:. October 1999. Archived from
3488:
3479:
3382:
3353:
3312:
3075:
2653:
2450:
2381:
2355:Milton Keynes grid road system
1706:Reconstruction and development
1346:Milton Keynes grid road system
1103:, New Zealand, was planned by
694:The shape of street blocks on
363:would have the aforementioned
1:
4585:
3923:Schrader, Ben (26 Mar 2015).
3346:10.1080/17538947.2023.2243901
3306:
1380:Block sizes and street length
467:(HeijĂŽ-KyĂŽ, AD 710â784), and
4742:"The linear roads of Nagoya"
4621:
3987:University of Adelaide Press
3898:"Foundation of the Province"
3671:www.thegreatamericangrid.com
3252:District 1, Ho Chi Minh City
3200:
2894:
2859:
2548:
2242:
2188:
1110:
7:
3269:Commissioners' Plan of 1811
3257:
3053:
3016:
2769:
2753:
2526:
1878:Commissioners' Plan of 1811
1696:total and injurious crashes
1603:Vancouver, British Columbia
880:Commissioners' Plan of 1811
809:Commissioners' Plan of 1811
751:rivers in the delta of the
700:Commissioners' Plan of 1811
10:
4856:
3245:
2762:in the market district of
2724:
2712:
2612:Newcastle, New South Wales
2543:
2514:
2502:
2426:
2263:
2044:Wilmington, North Carolina
1501:represents a rationalist,
1343:
882:, a proposal by the state
565:San CristĂłbal de La Laguna
485:Japanese addressing system
208:traditional urban planning
116:
4574:The Atlas of Pennsylvania
4552:10.1080/01944360902950349
4282:University College London
4143:10.1080/01944369308975880
4096:Wellington City Libraries
3003:
2690:
2490:
2472:
2254:
2166:
2059:
1984:Sioux Falls, South Dakota
1764:Charlotte, North Carolina
1673:
1487:Saint John, New Brunswick
1033:. Charged with the task,
964:, was adopted to build a
789:
148:Indus Valley civilization
87:to each other, forming a
35:A grid plan from 1799 of
4765:"Sapporo's warm welcome"
4375:, Morning Edition on NPR
3830:Dutton, Francis (1846).
3510:Gelernter, Mark (2001),
3363: ; ABC-CLIO, 2008;
2872:
2818:
2796:
2695:
2438:
2393:
2259:
2218:
1968:Street layout of Seattle
1924:Providence, Rhode Island
1779:Columbia, South Carolina
563:, after the founding of
216:Spring and Autumn period
4795:The Great American Grid
4308:Huttenmoser, Marco and
4005:10.20851/j.ctt1sq5wvd.8
3584:Oxford University Press
3465:Higgins, Hannah (2009)
3271:(Manhattan street grid)
2791:
2230:
1994:St. Petersburg, Florida
1839:Lake Charles, Louisiana
1661:Examining the issue of
1578:Defensible Space Theory
1521:uniform, classic grid.
1367:Benefits and criticisms
1233:(an early example) and
1117:Edward Gibbon Wakefield
934:Pierre Charles L'Enfant
677:Grand Embassy to Europe
134:in the Classical period
4454:10.2105/ajph.93.9.1541
4341:10.1186/1479-5868-7-11
3558:all have grid layouts.
3494:Laurence, Ray (2007),
3285:Land Ordinance of 1785
3275:Comprehensive planning
3085:
2997:transmigration program
2562:
2433:Newtown Pery, Limerick
2275:
1626:
1466:
1389:
1381:
1336:
1294:'s seminal history of
1260:
1166:
1154:
1054:drew up his plans for
918:
839:
831:
823:
815:
781:
656:
513:
428:
320:
146:, major cities of the
135:
56:
44:
28:
3858:Lewis, Miles (1995).
3105:Bonifacio Global City
3083:
2556:
2273:
1754:Bristol, Rhode Island
1620:
1524:Some cities, notably
1464:
1387:
1379:
1330:
1243:
1237:(a late-period one).
