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economic developments of the last c. 25 years (in China, especially the so-called socialism with
Chinese characteristics that started under Deng Xiaoping in 1978/1979, in India essentially during the course of the economic reform policies of the so-called New Economic Policy as of 1991"; Cartier 2001; Nissel 1999). Especially in megacities, these reforms led to enormous influx of foreign direct investments, to intensive industrialization processes through international relocation of production locations and depending upon the location, partially to considerable expansion of the services sector with increasing demand for office space as well as to a reorientation of national support policiesâwith a not to be mistaken influence of transnationally acting conglomerates but also considerable transfer payments from overseas communities. In turn, these processes are flanked and intensified through, at times, massive migration movements of national and international migrants into the megacities (Baur et al. 2006).
8907:. "It is now clear that the deindustrialization thesis is part myth and part fact. Robert Z. Lawrence, for example, uses aggregate economic data to show that manufacturing employment in the United States did not decline but actually increased from 16.8 million in 1960, to 20.1 million in 1973, and 20.3 million in 1980. However, manufacturing employment was in relative decline. Barry Bluestone noted that manufacturing represented a decreasing proportion of the U.S. labour force, from 26.2 per cent in 1973 to 22.1 per cent in 1980. Studies in Canada have likewise shown that manufacturing employment was only in relative decline during these years. Yet mills and factories did close, and towns and cities lost their industries. John Cumbler submitted that 'depressions do not manifest themselves only at moments of national economic collapse' such as in the 1930s, but 'also recur in scattered sites across the nation in regions, in industries, and in communities.
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up to 300 minutes of exposure. The benefits are applied to men and women of all ages, as well as across different ethnicities, socioeconomic statuses, and even those with long-term illnesses and disabilities. People who did not get at least two hours â even if they surpassed an hour per week â did not get the benefits. The study is the latest addition to a compelling body of evidence for the health benefits of nature. Many doctors already give nature prescriptions to their patients. The study did not count time spent in a person's own yard or garden as time in nature, but the majority of nature visits in the study took place within two miles of home. "Even visiting local urban green spaces seems to be a good thing," Dr. White said in a press release. "Two hours a week is hopefully a realistic target for many people, especially given that it can be spread over an entire week to get the benefit."
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government control into insurgent areasâeither defensively to separate existing populations from insurgents or aggressively as a means of extending control over areasâas used by the
British in South Africa (1899â1902) and Malaya (1950â3) and by the Americans in Cuba (1898) and Vietnam (1965â75). These were generally small settlements and intended as much for local security as offensive operations. / The planned settlement policy of the State of Israel, however, has been both more comprehensive and has longer-term objectives. These settlements provide a source of armed manpower, a defence in depth of a vulnerable frontier area and islands of cultural and political control in the midst of a potentially hostile population, thus continuing a tradition of the use of such settlements as part of similar policies in that area which is over 2,000 years old."
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11075:, Long War Series, Occasion Paper 25; Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press, US Army Combined Arms Center; pp. 45â46. "Commanding officers will also see that orders are at once given and distributed to all the inhabitants within the jurisdiction of towns over which they exercise supervision, informing them of the danger of remaining outside of these limits and that unless they move by December 25th from outlying barrios and districts with all their movable food supplies, including rice, palay, chickens, live stock, etc., to within the limits of the zone established at their own or nearest town, their property (found outside of said zone at said date) will become liable to confiscation or destruction."
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tentatively, stepping out of the territorial canvas and hierarchical institutional hegemony of the state. Prominent and well-known cities, and those regions with a strong sense of identity and often a quest for more autonomy, have been the most enthusiastic, as they began to be represented beyond state borders by high-profile city mayors and some regional leaders with political courage and agency. This, then, became part of the much bigger political project of the
European Union (EU), which has offered a particularly supportive environment for international engagement byâand amongâsubnational governments as part of its inherent integrationist agenda."
7336:, p. 18: "From the simplest forms of exchange, when peasant farmers literally brought their produce from the fields into the densest point of interactionâgiving us market townsâthe significance of central places to surrounding territories began to be asserted. As cities grew in complexity, the major civic institutions, from seats of government to religious buildings, would also come to dominate these points of convergence. Large central squares or open spaces reflected the importance of collective gatherings in city life, such as Tiananmen Square in Beijing, the ZĂłcalo in Mexico City, the Piazza Navonae in Rome and Trafalgar Square in London."
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8862:, "What Sort of a Legal Space is a City?" in Brighenti (2013), pp. 1â20. "Municipalities, within this frame, are understood as nested within the jurisdictional space of the provinces. Indeed, rather than freestanding legal sites, they are imagined as products (or 'creatures') of the provinces who may bring them into being or dissolve them as they choose. As with the provinces their powers are of a delegated form: they may only exercise jurisdiction over areas that have been expressly identified by enabling legislation. Municipal law may not conflict with provincial law, and may only be exercised within its defined territory.
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right. Key terms in definitions of good governance include participation, accountability, transparency, equity, efficiency, effectiveness, responsiveness, and rule of law (e.g. Ginther and de Waart 1995; UNDP 1997; Woods 1999; Weiss 2000). At the urban level, this normative model has been articulated through the idea of good urban governance, promoted by agencies such as UN Habitat. The
Colombian city of BogotĂĄ has sometimes been presented as a model city, given its rapid improvements in fiscal responsibility, provision of public services and infrastructure, public behavior, honesty of the administration, and civic pride."
13988:; Britannica Book of the Year, 1968. Chapter V: Ecumenopolis, the Real City of Man. "Ecumenopolis, which mankind will have built 150 years from now, can be the real city of man because, for the first time in history, man will have one city rather than many cities belonging to different national, racial, religious, or local groups, each ready to protect its own members but also ready to fight those from other cities, large and small, interconnected into a system of cities. Ecumenopolis, the unique city of man, will form a continuous, differentiated, but also unified texture consisting of many cells, the human communities."
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in the midst of a golden age as the Tang dynasty gave wayâafter a short period of fragmentationâto the Song dynasty. This dynasty ruled two of the most impressive cities on the planet, Xian and
Hangzhou. / In contrast, poor Western Europe had not recovered from the sacking of Rome and the collapse of the western half of the Roman Empire. For more than five centuries a steady process of deurbanizationâwhereby the population living in cities and the number of cities declined precipitouslyâhad converted a prosperous landscape into a scary wilderness, overrun with bandits, warlords, and rude settlements."
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power, it must be justified by such considerations as the protection of public health and safety, the preservation of taxable property values, and the enhancement of community welfare. Municipal powers to implement and effectuate city plans are usually ample. Among these is the power of eminent domain, which has been used effectively in connection with slum clearance and the rehabilitation of blighted areas. Also available to cities in their implementation of planning objectives are municipal powers of zoning, subdivision control and the regulation of building, housing and sanitation principles."
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rational criteria for the delivery of services to citizens, even though compromises may have to be made in the establishment of these criteria. These production oriented criteria often give rise to "service deliver rules", regularized procedures for the delivery of services, which are attempts to codify the productivity goals of urban service bureaucracies. These rules have distinct, definable distributional consequences which often go unrecognized. That is, the decisions of governments to adopt rational service delivery rules can (and usually do) differentially benefit citizens."
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1524:, has been dated to the third century BCE. According to Roderick and Susan McIntosh, Jenné-Jeno did not fit into traditional Western conceptions of urbanity as it lacked monumental architecture and a distinctive elite social class, but it should indeed be considered a city based on a functional redefinition of urban development. In particular, Jenné-Jeno featured settlement mounds arranged according to a horizontal, rather than vertical, power hierarchy, and served as a center of specialized production and exhibited functional interdependence with the surrounding hinterland.
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9669:, p. 146: "The figurehead of city leadership is, of course, the mayor. As 'first citizen', mayors are often associated with political parties, yet many of the most successful mayors are often those whoare able to speak 'for' their city. Rudy Giuliani, for example, while pursuing a neo-liberal political agenda, was often seen as being outside the mainstream of the national Republican party. Furthermore, mayors are often crucial in articulating the interests of their cities to external agents, be they national governments or major public and private investors."
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11820:, p. 75: "By the 1960s, however, this 'integrated ideal' was being challenged, public infrastructure entering into crisis. There is now a new orthodoxy in many branches of urban planning: 'The logic is now for planners to fight for the best possible networked infrastructures for their specialized district, in partnership with (often privatised and internationalised network) operators, rather than seeking to orchestrate how networks roll out through the city as a whole" (Graham and Marvin, 2001: 113).
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8865:(Vaverde 2009: 150). While liberalism fears the encroachments of the state, it seems less worried about those of the municipality. Thus if a national government proposed a statute forbidding public gatherings or sporting events, a revolution would occur. Yet municipalities routinely enact sweeping by-laws directed at open ended (and ill-defined) offences such as loitering and obstruction, requiring permits for protests or requiring residents and homeowners to remove snow from the city's sidewalks."
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architects knew the answer, which is as valid today as it was 2,000 years ago. Big cities were created as power images of a competitive society, conscious of its achievement potential. Those who came to live in them did so in order to participate and compete on any attainable level. Their aim was to share in public life, and they were willing to pay for this share with personal discomfort. 'Bread and games' was a cry for opportunity and entertainment still ranking foremost among urban objectives."
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homogenization of ideologies, production and consumption patterns and lifestyles (Pieterse 1994; Sassen 1998). Decentralization processes have increased city-level capacities of city authorities to develop and implement local social and developmental policies. Cities as homes of the rich, and of powerful businesses, banks, stock markets, UN agencies and NGOs, are the location from which global to local decision-making occurs (e.g. New York, London, Paris, Amsterdam, Hong Kong, SĂŁo Paulo)."
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10323:, p. 160â164: "Indeed, the design of the buildings often revolves around the consumable fantasy experience, seen most markedly in the likes of Universal CityWalk, Disneyland and Las Vegas. Architecture critic Ada Louise Huxtable (1997) names architectural structures built specifically as entertainment spaces as 'Architainment'. These places are, of course, places to make money, but they are also stages of performance for an interactive consumer."
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fortifications, with walls, ramparts, towers, canals, ditches, that continued to characterize the chief historic cities, apart from certain special casesâas during the Pax Romanaâdown to the eighteenth century. War brought concentration of social leadership and political power in the hands of a weapons-bearing minority, abetted by a priesthood exercising sacred powers and possessing secret but valuable scientific and magical knowledge."
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13779:. "Irrespective of the economic outcome, the regime of structural adjustment being adopted in most developing countries today is likely to spur urbanization. If structural adjustment actually succeeds in turning around economic performance, the enhanced gross domestic product is bound to attract more migrants to the cities; if it fails, the deepening miseryâespecially in the rural areasâis certain to push more migrants to the city."
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of fleet, accidents recorded, pollution caused, workers employed, or whatever elseâshow the dominance of buses among all transit modes, in this country as well as anywhere else around the world. At the global scale, there are probably 8000 to 10,000 communities and cities that provide organized bus transit. The larger places have other modes as well, but the bulk of these cities offers buses as their sole public means of mobility."
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1105:, sometimes within a temple. A minority viewpoint considers that cities may have arisen without agriculture, due to alternative means of subsistence (fishing), to use as communal seasonal shelters, to their value as bases for defensive and offensive military organization, or to their inherent economic function. Cities played a crucial role in the establishment of political power over an area, and ancient leaders such as
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Values are embedded in these metaphors: historic continuity, stable equilibrium, productive efficiency, capable decision and management, maximum interaction, or the progress of political struggle. Certain actors become the decisive elements of transformation in each view: political leaders, families and ethnic groups, major investors, the technicians of transport, the decision elite, the revolutionary classes."
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markets every morning on the computer, negotiates with product brokers in distant cities, buys food at a supermarket, watches television every night, and takes vacations half a continent away is not exactly living a traditional rural life. In most respects such a farmer is an urbanite living in the countryside, albeit an urbanite who has many good reasons for perceiving himself or herself as a rural person."
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2407:; as well as the city's basic infrastructure. These are provided more or less routinely, in a more or less equal fashion. Responsibility for administration usually falls on the city government, but some services may be operated by a higher level of government, while others may be privately run. Armies may assume responsibility for policing cities in states of domestic turmoil such as America's
2170:"âbut the difference continues to shrink because urbanization is happening faster in the latter group. Asia is home to by far the greatest absolute number of city-dwellers: over two billion and counting. The UN predicts an additional 2.5 billion city dwellers (and 300 million fewer country dwellers) worldwide by 2050, with 90% of urban population expansion occurring in Asia and Africa.
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privacy and well-being of one resident and the potential encroachments thereon by his neighbors in the form of noise, air or water pollution, absence of sanitation, or whatever. In a congested urban situation, the individual is powerless to protect himself from the "free" (i.e., inconsiderate or invasionary) acts of others without himself being guilty of a form of encroachment."
3331:- small to medium size cities (500,000 to 1 million) are rapidly increasing in number and are some of the fastest growing urbanizing areas in the world further contributing to climate change impacts. Cities have a significant influence on construction and transportationâtwo of the key contributors to global warming emissions. Moreover, because of processes that create
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capacity to be enjoyed as a mass cultural activity gives it many advantages from the marketing point of view (S.V. Ward, 1998, pp. 231â232). In a more subtle way it also becomes a metaphor for the notion of cities having to compete in a global marketplace, a way of reconciling citizens and local institutions to the wider economic realities of the world."
2844:, helping people and firms exchange information and generate new ideas. A thicker labor market allows for better skill matching between firms and individuals. Population density enables also sharing of common infrastructure and production facilities; however, in very dense cities, increased crowding and waiting times may lead to some negative effects.
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roles. The leadership involved cooperation between public and private interests. The results were efforts at downtown revitalization; inner-city gentrification; the transformation of the CBD to advanced service employment; entertainment, museums, and cultural venues; the construction of sports stadiums and sport complexes; and waterfront development."
10300:. Like the traditional working classes, it has radical chains in the sense of having little vested interest in the reproduction of private property. But it is not a socialized collectivity of labor and it lacks significant power to disrupt or seize the means of production. It does possess, however, yet unmeasured powers of subverting urban order.
1539:. Their habitation of the site spanned the period from 3rd century BCE to 13th century CE. Archaeological evidence from Jenné-Jeno, specifically the presence of non-West African glass beads dated from the third century BCE to the fourth century CE, indicates that pre-Arabic trade contacts probably existed between Jenné-Jeno and North Africa.
11006:. "All this media exposure, provided it is reasonably positive, influences many tourist decisions at the time of the Games. This tourism impact will focus on, but extend beyond, the city to the country and the wider global region. More importantly, there is also huge long term potential for both tourism and investment (Kasimati, 2003).
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in consequence to defensive reactions on the part of those responsible for public security, and by individual citizens concerned for their personal safety. The authorities react with situational crime prevention as part of the armoury of urban defense, and individuals fashion their behavior according to an 'urban geography of fear'."
4794:), efficient human-powered machines for short- and medium-distance travel, enjoyed a period of popularity at the beginning of the twentieth century before the rise of automobiles. Soon after, they gained a more lasting foothold in Asian and African cities under European influence. In Western cities, industrializing, expanding, and
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facilities, including electricity and telecommunications networks, gas and water pipelines, railroad terminals and networks, airports, and ports. Following these reforms, few countries embarked on a larger scale initiative than
Australia to privatize delivery and management of public infrastructure at all levels of government."
9306:", Department of International Economic and Social Affairs, Population Studies No. 68; New York, United Nations, 1980; p. 15. "If the projections prove to be accurate, the next century will begin just after the world population achieves an urban majority; in 2000, the world is projected to be 51.3 per cent urban."
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McQuillin (1937/1987), §1.74. "It cannot be too strongly emphasized that no city begins to be well-planned until it has solved its housing problem. The problems of living and working are of primary importance. These include sanitation, sufficient sewers, clean, well-lighted streets, rehabilitation of
11807:
Kath
Wellman & Frederik Pretorius, "Urban Infrastructure: Productivity, Project Evaluation, and Finance"; in Wellman & Spiller (2012), pp. 73â74. "The NCP established a legislative regime at Federal and State levels to facilitate third-party access to provision and operation of infrastructure
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Ashworth (1991), pp. 91â93. "However, some specific sorts of crime, together with those antisocial activities which may or may not be treated as crime (such as vandalism, graffiti daubing, littering and even noisy or boisterous behavior), do play various roles in the process of insurgency. This leads
10189:
Levy (2017), p. 10. "Planning is a highly political activity. It is immersed in politics and inseparable from the law. Planning decisions often involve large sums of money, both public and private. Even when little public expenditure is involved, planning decisions can deliver large benefits to some
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Moholy-Nagy (1968), pp. 136â137. "Why do anonymous peopleâthe poor, the underprivileged, the unconnectedâfrequently prefer life under miserable conditions in tenements to the healthy order and tranquility of small towns or the sanitary subdivisions of semirural developments? The imperial planners and
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Kaplan (2004), pp. 160â165. "Entrepreneurial leadership became manifest through growth coalitions made up of builders, realtors, developers, the media, government actors such as mayors, and dominant corporations. For example, in St. Louis, Anheuser-Busch, Monsanto, and
Ralston Purina played prominent
8864:
Yet we are danger missing the reach of municipal law: 'ven in highly constitutionalized regimes, it has remained possible for municipalities to micro-manage space, time, and activities through police regulations that infringe both on constitutional rights and private property in often extreme ways'
6984:
Kevin A. Lynch, "What Is the Form of a City, and How is It Made?"; in
Marzluff et al. (2008), p. 678. "The city may be looked on as a story, a pattern of relations between human groups, a production and distribution space, a field of physical force, a set of linked decisions, or an arena of conflict.
13907:
Herrschel & Newman (2017), pp. 7â8. "Growing inequalities as a result of neo-liberal globalism, such as between the successful cities and the less successful, struggling, often peripheral, cities and regions, produce rising political discontent, such as we are now facing across Europe and in the
12073:
Grava (2003), 301â305. "There are a great many places where are the only public service mode offered; to the best of the author's knowledge, no city that has transit operates without a bus component. Leaving aside private cars, all indicatorsâpassengers carried, vehicle kilometers accumulated, size
11048:
Ashworth (1991). "In more recent years, planned networks of defended settlements as part of military strategies can be found in the pacification programmes of what has become the conventional wisdom of anti-insurgency operations. Connected networks of protected settlements are inserted as islands of
10293:
This outcast proletariatâperhaps 1.5 billion people today, 2.5 billion by 2030âis the fastest-growing and most novel social class on the planet. By and large, the urban informal working class is not a labor reserve army in the nineteenth-century sense: a backlog of strikebreakers during booms; to be
9490:
Frauke Kraas & GĂŒnter
Mertins, "Megacities and Global Change"; in Kraas et al. (2014), p. 2. "While seven megacities (with more than five million inhabitants) existed in 1950 and 24 in 1990, by 2010 there were 55 and by 2025 there will beâaccording to estimationsâ87 megacities (UN 2012; Fig. 1).