1213:caused a panic among
1160:
1150:
1094:Little Collins Street
983:(1733), known as the
924:, the capital of the
904:
837:
829:
821:
807:
650:
643:Russia (18th century)
637:British North America
505:
423:
302:Foro de Caesaraugusta
290:
259:(equivalent to Roman
249:Hippodamus of Miletus
129:
50:
34:
22:
4294:Mokhtarian, Patricia
4261:on February 20, 2011
4195:Accessed 16 May 2017
4183:Accessed 17 May 2017
3796:Fort, Carol (2008).
3716:Accessed 16 May 2017
3615:ExplorePaHistory.com
3445:Burns, Ross (2005),
3226:United Arab Emirates
2999:throughout Indonesia
2131:Thunder Bay, Ontario
2054:Winter Park, Florida
2039:Wilmington, Delaware
1959:San Jose, California
1599:Berkeley, California
1510:impermeable surfaces
1290:styles: as noted in
938:District of Columbia
928:, was planned under
866:to the west and the
794:Izmaylovsky Regiment
43:, by Isaac Tillberg.
3749:The Oglethorpe Plan
3727:The Oglethorpe Plan
3574:Jackson, Kenneth T.
3447:Damascus: A History
3337:2023IJDE...16.3145C
2361:New Town, Edinburgh
2106:Quebec City, Quebec
1799:Fargo, North Dakota
1749:Birmingham, Alabama
1589:Culs-de-sac reduce
1331:A one km sector in
1125:New Zealand Company
1072:Adelaide Park Lands
1062:. Two areas south (
942:Pennsylvania Avenue
679:, the Czar ordered
671:founded in 1703 by
607:planned communities
4820:City layout models
4708:on 2 November 2020
4442:Am J Public Health
4250:. Washington, DC:
4052:2021-01-15 at the
3989:. pp. 11â38.
3712:2013-02-16 at the
3656:Swarthmore College
3552:Dorchester Heights
3449:, Routledge, p. 39
3408:10.3130/jaabe.4.51
3150:Intramuros, Manila
3086:
2966:Siak Sri Indrapura
2563:
2322:Eixample, Valencia
2276:
1804:Fresno, California
1712:linear settlements
1646:the right of way.
1640:traffic collisions
1627:
1532:that it offers to
1467:
1390:
1382:
1337:
1261:
1167:
1155:
919:
878:formulated in the
840:
832:
824:
816:
696:Vasilyevsky Island
685:Vasilyevsky Island
657:
653:Vasilyevsky Island
514:
429:
321:
224:, near modern-day
136:
122:Ancient grid plans
57:
45:
29:
4702:The Kyoto Project
3475:978-0-262-51240-4
3369:978-1-57607-907-2
3130:Claveria, Cagayan
2388:La Chaux-de-Fonds
1974:Savannah, Georgia
1759:Cedar Falls, Iowa
1739:Anniston, Alabama
1361:V6 Grafton Street
1272:traffic engineers
1023:Republic of Texas
981:Savannah, Georgia
960:, led by Senator
954:Washington Circle
761:Kadetskaya liniya
681:Domenico Trezzini
451:, the capital of
443:, the capital of
401:decumanus maximus
366:decumanus maximus
333:decumanus maximus
189:Babylonian Empire
168:Kathmandu Valleys
130:The grid plan of
4847:
4773:
4772:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4725:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4704:. Archived from
4693:
4687:
4686:
4680:
4678:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4643:
4641:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4605:
4583:
4577:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4535:
4529:
4526:
4520:
4516:
4510:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4488:. Archived from
4482:
4476:
4475:
4465:
4433:
4427:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4388:. Archived from
4382:
4376:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4353:
4343:
4319:
4313:
4310:Marie Meierhofer
4306:
4300:
4290:
4284:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4260:
4249:
4241:
4235:
4234:, September 2006
4228:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4159:. Archived from
4153:
4147:
4146:
4126:
4120:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4062:
4056:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4013:
4011:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3878:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3841:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3780:
3778:
3758:
3752:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3730:
3723:
3717:
3704:
3698:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3673:. Archived from
3663:
3657:
3655:
3649:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3629:. Archived from
3623:
3617:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3570:
3559:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3521:
3515:
3508:
3499:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3477:
3463:
3450:
3443:
3432:
3429:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3410:
3386:
3380:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3331:(1): 3145â3161.
3316:
3291:Street hierarchy
2854:Neyveli Township
2313:
2296:
2126:Sudbury, Ontario
1914:Portland, Oregon
1652:Vauban, Freiburg
1591:perceived danger
1397:opportunity cost
1276:street hierarchy
1127:, the plans for
922:Washington, D.C.
911:Washington, D.C.
864:Schuylkill River
848:New Haven Colony
791:
776:
574:capital city of
437:Korean peninsula
69:grid street plan
4855:
4854:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4805:
4804:
4781:
4776:
4769:the Japan times
4761:
4757:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4719:
4718:
4711:
4709:
4694:
4690:
4676:
4674:
4657:
4653:
4639:
4637:
4620:
4616:
4603:
4601:
4584:
4580:
4571:
4567:
4536:
4532:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4495:
4493:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4434:
4430:
4422:
4418:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4395:
4393:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4371:
4367:
4320:
4316:
4307:
4303:
4291:
4287:
4278:
4274:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4229:
4225:
4219:
4215:
4203:
4199:
4191:
4187:
4179:
4175:
4166:
4164:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4127:
4123:
4114:
4110:
4100:
4098:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4075:
4073:
4063:
4059:
4054:Wayback Machine
4039:
4037:
4027:
4023:
4009:
4007:
3997:
3977:
3973:
3963:
3961:
3947:
3943:
3933:
3931:
3921:
3917:
3907:
3905:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3886:on 22 May 2010.
3883:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3856:
3852:
3839:
3837:
3828:
3824:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3794:
3790:
3776:
3774:
3759:
3755:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3724:
3720:
3714:Wayback Machine
3705:
3701:
3686:
3682:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3643:
3642:
3636:
3634:
3627:"Archived copy"
3625:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3609:
3594:
3571:
3562:
3546:
3542:
3533:
3531:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3509:
3502:
3493:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3464:
3453:
3444:
3435:
3430:
3423:
3413:
3411:
3387:
3383:
3359:Jane McIntosh,
3358:
3354:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3301:Urban structure
3287:(United States)
3260:
3248:
3228:
3203:
3078:
3056:
3019:
3006:
2951:Pematangsiantar
2897:
2875:
2862:
2821:
2799:
2794:
2772:
2756:
2739:
2727:
2715:
2698:
2693:
2656:
2551:
2546:
2529:
2517:
2505:
2493:
2475:
2453:
2441:
2429:
2416:Reggio Calabria
2396:
2384:
2347:(medieval grid)
2345:Bury St Edmunds
2336:
2307:
2290:
2268:
2262:
2257:
2245:
2233:
2221:
2191:
2186:
2169:
2140:Concession road
2096:Oshawa, Ontario
2086:London, Ontario
2062:
2034:Wichita, Kansas
2024:Washington D.C.
2014:Tulsa, Oklahoma
1978:Oglethorpe Plan
1889:Omaha, Nebraska
1730:
1725:
1720:
1708:
1676:
1615:
1554:traffic calming
1549:
1494:environmentally
1459:
1374:
1369:
1348:
1342:
1300:The City Shaped
1145:
1113:
1090:New South Wales
1064:the city centre
1048:
985:Oglethorpe Plan
946:traffic circles
930:French-American
802:
772:
645:
550:Bury St Edmunds
500:
418:
325:Etruscan people
310:Termas pĂșblicas
299:
285:
245:
124:
119:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4853:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4825:Road transport
4822:
4817:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4780:
4779:External links
4777:
4775:
4774:
4755:
4733:
4688:
4651:
4614:
4578:
4565:
4546:(3): 309â329.
4530:
4521:
4511:
4502:
4477:
4428:
4416:
4413:. 7 June 2011.
4402:
4377:
4365:
4314:
4301:
4285:
4272:
4236:
4232:New Urban News
4223:
4213:
4205:Mumford, Lewis
4197:
4185:
4173:
4148:
4137:(3): 271â288.