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Kaplan et al. (2004), p. 43. "Capitals like CĂłrdoba and Cairo had populations of about 500,000; Baghdad probably had a population of more than 1 million. This urban heritage would continue despite the conquests of the Seljuk Turks and the later Crusades. China, the longest standing civilization, was
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institution of organized war, its completest expression. Thus both the physical form and the institutional life of the city, from the very beginning to the urban implosion, were shaped in no small measure by the irrational and magical purposes of war. From this source sprang the elaborate system of
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Carter (1995), p. 15. "In the underbound city the administratively defined area is smaller than the physical extent of settlement. In the overbound city the administrative area is greater than the physical extent. The 'truebound' city is one where the administrative bound is nearly coincidental with
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foretold the coming of a mostly urban world throughout the twentieth century. The United Nations has long anticipated a half-urban world, earlier predicting the year 2000 as the turning point and in 2007 writing that it would occur in 2008. Other researchers had also estimated that the halfway point
5813:
conference of 2016 focused on implementing these goals under the banner of a "New Urban Agenda". The four mechanisms envisioned for effecting the New Urban Agenda are (1) national policies promoting integrated sustainable development, (2) stronger urban governance, (3) long-term integrated urban and
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in 2019 found that people who spent at least two hours per week in nature were 23 percent more likely to be satisfied with their life and were 59 percent more likely to be in good health than those who had zero exposure. The study used data from almost 20,000 people in the UK. Benefits increased for
759:
generally follows one or more basic patterns: geomorphic, radial, concentric, rectilinear, and curvilinear. The physical environment generally constrains the form in which a city is built. If located on a mountainside, urban structures may rely on terraces and winding roads. It may be adapted to its
396:, with a population of 1,841 as of 2011.) According to the "functional definition", a city is not distinguished by size alone, but also by the role it plays within a larger political context. Cities serve as administrative, commercial, religious, and cultural hubs for their larger surrounding areas.
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Abrahamson (2004), pp. 2â4. "The linkages among cities cutting across nations became a global network. It is important to note here that the key nodes in the international system are (global) cities, not nations. Once the linkages among cities became a global network, nations became dependent upon
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Adams (1981), p. 132 "Physical destruction and ensuing decline of population were certain to be particularly severe in the case of cities that joined unsuccessful rebellions, or whose ruling dynasts were overcome by others in abbtle. The traditional lamentations provide eloquently stylized literary
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Kaplan et al. (2004), p. 15. "Global cities need to be distinguished from megacities, defined here as cities with more than 8 million people. Only New York and London qualified as megacities 50 years ago. By 1990, just over 10 years ago, 20 megacities existed, 15 of which were in less economically
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Kaplan et al. (2004), p. 26. "Early cities also reflected these preconditions in that they served as places where agricultural surpluses were stored and distributed. Cities functioned economically as centers of extraction and redistribution from countryside to granaries to the urban population. One
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High density and urban heat island effect are examples of weather changes that impact cities due to climate change. It also causes exacerbating existing problems such as air pollution, water scarcity, and heat illness in metropolitan areas. Moreover, because most cities have been built on rivers or
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Leach (1993), p. 345. "The German film director Fritz Lang was inspired to 'make a film' about 'the sensations' he felt when he first saw Times Square in 1923; a place 'lit as if in full daylight by neon lights and topping them oversized luminous advertisements moving, turning, flashing on and off
13059:
Against those writers who, by emphasizing the importance of financial exchange systems, distinguish a few special cities as 'global cities'âcommonly London, Paris, New York and Tokyoâwe recognize the uneven global dimensions of all the cities that we study. Los Angeles, the home of Hollywood, is a
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Herrschel & Newman (2017), pp. 3â4. "Instead, the picture is becoming more detailed and differentiated, with a growing number of sub-national entities, cities, city-regions and regions, becoming more visible in their own right, either individually, or collectively as networks, by, more or less
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No other city marketing opportunity achieves this global exposure. At the same time, provided it is carefully managed at the local level, it also gives a tremendous opportunity to heighten and mobilize the commitment of citizens to their own city. The competitive nature of sport and its unrivalled
10419:
Beneath state-to-state dealings, a flurry of activity occurs, with interpersonal networks forming policy communities involving embassies, think tanks, academic institutions, lobbying firms, politicians, congressional staff, research centers, NGOs, and intelligence agencies. This interaction at the
10290:
Although studies of the so-called urban informal economy have shown myriad secret liaisons with outsourced multinational production systems, the larger fact is that hundreds of millions of new urbanites must further subdivide the peripheral economic niches of personal service, casual labor, street
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Southern Mesopotamia was a land of cities. It became one precociously, before the end of the fourth millennium B.C. Urban traditions remained strong and virtually continuous through the vicissitudes of conquest, internal upheaval accompanied by widespread economic breakdown, and massive linguistic
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Marshall (1989), p. 15. "The mutual interdependence of town and country has one consequence so obvious that it is easily overlooked: at the global scale, cities are generally confined to areas capable of supporting a permanent agricultural population. Moreover, within any area possessing a broadly
13276:
Herrschel & Newman (2017), p. "In Europe, the EU provides incentives and institutional frameworks for multiple new forms of city and regional networking and lobbying, including at the international EU level. But a growing number of cities and regions also seek to 'go it alone' by establishing
12845:
Herrschel & Newman (2017), pp. 9â10. "The merchants of the Hanseatic League, for instance, enjoyed substantial trading privileges as a result of inter-city diplomacy and collective agreements within the networks (Lloyd 2002), as well as with larger powers, such as states. That way, the League
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McQuillin (1937/1987), §§1.75â179. "Zoning, a relatively recent development in the administration of local governmental units, concerns itself with the control of the use of land and structures, the size of buildings, and the use-intensity of building sites. Zoning being an exercise of the police
9968:
TIF is an increasingly popular local redevelopment policy that allows municipalities to designate a 'blighted' area for redevelopment and use the expected increase in property (and occasionally sales) taxes there to pay for initial and ongoing redevelopment expenditures, such as land acquisition,
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Kaplan et al. (2004), pp. 53â54. "England was clearly at the center of these changes. London became the first truly global city by placing itself within the new global economy. English colonialism in North America, the Caribbean, South Asia, and later Africa and China helped to further fatten the
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Cities with world political status as meeting places for advocacy groups, non-governmental organizations, lobbyists, educational institutions, intelligence agencies, military contractors, information technology firms, and other groups with a stake in world policymaking. They are consequently also
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dates to some of the earliest known cities, especially in the Indus Valley and Mesoamerican civilizations, which built their cities on grids and apparently zoned different areas for different purposes. The effects of planning, ubiquitous in today's world, can be seen most clearly in the layout of
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Gupta, Verrest, and Jaffe, "Theorizing Governance", in Gupta et al. (2015), pp. 31â33. "The concept of good governance itself was developed in the 1980s, primarily to guide donors in development aid (Doonbos 2001:93). It has been used both as a condition for aid and a development goal in its own
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McQuillan (1937/1987), §1.03. "The ancients fostered the spread of urban culture; their efforts were constant to bring their people within the complete influence of municipal life. The desire to create cities was the most striking characteristic of the people of antiquity, and ancient rulers and
190:
of a notable size. The term "city" has different meanings around the world and in some places the settlement can be very small. Even where the term is limited to larger settlements, there is no universally agreed definition of the lower boundary for their size. In a narrower sense, a city can be
13165:
These apparently rather different takes on London's 'global city' status are of course not so far removed from one another as they may first appear. Holding them together is the figure of the migrant worker. The reliance of London's financial institutions and business services industries on the
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And not withstanding some major world cities that do not have comparatively high levels of immigration, like Tokyo, it may in fact be the presence of such large-scale immigrant economic 'communities' (with their attendant global financial remittances and their ability to incubate small business
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In the context of development theory, these 'secessionary' infrastructures physically by-pass sectors of cities unable to afford the necessary cabling, pipe-laying, or streetscaping that underpins service provision. Cities such as Manila, Lagos or Mumbai are thus increasingly characterized by a
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Magnusson (2011), p. 21. "These statistics probably underestimate the degree to which the world has been urbanized, since they obscure the fact that rural areas have become so much more urban as a result of modern transportation and communication. A farmer in Europe or California who checks the
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A city's credit rating not only influences its ability to sell bonds, but has become a general signal of fiscal health. Detroit's partial recovery in the early 1990s, for example, was reversed when Moody's downgraded the rating of the city's general obligation bonds, precipitating new rounds of
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Frauke Kraas & GĂŒnter Mertins, "Megacities and Global Change"; in Kraas et al. (2014), pp. 2â3. "Above all, globalisation processes were and are the motors that drive these enormous changes and are also the driving forces, together with transformation and liberalisation policies, behind the
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Kaplan (2004), pp. 91â95. "The United States is also dominant in providing high-quality, global engineering-design services, accounting for approximately 50 percent of the world's total exports. The disproportionate presence of these U.S.-headquartered firms is attributable to the U.S. role in
9706:
Bryan D. Jones, Saadia R. Greenbeg, Clifford Kaufman, & Joseph Drew, "Service Delivery Rules and the Distribution of Local Government Services: Three Detroit Bureaucracies"; in Hahn & Levine (1980). "Local government bureaucracies more or less explicitly accept the goal of implementing
9678:
McQuillan (1937/1987), §1.63. "The problem of achieving equitable balance between the two freedoms is infinitely greater in urban, metropolitan and megalopolitan situations than in sparsely settled districts and rural areas. / In the latter, sheer intervening space acts as a buffer between the
5380:
Large cities have a great divide between populations of both ends of the financial spectrum. Regulations on immigration promote the exploitation of low- and high-skilled immigrant workers from poor areas. During employment, migrant workers may be subject to unfair working conditions, including
12835:
Gupta et al. (2015), 5â11. "Current globalization, characterized by hyper capitalism and technological revolutions, is understood as the growing intensity of economic, demographic, social, political, cultural and environmental interactions worldwide, leading to increasing interdependence and
10244:
But with the development of industry, the proletariat not only increases in number; it becomes concentrated in greater masses, its strength grows, and it feels that strength more. The various interests and conditions of life within the ranks of the proletariat are more and more equalised, in
10090:
Gupta et al. (2015), pp. 4, 29. "We thereby understand urban governance as the multiple ways through which city governments, businesses and residents interact in managing their urban space and life, nested within the context of other government levels and actors who are managing their space,
4461:
Infrastructure in general plays a vital role in a city's capacity for economic activity and expansion, underpinning the very survival of the city's inhabitants, as well as technological, commercial, industrial, and social activities. Structurally, many infrastructure systems take the form of
7345:
Kaplan et al. (2004), pp. 34â35. "In the center of the city, an elite compound or temenos was situated. Study of the very earliest cities show this compound to be largely composed of a temple and supporting structures. The temple rose some 40 feet above the ground and would have presented a
607:
which play a vital role in long-distance trade, are cities disconnected from the countryside which feeds them. Thus, centrality within a productive region influences siting, as economic forces would, in theory, favor the creation of marketplaces in optimal mutually reachable locations.
12846:
could negotiate 'extra-territorial' legal spaces with special privileges, such as the 'German Steelyard' in the port of London (Schofield 2012). This special status was granted and guaranteed by the English king as part of an agreement between the state and a foreign city association."
2522:
in local governments worldwide, has led to a shift in perspective on urban governance, away from the "urban regime theory" in which a coalition of local interests functionally govern, toward a theory of outside economic control, widely associated in academics with the philosophy of
731:
are another component of public space that provides the benefit of mitigating the urban heat island effect, especially in cities that are in warmer climates. These spaces prevent carbon imbalances, extreme habitat losses, electricity and water consumption, and human health risks.
10757:
Mumford (1961), pp. 563â567. "Many of the original functions of the city, once natural monopolies, demanding the physical presence of all participants, have now been transposed into forms capable of swift transportation, mechanical manifolding, electronic transmission, worldwide
3011:, and digital media. These communication networks, though still using cities as hubs, penetrate extensively into all populated areas. In the age of rapid communication and transportation, commentators have described urban culture as nearly ubiquitous or as no longer meaningful.
13681:
Garnered by its interest in the urban poor the Bank, along with other international donors, became an active and influential participant in the Habitat deliberations, confirming both Habitat I and Habitat II's focus on 'development in cities' instead of the role of 'cities in
10678:
McQuillan (1937/1987), §§1.04â1.05. "Almost by definition, cities have always provided the setting for great events and have been the focal points for social change and human development. All great cultures have been city-born. World history is basically the history of city
12532:
Sharon L. Harlan, Anthony J. Brazel, G. Darrel Jenerette, Nancy S. Jones, Larissa Larsen, Lela Prashad, & William L. Stefanov, "In the Shade of Affluence: The Inequitable Distribution of the Urban Heat Island"; in Robert C. Wilkinson & William R. Freudenburg, eds.,
427:
of a chief.) The governments may be based on heredity, religion, military power, work systems such as canal-building, food distribution, land-ownership, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, finance, or a combination of these. Societies that live in cities are often called
11271:
As noted above, nuclear weapons designed for countervalue or city-killing purposes tend to be of the strategic class, with known yields of deployed warheads averaging somewhere between two and three times and 1500 times the firepower of the bombs dropped on Hiroshima and
2641:
is used by the government to divest citizens of their property in cases where its use is required for a project. Planning often involves tradeoffsâdecisions in which some stand to gain and some to loseâand thus is closely connected to the prevailing political situation.
1712:
became a privileged elite among towns having won self-governance from their local lord or having been granted self-governance by the emperor and being placed under his immediate protection. By 1480, these cities, as far as still part of the empire, became part of the
5237:: parks, gardens, lawns, and trees. These areas improve the health and well-being of the human, animal, and plant populations of the cities. Well-maintained urban trees can provide many social, ecological, and physical benefits to the residents of the city.
870:. Decentralization and dispersal of city functions (commercial, industrial, residential, cultural, political) has transformed the very meaning of the term and has challenged geographers seeking to classify territories according to an urban-rural binary.
13166:
continuing flow of highly skilled labour from overseas is now well known (Beaverstock and Smith 1996). Less well known is the extent to which London's economy as a whole is now dependent upon the labour power of low-paid workers from across the world.
12133:
Rydin, Y.; Bleahu, A.; Davies, M.; DĂĄvila, J.D.; Friel, S.; De Grandis, G.; Groce, N.; Hallal, P.C.; Hamilton, I.; Howden-Chapman, P.; Lai, K.M.; Lim, C.J.; Martins, J.; Osrin, D.; Ridley, I.; Scott, I.; Taylor, M.; Wilkinson, P.; Wilson, J. (2012).
8933:
James Xiaohe Zhang, "Rapid urbanization in China and its impact on the world economy"; 16th Annual Conference on Global Economic Analysis, "New Challenges for Global Trade in a Rapidly Changing World", Shanhai Institute of Foreign Trade, 12â14 June
9557:
1852:
During the Spanish colonization of the Americas, the old Roman city concept was extensively used. Cities were founded in the middle of the newly conquered territories and were bound to several laws regarding administration, finances, and urbanism.
12317:
S.T.A. Pickett, M.L. Cadenasso, J.M. Grove, C.H. Nilon, R.V. Pouyat, W.C. Zipperer, & R. Costanza, "Urban Ecological Systems: Linking Terrestrial Ecological, Physical, and Socioeconomic Components of Metropolitan Areas"; in Marzluff et al.
11156:
accounts of this, while in other cases the combinations of archaeological evidence with the testimony of a city's like Ur's victorious opponent as to its destruction grounds the world of metaphor in harsh reality (Brinkman 1969, pp. 311â312)."
5760:
Citing the Vancouver Declaration, the UN General Assembly in December 1977 authorized the United Nations Commission Human Settlements and the HABITAT Centre for Human Settlements, intended to coordinate UN activities related to housing and
4816:
for their layout, environment, and aesthetics. (This transformation occurred most dramatically in the USâwhere corporate and governmental policies favored automobile transport systemsâand to a lesser extent in Europe.) The rise of personal
9627:
The diversity of water supply management systems worldwideâwhich operate along a continuum between fully public and fully privateâbear witness to repeated shifts back and forth between private and public ownership and management of water
8875:
wallets of many of its merchants. These colonies would later provide many of the raw materials for industrial production. England's hinterland was no longer confined to a portion of the world; it effectively became a global hinterland."
10420:
level of 'technostructure'âheavily oriented toward information gathering and incremental policy modificationâis too complex and voluminous to be monitored by top leadership, yet nevertheless often has important implications for policy.
372:â to classify populations as urban. Typical working definitions for small-city populations start at around 100,000 people. Common population definitions for an urban area (city or town) range between 1,500 and 50,000 people, with most
583:
Town siting has varied through history according to natural, technological, economic, and military contexts. Access to water has long been a major factor in city placement and growth, and despite exceptions enabled by the advent of
8412:
Kaplan et al. (2004), pp. 41â42. "Rome created an elaborate urban system. Roman colonies were organized as a means of securing Roman territory. The first thing that Romans did when they conquered new territories was to establish
7482:"The Grid and Modular Measures in The Town Planning of Mohenjodaro and Kathmandu Valley. A Study on Modular Measures in Block and Plot Divisions in the Planning of Mohenjodaro and Sirkap (Pakistan), and Thimi (Kathmandu Valley)"
2195:
Cities around the world have expanded physically as they grow in population, with increases in their surface extent, with the creation of high-rise buildings for residential and commercial use, and with development underground.
760:
means of subsistence (e.g. agriculture or fishing). And it may be set up for optimal defense given the surrounding landscape. Beyond these "geomorphic" features, cities can develop internal patterns, due to natural growth or to
13006:
Abrahamson (2004), p. 4. "The formerly major industrial cities that were most able quickly and thoroughly to transform themselves into the new postindustrial mode became the leading global citiesâthe centers of the new global
2447:(packaging city assets into tradeable financial public contracts and other related rights). This situation has become acute in deindustrialized cities and in cases where businesses and wealthier citizens have moved outside of
4852:
to move people through the city, alongside cars, on the roads. The economic function itself also became more decentralized as concentration became impractical and employers relocated to more car-friendly locations (including
2076:
is the process of migration from rural to urban areas, driven by various political, economic, and cultural factors. Until the 18th century, an equilibrium existed between the rural agricultural population and towns featuring
13060:
globalizing city, though perhaps more significantly in cultural than economic terms. And so is Dili globalizing, the small and 'insignificant' capital of Timor Lesteâexcept this time it is predominantly in political terms...
11632:
3327:. The UN projects that 68% of the world population will live in urban areas by 2050. In the year 2016, 31 mega-cities reported having at least 10 million in their population, 8 of which surpassed 20 million people. However,
2176:, cities with populations in the multi-millions, have proliferated into the dozens, arising especially in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Economic globalization fuels the growth of these cities, as new torrents of foreign
439:
is a modern metric to help define what comprises a city: "a population of at least 50,000 inhabitants in contiguous dense grid cells (>1,500 inhabitants per square kilometer)". This metric was "devised over years by the
4958:, or lack of housing, is a challenge currently faced by millions of people in countries rich and poor. Because cities generally have higher population densities than rural areas, city dwellers are more likely to reside in
10499:
9969:
demolition, construction, and project financing. Because developers require cash up-front, cities transform promises of future tax revenues into securities that far-flung buyers and sellers exchange through local markets.
9299:
2097:, the proportion of the population living in cities jumped from 17% in 1801 to 72% in 1891. In 1900, 15% of the world's population lived in cities. The cultural appeal of cities also plays a role in attracting residents.