4121:
4108:
4083:
4057:
4035:data.sa.gov.au
4021:
3995:
3971:
3941:
3915:
3889:
3865:
3850:
3822:
3808:
3788:
3753:
3740:
3731:
3718:
3699:
3687:Landers, John
3680:
3677:on 2013-11-08.
3658:
3618:
3607:
3592:
3560:
3540:
3516:
3500:
3487:
3478:
3451:
3433:
3421:
3381:
3352:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3296:Urban planning
3293:
3288:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3266:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3234:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3213:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3100:Basco, Batanes
3097:
3092:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3005:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2847:, a suburb of
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2644:Canley Heights
2625:
2619:
2609:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2571:Light's Vision
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2402:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2348:
2342:
2335:
2334:United Kingdom
2332:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2315:
2298:
2264:Main article:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1971:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1944:Salt Lake City
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1784:Columbus, Ohio
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1707:
1704:
1675:
1672:
1614:
1611:
1558:living streets
1548:
1545:
1458:
1455:
1410:Pavement width
1373:
1372:Financial cost
1370:
1368:
1365:
1344:Main article:
1341:
1338:
1270:In the 1960s,
1223:arterial roads
1215:urban planners
1195:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1170:Ildefons CerdĂ
1163:Ildefons CerdĂ
1144:
1141:
1112:
1109:
1068:North Adelaide
1047:
1044:
1027:Colorado River
1000:Salt Lake City
962:James McMillan
896:Houston Street
868:Delaware River
801:
798:
796:were located.
669:St. Petersburg
644:
641:
609:and cities in
499:
496:
463:(AD 694â710),
455:, adapted the
426:numbered roads
417:
414:
306:Puerto fluvial
284:
281:
244:
243:Ancient Greece
241:
123:
120:
118:
115:
111:planned cities
79:plan in which
61:urban planning
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4852:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4770:
4766:
4759:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4737:
4729:
4723:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4692:
4685:
4672:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4635:
4631:
4630:
4625:
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4575:
4569:
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4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4534:
4525:
4515:
4506:
4492:on 2006-09-03
4491:
4487:
4481:
4473:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4448:(9): 1541â5.
4447:
4443:
4439:
4432:
4426:
4420:
4412:
4406:
4392:on 2017-01-18
4391:
4387:
4381:
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4369:
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4357:
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4342:
4337:
4333:
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4246:
4240:
4233:
4227:
4217:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4194:
4189:
4182:
4177:
4163:on 2010-07-04
4162:
4158:
4152:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4125:
4117:
4112:
4097:
4093:
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4055:
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4048:
4036:
4032:
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4017:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3996:9781922064400
3992:
3988:
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3975:
3960:
3956:
3952:
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3930:
3926:
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3893:
3882:
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3869:
3861:
3854:
3847:
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3834:
3826:
3811:
3809:9781862547827
3805:
3801:
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3792:
3785:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3757:
3750:
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3735:
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3708:
3703:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3684:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3653:
3647:
3633:on 2007-04-20
3632:
3628:
3622:
3616:
3611:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3593:0-19-504983-7
3589:
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3569:
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3526:
3520:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3497:
3491:
3482:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3467:The Grid Book
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3448:
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3440:
3438:
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3404:
3400:
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3141:
3138:
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3128:
3126:
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3098:
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3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3033:Kota Kinabalu
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3007:
2998:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2946:Palangka Raya
2944:
2942:
2941:North Jakarta
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
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2823:
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2814:
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2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2765:
2761:
2760:Dar es Salaam
2758:
2757:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
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2637:
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2623:
2620:
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2613:
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2607:
2603:
2600:
2598:
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2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2539:
2538:Byala Slatina
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2480:St Petersburg
2477:
2476:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2434:
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2398:
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2386:
2385:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2351:Milton Keynes
2349:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2216:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2200:Mar del Plata
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2184:South America
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2028:L'Enfant Plan
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2004:Traverse City
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1954:San Francisco
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1899:Panorama City
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1884:Oklahoma City
1882:
1879:
1875:
1874:New York City
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
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1842:
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1805:
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1797:
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1777:
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1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1728:United States
1723:North America
1715:
1713:
1703:
1699:
1697:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1656:Village Homes
1653:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1633:
1624:
1619:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1592:
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1579:
1575:
1569:
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1559:
1555:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1479:San Francisco
1476:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1403:Street length
1400:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1378:
1364:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1352:Milton Keynes
1347:
1340:Milton Keynes
1334:
1333:Milton Keynes
1329:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1284:security gate
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1265:Lewis Mumford
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1235:Panorama City
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1149:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1105:Edward Jollie
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:Robert Hoddle
1083:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1066:) and north (
1065:
1061:
1060:River Torrens
1057:
1053:
1052:William Light
1043:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1008:Oklahoma City
1005:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
986:
982:
977:
974:
969:
967:
966:National Mall
963:
959:
958:McMillan Plan
955:
951:
950:Dupont Circle
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
926:United States
923:
916:
912:
908:
907:L'Enfant Plan
903:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
876:New York City
872:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
836:
828:
820:
814:
810:
806:
797:
795:
787:
783:
779:
775:
770:
764:
762:
756:
754:
750:
746:
745:Bolshaya Neva
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
717:
712:
710:
705:
701:
697:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
654:
649:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
620:
619:United States
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
577:
573:
568:
566:
562:
558:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
512:
508:
504:
495:
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
445:Unified Silla
442:
438:
434:
427:
422:
413:
409:
406:
405:cardo maximus
402:
398:
397:
392:
391:
385:
383:
379:
374:
373:
372:cardo maximus
368:
367:
361:
357:
353:
352:
346:
344:
343:
338:
337:cardo maximus
334:
330:
326:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
297:
293:
292:Caesaraugusta
289:
280:
278:
274:
270:
269:
264:
263:
258:
254:
250:
240:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
180:
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
133:
128:
114:
112:
108:
104:
99:
97:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
75:is a type of
74:
73:gridiron plan
70:
66:
62:
54:
49:
42:
38:
33:
26:
25:Palaio Faliro
21:
4835:Mohenjo-daro
4768:
4758:
4745:
4736:
4710:. Retrieved
4706:the original
4701:
4691:
4682:
4677:23 September
4675:. Retrieved
4664:
4654:
4645:
4640:23 September
4638:. Retrieved
4627:
4617:
4609:
4604:23 September
4602:. Retrieved
4591:
4581:
4573:
4568:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4524:
4514:
4505:
4494:. Retrieved
4490:the original
4480:
4445:
4441:
4431:
4419:
4405:
4394:. Retrieved
4390:the original
4380:
4368:
4331:
4327:
4317:
4304:
4288:
4275:
4263:. Retrieved
4256:the original
4239:
4231:
4226:
4216:
4208:
4200:
4188:
4176:
4165:. Retrieved
4161:the original
4151:
4134:
4130:
4124:
4111:
4099:. Retrieved
4095:
4086:
4074:. Retrieved
4070:
4060:
4038:. Retrieved
4034:
4024:
4014:– via
4008:. Retrieved
3981:
3974:
3962:. Retrieved
3954:
3944:
3932:. Retrieved
3928:
3918:
3906:. Retrieved
3901:
3892:
3881:the original
3868:
3859:
3853:
3845:
3838:. Retrieved
3832:
3825:
3813:. Retrieved
3798:
3791:
3782:
3775:. Retrieved
3766:
3756:
3748:
3743:
3734:
3726:
3721:
3702:
3696:1-882608-16X
3688:
3683:
3675:the original
3670:
3661:
3635:. Retrieved
3631:the original
3621:
3610:
3582:. New York:
3577:
3556:South Boston
3543:
3532:. Retrieved
3528:
3519:
3511:
3495:
3490:
3481:
3466:
3446:
3412:. Retrieved
3401:(1): 51â59.
3398:
3394:
3384:
3371: ; pp.