341:, which may be conferred by a central authority. The term can also refer either to the physical streets and buildings of the city or to the collection of people who dwell there and can be used in a general sense to mean
7263:
Carter (1995), pp. 5â7. " the two main themes of study introduced at the outset: the town as a distributed feature and the town as a feature with internal structure, or in other words, the town in area and the town as
4560:, with a tendency toward government water supply in the 20th century and a tendency toward private operation at the turn of the twenty-first. The market for private water services is dominated by two French companies,
6031:. Other early cinematic representations of cities in the twentieth century generally depicted them as technologically efficient spaces with smoothly functioning systems of automobile transport. By the 1960s, however,
2471:, in which a development project is financed by loans based on future tax revenues which it is expected to yield. Under these circumstances, creditors and consequently city governments place a high importance on city
4518:(literally, useful things with general availability) include basic and essential infrastructure networks, chiefly concerned with the supply of water, electricity, and telecommunications capability to the populace.
5354:
Critics of the notion point to the different realms of power and interchange. The term "global city" is heavily influenced by economic factors and, thus, may not account for places that are otherwise significant.
8592:
13260:
4488:
require large upfront investments and thus tend to require funding from the national government or the private sector. Privatization may also extend to all levels of infrastructure construction and maintenance.
9087:
7850:
of the main functions of this central authority was to extract, store, and redistribute the grain. It is no accident that granariesâstorage areas for grainâwere often found within the temples of early cities."
2359:. Technologies, techniques, and laws governing these areasâdeveloped in citiesâhave become ubiquitous in many areas. Municipal officials may be appointed from a higher level of government or elected locally.
5287:
around the world, effectively eliminating the distance between cities for the purposes of the international markets and other high-level elements of the world economy, as well as personal communications and
10294:
expelled during busts; then reabsorbed again in the next expansion. On the contrary, this is a mass of humanity structurally and biologically redundant to the global accumulation and the corporate matrix.
9215:
11602:
5857:, has been a primary force in promoting the Habitat conferences, and since the first Habitat conference has used their declarations as a framework for issuing loans for urban infrastructure. The bank's
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as having significantly more impact than production-based emissions within cities. The report estimates that 85% of the emissions associated with goods within a city is generated outside of that city.
14008:
2574:. The concepts of governance and good governance are especially invoked in emergent megacities, where international organizations consider existing governments inadequate for their large populations.
8850:
Curtis (2016), pp. 5â6. "In the modern international system, cities were subjugated and internalized by the state, and, with industrialization, became the great growth engines of national economies."
1170:
from the mid-fourth millennium BC (ancient Iraq) is considered by most archaeologists to be the first true city, innovating many characteristics for cities to follow, with its name attributed to the
1406:. It is the oldest known civilization in the Americas, flourishing between the 30th and 18th centuries BC. Mesoamerica saw the rise of early urbanism in several cultural regions, beginning with the
2972:, providing thousands of offices or homes within a small footprint, and visible from miles away, have become iconic urban features. Cultural elites tend to live in cities, bound together by shared
7920:
Mumford (1961), pp. 39â46. "As the physical means increased, this one-sided power mythology, sterile, indeed hostile to life, pushed its way into every corner of the urban scene and found, in the
7321:
uniform level of agricultural productivity, there is a rough but definite association between the density of the rural population and the average spacing of cities above any chosen minimum size."
3365:
1869:
and the rise of new great cities, first in Europe and then in other regions, as new opportunities brought huge numbers of migrants from rural communities into urban areas. England led the way as
7346:
formidable profile to those far away. The temple contained the priestly class, scribes, and record keepers, as well as granaries, schools, craftsâalmost all non-agricultural aspects of society."
5215:
by an average of 2â3 °C and at times 5â10 °C differences have been recorded. This effect varies nonlinearly with population changes (independently of the city's physical size). Aerial
11488:
Sancino, Alessandro; Stafford, Max; Braga, Alessandro; Budd, Leslie (3 July 2022). "What can city leaders do for climate change? Insights from the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group network".
5873:
distribution around the issue of urban poverty. (UN-Habitat plays an advisory role in evaluating the quality of a locality's governance.) The Bank's policies have tended to focus on bolstering
12555:
Zhao, Jiacheng; Zhao, Xiang; Wu, Donghai; Meili, Naika; Fatichi, Simone (2023). "Satellite-based evidence highlights a considerable increase of urban tree cooling benefits from 2000 to 2015".
5226:
when intersecting also with racial segregation). For example, within the urban microclimate, less-vegetated poor neighborhoods bear more of the heat (but have fewer means of coping with it).
13950:... something completely new and nearly fairly-tale-like for a European ... a luxurious cloth hung from a dark sky to dazzle, distract, and hypnotize.' The film Lang made turned out to be
13081:
overseas automobile production, the electronics and petroleum industries, and various kinds of construction, including work on the country's numerous overseas air and navy military bases."
8133:
6285:
was reached in 2007. Although the trend is undeniable, the precision of this statistic is dubious, due to reliance on national censuses and to the ambiguities of defining an area as urban.
4837:
for pedestrians. However, severe traffic jams still occur regularly in cities around the world, as private car ownership and urbanization continue to increase, overwhelming existing urban
13474:
9460:
4466:
with redundant links and multiple pathways, so that the system as a whole continue to operate even if parts of it fail. The particulars of a city's infrastructure systems have historical
9436:
11466:
8708:
637:
The vast majority of cities have a central area containing buildings with special economic, political, and religious significance. Archaeologists refer to this area by the Greek term
11624:
10079:
capital flight (Hackworth, 2007). The need to maintain a high credit rating constrains municipal actors by making it difficult to finance discretionary projects in traditional ways.
8947:
10496:
9296:
8813:
14180:
6849:
4865:
and other methods for prioritizing bus traffic over private cars. Many big American cities still operate conventional public transit by rail, as exemplified by the ever-popular
2431:
and other development projects, is a perennial problem, which cities address through appeals to higher governments, arrangements with the private sector, and techniques such as
13373:
10134:
Shipra Narang Suri & GĂŒnther Taube, "Governance in Megacities: Experiences, Challenges and Implications for International Cooperation"; in Kraas et al. (2014), pp. 197â198.
4438:
involves various physical networks and spaces necessary for transportation, water use, energy, recreation, and public functions. Infrastructure carries a high initial cost in
8324:
8058:
9510:
Shipra Narang Suri & GĂŒnther Taube, "Governance in Megacities: Experiences, Challenges and Implications for International Cooperation"; in Kraas et al. (2014), p. 196.
2678:
along ethnic, economic, and racial lines. People living relatively close together may live, work, and play in separate areas, and associate with different people, forming
9736:
6080:
18583:
13327:
8589:
7178:
306:
are often referred to as a crucial element in fighting climate change. However, this concentration can also have some significant negative consequences, such as forming
13257:
16807:
13137:
growth, rather than their complementarity to producer services employment) which partially distinguishes mega-cities from other more nationally oriented urban centres.
11316:
9080:
4389:
will be important in reducing the impacts of some of the largest contributors of greenhouse gas emissions: for example, increased density allows for redistribution of
1724:
By the 13th and 14th centuries, some cities become powerful states, taking surrounding areas under their control or establishing extensive maritime empires. In Italy,
14221:. Committee on National Urban Policy, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council. Washington: National Academy Press, 1984.
13816:
6120:
5888:. It has developed various city networks including the International Coalition of Cities against Racism and the Creative Cities Network. UNESCO's capacity to select
7152:
11358:
9982:
3187:, the US Army ordered local people to concentrate in cities and towns, in order to isolate committed insurgents and battle freely against them in the countryside.
2101:
12754:
White, Mathew P.; Alcock, Ian; Grellier, James; Wheeler, Benedict W.; Hartig, Terry; Warber, Sara L.; Bone, Angie; Depledge, Michael H.; Fleming, Lora E. (2019).
9415:
8433:
4492:
Urban infrastructure ideally serves all residents equally but in practice may prove unevenâwith, in some cities, clear first-class and second-class alternatives.
3144:
Cities play a crucial strategic role in warfare due to their economic, demographic, symbolic, and political centrality. For the same reasons, they are targets in
399:
The presence of a literate elite is often associated with cities because of the cultural diversities present in a city. A typical city has professional
9395:
9212:
266:, all cities are to varying degrees also connected globally beyond these regions. This increased influence means that cities also have significant influences on
5999:
Writers, painters, and filmmakers have produced innumerable works of art concerning the urban experience. Classical and medieval literature includes a genre of
18563:
15147:
9336:
14005:
7402:
6001:
195:
populated place with administratively defined boundaries whose members work primarily on non-agricultural tasks. Cities generally have extensive systems for
11584:
7028:
2427:
within the city. Local government can also collect revenue for services, or by leasing land that it owns. However, financing municipal services, as well as
2320:
Legal conflicts and issues arise more frequently in cities than elsewhere due to the bare fact of their greater density. Modern city governments thoroughly
9481:
developed regions of the world. In 2000, the number of megacities had increased to 26, again all except 6 are located in the less developed world regions."
4735:, their inhabitants must have the ability to regularly travel between home, work, commerce, and entertainment. City dwellers travel by foot or by wheel on
4361:
549:
deals both with cities in their larger context and with their internal structure. Cities are estimated to cover about 3% of the land surface of the Earth.
9828:
3112:, which bring global attention and tourism. Paris, a city known for its cultural history, was the site of the most recent Olympics in the summer of 2024.
3580:
2100:
Urbanization rapidly spread across Europe and the Americas and since the 1950s has taken hold in Asia and Africa as well. The Population Division of the
767:
In a radial structure, main roads converge on a central point. This form could evolve from successive growth over a long time, with concentric traces of
13288:
6147:
5551:
Cities increasingly participate in world political activities independently of their enclosing nation-states. Early examples of this phenomenon are the
5082:
dominant. On the whole, urban ecosystems are less complex and productive than others, due to the diminished absolute amount of biological interactions.
131:
5854:
5369:
make their headquarters in global cities and conduct much of their business within this context. American firms dominate the international markets for
2743:. The global urban proletariat of today, however, generally lacks the status of factory workers which in the nineteenth century provided access to the
2610:, the application of forethought to city design, involves optimizing land use, transportation, utilities, and other basic systems, in order to achieve
7123:
11696:
5034:, influenced as they are by the density of human buildings and activities, differ considerably from those of their rural surroundings. Anthropogenic
2976:, and themselves play some role in governance. By virtue of their status as centers of culture and literacy, cities can be described as the locus of
2637:
Government is legally the final authority on planning but in practice, the process involves both public and private elements. The legal principle of
11459:"68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas by 2050, says UN | UN DESA | United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs"
11413:
Liang, Longwu; Wang, Zhenbo; Li, Jiaxin (2019). "The effect of urbanization on environmental pollution in rapidly developing urban agglomerations".
8163:
7091:
1845:
in the seventeenth century. Western Europe's larger capitals (London and Paris) benefited from the growth of commerce following the emergence of an
11067:
10233:
10147:
8506:
McIntosh, Roderic J., McIntosh, Susan Keech. "Early Urban Configurations on the Middle Niger: Clustered Cities and Landscapes of Power," Chapter 5.
8333:
and population replacement. The symbolic and material content of civilization obviously changed, but its cultural ambience remained tied to cities.
5835:
5219:
increase rainfall by 5â10%. Thus, urban areas experience unique climates, with earlier flowering and later leaf dropping than in nearby countries.
5140:, locally and at longer distances, due to concentrated populations and technological activities. From one perspective, cities are not ecologically
1442:
peoples drew on these earlier urban traditions. Many of their ancient cities continue to be inhabited, including major metropolitan cities such as
17171:
12732:
8670:
5662:
16579:
8125:
4378:
3765:
13471:
10634:"Toward a new concept of the 'cultural elite state': Cultural capital and the urban sculpture planning authority in elite coalition in Shanghai"
9457:
8833:
7280:
5980:
Cities can be perceived in terms of extremes or opposites: at once liberating and oppressive, wealthy and poor, organized and chaotic. The name
16800:
14404:
Marzluff, John M., Eric Schulenberger, Wilfried Endlicher, Marina Alberti, Gordon Bradley, Clre Ryan, Craig ZumBrunne, & Ute Simon (2008).
13347:
7003:
1670:
11786:
Kath Wellman & Frederik Pretorius, "Urban Infrastructure: Productivity, Project Evaluation, and Finance"; in Wellman & Spiller (2012).
9433:
7043:
17221:
16235:
8517:
6348:
5699:, a city in South Africa, had a rally where five thousand people took part in order to advocate for increasing wages to afford living costs.
4229:
1761:
11458:
11248:
8700:
6100:
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or through inertia which has enabled them to maintain their dominance from the industrial era. This type of ranking exemplifies an emerging
13247:", presented at the Fifth Biennial International Conference of the European Community Studies Association, 29 Mayâ1 June 1997, Seattle, US.
9858:
David Walker, "The New System of Intergovernmental Relations: Fiscal Relief and More Governmental Intrusions"; in Hahn & Levine (1980).
8944:
5394:
3590:
1067:
5741:
has been involved in a series of events and declarations dealing with the development of cities during this period of rapid urbanization.
5160:) that envelop them, posing a chronic threat to the health of their millions of inhabitants. Urban soil contains higher concentrations of
1897:
995:, which was rebuilt six or more times, using bricks of standard size, and adhering to the same grid layoutâalso in the third millennium BC
18578:
15374:
11846:
11169:
7572:
7561:
7418:"Optimizing urban greenspace spatial pattern to mitigate urban heat island effects: Extending understanding from local to the city scale"
6213:
5749:
conference in 1976 adopted the "Vancouver Declaration on Human Settlements" which identifies urban management as a fundamental aspect of
3473:
1221:
11230:
11019:
8810:
8366:
3210:
and rapid urbanization, cities have become sites of long-term conflict waged both by foreign occupiers and by local governments against
2110:
is the most urban continent, with four-fifths of its population living in cities, including one-fifth of the population said to live in
16830:
13362:
11287:
9653:
9319:
7514:
5799:
3547:
13980:
9171:
8460:
Monroe, J. Cameron (2018). ""Elephants for Want of Towns": Archaeological Perspectives on West African Cities and Their Hinterlands".
6841:
5307:, characteristic features of the top global cities, are interconnected hubs for capital. Here, a delegation from Australia visits the
17952:
16793:
16526:
15367:
13500:
13370:
3448:
3252:
3125:
2367:
1236:
947:
234:
Historically, city dwellers have been a small proportion of humanity overall, but following two centuries of unprecedented and rapid
11097:; School of Advanced Military Studies, United States Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas; January 2015.
3086:. Place brands (which include place satisfaction and place loyalty) have great economic value (comparable to the value of commodity
2790:
tends to analyze larger agglomerations, stretching beyond city limits, in order to reach a more complete understanding of the local
15807:
15599:
15017:
12419:
10471:
8794:
6384:
5984:
refers to various types of ideological opposition to cities, whether because of their culture or their political relationship with
4805:
enabled urban expansion as new residential neighborhoods sprung up along transit lines and workers rode to and from work downtown.
4390:
4354:
4279:
4057:
3522:
10342:
9719:
Robert L. Lineberry, "Mandating Urban Equality: The Distribution of Municipal Public Services"; in Hahn & Levine (1980). See:
15379:
13873:
11845:
Emanuele Lobina, David Hall, & Vladimir Popov, "List of water remunicipalisations in Asia and worldwide â As of April 2014";
7153:
http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/courts-and-cities/markian-prokopovych-rosemary-h-sweet-literary-and-artistic-metropolises
1339:, meaning "gathering place" or "assembly", was the center of the athletic, artistic, spiritual, and political life of the polis.
1259:
fashion, with a minimalistic grid of rooms for the workers and increasingly more elaborate housing available for higher classes.
12516:
10844:
10792:
Ashworth, Kavaratzis, & Warnaby, "The Need to Rethink Place Branding"; in Kavaratzis, Warnaby, & Ashworth (2015), p. 15.
8103:
5918:
3356:, is a large city that has experienced multiple droughts throughout the years, which has led to decreased economic productivity.
17858:
15384:
9733:
5133:
are scarce. However, in North America, large predators such as coyotes and other large animals like white-tailed deer persist.
4553:
4179:
3864:
3715:
3551:
3542:
3537:
3237:
Although capture is the more common objective, warfare has in some cases spelled complete destruction for a city. Mesopotamian
2188:
from near and far. A deep gulf divides the rich and poor in these cities, with usually contain a super-wealthy elite living in
14832:, 1967. Pan historical/geographical essays, many images. Starts with "Athens", ends with "The Coming World City-Ecumenopolis".
13925:
7174:
6166:
4706:
3238:
16626:
14805:
14786:
14751:
14732:
14713:
14694:
14675:
14628:
14601:
14492:
14469:
14438:
14413:
14398:
14383:
14343:
14327:
14312:
14260:
14237:
14202:
14188:
14176:
14157:
14143:
14114:
14078:
13760:
13158:
12602:
12542:
11656:"Conflict in abundance and peacebuilding in scarcity: Challenges and opportunities in addressing climate change and conflict"
11124:
11003:
10777:
9165:
8977:
8638:
8537:
8397:
8360:
8318:
8267:
7881:
7554:
5623:
5606:
by various means including membership in global networks which transmit norms and regulations. At the general, global level,
4037:
3071:
2245:
1209:, but others carried out urban activities in the realms of politics or religion without having large associated populations.
720:
231:, sometimes benefiting different parties in the process, such as improving the efficiency of goods and service distribution.
13792:
11308:
10865:
Adriana Campelo, "Rethinking Sense of Place: Sense of One and Sense of Many"; in Kavaratzis, Warnaby, & Ashworth (2015).
8644:
8305:
2654:, fully designed prior to construction, often with consideration for interlocking physical, economic, and cultural systems.
18072:
17110:
16559:
7904:
6821:
5516:
4047:
3505:
1885:
reduced transportation costs, and large manufacturing centers began to emerge, fueling migration from rural to city areas.
1493:, presented characteristics suggestive of an incipient form of urbanism. The second place to show urban characteristics in
1348:
17801:
13548:
13277:
their own representations in Brussels, either individually or in shared accommodation, as the base for European lobbying."
13180:"Are world cities also world immigrant cities? An international, cross-city analysis of global centrality and immigration"
11391:
11089:
10245:
proportion as machinery obliterates all distinctions of labour, and nearly everywhere reduces wages to the same low level.
6798:
6058:. The prospect of expanding, communicating, and increasingly interdependent world cities has given rise to images such as
1135:
33:
18077:
17505:
17009:
15878:
15247:
11727:
11342:
7619:
7612:
7036:
6356:
5658:
5607:
4652:
4374:
4347:
4269:
4234:
4169:
4067:
3610:
3386:
2611:
2028:
337:
A city can be distinguished from other human settlements by its relatively great size, but also by its functions and its
13813:
10928:
10023:
9131:
5409:, the world's largest central business district, is shown with prominent buildings highlighted by number, February 2018.
1813:
in the Middle Ages multiplied the number of cities in the region, as well as making some of them very populous, notably
588:
in the nineteenth century, through the present most of the world's urban population lives near the coast or on a river.
18619:
18004:
16023:
14547:
14280:
13747:
13040:
12967:
12938:
11579:; Hourcade, Jean-Charles; Klaus, Ian; de Kleijne, Kiane; Lwasa, Shauib; Markgraf, Claire; Newman, Peter; Revi, Aromar;
10914:
10604:
9412:
9392:
8492:
MacDonald, Kevin (2015). "The Tichitt tradition in the West African Sahel". In Barker, Graeme; Barker, Candice (eds.).
8427:
8004:
7993:
6621:
5631:
5339:
through their economic and political influence. Global cities may have reached their status due to early transition to
5148:
arises from various forms of combustion, including fireplaces, wood or coal-burning stoves, other heating systems, and
2192:
and large masses of people living in substandard housing with inadequate infrastructure and otherwise poor conditions.