3360:
3355:
3328:
3324:
3314:
2748:Johannesburg
2737:South Africa
2680:New Plymouth
2670:Invercargill
2665:Christchurch
2648:greater west
2533:Stara Zagora
2467:Nieuw-Vennep
2249:Barquisimeto
2214:
2210:BahĂa Blanca
2195:Buenos Aires
1919:Philadelphia
1824:Jacksonville
1819:Indianapolis
1709:
1700:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1660:
1648:
1643:
1636:
1628:
1607:permeability
1596:
1587:
1583:
1574:Oscar Newman
1570:
1566:
1550:
1530:
1523:
1507:
1503:reductionist
1491:
1468:
1451:
1439:
1434:
1427:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1393:Street width
1392:
1391:
1349:
1319:
1299:
1296:urban design
1292:Spiro Kostof
1269:
1262:
1249:Burkina Faso
1231:Leimert Park
1204:
1200:
1196:
1168:
1133:New Plymouth
1114:
1101:Christchurch
1099:The city of
1098:
1076:
1049:
1035:Edwin Waller
1012:
997:
993:shared space
978:
970:
920:
915:U.S. Capitol
873:
860:Thomas Holme
856:William Penn
852:Philadelphia
841:
765:
760:
757:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
714:
708:
693:
665:planned city
658:
629:planned city
623:
584:
569:
554:
524:of southern
515:
489:
461:Fujiwara-KyĂŽ
457:Tang dynasty
430:
410:
404:
400:
395:
389:
386:
381:
377:
370:
364:
359:
355:
349:
347:
342:centuriation
340:
336:
332:
322:
304: ; 4.-
283:Ancient Rome
266:
260:
256:
252:
246:
234:
220:
201:
187:king of the
183:
172:
140:Mohenjo-daro
138:By 2600 BC,
137:
107:centuriation
103:ancient Rome
100:
93:
85:right angles
72:
68:
64:
58:
51:The city of
3747:Wilson, T.
3725:Wilson, T.
3498:, p. 15-16.
3414:18 December
3170:San Nicolas
3076:Philippines
3043:Subang Jaya
2921:Lubuk Pakam
2835:Gandhinagar
2654:New Zealand
2630:suburbs of
2616:Dangar Grid
2606:Hoddle Grid
2451:Netherlands
2382:Switzerland
2308: [
2305:Plan Castro
2291: [
2173:Mexico City
1864:Minneapolis
1834:Los Angeles
1663:walkability
1632:cul-de-sacs
1534:pedestrians
1447:John Randal
1430:culs-de-sac
1356:roundabouts
1321:culs-de-sac
1316:subdivision
1253:Upper Volta
1245:Ouagadougou
1227:Los Angeles
1078:Hoddle Grid
1015:subdivision
1006:(1872) and
884:legislature
858:, surveyor
605:, and many
587:Renaissance
557:Reconquista
226:Mexico City
222:Teotihuacan
214:during the
4809:Categories
4496:2006-09-03
4396:2019-07-20
4167:2014-12-12
4101:16 January
4076:16 January
4040:16 January
3964:16 January
3934:16 January
3840:22 October
3815:22 October
3637:2007-04-08
3534:2021-05-18
3307:References
3280:Fused grid
3264:City block
3220:Fused grid
3216:Anchorvale
3211:Fused grid
3185:Tuguegarao
3115:Candelaria
3070:Jauharabad
3023:Batu Pahat
2830:Chandigarh
2702:Alexandria
2685:Wellington
2632:Smithfield
2376:Winchelsea
2371:Whitehaven
2116:Saint John
2049:Windermere
1939:Sacramento
1849:Manchester
1774:Cincinnati
1667:fused grid
1562:Home Zones
1518:rain water
1471:topography
1280:noise wall
1219:superblock
1211:automobile
1129:Wellington
1004:Dodge City
948:, such as
932:architect
753:Neva River
663:the first
538:Florentine
509:schema in
481:Edo Castle
449:Sanggyeong
329:Marzabotto
237:Roman Grid
96:wayfinding
4746:ćć€ć±.tokyo
4560:153379995
3955:Adelaidia
3902:SA Memory
3767:Adelaidia
3232:Abu Dhabi
3201:Singapore
3140:Koronadal
3135:Kidapawan
3125:Cebu City
3060:Islamabad
3011:Beersheba
2961:Pontianak
2906:Gilimanuk
2895:Indonesia
2868:peninsula
2860:Hong Kong
2825:Amaravati
2743:Cape Town
2731:Mogadishu
2707:Port Said
2660:Ashburton
2602:Melbourne
2559:Melbourne
2549:Australia
2462:The Hague
2288:Pla CerdĂ
2280:Barcelona
2243:Venezuela
2189:Argentina
2146:Vancouver
2121:Saskatoon
1989:St. Louis
1949:San Diego
1869:New Haven
1859:Milwaukee
1829:Las Vegas
1541:emissions
1538:pollutant
1514:sidewalks
1483:Vancouver
1178:Barcelona
1152:Barcelona
1111:Town acre
1107:in 1850.
1082:Melbourne
973:San Diego
892:Manhattan
813:Manhattan
792:) of the
774:âčSee Tfdâș
769:companies
704:Manhattan
689:Amsterdam
611:Australia
599:Edinburgh
530:new towns
298:city map:
257:stenophoi
212:Kaogongji
185:Hammurabi
65:grid plan
4750:Archived
4722:cite web
4712:21 April
4671:Archived
4634:Archived
4598:Archived
4472:12948977
4360:20181061
4050:Archived
3771:Archived
3751:, p. 175
3710:Archived
3646:cite web
3602:11785435
3576:(1985).
3548:Back Bay
3514:, p. 15.
3258:See also
3190:Victoria
3175:Santiago
3155:Magalang
3054:Pakistan
3017:Malaysia
2991:Wonogiri
2986:Waingapu
2981:Surabaya
2786:Bulawayo
2770:Zimbabwe
2764:Kariakoo
2754:Tanzania
2597:Tamworth
2577:Ballarat
2567:Adelaide
2527:Bulgaria
2521:Mannheim
2497:Kraljevo
2445:Valletta
2366:Plymouth
2328:Donostia
2318:Valencia
2284:Eixample
2266:Ensanche
2225:Santiago
2205:La Plata
2161:Victoria
2156:Winnipeg
2091:Montreal
2081:Hamilton
2071:Edmonton
1934:Richmond
1288:medieval
1174:Eixample
1056:Adelaide
1050:In 1836
1002:(1870),
888:New York
749:Smolenka
729:Sredniy
716:prospekt
617:and the
591:Mannheim
580:Valletta
522:bastides
518:European
473:Chang'an
441:Gyeongju
435:and the
396:heredium
390:centuria
296:Zaragoza
268:cardines
262:decumani
253:plateiai
230:Americas
162:(in the
53:Adelaide
4840:Harappa
4463:1448007
4351:2841089
4265:May 23,
4207:(1961)
3333:Bibcode
3246:Vietnam
3241:Sharjah
3207:Punggol
3090:Bacolod
3065:Karachi
3048:Taiping
2971:Sibolga
2956:Pinrang
2879:Beijing
2866:Kowloon
2813:Sapporo
2725:Somalia
2713:Senegal
2646:in the
2636:Austral
2582:Ballina
2544:Oceania
2515:Germany
2503:Finland
2427:Ireland
2421:Messina
2340:Glasgow
2151:Windsor
2136:Toronto
2076:Halifax
2066:Calgary
1964:Seattle
1929:Raleigh
1904:Phoenix
1894:Orlando
1844:Lubbock
1814:Houston
1809:Holyoke
1794:Detroit
1769:Chicago
1744:Atlanta
1526:Seattle
1443:packing
1308:Moorish
1259:), 1930
1207:suburbs
1019:auction
989:fractal
786:Russian
721:Bolshoi
673:Peter I
633:Ireland
603:Glasgow
595:Germany
572:baroque
542:burgage
536:to the
511:Gascony
507:Bastide
492:Sapporo
399:). The
318:Muralla
277:Miletus
197:bitumen
193:Babylon
144:Harappa
132:Miletus
117:History
83:run at
81:streets
41:Finland
4684:hills.