53:
12445:
8774:
8210:
Pandeyl, Jhimli Mukherjee (25 February 2016). "Varanasi is as old as Indus valley civilization, finds IIT-KGP study".
3026:
techniques used to inform development strategy; attract businesses, investors, residents, and tourists; and to create
18614:
17890:
17838:
17747:
14587:
14526:
14510:
14361:
14298:
14129:
14096:
14056:
14042:
13240:
12982:
12383:
Roberto Camagni, Roberta Capello, & Peter Nijkamp, "Managing Sustainable Urban Environments"; in Paddison (2001).
12040:
9061:"United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2014). World Urbanization Prospects"
8904:
8748:
8605:
8194:
6585:
5453:
4677:
4398:
4152:
3720:
3468:
2700:, areas of urban development that surround the city proper. Meanwhile, across Europe and North America, the racially
2634:
involves identifying general objectives as well as collecting data to evaluate progress and inform future decisions.
2599:
in Argentina is based on a perfect square with 5196-meter sides, and was designed in the 1880s as the new capital of
1718:
1085:, have existed for thousands of years. In the conventional view, civilization and the city were both followed by the
381:
13345:
Cities (and regions) within a city: subnational representations and the creation of European imaginaries in Brussels
9577:
Eduardo F.J. de Mulder, Jacques Besner, & Brian Marker, "Underground Cities"; in Kraas et al. (2014), pp. 26â29.
9119:
6916:"Compact city planning and development: Emerging practices and strategies for achieving the goals of sustainability"
6298:
as they are in western countries; since the systems do not exist to begin with, private contracts also entail water
5062:, bringing about interactions between species that never previously encountered each other. They introduce frequent
18027:
17967:
17927:
17833:
17811:
17595:
17250:
17245:
16916:
15629:
14903:
14855:
9343:
7592:
6344:
6158:
5803:
5619:
4940:
of residents presents one of the major challenges every city must face. Adequate housing entails not only physical
4402:
4334:
4249:
4174:
4147:
3133:
943:
13551:"; Approved at Habitat: United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, Vancouver, Canada; 31 May to 11 June 1976.
10734:
7369:
7070:
3202:
them to an advancing enemy in order to avoid damage and bloodshed. Urban warfare proved decisive, however, in the
1960:, contrary to the global trend of massive urban expansion. Such cities have shifted with varying success into the
18092:
17853:
17017:
16772:
16636:
16404:
16275:
15830:
15498:
13972:
13149:
Willis, Jane; Datta, Kavita; Evans, Yara; Herbert, Joanna; May, John; McIlwane, Cathy (2010). Wills, Jane (ed.).
12339:"Mammal diversity and metacommunity dynamics in urban green spaces: implications for urban wildlife conservation"
11861:"How "Water for All!" policy became hegemonic: The power of the World Bank and its transnational policy networks"
7025:
5584:
4813:
4596:
4032:
3558:
3324:
2712:
and other forms of "privatopia" around the world, allow local elites to self-segregate into secure and exclusive
2618:
as ideals for how plans should be formed. Planning tools, beyond the original design of the city itself, include
2548:
2082:
1118:
287:
11575:
Bazaz, Amir; Bertoldi, Paolo; Buckeridge, Marcos; Cartwright, Anton; de Coninck, Heleen; Engelbrecht, Francois;
5255:
As the world becomes more closely linked through economics, politics, technology, and culture (a process called
282:. Because of these major influences on global issues, the international community has prioritized investment in
102:
18534:
18087:
17336:
17267:
16631:
16519:
15901:
15680:
15092:
12212:
9808:
5666:
5208:
4406:
3904:
3315:
are deeply connected. Cities are one of the greatest contributors and likely best opportunities for addressing
2852:
2544:
1225:
893:
13924:, 2nd ed., translated from Spanish to English by Jack Read; New York: Philosophical Library, 1971; pp. 48â49 (
13407:"Inequality in new global governance arrangements: the NorthâSouth divide in transnational municipal networks"
13131:
13046:
11731:
8772:
A comprehensive archaeological map of the world's largest preindustrial settlement complex at Angkor, Cambodia
7868:. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA, and Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pp. 29â62.
7655:
6627:
3120:
787:
are structured as a central square surrounded by concentric canals marking every expansion. In cities such as
18386:
17461:
16364:
14569:
The Earliest Cities. In Urban Life: Readings in Urban Anthropology, edited by George Gmelch and Walter Zenner
12397:
11415:
10877:
Greg Kerr & Jessica Oliver, "Rethinking Place Identities", in Kavaratzis, Warnaby, & Ashworth (2015).
9226:, 10 July 2014. Referring to: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division;
5792:
5787:
conference in 1996 called for cities to play a leading role in this program, which subsequently advanced the
5144:
due to their resource needs. From another, proper management may be able to ameliorate a city's ill effects.
4573:
3626:
2570:
places more emphasis on the state, with the purpose of assessing urban governments for their suitability for
2515:
2249:
2154:, are considered among the world's fastest-growing cities, with annual growth rates of 5â8%. In general, the
1459:
1399:
12466:
Peter Adey, "Coming up for Air: Comfort, Conflict and the Air of the Megacity"; in Brighenti (2013), p. 103.
82:
18204:
18011:
17823:
17361:
17238:
17077:
16514:
15980:
15873:
15835:
15592:
14567:
11132:. Springfield, VA: Abbott Associates, October 1989. Produced for U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory at
7120:
6328:
5788:
5328:
4845:
3852:
3532:
688:
12022:
Iain Borden, "Automobile Interstices: Driving and the In-Between Spaces of the City"; in Brighenti (2013).
11758:, "The Evolution of the Urban Infrastructure in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries"; in Hanson (1984).
9371:
9231:
9060:
8307:
Heartland of cities: surveys of ancient settlement and land use on the central floodplain of the Euphrates
5642:
promoting sustainable development, and has organized various conferences and reports for its furtherance.
4458:, meaning that economic logic favors control of each network by a single organization, public or private.
1398:
cultures. The Norte Chico civilization included as many as 30 major population centers in what is now the
752:
combines a utilitarian grid pattern with diagonal avenues and a symbolic focus on monumental architecture.
376:
states using a minimum between 1,500 and 5,000 inhabitants. Some jurisdictions set no such minima. In the
17947:
17692:
16595:
16574:
16549:
14875:
14070:
13442:
8555:"Initial Encounters: Seeking traces of ancient trade connections between West Africa and the wider world"
8155:
7646:
Paul James; Meg Holden; Mary Lewin; Lyndsay Neilson; Christine Oakley; Art Truter; David Wilmoth (2013).
7099:
5869:(based at the World Bank headquarters in Washington, D.C.) to guide policymaking, knowledge sharing, and
5463:
5331:, status, and cosmopolitanism, rather than to its size. Following this view of cities, it is possible to
5319:, also known as a world city, is a prominent centre of trade, banking, finance, innovation, and markets.
5212:
4963:
3967:
3302:
3180:
2540:
2492:
2241:
1965:
14867:
14423:, 3rd ed. 1987 revised volume by Charles R.P. Keating, Esq. Wilmette, Illinois: Callaghan & Company.
11064:
10239:
10144:
10050:"Tax increment financing, economic development professionals and the financialization of urban politics"
5865:
by creating incentives to move to cities. The World Bank and UN-Habitat in 1999 jointly established the
18062:
17573:
17161:
16600:
16569:
16000:
15883:
15858:
15624:
15242:
12974:
12728:
11583:; Schultz, Seth; Shindell, Drew; Singh, Chandni; Solecki, William; Steg, Linda; Waisman, Henri (2018).
9931:
8678:
8301:
6340:
6138:
5827:
5149:
4322:
4259:
4192:
4062:
3641:
3394:
3340:
3206:, where Soviet forces repulsed German occupiers, with extreme casualties and destruction. In an era of
3156:. Indeed, war may have served as the social rationale and economic basis for the very earliest cities.
2921:
2786:, in exchange for which they provide money, political administration, manufactured goods, and culture.
2615:
2271:
2200:
1637:
gained independence but soon lost population and importance. The locus of power in the West shifted to
921:
12327:
Ingo Kowarik, "On the Role of Alien Species in Urban Flora and Vegetation"; in Marzluff et al. (2008).
7617:
Locations, Population and Density per Sq. km., by metropolitan area and selected localities, 2015
7515:"New Insights into Harappan Town-Planning, Proportions and Units, with Special Reference to Dholavira"
7417:
3148:. Many cities throughout history were founded under military auspices, a great many have incorporated
18262:
18234:
18052:
17816:
17568:
17181:
16762:
15731:
15634:
15619:
15463:
15237:
15142:
14664:
Triumph of the City: How Our Best Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier
14289:
Kaplan, David H.; James O. Wheeler; Steven R. Holloway; & Thomas W. Hodler, cartographer (2004).
13495:
12918:
10633:
10049:
8830:
7274:
7151:
Prokopovych, M. (13 May 2015). Literary and artistic metropolises. EGO. Retrieved 5 March 2023, from
5839:
5627:
5594:, keeping one foot each (through telecommunications if not travel) in their old and their new homes.
5402:
5362:
4386:
4382:
4264:
4022:
3837:
3463:
3421:
3416:
3405:
3320:
3312:
3287:
3280:
3105:
2646:
2519:
2452:
1993:
1882:
1821:(50,000 inhabitants in 1400 AD, and may have reached up to 140,000 inhabitants in the 18th century),
1287:
988:
799:
658:
275:
16785:
10809:"City as Ideology: Reconciling the Explosion of the City Form with the Tenacity of the City Concept"
9081:
The Urbanization and Political Development of the World System:A comparative quantitative analysis.
2057:
1799:
in the world by area, covering over 1,000 km and possibly supporting up to one million people.
892:
characterized by a degree of economic and political independence. (In the US these are grouped into
18624:
18267:
18032:
17373:
17050:
16621:
16605:
16564:
16509:
16439:
16384:
16210:
15788:
15778:
15773:
14461:
13344:
10515:
7040:
6995:
6134:
5831:
4915:
4669:
4137:
3889:
3725:
3651:
3646:
3168:
2675:
2408:
2163:
1981:
1630:
1375:
224:
64:
14706:
How American Governments Work: A Handbook of City, County, Regional, State, and Federal Operations
13567:
12136:"Shaping cities for health: Complexity and the planning of urban environments in the 21st century"
11625:"With people crowding into urban areas, how can cities protect themselves against climate change?"
5259:), cities have come to play a leading role in transnational affairs, exceeding the limitations of
3163:
conflict have established fortified settlements as part of military strategies, as in the case of
2104:
reported in 2014 that for the first time, more than half of the world population lives in cities.
645:. These spaces historically reflect and amplify the city's centrality and importance to its wider
486:, originally meaning 'citizenship' or 'community member' and eventually coming to correspond with
17875:
17735:
17713:
17478:
17070:
16817:
16751:
16713:
16698:
16554:
16444:
16053:
15940:
15868:
15850:
15840:
15585:
15488:
15152:
14167:
13660:
11263:
11133:
9601:(December 2003). "Archipelagos and networks: urbanization and water privatization in the South".
8259:
6877:
6347:). Beyond the prominent institutions of U.S. government on the national mall, this area contains
6050:
Literature, film, and other forms of popular culture have supplied visions of future cities both
5777:
5340:
5260:
4892:
4887:) in American and Asian urban transportation planning, under the influence of such trends as the
4112:
4087:
3884:
3847:
3800:
3705:
3678:
3673:
3231:
2802:
2760:
2468:
2267:
1753:
1229:
1220:, existing from about 2600 BC, was one of the largest, with a population of 50,000 or more and a
592:
271:
18314:
14868:
Degree of urbanization (percentage of urban population in total population) by continent in 2016
5359:, for example argues that the term is "reductive and skewed" in its focus on financial systems.
3339:, city areas are expected to grow during the next several decades, stressing infrastructure and
18391:
18227:
18222:
17752:
17590:
17490:
17226:
17146:
16757:
16693:
16449:
16171:
16008:
15817:
15725:
15473:
15362:
15334:
15219:
7759:
6019:
5814:
territorial planning, and (4) effective financing frameworks. Just before this conference, the
5556:
5536:
5423:
5263:
conducted by national governments. This phenomenon, resurgent today, can be traced back to the
4097:
4072:
4017:
3924:
3919:
3894:
3827:
3458:
3207:
2965:
2732:
2631:
2571:
2090:
1929:
1796:
1757:
1674:
1642:
1239:
known physically by archaeologists are not extensive. They include (known by their Arab names)
158:
11191:
8895:
8022:
7569:
7558:
5222:
Poor and working-class people face disproportionate exposure to environmental risks (known as
2913:
1665:, was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe, with a population approaching 1 million. The
18487:
17723:
17407:
17391:
17351:
17341:
17176:
17040:
17022:
16868:
16668:
16479:
16285:
16225:
16120:
15513:
15304:
15294:
15279:
15132:
15074:
14840:
14266:
13026:
12756:"Spending at least 120 minutes a week in nature is associated with good health and wellbeing"
12557:
12299:
Herbert Sukopp, "On the Early History of Urban Ecology in Europe"; in Marzluff et al. (2008).
11974:
11166:
11062:'s telegraphic circular to all station commanders, 8 December 1901, in Robert D. Ramsey III,
10994:
Stephen V. Ward, "Promoting the Olympic City"; in John R. Gold & Margaret M. Gold, eds.,
8529:
8346:
7963:(2012). "Extraordinary Cities: Early 'City-ness' and the Origins of Agriculture and States".
7396:
6826:
6739:
6607:
6111:
5926:
5901:
5858:
5738:
5635:
5611:
5468:
5356:
5308:
5075:
5063:
5015:
4989:
4310:
4254:
4125:
4102:
4092:
3960:
3946:
3760:
3688:
3336:
3219:
2957:
2671:
2600:
2556:
2257:
2086:
1989:
1862:
1435:
1274:, gave rise to numerous cities, governed by kings and fostered multiple languages written in
1256:
1094:
917:
400:
44:
20:
13359:
11284:
11065:
A Masterpiece of Counterguerrilla Warfare: BG J. Franklin Bell in the Philippines, 1901â1902
9316:
8227:
7529:
5798:
In January 2002 the UN Commission on Human Settlements became an umbrella agency called the
4869:
system. Rapid transit is widely used in Europe and has increased in Latin America and Asia.
4422:
3345:
2221:
1841:
In the West, nation-states became the dominant unit of political organization following the
18454:
17346:
16906:
16230:
16220:
16166:
15950:
15893:
15825:
15503:
15478:
14896:
13977:
13698:
13622:
13179:
12993:
John Friedmann and Goetz Wolff, "World City Formation: An Agenda for Research and Action",
12769:
12611:
12492:
12350:
12196:
11497:
11424:
10946:
10820:
10545:
10445:
9999:
9610:
9150:
7690:
7429:
6886:
6748:
6533:
6468:
6243:
5750:
5560:
5531:
5526:
5418:
5223:
5137:
5079:
5071:
4900:
4866:
4537:
4002:
3941:
3929:
3755:
3740:
3438:
3247:
3203:
3199:
3042:
on display physically transmit a historical context for urban places. Some cities, such as
2864:
1662:
1415:
1178:
1155:
1086:
692:
299:
135:
13504:
12537:(Research in Social Problems and Public Policy, Volume 15); Oxford: JAI Press (Elsevier);
10296:
It is ontologically both similar and dissimilar to the historical agency described in the
7862:"KLM to Corona: A Bird's Eye View of Cultural Ecology and Early Mesopotamian Urbanization"
5988:. Such opposition may result from identification of cities with oppression and the ruling
5722:
2894:, with the doubling of a city's size, salaries per capita will generally increase by 15%.
2739:
as their ranks swell with disenfranchised and disaffected people lacking all stake in the
8:
18462:
18299:
17957:
17885:
17580:
17538:
17426:
17356:
17331:
17118:
17065:
16878:
16873:
16250:
16187:
16161:
15970:
15955:
15543:
15157:
14448:
12243:
Ray Forrest & Peter Williams, "Housing in the Twentieth Century"; in Paddison (2001).
9870:"The efficiency and effectiveness of municipally owned corporations: a systematic review"
9641:
6368:
6130:
5889:
5885:
5336:
5276:
4504:
4012:
3914:
3621:
3453:
3027:
2841:
2744:
2372:
2348:
2203:, as formerly good sources of freshwater become overused and polluted, and the volume of
1925:
1893:
1842:
1810:
1729:
1589:
1427:
1283:
1182:
1106:
1012:
969:
933:
905:
561:
441:
14861:
14406:
Urban Ecology: An International Perspective on the Interaction Between Humans and Nature
13626:
12773:
12615:
12496:
12423:
12354:
12200:
11501:
11428:
10824:
10549:
10449:
10433:
10003:
9614:
8791:
7694:
7433:
7388:
6890:
6752:
6537:
6472:
4687:
2089:
revolutions urban population began its unprecedented growth, both through migration and
1542:
Additionally, other early urban centers in West Africa, dated to around 500 CE, include
669:
18573:
18294:
18282:
18217:
18212:
17932:
17718:
17602:
17485:
17368:
17301:
17193:
17151:
16991:
16469:
16151:
15690:
15442:
14642:
14106:
14064:
13898:
Gary Bridge and Sophie Watson, "City Imaginaries", in Bridge & Watson, eds. (2000).
13865:
13835:"Amartya Sen, the World Bank, and the Redress of Urban Poverty: A Brazilian Case Study"
13834:
13726:
13595:
13434:
13319:
13258:
The Role of Local Government in Shaping and Influencing International Policy Frameworks
13207:
12944:
12790:
12760:
12755:
12671:
12646:
12627:
12582:
12338:
12282:
12234:
slum areas, and health protection through provision for pure water and wholesome food."
12160:
12135:
12115:
12002:
11677:
11531:
11440:
11222:
10974:
10836:
10726:
10718:
10661:
10568:
10533:
10511:
10410:
10349:
9990:
9959:
9909:
9778:
9549:
8212:
8050:
7453:
7202:
7200:
Moore, Oliver (2 October 2021). "What makes a city a city? It's a little complicated".
6771:
6734:
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6032:
5670:
5506:
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5242:
5059:
4941:
4648:
4636:
4447:
4239:
4162:
3859:
3842:
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3176:
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process of people thinking about doing business inâ"purchasing" (the brand of)âa city.
3079:
2992:
2464:
2460:
2384:
2293:
2119:
1977:
1949:
1733:
1685:
1594:
1090:
1074:
1063:
1008:
999:
823:
775:
marking older city boundaries. In more recent history, such forms were supplemented by
728:
700:
384:
and then remains permanent. (Historically, the qualifying factor was the presence of a
361:
115:
12477:
12208:
12151:
11585:
Summary for Urban Policymakers â What the IPCC Special Report on 1.5C Means for Cities
10892:
10112:
Gupta, Verrest, and Jaffe, "Theorizing Governance", in Gupta et al. (2015), pp. 30â31.
8351:. Chapter 2 â The Ideal of Citizenship since Classical Times (originally published in
7703:
7678:
5300:
5152:. Industrialized cities, and today third-world megacities, are notorious for veils of
1634:
1577:
1151:
1130:
1024:
174:
73:
18336:
18324:
17972:
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17563:
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16663:
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15863:
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15752:
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15695:
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15309:
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15257:
15042:
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14782:
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14543:
14522:
14506:
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14409:
14394:
14379:
14357:
14339:
14323:
14308:
14294:
14276:
14256:
14233:
14226:
Cities as International Actors: Urban and Regional Governance Beyond the Nation State
14198:
14184:
14172:
14153:
14139:
14125:
14110:
14092:
14074:
14052:
14038:
13857:
13756:
13730:
13718:
13699:"Locating planning in the New Urban Agenda of the urban sustainable development goal"
13638:
13599:
13587:
13438:
13426:
13358:
19(1), 2015. See also websites of individual city embassies cited therein, including
13323:
13311:
13211:
13199:
13178:
Sanderson, Matthew R; Derudder, Ben; Timberlake, Michael; Witlox, Frank (June 2015).
13154:
13123:
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12934:
12795:
12676:
12631:
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12574:
12538:
12508:
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11994:
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10999:
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10808:
10773:
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10653:
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10573:
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10069:
10015:
9963:
9951:
9947:
9913:
9901:
9720:
9622:
9553:
9541:
9521:
9413:
The State of Latin American and Caribbean Cities 2012: Towards a new urban transition
9269:
9161:
9042:
8973:
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8744:
8634:
8601:
8533:
8393:
8356:
8314:
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8190:
8095:
8054:
8042:
7980:
7976:
7877:
7861:
7741:
7720:"Socio-Material Archaeological Networks at ĂatalhöyĂŒk a Community Detection Approach"
7550:
7457:
7445:
7234:
6776:
6735:"Dramatic uneven urbanization of large cities throughout the world in recent decades"
6715:
6673:
6654:
6617:
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6492:
6484:
6459:
6126:
5819:
5674:
5603:
5496:
5448:
5284:
5234:
5005:
4858:
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4451:
3636:
3426:
3306:
3215:
3153:
3035:
2880:
2779:
2683:
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2623:
2313:. Whatever their true degree of political authority, the mayor typically acts as the
2297:
2285:
2177:
2155:
2036:
2012:
2008:
1737:
1681:
1598:
873:
724:
569:
307:
247:
93:
13869:
13102:"Immigration and the Global City Hypothesis: Towards an Alternative Research Agenda"
12394:"National Geographic Magazine; Special report 2008: Changing Climate: Village Green"
12119:
10261:
5707:
5332:
3372:; these effects are also connected with other urban environmental problems, such as
1654:
1379:
1359:), and with them brought its principles of urban architecture, design, and society.
18381:
18179:
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17648:
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17285:
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16973:
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10702:
10645:
10596:
10563:
10553:
10461:
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10273:
10229:
10061:
10007:
9943:
9891:
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9261:
9032:
8859:
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8525:
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8034:
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7731:
7698:
7493:
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7384:
7226:
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6927:
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6524:
6476:
6372:
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6332:
6324:
5893:
5716:
5646:
5413:
5272:
5192:
5011:
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4455:
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4214:
4199:
4082:
4007:
3909:
3899:
3869:
3775:
3750:
3695:
3631:
3573:
3443:
3377:
3332:
3260:
3227:
3023:
2973:
2902:
2818:
2810:
2444:
2233:
2216:
2020:
1957:
1749:
1725:
1714:
1613:
in the Netherlands, created around 1550, shows the city completely surrounded by a
1570:
1467:
1322:
749:
745:
673:
330:
291:
283:
239:
208:
187:
143:
123:
14334:
Latham, Alan; McCormack, Derek; McNamara, Kim; McNeill, Donald (14 January 2009).
14193:
Gupta, Joyetta, Karin Pfeffer, Hebe Verrest, & Mirjam Ros-Tonen, eds. (2015).
13238:
Sub-National Authorities and European Integration: Moving Beyond the Nation-State?
12892:
12875:
12645:
Fuller, R.A.; Irvine, K.N.; Devine-Wright, P.; Warren, P.H.; Gaston, K.J. (2007).
11890:
11509:
11436:
11121:
11030:
10880:
10649:
10206:
10094:
9886:
9869:
6504:
5992:. This and other political ideologies strongly influence narratives and themes in
1888:
Some industrialized cities were confronted with health challenges associated with
1532:
1343:
was the first city that surpassed one million inhabitants. Under the authority of
834:
262:
for employment, entertainment, and education. However, in a world of intensifying
18609:
18568:
18553:
Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms. Historical derivations in
18429:
18057:
17760:
17663:
17607:
17544:
17515:
17500:
17280:
17275:
17233:
17198:
16998:
16963:
16938:
16718:
16678:
16424:
16379:
16309:
16033:
16028:
15427:
15339:
15124:
15109:
15027:
14920:
14889:
14618:
14537:
14318:
Kraas, Frauke, Surinder Aggarwal, Martin Coy, & GĂŒnter Mertins, eds. (2014).
14305:
Rethinking Place Branding: Comprehensive Brand Development for Cities and Regions
14229:
14012:
13984:
13820:
13796:
13789:
13751:
13526:
13478:
13422:
13377:
13366:
13351:
13264:
13244:
12971:
12729:"Two Hours a Week in Nature Can Boost Your Health and Well-Being, Research Finds"
12085:
11291:
11173:
11128:
11093:
11071:
10998:, 1896â2016; London & New York: Routledge (Taylor & Francis), 2008/2011;
10932:
10918:
10503:
10383:"Global Political Cities as Actors in Twenty-First Century International Affairs"
10151:
10091:
resulting in a variety of urban governance configurations (Peyroux et al. 2014)."
9824:
9740:
9464:
9440:
9419:
9399:
9375:
9323:
9303:
9235:
9219:
9135:
9123:
9091:
8951:
8837:
8817:
8798:
8778:
8628:
8596:
8008:
7997:
7960:
7623:
7596:
7576:
7565:
7370:"The End of Public Space?People's Park, Definitions of the Public, and Democracy"
7349:
7284:
7230:
7127:
7074:
7047:
7032:
6668:
6649:
6388:
6208:
6154:
6006:
5966:
5866:
5682:
5639:
5501:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5438:
4947:
4880:
4795:
4728:
4714:
4467:
4289:
4157:
4052:
4042:
3972:
3770:
3710:
3614:
3568:
3527:
3480:
3369:
3267:" targeting: crippling an enemy by annihilating its valuable cities, rather than
3091:
2856:
2822:
2787:
2709:
2667:
2567:
2440:
2404:
2189:
2040:
2004:
1961:
1383:
1354:
1205:
of cities geared variously towards trade, politics, or religion. Some had large,
756:
573:
546:
423:
accomplishing common goals through informal agreements between neighbors, or the
389:
346:
16349:
13383:
13218:
12084:
Levinson, Herbert; Zimmerman, Samuel; Clinger, Jennifer; Rutherford, G. (2002).
12055:
10613:
7217:
Jianping, Yi (2012). ""Civilization" and "State": An Etymological Perspective".
4848:, the world's most common form of public transport, uses a network of scheduled
1562:
1027:, is a non-linear development that demonstrates the varied experiences of early
17900:
17868:
17730:
17668:
17658:
17653:
17473:
17439:
17307:
17257:
17208:
16901:
16429:
16409:
16389:
16369:
16359:
16354:
16299:
16196:
16192:
16181:
16013:
15990:
15930:
15608:
15523:
15483:
15229:
15209:
15032:
14965:
14659:
14648:
14575:
13772:
13583:
12781:
12623:
11990:
11383:
11122:
Urban Counterinsurgency: Case Studies and Implications for U.S. Military Forces
11086:
10912:
The FIFA World Cup and Social Cohesion: Bread and Circuses or Bread and Butter?
10277:
8666:
7441:
6932:
6915:
6794:
6761:
6569:
6299:
6281:
6277:
5938:
5815:
5769:
5650:
5580:
5521:
5511:
5473:
5458:
5304:
4944:
but also the physical systems necessary to sustain life and economic activity.
4838:
4798:
4760:
4640:
4592:
4515:
4463:
4435:
4410:
4284:
4224:
4204:
4132:
3879:
3817:
3795:
3595:
3585:
3563:
3361:
3328:
3319:. Cities are also one of the most vulnerable parts of the human society to the
3316:
3031:
3019:
3015:
2679:
2638:
2619:
2607:
2583:
2511:
2488:
2456:
2436:
2281:
2253:
2078:
1969:
1874:
1846:
1666:
1658:
1638:
1614:
1506:
1318:
1147:
1082:
862:
The urban-type settlement extends far beyond the traditional boundaries of the
815:
761:
622:
585:
453:
412:
377:
369:
243:
154:
18361:
13931:
13853:
11550:
11343:"Climate change and cities: a prime source of problems, yet key to a solution"
9106:
William H. Frey & Zachary Zimmer, "Defining the City"; in Paddison (2001).
8701:"Free and Imperial Cities â Dictionary definition of Free and Imperial Cities"
8473:
7616:
6303:
5933:, symbolizing the ruin of a decadent civilization. The lightning striking the
5000:
1505:, from 800 BC. Both Dhar Tichitt and Dia were founded by the same people: the
1450:; while ancient continuously inhabited Pueblos are near modern urban areas in
1015:, and the processional avenue serving as the spine of the city's street system
18604:
18598:
18082:
17922:
17684:
17533:
17396:
17166:
17141:
16984:
16739:
16708:
16703:
16673:
16484:
16434:
16339:
16270:
16260:
16245:
16176:
16130:
16109:
16070:
16043:
15783:
15742:
15567:
15538:
15508:
15432:
15422:
15412:
15407:
15252:
15204:
14975:
14667:
14443:
14322:. United Nations "International Year of Planet Earth" book series. Springer.
14162:
13997:
13861:
13777:
Proceedings of the World Bank Annual Conference on Development Economics 1991
13722:
13714:
13642:
13634:
13591:
13430:
13315:
13203:
13195:
13127:
12512:
12278:
12111:
11998:
11789:
11576:
11527:
11354:
11218:
11210:
10970:
10962:
10925:
10714:
10657:
10529:
10492:
10406:
10285:
10073:
10019:
9955:
9905:
9868:
Voorn, Bart; van Genugten, Marieke L.; van Thiel, Sandra (3 September 2017).
9545:
9537:
9273:
9128:
9116:
9046:
8232:
8046:
7984:
7899:
7745:
7736:
7719:
7645:
7449:
7238:
7173:
Dijkstra, Lewis; Hamilton, Ellen; Lall, Somik; Wahba, Sameh (10 March 2020).
6899:
6872:
6488:
6200:
6176:
6037:
6028:
5981:
5913:
5870:
5591:
5398:
5320:
5256:
5230:
5145:
5122:
5050:, create physical and chemical environments which have no equivalents in the
4975:
4920:
4809:
4744:
4644:
4604:
4524:, necessary for good health in crowded conditions, requires water supply and
4443:
4439:
4394:
4219:
4077:
3807:
3668:
3517:
3360:
coastal areas, cities are frequently vulnerable to the subsequent effects of
3149:
3109:
3067:
2985:
2981:
2891:
2868:
2848:
2830:
2528:
2524:
2472:
2432:
2428:
2392:
2328:
2324:
2276:
2107:
1997:
1973:
1953:
1878:
1826:
1387:
1291:
1206:
939:
708:
557:
524:
408:
295:
279:
267:
263:
220:
216:
192:
13908:
United States as populist accusations of self-serving metropolitan elitism."
13744:
13118:
12963:
12102:
10911:
10558:
10011:
9265:
8781:, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the US, 23 August 2007.
8429:
La ciudad sagrada de Caral-Supe en los albores de la civilizaciĂłn en el PerĂș
8038:
8001:
7990:
6480:
5818:
concurrently approved an "Urban Agenda for the European Union" known as the
2755:
2539:
gain the status of governing actorsâas indicated by the power they wield in
1517:
810:, and other cities on a grid pattern, using ancient principles described by
18482:
18474:
18469:
18434:
17942:
17937:
17848:
17318:
16968:
16930:
16863:
16658:
16419:
16414:
16304:
16290:
16255:
16206:
16102:
16061:
15975:
15965:
15747:
15518:
15402:
15299:
15284:
15172:
15114:
15087:
15064:
15022:
14858:, Website of the United Nations Population Division (archived 10 July 2017)
14303:
Kavaratzis, Mihalis, Gary Warnaby, & Gregory J. Ashworth, eds. (2015).
12799:
12680:
12662:
12578:
12370:
12337:
Gallo, Travis; Fidino, Mason; Lehrer, Elizabeth W.; Magle, Seth B. (2017).
12169:
11755:
11580:
10935:, May 2008 (Feature: Feature: "Mega Sport Events in Developing Countries").
10577:
9598:
9564:
9037:
9020:
8771:
6780:
6719:
6677:
6555:
6496:
6352:
6253:
6248:
6218:
6172:
6063:
6024:
5945:
Cities figure prominently in traditional Western culture, appearing in the
5765:
5692:
5216:
5184:
5161:
5055:
4955:
4904:
4896:
4888:
4783:
4691:
4681:
4608:
4561:
4557:
4142:
4027:
3987:
3977:
3790:
3700:
3663:
3409:
3268:
3264:
3223:
3191:
3137:
3004:
2977:
2961:
2872:
2791:
2713:
2701:
2587:
2532:
2420:
2400:
2237:
2167:
2159:
2073:
2052:
2035:
to bear on cities and city dwellers. Some companies are building brand-new
2032:
1937:
1889:
1866:
1784:
1777:
1547:
1528:
1510:
1486:
1455:
1447:
1431:
1344:
1213:
1159:
1140:
1028:
984:
867:
803:
684:
470:
429:
303:
235:
18376:
13237:
11697:"Hunger stones, wrecks and bones: Europe's drought brings past to surface"
9932:"Selling City Futures: The Financialization of Urban Redevelopment Policy"
9809:"Cities on the Move Ten Years After | Biofuel | Economic Growth"
9642:"The Invention of the Municipal Corporation: A Case Study in Legal Change"
8567:
8554:
8496:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 409â513.
7873:
6577:
2483:
723:
provide residents with relief from the hardness and regularity of typical
481:
18102:
18047:
17910:
17905:
17895:
17630:
17625:
17523:
17495:
17060:
17055:
16922:
16474:
16399:
16280:
16265:
16240:
16090:
16080:
15344:
15329:
15214:
15182:
15162:
15137:
15082:
15059:
15012:
14992:
14985:
14980:
14960:
14933:
14829:
14217:
14195:
Geographies of Urban Governance: Advanced Theories, Methods and Practices
14001:
13917:
10065:
9156:. In Spence, Michael; Annez, Patricia Clarke; Buckley, Robert M. (eds.).
6942:
6376:
6320:
6273:
6062:(New York, London, Hong Kong) and visions of a single world-encompassing
6010:
5874:
5862:
5810:
5727:
5552:
5374:
5316:
5204:
5141:
5043:
4732:
4624:
4600:
4584:
4481:
4473:
4107:
3992:
3982:
3500:
3433:
3184:
3172:
3160:
3054:
have indelible religious status and for hundreds of years have attracted
2876:
2834:
2814:
2736:
2724:
2592:
2536:
2448:
2424:
1941:
1802:
1551:
1536:
1494:
1463:
1443:
1419:
1371:
1332:
1244:
1186:
1171:
1163:
1004:
913:
909:
863:
696:
650:
646:
617:
604:
596:
338:
259:
18289:
14449:
The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformations, and Its Prospects
14354:
Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture
14066:
Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present
12902:
11518:
11026:. SyndiGate Media Inc. 25 January 2023 – via Gale General OneFile.
10466:
10398:
9252:
Brenner, Neil; Schmid, Christian (2014). "The 'Urban Age' in Question".
7589:
4556:, either local governments or private companies have administered urban
1822:
1605:
322:
17989:
17528:
17383:
17082:
16394:
16075:
15650:
15533:
15468:
15319:
15269:
15177:
15104:
15037:
15002:
14928:
14687:
Managing America's Cities: A Handbook for Local Government Productivity
14505:. London; Thousand Oaks, California; and New Delhi: Sage Publications.
14171:. Translated by Dennis Pardee. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 1970.
13527:"South Africans in nationwide strike in protest against cost of living"
12476:
Brazel, Anthony; Selover, Nancy; Vose, Russel; Heisler, Gordon (2000).
12286:
12254:
11772:
Wellman & Spiller, "Introduction", in Wellman & Spiller (2012).
11597:
10722:
10690:
10457:
9983:"Extracting Value from the City: Neoliberalism and Urban Redevelopment"
9896:
9407:
8423:
7498:
7481:
7067:
6360:
6238:
6223:
6014:
5985:
5934:
5850:
5843:
5784:
5712:
5615:
5289:
5051:
5019:
4985:
4822:
4791:
4775:
4752:
4717:
4549:
4521:
4209:
3832:
3812:
3785:
3780:
3745:
3683:
3373:
3211:
2969:
2945:
2884:
2783:
2775:
2740:
2691:
2507:
2352:
2321:
2314:
2181:
2173:
2111:
2016:
1806:
1693:
1543:
1490:
1479:
1451:
1314:
1126:
1020:
897:
712:
600:
577:
565:
508:
449:
424:
407:(food and other necessities or means to trade for them) to support the
357:
342:
251:
204:
14272:
Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability
13307:
13032:
Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability
12874:
Engel, Jerome S.; Berbegal-Mirabent, Jasmina; Piqué, Josep M. (2018).
12570:
11285:
Revealed Preference and the Minimum Requirements of Nuclear Deterrence
10382:
9782:
9758:
8355:
99, no. 1). Minneapolis, MN: The University of Minnesota. p. 31.
8093:
7092:"How NC Municipalities Work â North Carolina League of Municipalities"
6613:
Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability
5880:
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization,
4980:
3108:
formation. Cities go to considerable lengths in competing to host the
707:
has considered physical public space as the substrate of the symbolic
456:... largely for the purpose of international statistical comparison".
18408:
18366:
18341:
18199:
18154:
18042:
17984:
17806:
17555:
16815:
16683:
16313:
16156:
15289:
15197:
15054:
15049:
14970:
14955:
14835:
14484:
14103:
Urban Interstices: The Aesthetics and the Politics of the In-between.
12504:
12362:
11249:"Nuclear Weapons versus International Law: A Contextual Reassessment"
10225:
8896:
Industrial Sunset: The Making of North America's Rust Belt, 1969â1984
7652:
Institutional and Social Innovation for Sustainable Urban Development
6573:
6457:
Glaeser, Edward (2011). "Cities, Productivity, and Quality of Life".
6228:
6059:
5993:
5970:
5954:
5773:
5746:
5654:
5576:
5572:
5406:
5344:
5268:
5264:
5031:
4959:
4884:
4862:
4854:
4849:
4802:
4695:
4500:
3936:
3495:
3195:
3129:
3083:
3063:
3043:
3008:
2937:
2840:
In general, the density of cities expedites commerce and facilitates
2388:
2336:
2262:
2185:
2131:
2127:
2069:
Map showing urban areas with at least one million inhabitants in 2006
1945:
1909:
1773:
1697:
1689:
1622:
1498:
1411:
1279:
1275:
1255:
and abandoned. These sites appear planned in a highly regimented and
1252:
901:
889:
885:
851:
798:, has been used for millennia in Asia, Europe, and the Americas. The
795:
780:
776:
768:
516:
393:
385:
311:
255:
200:
170:
166:
162:
18444:
18439:
13823:"; master's thesis accepted at the University of Ottawa, April 2012.