4647:times.
4558:
4470:
4460:
4358:
4348:
4334:: 11.
4221:Agency
4010:16 Jan
4003:
3993:
3908:16 Jan
3806:
3694:
3600:
3590:
3554:, and
3473:
3367:
3145:Lucena
3120:Candon
3110:Butuan
3004:Israel
2976:Sragen
2936:Nabire
2916:Kolaka
2911:Kenyam
2884:Datong
2849:Mumbai
2845:Mulund
2840:Jaipur
2808:Nagoya
2776:Harare
2691:Africa
2675:Nelson
2640:Auburn
2628:Sydney
2592:Hobart
2587:Cairns
2491:Serbia
2473:Russia
2457:Elburg
2400:Naples
2301:Madrid
2255:Europe
2178:Puebla
2167:Mexico
2111:Regina
2101:Ottawa
2060:Canada
2009:Tucson
1789:Dallas
1734:Austin
1674:Safety
1601:, and
1498:creeks
1485:, and
1475:Priene
1312:Muslim
1257:Africa
1137:Nelson
1040:oxcart
1031:Austin
894:above
844:Boston
778:German
735:) and
733:Middle
711:(Line)
709:Liniya
661:Russia
615:Canada
546:Elburg
526:France
453:Balhae
447:, and
382:castra
378:castra
360:castra
356:castra
351:castra
316:; 7.-
314:Teatro
312:; 6.-
308:; 5.-
273:Priene
156:Taxila
152:Sirkap
63:, the
4556:S2CID
4519:73â82
4259:(PDF)
4248:(PDF)
4016:JSTOR
4001:JSTOR
3884:(PDF)
3877:(PDF)
3777:5 May
3237:Dubai
3195:Vigan
3180:Tagum
3165:Pasay
3160:Muñoz
3095:Banga
2931:Metro
2926:Medan
2901:Batam
2889:Xi'an
2873:China
2819:India
2803:Kyoto
2797:Japan
2781:Gweru
2719:Dakar
2696:Egypt
2622:Perth
2614:(see
2604:(see
2569:(see
2485:Yeysk
2439:Malta
2410:Milan
2405:Turin
2394:Italy
2353:(see
2320:(see
2312:]
2303:(see
2295:]
2282:(see
2260:Spain
2219:Chile
2138:(see
2026:(see
2019:Tyler
1999:Tampa
1976:(see
1966:(see
1876:(see
1854:Miami
1623:Paris
1576:on a
1435:total
1422:total
1282:or a
1251:, ex
782:Rotte
741:Small
625:Derry
576:Malta
534:Wales
477:Tokyo
469:Kyoto
433:Japan
204:China
179:Egypt
164:Indus
160:Thimi
71:, or
4728:link
4714:2020
4679:2023
4642:2023
4606:2023
4468:PMID
4356:PMID
4267:2017
4119:2017
4103:2021
4078:2021
4042:2021
4012:2021
3991:ISBN
3966:2021
3936:2021
3910:2021
3842:2019
3817:2019
3804:ISBN
3784:date
3779:2018
3692:ISBN
3652:link
3598:OCLC
3588:ISBN
3471:ISBN
3416:2019
3365:ISBN
3038:Muar
3028:Ipoh
3009:Old
2792:Asia
2642:and
2509:Pori
2478:Old
2286:and
2237:Lima
2231:Peru
1654:and
1644:with
1560:and
1306:and
1304:Arab
1135:and
1017:and
952:and
909:for
905:The
811:for
790:ŃĐŸŃĐ°
747:and
737:Maly
702:for
667:was
570:The
516:New
465:Nara
403:and
369:and
335:and
323:The
265:and
255:and
175:Giza
166:and
158:and
142:and
89:grid
77:city
37:Pori
4548:doi
4458:PMC
4450:doi
4346:PMC
4336:doi
4139:doi
4047:PDF
3403:doi
3377:346
3373:231
3341:doi
3218:as
3209:as
1176:of
1096:).
886:of
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725:Big
659:In
631:in
593:in
431:As
380:to
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