12712:
12695:
12270:
12184:
7679:"Urban agglomeration: An evolving concept of an emerging phenomenon"
6710:
6691:
6546:
6519:
5335:. Global cities form the capstone of the global hierarchy, exerting
3014:
Today, a city's promotion of its cultural activities dovetails with
1741:
1705:
1228:
were constructed according to sacred principles to act as celestial
779:
moving traffic around the outskirts of a town. Dutch cities such as
489:
18194:
18164:
17994:
17917:
17828:
17640:
17418:
17128:
16135:
16125:
16097:
16065:
16018:
15757:
15675:
15670:
15394:
15314:
15187:
15007:
14938:
14871:
14270:
13790:
Structural adjustment and the contemporary sub-Saharan African city
13101:
13030:
12446:"Newsminer.com; EPA to put Fairbanks on air pollution problem list"
11721:
10832:
10706:
9774:
8187:
Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places
7647:
7050:), the 1988 version of which is quoted in Carter (1995), pp. 10â12.
6611:
6380:
6364:
6233:
6087:
6055:
6043:
5696:
5370:
5280:
5196:
5188:
5130:
5035:
4821:
accompanied the expansion of urban economic areas into much larger
4779:
4764:
4721:
4673:
4620:
4612:
4541:
3997:
3822:
3735:
3730:
3510:
3294:
3256:
3164:
3101:
3039:
2941:
2806:
2727:, form a growing stratum of society in the age of urbanization. In
2696:
2690:. While in the US and elsewhere poverty became associated with the
2596:
2560:
2552:
2356:
2344:
1830:
1792:
1709:
1363:
1303:
1240:
1217:
1059:
992:
904:.) Some cities are now part of a continuous urban landscape called
847:
839:
822:
exemplifies a grid plan with specialized districts used across the
811:
654:
630:
404:
365:
326:
228:
212:
18504:
18398:
18249:
12647:"Psychological benefits of green-space increase with biodiversity"
12393:
12083:
9458:
Urban population boom poses massive challenges for Africa and Asia
8677:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 130â131. Archived from
7866:
Settlement and Society: Essays Dedicated to Robert McCormick Adams
7786:
6996:"Population by region â Urban population by city size â OECD Data"
4950:
represents status and a modicum of economic security, compared to
4603:
systems used in communications, business, and government) and for
3323:, and likely one of the most important solutions for reducing the
2379:, Ireland, extinguishing a severe fire at a hardware store in 1970
1307:
794:
A system of rectilinear city streets and land plots, known as the
740:
18499:
18424:
18254:
18244:
18184:
18097:
18067:
17999:
17880:
17092:
16893:
16215:
15577:
14181:
Sans feu ni lieu : Signification biblique de la Grande Ville
13287:
Marks, Gary; Haesly, Richard; Mbaye, Heather A.D. (Autumn 2002).
13177:
12478:"The tale of two climates-Baltimore and Phoenix urban LTER sites"
11574:
10921:"; International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education
9759:"Privatization of Municipal Services in America's Largest Cities"
6107:
6005:
which treat of city features and history. Modern authors such as
5950:
5930:
5897:
5754:
5564:
5067:
4951:
4937:
4876:
4872:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4787:
4740:
4632:
4628:
4565:
4529:
4508:
4485:
4477:
4427:
3485:
3353:
3349:
3298:
3055:
2925:
2860:
2728:
2720:
2496:
2443:(formation of quasi-private municipally-owned corporations), and
2135:
2094:
2065:
1933:
1905:
1901:
1818:
1646:
1610:
1582:
1271:
1267:
1102:
1089:, which enabled the production of surplus food and thus a social
1047:
1035:
855:
807:
784:
772:
642:
638:
420:
196:
147:
13568:"Human Settlements and Urban Life: A United Nations Perspective"
11975:"Corporate Strategies and the Decline of Transit in U.S. Cities"
11378:
11376:
11336:
11334:
10508:
Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy
9757:
Dilger, Robert Jay; Moffett, Randolph R.; Struyk, Linda (1997).
9129:
Proceedings of the First International Conference on Urban Pests
6319:
One important global political city, described at one time as a
5884:
has increasingly focused on cities as key sites for influencing
5058:. They provide homes not only for immigrant humans but also for
4954:
which may consume much of the income of low-wage urban workers.
2451:
and therefore beyond the reach of taxation. Cities in search of
1944:
in formerly prosperous cities. America's "Steel Belt" became a "
1825:(70,000 to 105,000 inhabitants in the 14th and 15th centuries),
952:
18529:
18519:
18514:
18449:
18403:
18319:
18189:
18174:
18169:
18159:
17843:
17450:
17032:
16318:
16201:
15665:
15274:
15167:
14945:
13814:
Supporting Learning Cities: A Case Study of the Cities Alliance
13406:
13289:"What Do Subnational Offices Think They Are Doing in Brussels?"
12696:"The Benefits of Trees for Livable and Sustainable Communities"
12644:
12420:"Indoor Air Quality â American Lung Association of Alaska"
11020:"Olympics: Paris rushing to complete construction work by 2024"
9368:
9228:
9064:
6051:
5962:
5881:
5826:
UN-Habitat coordinates the U.N. urban agenda, working with the
5568:
5405:(CBDs) that serve as hubs for economic activity. A panorama of
5381:
working overtime, low wages, and lack of safety in workplaces.
5347:
in which cities, considered variations on the same ideal type,
5173:
5169:
5098:
5090:
5047:
5023:
4993:
4924:
4759:
rail. Cities also rely on long-distance transportation (truck,
4748:
4580:
4545:
4274:
3000:
2953:
2949:
2929:
2826:
2798:
2768:
2764:
2705:
2687:
2627:
2396:
2376:
2340:
2332:
2302:
2226:
2204:
2147:
2139:
2115:
1870:
1788:
1745:
1566:
1439:
1299:
1248:
1078:
1055:
1051:
1043:
1039:
980:
877:
843:
819:
788:
677:
626:
353:
150:
119:
18274:
14572:, pp. 3â19. 4th ed. Waveland Press, Prospect Heights, IL.
14333:
13937:
13389:
13224:
12923:
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Studies
12061:
11896:
11817:
11795:
11036:
10898:
10886:
10619:
10320:
10262:"The Urbanization of Empire: Megacities and the Laws of Chaos"
10212:
10100:
9666:
9522:"Getting off the ground: On the politics of urban verticality"
9019:
Shelton, Taylor; Zook, Matthew; Wiig, Alan (27 October 2014).
8313:. Chicago and London: University of Chicago press. p. 2.
8156:"What Science Has Learned about the Rise of Urban Mesopotamia"
8023:"Jane Jacobs' 'Cities First' Model and Archaeological Reality"
7355:
7333:
6914:
Bibri, Simon Elias; Krogstie, John; KĂ€rrholm, Mattias (2020).
5996:
about cities. In turn, cities symbolize their home societies.
4767:) for economic connections with other cities and rural areas.
2527:. In the neoliberal model of governance, public utilities are
1877:
and cities across the country grew in locations strategic for
1780:, which enjoyed considerable autonomy in late medieval Japan.
1143:, the first city in the world to reach one million inhabitants
302:
per inhabitant than more sparsely populated areas. Therefore,
18524:
18509:
18494:
18371:
18356:
18346:
18331:
18309:
18304:
18239:
18037:
17979:
17863:
15960:
14950:
14269:; with Magee, Liam; Scerri, Andy; Steger, Manfred B. (2015).
14000:
was incorporated as a single municipality in 1976 and gained
13267:", PhD thesis accepted at De Montfort University, April 2014.
13029:; with Magee, Liam; Scerri, Andy; Steger, Manfred B. (2015).
12813:
their major cities for connections to the rest of the world."
12185:"Greenways: Multiplying and diversifying in the 21st century"
11568:
11451:
11373:
11331:
10534:"Growth, innovation, scaling, and the pace of life in cities"
10527:
6610:; with Magee, Liam; Scerri, Andy; Steger, Manfred B. (2015).
6091:
5989:
5946:
5731:
5678:
5443:
5433:
5126:
5102:
5086:
5039:
4771:
4710:
4569:
4533:
4470:
because new development must build from what exists already.
3874:
3490:
3242:
3087:
3075:
3047:
2917:
2906:
2310:
2151:
2143:
2123:
1985:
1769:
1765:
1701:
1650:
1423:
1407:
1391:
1367:
1336:
1327:
1295:
1263:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1122:
1098:
961:
881:
704:
533:
527:
519:
terminology, names of individual cities and towns are called
501:
475:
416:
242:
now lives in cities, which has had profound consequences for
139:
127:
13954:, an unremittingly dark vision of a modern industrial city."
11106:
Ashworth (1991), p. 3. Citing L.C. Peltier and G.E. Pearcy,
10996:
Olympic Cities: City Agendas, Planning and the World's Games
9423:; Nairobi: United Nations Human Settlements Programme, 2012.
8390:
International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe
7068:
Toward a New Conceptualization of Settlements for Demography
6822:"How megacities could lead the fight against climate change"
6013:
are famous for evocative descriptions of their home cities.
5377:
and maintain branches in the biggest foreign global cities.
3100:
among other forms of cultural appeal, attract and entertain
18351:
17617:
15192:
14431:
Matrix of Man: An Illustrated History of Urban Environment.
14265:
13411:
Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research
13025:
12873:
10528:
Bettencourt, L. M. A.; Lobo, J.; Helbing, D.; Kuhnert, C.;
8075:
statesmen vied with one another in satisfying that desire."
6606:
6294:
Water resources in rapidly urbanizing areas are not merely
5974:
5958:
5366:
5200:
5165:
5157:
5153:
5110:
4736:
3194:, national governments on occasion declared certain cities
3104:. Sports also play a major role in city branding and local
3059:
3051:
2996:
2500:
1913:
1752:
for collective defense and commerce. Their power was later
1618:
1554:, a center located on a trade route between Egypt and Gao.
1521:
1502:
1475:
1471:
1403:
1395:
1340:
1185:, complex civilizations flourished in the river valleys of
1167:
973:
957:
866:
in a form of development sometimes described critically as
716:
445:
373:
12753:
9867:
8455:
8453:
8451:
7273:
Bataille, L., "From passive to energy generating assets",
5645:
Networks have become especially prevalent in the arena of
5634:
play similar roles. UCLG took responsibility for creating
4808:
Since the mid-20th century, cities have relied heavily on
2236:
of cities takes different forms including prominently the
290:. Due to the efficiency of transportation and the smaller
18149:
14881:
14639:
Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census
14179:; French original (written earlier, published later as):
10947:"Assessing the sociology of sport: On sport and the city"
10224:
10175:
10173:
7172:
6306:. Also, there is a countervailing trend: 100 cities have
5753:
and establishes various principles for maintaining urban
5118:
5114:
5106:
5094:
4879:("non-motorized transport") enjoy increasing favor (more
4818:
2024:
1814:
1776:. Similar phenomena existed elsewhere, as in the case of
1374:. In the Andes, the first urban centers developed in the
13466:
13464:
12876:"The renaissance of the city as a cluster of innovation"
12475:
12255:"Urban Ecology and Special Features of Urban Ecosystems"
11782:
11780:
11778:
11487:
11341:
Zenghelis, Dimitri; Stern, Nicholas (19 November 2015).
11087:
Population Isolation in the Philippine War: A Case Study
9393:
Latin America struggles to cope with record urban growth
8487:
8485:
8483:
7648:"Managing Metropolises by Negotiating Mega-Urban Growth"
5772:
resulted in a set of international agreements including
5351:
compete with each other globally to achieve prosperity.
2614:. Urban planners and scholars have proposed overlapping
2102:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
506:âanother common root appearing in English words such as
356:
use a variety of definitions â invoking factors such as
223:. Their density facilitates interaction between people,
13148:
12829:
12132:
11924:
Tom Hart, "Transport and the City"; in Paddison (2001).
10238:(in German). Translated by Samuel Moore. Archived from
9315:
Edouart Glissant (Editor-in-Chief), UNESCO "Courier" ("
8945:
China's Great Uprooting: Moving 250 Million Into Cities
8448:
8381:
8094:
Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art (October 2003).
8021:
Smith, Michael E.; Ur, Jason; Feinman, Gary M. (2014).
7810:
Nick Compton, "What is the oldest city in the world?",
6733:
Sun, Liqun; Chen, Ji; Li, Qinglan; Huang, Dian (2020).
5177:
4403:
largely due to cement's outsized role in climate change
2890:
According to a scientific model of cities by Professor
965:
329:
represents the city's symbolic role of devotion to the
14371:. 11th ed. New York: Routledge (Taylor & Francis).
13483:
The Ashgate Research Companion to Planning and Culture
13151:
Global cities at work: new migrant divisions of labour
12336:
11768:
11766:
11764:
10170:
9194:
9192:
7486:
Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering
7066:
Graeme Hugo, Anthony Champion, & Alfredo Lattes, "
5695:
has one of the highest rate of protests in the world.
4576:), said to hold 70% of all water contracts worldwide.
2499:, is one of the oldest city governing corporations in
2061:
Graph showing urbanization from 1950 projected to 2050
411:. (This arrangement contrasts with the more typically
14725:
Town and Gown Relations: A Handbook of Best Practices
14539:
An Alphabetical Guide to the Language of Name Studies
14253:
Urban Transportation Systems: Choices for Communities
13461:
13369:(Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein) and City of London "
11775:
11384:"Cities: a 'cause of and solution to' climate change"
11167:
Rome et la destruction de Carthage: un crime gratuit?
10376:
10374:
10372:
10370:
9247:
9245:
8480:
6913:
6873:"Why does everyone think cities can save the planet?"
6842:"Sustainable cities must be compact and high-density"
6795:"Cities: a 'cause of and solution to' climate change"
3034:
within the metropolitan area. Physical inscriptions,
2419:
The traditional basis for municipal finance is local
494:, meaning 'city' in a more physical sense. The Roman
246:. Present-day cities usually form the core of larger
13613:
Satterthwaite, David (2016). "A new urban agenda?".
13106:
International Journal of Urban and Regional Research
12995:
International Journal of Urban and Regional Research
12693:
12600:
Simpkins, Graham (2023). "City cooling from trees".
9734:
Baltimore police under state control for good reason
9254:
International Journal of Urban and Regional Research
8027:
International Journal of Urban and Regional Research
7965:
International Journal of Urban and Regional Research
7787:"UNESCO World Heritage Centre â World Heritage List"
6190:
3245:
attest to such destruction, as does the Latin motto
2547:, and in the expectation of self-regulation through
2510:
includes government but refers to a wider domain of
2180:
arrange for rapid industrialization, as well as the
1916:
emerged as regular features of the urban landscape.
1657:. From the 9th through the end of the 12th century,
314:, and stressing water supplies and other resources.
13400:
13398:
12313:
12311:
12309:
12307:
12305:
11761:
9756:
9189:
9149:Annez, Patricia Clarke; Buckley, Robert M. (2009).
8996:, 3rd edn, South Melbourne: Oxford University Press
7590:
The 1925 Master Plan for Tel-Aviv by Patrick Geddes
2704:majority is empirically the most segregated group.
1282:trading empire, flourishing around the turn of the
18132:
14481:The City: Critical Concepts in The Social Sciences
10873:
10871:
10367:
9242:
9207:
9205:
9102:
9100:
8919:
8917:
8459:
8388:Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert; Boda, Sharon (1996).
7933:
7931:
7316:
7314:
7245:
7175:"How do we define cities, towns, and rural areas?"
6310:-municipalized their water supply since the 1990s.
5892:gives the organization significant influence over
5195:, and other artificial surfaces, which heat up in
1717:governing the empire with the emperor through the
603:that sustains them. Only in special cases such as
14592:Wellman, Kath & Marcus Spiller, eds. (2012).
11968:
11966:
10802:
10800:
10798:
9563:from the original on 10 October 2017 – via
9337:"World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision"
9025:Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society
8970:The network society: a cross-cultural perspective
7916:
7914:
7401:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
7377:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
7304:
7302:
6343:and the various federal agencies found along the
6017:conceived the idea for his influential 1927 film
5877:markets through credit and technical assistance.
4907:have been introduced to limit urban car traffic.
4829:issues with the accompanying construction of new
4647:also traverse cities, forming dense networks for
3341:concentrating more impoverished peoples in cities
1865:from the late 18th century onward led to massive
1621:, with its square shape inspired by the shape of
1243:, a workers' town associated with the pyramid of
972:, can be seen at present-day Tell el-Mukayyar in
18596:
14744:The American City: A Social and Cultural History
14356:. New York: Vintage Books (Random House), 1994.
14338:. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications Limited.
14183:; Paris: Gallimard, 1975. Republished 2003 with
13755:, Habitat III Secretariat, 2017; A/RES/71/256*;
13395:
13286:
12302:
11723:The Future of Urban Consumption in a 1.5 C World
10380:
10120:
10118:
9802:
9800:
9798:
9796:
9794:
9792:
9139:, ed. K.B. Wildey and William H. Robinson, 1993.
7329:
7327:
6980:
6978:
5929:, depicts chaos with the Persian army occupying
5836:Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
3132:on 6 August 1945 devastated the city and led to
2932:, an example of the cultural diversity of a city
2851:fueled the growth of cities, many now rely on a
2797:As hubs of trade, cities have long been home to
2309:The chief official of the city has the title of
2019:paradigm, supported by institutions such as the
1976:, and selective cultural development. Under the
1527:More recently, scholars have concluded that the
1216:of the Indus Valley civilization in present-day
13501:"Global Covenant of Mayors â Compact of Mayors"
12554:
11973:Whitt, J. Allen; Yago, Glenn (September 1985).
10951:International Review for the Sociology of Sport
10868:
10767:
10538:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
9520:Graham, Stephen; Hewitt, Lucy (February 2013).
9434:Where is the fastest growing city in the world?
9202:
9097:
9018:
8914:
8811:Metropolis: Angkor, the world's first mega-city
8256:Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization
7928:
7311:
7062:
7060:
7058:
7056:
6870:
6517:
5183:Modern cities are known for creating their own
2833:encouraging self-expression and escape through
2686:enclaves or, in areas of concentrated poverty,
2674:. Spatially, cities are formally or informally
2514:functions implemented by many actors including
1531:of Djenne-Djenno was likely established by the
14620:The City: Urban Communities and Their Problems
14519:Sovereign City: The City-state Through History
14455:
14224:Herrschel, Tassilo & Peter Newman (2017).
14136:The Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History
14087:Bridge, Gary, and Sophie Watson, eds. (2000).
13692:
13690:
13561:
13559:
13557:
13184:International Journal of Comparative Sociology
11963:
11548:
11340:
10795:
10688:
9700:
9593:
9591:
9589:
9587:
9585:
9583:
9369:World Population Becomes More Urban Than Rural
9151:"Urbanization and Growth: Setting the Context"
8741:Sovereign City: The City-state Through History
8387:
8020:
7940:
7911:
7299:
6732:
6420:
5663:United Nations Global Compact Cities Programme
5323:used the term "global city" in her 1991 work,
2694:, in France it has become associated with the
2518:. The impact of globalization and the role of
2011:enable select cities to become centers of the
1881:. In the United States from 1860 to 1910, the
1422:in central Mexico. Later cultures such as the
392:, with a population of 12,000 as of 2018, and
388:, resulting in some very small cities such as
16801:
15593:
14897:
14408:. New York: Springer Science+Business Media.
13612:
13454:
13452:
12726:
10813:Environment and Planning D: Society and Space
10768:Theall, Donald F.; Carpenter, Edmund (2001).
10255:
10253:
10115:
9925:
9923:
9789:
9715:
9713:
9297:Patterns of Urban and Rural Population Growth
9251:
9109:
8784:
8762:
8760:
8590:History of African Cities South of the Sahara
7324:
7138:
7136:
6975:
5559:within the European Union as a technique for
4770:City streets historically were the domain of
4727:Because cities rely on specialization and an
4355:
2964:ranging from small to enormous and ornate to
2909:is one of the best-known cities in the world.
2897:
14594:Urban Infrastructure: Finance and Management
14561:City Life: Urban Expectations in a New World
13661:"Defining a Global Urban Development Agenda"
12917:Jacobs, Andrew J.; Orum, Anthony M. (2023).
11920:
11918:
11916:
11914:
10990:
10988:
10689:Redfield, Robert; Singer, Milton B. (1954).
10434:"Agglomeration Economies in Classical Music"
10381:Calder, Kent E.; de Freytas, Mariko (2009).
9519:
9148:
8675:The Economic History of Byzantium (Volume 1)
8432:(in Spanish). Lima: UNMSM, Fondo Editorial.
7895:
7893:
7115:
7113:
7111:
7109:
7053:
6568:
5907:
5861:programs contributed to urbanization in the
5679:ICLEI â Local Governments for Sustainability
5066:(construction, walking) to plant and animal
1201:. Excavations in these areas have found the
846:, showing the geometrically planned city of
298:cities hold the potential to have a smaller
18579:List of administrative divisions by country
14210:Urban Politics: Past, Present, & Future
14208:Hahn, Harlan, & Charles Levine (1980).
13687:
13654:
13652:
13572:Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless
13554:
13404:
13356:International Journal of the Urban Sciences
11847:Public Services International Research Unit
11412:
9580:
9471:(Development data: Datablog), 10 July 2014.
9456:Mark Anderson & Achilleas Galatsidas, "
9229:World Urbanization Prospects: 2014 Revision
8853:
8671:"Writing the Economic History of Byzantium"
8522:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics
8422:
7860:Pournelle, Jennifer R. (31 December 2007).
6214:List of adjectivals and demonyms for cities
5949:in both evil and holy forms, symbolized by
5776:which establishes principles and plans for
1849:trade. However, most towns remained small.
1352:
1335:who collectively constituted the city. The
499:
487:
479:
16808:
16794:
15600:
15586:
14904:
14890:
14542:. Lanham and London: The Scarecrow Press.
14378:. London & New York: Routledge, 2011.
14051:. London & New York: Routledge, 1991.
13775:, "A New Paradigm for Urban Development";
13449:
12916:
12821:
12819:
12018:
12016:
10431:
10291:vending, rag picking, begging, and crime.
10250:
9920:
9710:
8757:
7547:The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives
7133:
6871:Angelo, Hillary; Wachsmuth, David (2020).
6518:Bettencourt, Luis; West, Geoffrey (2010).
6426:
5800:United Nations Human Settlements Programme
5657:. Environmental city networks include the
4362:
4348:
4329:
4317:
3301:was listed as the most vulnerable city to
3218:, involves techniques of surveillance and
2731:doctrine, the proletariat will inevitably
2467:. City governments have also begun to use
2184:from Europe and North America, attracting
1386:cultures, followed by major cities in the
1366:, early urban traditions developed in the
452:and others, and endorsed in March by the
14776:
13117:
12964:The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo.
12901:
12891:
12789:
12711:
12670:
12460:
12159:
12101:
11972:
11911:
11671:
11596:
11517:
11309:"Climate change: the cities most at risk"
10985:
10806:
10567:
10557:
10518:; New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2002.
10465:
9895:
9885:
9213:U.N. Finds Most People Now Live in Cities
9036:
8566:
8552:
8546:
8491:
8416:
7890:
7859:
7735:
7717:
7702:
7497:
7106:
6941:
6931:
6898:
6819:
6770:
6760:
6709:
6667:
6545:
6414:The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography
5546:
5275:and other alliances of cities. Today the
5271:, and the Greek city-states, through the
5229:One of the main methods of improving the
4454:, these networks have been classified as
3449:Effects of climate change on human health
3253:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
2199:Urbanization can create rapid demand for
1896:of industry, contaminated water and air,
948:List of largest cities throughout history
791:, this pattern is still clearly visible.
689:privately owned spaces open to the public
16846:
15808:Regional Planning Association of America
14452:. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
14376:Politics of Urbanism: Seeing like a city
13832:
13649:
12987:
12599:
12182:
11751:
11749:
11653:
10944:
10772:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Univ. Press.
10695:Economic Development and Cultural Change
10047:
9806:
9639:
9160:. Commission on Growth and Development.
8967:
8228:"Where was the first city in the world?"
7908:, Detroit: Black & Red, 1983; p. 16.
7479:
7367:
7216:
6385:Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems
6357:Central Intelligence Agency headquarters
5917:
5721:
5706:
5702:
5325:The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo
5299:
5180:than soil in the comparable wilderness.
5010:
4999:
4979:
4914:
4705:
4686:
4668:
4579:Modern urban life relies heavily on the
4499:
4421:
3344:
3293:
3226:, and functionally extends modern urban
3119:
2912:
2901:
2829:, transformed urban shopping areas into
2763:, the centre of commerce and finance of
2754:
2719:Landless urban workers, contrasted with
2591:
2482:
2366:
2220:
2081:and small-scale manufacturing. With the
2064:
2056:
1924:In the second half of the 20th century,
1604:
1588:
1576:
1561:
1313:In the following centuries, independent
1134:
998:
979:
951:
833:
739:
691:as well as forms of public land such as
668:
621:
556:
321:
17784:
14658:
14478:
14062:
13658:
13470:Nancy Duxbury & Sharon Jeannotte, "
12816:
12694:Turner-Skoff, J.; Cavender, N. (2019).
12638:
12259:Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters
12013:
11886:from the original on 18 September 2017.
11858:
11189:
10201:Urban Planning in Pre-Columbian America
8626:
8600:By Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch. 2005.
8338:
8330:from the original on 13 November 2018.
8253:
8209:
7837:
7824:
7650:. In Harald Mieg; Klaus Töpfer (eds.).
6456:
6411:
5614:for cities; regionally and nationally,
3269:aiming primarily at its military forces
1740:. In Northern Europe, cities including
18597:
14864:â World Bank website based on UN data.
14814:Thernstrom, S., and Sennett, R., ed.,
14779:The Bicycle â Towards a Global History
14760:
14616:
14516:
14242:
13696:
13565:
13099:
13035:. London: Routledge. pp. 28, 30.
12603:Nature Reviews Earth & Environment
12252:
11694:
11589:Indian Institute for Human Settlements
11192:"The First Genocide: Carthage, 146 BC"
10590:
9597:
8738:
8530:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.397
8515:
8509:
8344:
8258:(2nd ed.). Karachi and New York:
7959:
7947:
7676:
7512:
7416:Li, Xiaoma; Zhou, Weiqi (1 May 2019).
7415:
6964:
6962:
6405:
6359:, the World Bank headquarters, myriad
5333:rank the world's cities hierarchically
4988:featuring a few plants growing amidst
4180:Scientific consensus on climate change
3716:Corporate environmental responsibility
3230:, which already uses concepts such as
3152:, and military principles continue to
2960:. They feature impressive displays of
2859:. The services in question range from
1919:
1162:known to archaeologists. However, the
1003:Aerial view of what was once downtown
715:adorns (or disfigures) public spaces.
18131:
17783:
16845:
16828:
16789:
15581:
14885:
14795:
14741:
13458:Herrschel & Newman (2017), p. 82.
13445:from the original on 10 October 2017.
13333:from the original on 28 January 2018.
12735:from the original on 10 December 2021
12522:from the original on 22 October 2020.
12215:from the original on 10 December 2021
11746:
11734:from the original on 19 November 2020
11635:from the original on 7 September 2020
10631:
10332:Leach (1993), pp. 173â176 and passim.
10259:
9980:
9929:
9656:from the original on 10 October 2017.
8899:; University of Toronto Press, 2003;
8665:
8300:
7199:
6920:Developments in the Built Environment
6441:
5624:Federation of Canadian Municipalities
5283:infrastructure enables instantaneous
5054:, in some cases enabling exceptional
4399:improving transportation efficiencies
3263:continued to contemplate the use of "
2362:
1673:in the Mediterranean area, including
735:
16768:
14769:Robson, W.A., and Regan, D.E., ed.,
14722:
14703:
14684:
14535:
14218:Perspectives on Urban Infrastructure
14101:Brighenti, Andrea Mubi, ed. (2013).
14091:. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2000/2003.
12396:. Michelle Nijhuis. 26 August 2008.
12035:; BasicBooks (HarperCollins), 1997;
11605:from the original on 15 January 2023
11361:from the original on 8 November 2020
11319:from the original on 19 October 2022
10847:from the original on 24 October 2018
10737:from the original on 15 August 2018.
10387:SAIS Review of International Affairs
9813:Research in Transportation Economics
9021:"The 'actually existing smart city'"
8436:from the original on 7 February 2009
8184:
8064:from the original on 3 October 2017.
7905:Against His-Story, Against Leviathan
7677:Fang, Chuanglin; Yu, Danlin (2017).
7251:
6588:from the original on 29 October 2020
5726:The World Assembly of Mayors at the
5597:
5590:New urban dwellers are increasingly
5517:Four Seasons Hotel New York Downtown
5250:
4615:. Cities rely to a lesser extent on
4048:List of climate change controversies
3090:) because of their influence on the
2207:begins to exceed manageable levels.
1900:, and communicable diseases such as
1829:(50,000 inhabitants in 1400 AD) and
1550:, the ancient capital of Ghana, and
1331:, an association of male landowning
1262:In Mesopotamia, the civilization of
1109:founded and created them with zeal.
676:, a public meeting place in central
15879:Professional transportation planner
15248:Technical aspects of urban planning
14727:. Jefferson, NC London: McFarland.
14596:. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
14320:Megacities: Our Global Urban Future
13153:. London: Pluto Press. p. 29.
13134:from the original on 1 March 2020.
12727:Sam Nickerson, Sam (21 June 2019).
12052:Grava (2003), pp. 128â132, 152â157.
11859:Goldman, Michael (September 2007).
11728:C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group
10497:Global Cities and Survival Circuits
10203:; New York: George Braziller, 1968.
9849:McQuillan (1937/1987), §§1.65â1.66.
8633:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 47.
7989:; see also GaWC Research Bulletins
7658:from the original on 16 August 2021
7613:Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
7422:Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
7389:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1995.tb01797.xa
7287:, p. 34. Retrieved 12 February 2022
7181:from the original on 6 October 2021
7037:United Nations Demographic Yearbook
6959:
6820:Merite, Gabrielle; Vitorio, Andre.
6427:Kuper, A.; Kuper, J., eds. (1996).
5965:are the first city builders in the
5941:and God's judgment against Babylon.
5659:C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group
5608:United Cities and Local Governments
4825:, subsequently creating ubiquitous
4375:C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group
4068:Psychology of climate change denial
2662:
1573:has existed since the 13th century.
687:where anyone can go. These include
382:city status is awarded by the Crown
13:
15607:
14796:Smith, Monica L. (14 April 2020).
14746:. Malden, Mass.: Wiley-Blackwell.
14609:
13879:from the original on 21 July 2018.
13833:Frediani, Alexandre Apsan (2007).
13788:John Briggs and Ian E.A. Yeboah, "
11469:from the original on 10 March 2021
11246:
10272:(4). Duke University Press: 9â15.
9406:, 11 September 2012. Referring to
8831:African cities from 500 AD to 1900
8462:Journal of Archaeological Research
7784:
7711:
7308:Kaplan et al. (2004), pp. 155â156.
7276:Energy in Buildings & Industry
6520:"A unified theory of urban living"
6431:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
5632:United States Conference of Mayors
5555:relationship and the promotion of
4407:sustainable construction practices
2399:, through police departments; and
2317:or personification of their city.
1833:(100,000 inhabitants in 1450 AD).
1212:Among the early Old World cities,
1068:the longest continual inhabitation
498:was closely linked with the Greek
14:
18636:
16829:
14849:
14742:Monti, Daniel (29 October 1999).
14421:The Law of Municipal Corporations
14212:. New York & London: Longman.
13697:Watson, Vanessa (November 2016).
13472:Global Cultural Governance Policy
13049:from the original on 1 March 2020
12209:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.09.036
11394:from the original on 4 March 2021
11236:from the original on 16 May 2017.
10474:from the original on 4 March 2016
9831:from the original on 28 July 2020
9640:Williams, Joan (1 January 1985).
9239:; New York: United Nations, 2014.
8820:, The Independent, 15 August 2007
8166:from the original on 5 March 2022
8136:from the original on 5 March 2022
8106:from the original on 1 April 2020
7718:Mazzucato, Camilla (9 May 2019).
7704:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.02.014
7480:Pant, Mohan; Fumo, Shjui (2005).
7130:", in Gmelch & Zenner (2002).
7079:Population and Development Review
6852:from the original on 9 March 2021
6801:from the original on 4 March 2021
6692:"Cities: The century of the city"
6630:from the original on 1 March 2020
6367:, and corporate headquarters for
6035:began to appear in such films as
4833:, wider streets, and alternative
4678:O. R. Tambo International Airport
4658:
4417:
3721:Corporate sociopolitical activism
3274:
2622:investment in infrastructure and
2577:
2162:" remain more urbanized than the
1856:
1684:, beginning in the 12th century,
1509:, who would later also found the
17596:Organized incorporated territory
16767:
16746:
16745:
16733:
15561:
15018:Cities with the most skyscrapers
14704:Kemp, Roger L. (16 March 2007).
13991:
13966:
13957:
13943:
13911:
13901:
13892:
13883:
13826:
13806:
13782:
13766:
13737:
13606:
13541:
13519:
13488:
13337:
13280:
13270:
13250:
13230:
13171:
13142:
13100:Samers, Michael (28 June 2002).
13093:
13084:
13074:
13065:
13019:
13010:
13000:
12955:
12910:
12880:Cogent Business & Management
12867:
12858:
12849:
12839:
12806:
12747:
12720:
12687:
12593:
12548:
12526:
12469:
12438:
12412:
12400:from the original on 15 May 2008
12386:
12377:
12330:
12321:
12293:
12246:
12237:
12227:
12176:
12126:
12090:Journal of Public Transportation
12086:"Bus Rapid Transit: An Overview"
12077:
12067:
12046:
12025:
11954:
11945:
11936:
11927:
11902:
11852:
11839:
11826:
11811:
11801:
11714:
11688:
11654:Abrahams, Daniel (August 2020).
11647:
11617:
11542:
11481:
11406:
11301:
11277:
11240:
11183:
11159:
11149:
11139:
11113:
11100:
11084:Maj. Eric Weyenberg, U.S. Army,
11078:
11052:
11042:
11012:
10938:
10904:
10859:
10786:
10761:
10751:
10741:
10682:
10672:
10625:
10584:
10521:
10486:
10425:
10335:
10326:
10314:
10305:
10235:Manifesto of the Communist Party
10218:
10193:
10183:
10161:
10137:
10128:
10106:
10084:
10041:
9974:
9948:10.1111/j.1944-8287.2010.01077.x
9861:
9852:
9843:
9750:
9726:
9691:
9682:
9672:
9660:
9633:
9623:10.1111/j.0016-7398.2003.00097.x
9571:
9513:
9504:
9494:
9484:
9474:
9450:
9426:
9385:
9361:
9329:
9309:
9289:
9280:
9177:from the original on 25 May 2017
9142:
9074:
9053:
9012:
8999:
8986:
8961:
8937:
8927:
8887:
8884:Kaplan et al. (2004), pp. 54â55.
8792:Map reveals ancient urban sprawl
8729:Kaplan et al. (2004), pp. 47â50.
8711:from the original on 29 May 2018
8647:from the original on 23 May 2020
8369:from the original on 9 June 2016
8291:Moholy-Nagy (1968), pp. 158â161.
7977:10.1111/j.1468-2427.2011.01101.x
7163:Kaplan et al. (2004), pp. 23â24.
7006:from the original on 3 June 2019
6313:
6288:
6266:
6193:
6165:
6146:
6119:
6099:
6079:
5804:United Nations Development Group
5620:Asian Network of Major Cities 21
5583:maintain their own embassies to
5386:
5233:is including in the cities more
4861:systems which include exclusive
4786:reserved for them. In the West,
4387:mitigation investments in cities
4328:
4316:
4304:
3286:This section is an excerpt from
2708:in the West, and, increasingly,
1817:(72,000 inhabitants in 800 AD),
1783:In the first millennium AD, the
1112:
1066:are among those laying claim to
944:Historical urban community sizes
595:and therefore must develop some
403:, regulations, and some form of
101:
92:
81:
72:
63:
52:
43:
32:
16:Large permanent human settlement
18584:Slavic administrative divisions
16276:Transferable development rights
15831:Environmental impact assessment
15499:Sustainable Development Goal 11
15380:Most populous national capitals
14723:Kemp, Roger L. (7 March 2013).
14433:New York: Frederick A Praeger.
14393:. University of Toronto Press.
14336:Key Concepts in Urban Geography
14026:
13973:Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis
12448:. Newsminer.com. 20 August 2008
11823:two-speed mode of urbanization.
11119:R.D. McLaurin & R. Miller.
10260:Davis, Mike (18 January 2005).
10145:La Plata: la visionnaire trahie
8878:
8868:
8844:
8823:
8804:
8732:
8723:
8693:
8659:
8620:
8610:
8582:
8500:
8406:
8294:
8285:
8276:
8254:Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (1998).
8247:
8220:
8203:
8178:
8148:
8118:
8087:
8078:
8068:
8014:
7953:
7864:. In Elizabeth C. Stone (ed.).
7853:
7843:
7830:
7817:
7804:
7785:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
7778:
7760:"10 oldest cities in the world"
7752:
7724:Frontiers in Digital Humanities
7670:
7639:
7629:
7606:
7582:
7539:
7506:
7473:
7464:
7409:
7361:
7339:
7290:
7267:
7257:
7210:
7193:
7166:
7157:
7145:
7084:
7018:
6988:
6950:
6907:
6864:
6834:
6813:
6787:
6726:
6429:The Social Science Encyclopedia
6027:and marveling at the nighttime
5802:or UN-Habitat, a member of the
4857:). Some cities have introduced
3559:List of environmental conflicts
2549:corporate social responsibility
2046:
2003:Amidst these economic changes,
1996:and become the world's leading
1836:
1222:sophisticated sanitation system
1119:Cities of the Ancient Near East
664:
534:
528:
288:Sustainable Development Goal 11
18133:Non-English terms or loanwords
17337:Direct-controlled municipality
15902:Community economic development
15681:Planning and zoning commission
15385:Most populous satellite cities
14582:. Cambridge University Press.
14391:The Structure of Urban Systems
14293:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
14150:Global Cities and Global Order
14006:Penang island gets city status
13677:10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.10.028
13296:Regional & Federal Studies
12931:10.1002/9781118568446.eurs0514
12031:Moshe Safdie with Wendy Kohn,
11877:10.1016/j.geoforum.2005.10.008
11695:Henley, Jon (19 August 2022).
11673:10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.104998
10945:Schimmel, Kimberly S. (2015).
10156:Architecture & Comportment
10048:Pacewicz, Josh (1 July 2013).
9646:American University Law Review
8673:. In Angeliki E. Laiou (ed.).
6797:. UN News. 18 September 2019.
6684:
6642:
6600:
6562:
6511:
6450:
6435:
5667:Carbon Neutral Cities Alliance
5585:the European Union at Brussels
5295:
4536:systems include principally a
3325:environmental impact of humans
2936:Cities are typically hubs for
2545:business improvement districts
2516:non-governmental organizations
2327:in many dimensions, including
2280:, in most former parts of the
2182:relocation of major businesses
1805:already had cities before the
1643:ascendant Islamic civilization
1557:
1489:, in the south of present-day
1101:. Early cities often featured
894:metropolitan statistical areas
884:organized around the needs of
829:
657:, sometimes coincident with a
1:
17462:Special administrative region
15375:Most densely populated cities
14862:Urban population (% of total)
14798:Cities: The First 6,000 Years
14777:Smethurst, P. (22 May 2015).
14501:Paddison, Ronan, ed. (2001).
14247:. New York: Random House Inc.
13978:Ecumenopolis: Tomorrow's City
12893:10.1080/23311975.2018.1532777
12152:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60435-8
12033:The City After the Automobile
11510:10.1080/00343404.2021.2005244
11437:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117649
11416:Journal of Cleaner Production
11024:Real Estate Monitor Worldwide
10691:"The Cultural Role of Cities"
10650:10.1080/07352166.2016.1255531
10432:Borowiecki, Karol J. (2015).
9887:10.1080/03003930.2017.1319360
9697:McQuillan (1937/1987), §1.33.
9688:McQuillan (1937/1987), §1.08.
9286:McQuillin (1937/1987), §1.55.
8841:By David Satterthwaite. 2021.
7391:(inactive 12 September 2024).
6398:
5793:Sustainable Development Goals
5136:Cities generate considerable
5070:, creating opportunities for
4962:and less likely to live in a
4928:
4401:, and greening construction (
3627:Bright green environmentalism
2774:Historically, cities rely on
2478:
2210:
1863:growth of the modern industry
1795:grew into the most extensive
1460:Albuquerque metropolitan area
1019:The emergence of cities from
591:Urban areas as a rule cannot
17362:Mountain resort municipality
17239:Intermediate school district
17222:Educational service district
17078:Regional county municipality
16515:Planning Accreditation Board
15874:Transit-oriented development
15836:Recreation resource planning
14856:World Urbanization Prospects
14456:O'Flaherty, Brendan (2005).
14122:The Study of Urban Geography
13963:Curtis (2016), pp. viiâx, 1.
13842:Journal of Human Development
13615:Environment and Urbanization
13423:10.1080/13511610.2013.771890
13016:Kaplan et al. (2004), p. 88.
12422:. Aklung.org. Archived from
12189:Landscape and Urban Planning
11551:"The World's Cities in 2018"
11190:Kiernan, Ben (August 2004).
10770:The virtual Marshall McLuhan
10190:and large losses at others."
9825:10.1016/j.retrec.2012.06.032
9763:Public Administration Review
8801:", BBC News, 14 August 2007.
7791:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
7683:Landscape and Urban Planning
7231:10.1080/02529203.2012.677292
6669:10.1126/science.352.6288.906
6345:BaltimoreâWashington Parkway
6110:, designed according to the
5789:Millennium Development Goals
5689:sites for symbolic protest.
5209:temperature in New York City
4495:
4476:such as the construction of
2991:Density makes for effective
2883:, financial consulting, and
2750:
2630:. The continuous process of
2355:, and the nature and use of
1631:remnants of the Roman Empire
1131:Late Antiquity § Cities
818:. The ancient Greek city of
703:since the time of the Greek
576:rivers, which flow into the
541:
459:
7:
17693:Autonomous territorial unit
14876:Population Reference Bureau
14460:. Cambridge Massachusetts:
14369:Contemporary Urban Planning
14152:. Oxford University Press.
14138:. Oxford University Press.
14134:Clark, Peter (ed.) (2013).
14071:University of Chicago Press
14037:. Oxford University Press.
13405:Bouteligier, Sofie (2013).
12864:Kaplan (2004), pp. 115â133.
11296:Strategic Studies Quarterly
10632:Zheng, Jane (19 May 2017).
9930:Weber, Rachel (July 2010).
9526:Progress in Human Geography
8524:. Oxford University Press.
8494:The Cambridge World History
8282:Southall (1998), pp. 38â43.
7937:Ashworth (1991), pp. 12â13.
7296:Marshall (1989), pp. 11â14.
7142:Marshall (1989), pp. 14â15.
6186:
5464:The New York Times Building
5397:Modern global cities, like
5150:internal combustion engines
4812:transportation, with major
4379:consumption based emissions
3058:. Patriotic tourists visit
2759:Clusters of skyscrapers in
2541:public-private partnerships
2493:Greater Chennai Corporation
2455:increasingly resort to the
2435:(selling services into the
2027:, is bringing computerized
1966:public-private partnerships
1809:, but the consolidation of
1474:are located nearby ancient
721:natural sites within cities
500:
191:defined as a permanent and
10:
18641:
17574:National capital territory
17295:Indian reserve/reservation
17162:Indian government district
16816:Designations for types of
16527:Professional organizations
15884:Urban freight distribution
15859:Transportation forecasting
15243:Theories of urban planning
14911:
14580:The City in Time and Space
14521:. London: Reaktion Books.
14389:Marshall, John U. (1989).
14124:. 4th ed. London: Arnold.
14004:in 2015. See: Royce Tan, "
13584:10.1179/105307805807066329
13529:. BBC News. 24 August 2022
13380:"; and CoR's in Brussels.
12975:Princeton University Press
12782:10.1038/s41598-019-44097-3
12624:10.1038/s43017-023-00474-1
12535:Equity and the Environment
12183:Walmsley, Anthony (2006).
11991:10.1177/004208168502100106
11849:, University of Greenwich.
11178:Revue des Ătudes Anciennes
10438:Papers in Regional Science
10278:10.1215/01642472-22-4_81-9
9807:Gwilliam, Kenneth (2013).
8994:New media: an introduction
8743:. London: Reaktion Books.
8189:. Routledge. p. 204.
7528:(1): 66â79. Archived from
7470:Moholy-Nagy (1968), 21â33.
7442:10.1016/j.ufug.2019.04.008
6956:Moholy-Nagy (1968), p. 45.
6933:10.1016/j.dibe.2020.100021
6762:10.1038/s41467-020-19158-1
6341:Dulles Technology Corridor
6153:Warsaw Old Town after the
6139:Penang Island City Council
6133:, Malaysia, serves as the
6069:
5911:
5828:UN Environmental Programme
5653:following the adoption of
5403:central business districts
5363:Multinational corporations
4973:
4969:
4910:
4662:
4260:Global warming controversy
3642:Carbon offsets and credits
3285:
3278:
3134:Imperial Japan's surrender
3115:
2922:Edmonton Heritage Festival
2898:Culture and communications
2657:
2581:
2520:multinational corporations
2459:, essentially a loan with
2414:
2214:
2201:water resources management
2050:
1988:has undergone concomitant
1446:, in the same location as
1116:
1087:development of agriculture
968:, which flourished in the
937:
931:
927:
922:Northeastern United States
615:
317:
18:
18620:Types of populated places
18564:Autonomous administration
18551:
18417:
18142:
18138:
18127:
18020:
17794:
17790:
17779:
17703:
17677:
17639:
17616:
17569:Federal capital territory
17554:
17514:
17449:
17417:
17382:
17317:
17294:
17266:
17182:Non-metropolitan district
17172:Local government district
17127:
17109:
17091:
17031:
17008:
16954:
16929:
16915:
16892:
16856:
16852:
16841:
16837:
16824:
16763:List of planning journals
16727:
16649:
16614:
16588:
16542:
16535:
16502:
16462:
16338:
16331:
16144:
16052:
15999:
15923:
15914:
15892:
15849:
15816:
15798:
15766:
15732:History of urban planning
15713:
15704:
15643:
15615:
15557:
15456:
15393:
15353:
15238:History of urban planning
15228:
15143:Central business district
15123:
15073:
14919:
14816:Nineteenth-Century Cities
14771:Great Cities of the World
14566:Smith, Michael E. (2002)
14517:Parker, Geoffrey (2004).
14503:Handbook of Urban Studies
14479:Pacione, Michael (2001).
14033:Abrahamson, Mark (2004).
13854:10.1080/14649880601101473
13566:Walker, Peter R. (2005).
13549:The Vancouver Action Plan
13496:Global Covenant of Mayors
13090:Kaplan (2004), pp. 90â92.
11834:Oxford English Dictionary
10807:Wachsmuth, David (2014).
10311:Marshall (1989), pp. 5â6.
10167:Levy (2017), pp. 193â235.
9083:History & Mathematics
8968:Castells, Manuel (2004).
8816:19 September 2011 at the
8739:Parker, Geoffrey (2004).
8553:Magnavita, Sonja (2013).
8516:Vydrin, Valentin (2018).
8474:10.1007/s10814-017-9114-2
8392:. Routledge. p. 66.
6970:Oxford English Dictionary
5908:Representation in culture
5840:World Health Organization
5628:National League of Cities
5213:nearby rural temperatures
4778:, who only sometimes had
4383:Climate change adaptation
3838:Extreme event attribution
3417:Climate change mitigation
3321:effects of climate change
3313:Climate change and cities
3288:Climate change and cities
3281:Climate change and cities
3214:. Such warfare, known as
3082:to pay their respects at
2805:through the interface of
2647:history of urban planning
2383:Cities typically provide
1883:introduction of railroads
1402:of north-central coastal
1247:, and the religious city
1158:, are among the earliest
1073:Cities, characterized by
989:Indus Valley civilization
854:to the east, and some of
824:Hellenistic Mediterranean
800:Indus Valley Civilization
659:central business district
611:
368:, economic function, and
18615:Populated places by type
17374:Specialized municipality
17051:Consolidated city-county
16699:Marine spatial planning
16211:Healthy community design
15789:Village design statement
15779:Preservation development
15774:Conservation development
14773:, (3d ed., 2 vol., 1972)
14462:Harvard University Press
13795:13 November 2018 at the
13715:10.1177/1473095216660786
13635:10.1177/0956247816637501
13485:; London: Ashgate, 2013.
13350:16 November 2018 at the
13196:10.1177/0020715215604350
11933:Grava (2003), pp. 15â18.
11211:10.1177/0392192104043648
11070:16 February 2017 at the
10963:10.1177/1012690214539484
10638:Journal of Urban Affairs
10516:Arlie Russell Hochschild
9874:Local Government Studies
9603:The Geographical Journal
9538:10.1177/0309132512443147
9432:Helen Massy-Beresford, "
9418:13 November 2018 at the
9009:. London: Little, Brown.
8836:17 February 2022 at the
8627:Cameron, Averil (2009).
8424:Shady SolĂs, Ruth Martha
8007:13 November 2017 at the
7996:11 November 2017 at the
7737:10.3389/fdigh.2019.00008
7513:Danino, Matthew (2008).
7283:12 February 2022 at the
7219:Social Sciences in China
6900:10.1177/0042098020919081
6446:. Routledge. p. 99.
6444:Encyclopedia of the City
6259:
5969:. In Sumerian mythology
5832:UN Development Programme
5683:Transition Towns network
5610:(UCLG) is a significant
4891:movement, the drive for
4801:systems, and especially
4450:. Because of the higher
4391:land use for agriculture
3726:Corporate sustainability
3652:Greenhouse gas inventory
3647:Global warming potential
3169:Strategic Hamlet Program
2813:using new techniques of
2409:King assassination riots
2164:less developed countries
2156:more developed countries
1873:became the capital of a
1797:preindustrial settlement
1671:control over many cities
1635:cities of late antiquity
1376:Norte Chico civilization
238:, more than half of the
225:government organizations
17736:Military exclusion zone
17714:Exclusive economic zone
17479:National capital region
17071:Non-metropolitan county
16818:administrative division
16714:Real estate development
16445:List of urban theorists
15941:City Beautiful movement
15869:Rational planning model
15851:Transportation planning
15841:Sustainable development
15489:Million Tree Initiative
14685:Kemp, Roger L. (2007).
14352:Leach, William (1993).
14255:. McGraw Hill, e-book.
14168:The Meaning of the City
14120:Carter, Harold (1995).
14089:A Companion to the City
13983:10 October 2017 at the
13922:A Dictionary of Symbols
13812:Claire Wanjiru Ngare, "
13659:Parnell, Susan (2015).
13371:City Office in Brussels
13243:3 November 2018 at the
13119:10.1111/1468-2427.00386
12961:Sassen, Saskia (1991).
12343:Ecological Applications
12103:10.5038/2375-0901.5.2.1
11979:Urban Affairs Quarterly
11832:"public, adj. and n.",
11549:United Nations (2018).
11134:Aberdeen Proving Ground
10917:10 October 2017 at the
10901:, pp. 41, 189â192.
10559:10.1073/pnas.0610172104
10502:10 October 2017 at the
10012:10.1111/1467-8330.00253
9739:10 October 2017 at the
9721:Hawkins v. Town of Shaw
9463:10 October 2017 at the
9266:10.1111/1468-2427.12115
9158:Urbanization and Growth
9134:10 October 2017 at the
8797:28 October 2007 at the
8348:The Citizenship Debates
8345:Pocock, J.G.A. (1998).
8302:Adams, Robert McCormick
8260:Oxford University Press
8084:Southall (1998), p. 23.
8039:10.1111/1468-2427.12138
6704:(7318): 900â901. 2010.
6662:(6288): 906â907. 2016.
6481:10.1126/science.1209264
6086:Hillside housing and a
5778:sustainable development
5261:international relations
4893:sustainable development
4639:infrastructure such as
4088:Social ecology (ethics)
3801:Green building and wood
3706:Climate change scenario
3679:Carbon fee and dividend
3674:Carbon emission trading
2809:. In the 20th century,
2761:Xinyi Planning District
2566:The related concept of
2469:tax increment financing
2229:meets in September 2015
2039:cities from scratch on
1347:, Rome transformed and
1237:Ancient Egyptian cities
1021:proto-urban settlements
814:, and aligned with the
552:
339:special symbolic status
272:sustainable development
112:From top, left to right
17753:Self-administered zone
17591:Incorporated territory
17458:Administrative region
17227:Local service district
17147:Congressional district
16758:List of planned cities
16694:Landscape architecture
16450:List of urban planners
16172:Conservation community
16009:Collaborative planning
15818:Environmental planning
15726:Comprehensive planning
15474:Ecological engineering
15363:World's largest cities
15335:Cycling infrastructure
15220:Peri-urban agriculture
14367:Levy, John M. (2017).
14251:Grava, Sigurd (2003).
14228:. Palgrave Macmillan (
14148:Curtis, Simon (2016).
14063:Bairoch, Paul (1988).
13365:1 January 2017 at the
13071:Kaplan (2004), 99â106.
12997:, 6, no. 3 (1982): 319
12700:Plants, People, Planet
12663:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0149
12253:Rebele, Franz (1994).
11960:Smethurst pp. 105â171.
11908:Grava (2003), pp. 1â2.
11629:University of Helsinki
11058:See Brigadier General
10343:"Knowledge Spillovers"
10158:4(1), 1988, pp. 59â79.
9981:Weber, Rachel (2002).
9117:Trends in urbanization
8950:29 August 2017 at the
8096:"Uruk: The First City"
7595:15 August 2018 at the
7368:Mitchell, Don (1995).
7031:11 August 2017 at the
6272:Intellectuals such as
5942:
5925:, an 1831 portrait by
5734:
5719:
5602:Cities participate in
5557:multi-level governance
5547:Transnational activity
5537:One World Trade Center
5424:220 Central Park South
5401:, often include large
5312:
5027:
5008:
4997:
4934:
4724:
4703:
4684:
4528:as well as individual
4512:
4431:
4426:Traffic congestion in
4098:Stewardship (theology)
4073:Public interest design
4058:Mitigation co-benefits
4018:Fossil fuel divestment
3581:Small island countries
3474:Impacts of agriculture
3357:
3310:
3208:low-intensity conflict
3154:influence urban design
3141:
2933:
2910:
2771:
2632:comprehensive planning
2604:
2572:development assistance
2557:real estate developers
2504:
2491:, the headquarters of
2380:
2230:
2070:
2062:
1974:revitalization efforts
1932:") in the West led to
1930:economic restructuring
1675:Constantinople in 1453
1645:with its major cities
1626:
1602:
1586:
1574:
1516:Another ancient site,
1353:
1226:China's planned cities
1144:
1139:A modern depiction of
1016:
996:
977:
859:
753:
683:Cities typically have
680:
649:. Today cities have a
634:
593:produce their own food
580:
488:
480:
437:degree of urbanization
334:
17724:Special economic zone
17408:Praetorian prefecture
17392:Autonomous prefecture
17352:Regional municipality
17342:District municipality
17177:Metropolitan district
17041:Administrative county
17023:Residential community
16869:Local government area
16669:Development economics
16520:Real estate education
16480:James Howard Kunstler
16405:Konstantinos Doxiadis
16286:Urban growth boundary
16226:Mixed-use development
16121:Intentional community
15514:Urban forest inequity
15305:Multiple nuclei model
15295:Concentric zone model
15280:Mixed-use development
15148:Most expensive cities
15133:World's cities by GDP
14761:Reader, John (2005).
14617:Berger, A.S. (1978).
14536:Room, Adrian (1996).
14275:. London: Routledge.
14245:The Economy of Cities
14243:Jacobs, Jane (1969).
14215:Hanson, Royce (ed.).
13750:28 April 2021 at the
13477:29 April 2021 at the
12970:16 March 2015 at the
12558:Global Change Biology
11390:. 18 September 2019.
11262:: 577. Archived from
10591:Nathan, Emma (2002).
10150:16 April 2021 at the
10054:Socio-Economic Review
9391:Paulo A. Paranagua, "
9115:Christopher Watson, "
8777:22 April 2017 at the
8568:10.4000/afriques.1145
7874:10.2307/j.ctvdjrqjp.8
7636:the physical extent."
6827:MIT Technology Review
6740:Nature Communications
6616:. London: Routledge.
6442:Caves, R. W. (2004).
6329:its metropolitan area
6157:with 85% of the city
5921:
5912:Further information:
5902:historic preservation
5859:structural adjustment
5739:United Nations System
5725:
5710:
5703:United Nations System
5636:Agenda 21 for culture
5612:umbrella organization
5469:Empire State Building
5454:Bank of America Tower
5327:to refer to a city's
5309:London Stock Exchange
5303:
5240:A study published in
5138:ecological footprints
5014:
5003:
4983:
4918:
4899:. Techniques such as
4784:special walking areas
4774:and their riders and
4709:
4690:
4672:
4587:for the operation of
4503:
4425:
4103:Urban forest inequity
4093:Social responsibility
3947:Zero heating building
3761:Environmental finance
3689:Social cost of carbon
3348:
3297:
3220:psychological warfare
3123:
2958:cultural institutions
2916:
2905:
2758:
2601:Buenos Aires Province
2595:
2486:
2370:
2258:municipal corporation
2224:
2215:Further information:
2120:poblaciones callampas
2091:demographic expansion
2068:
2060:
2031:, data analysis, and
1948:" and cities such as
1661:, the capital of the
1608:
1592:
1580:
1565:
1410:and spreading to the
1138:
1117:Further information:
1095:social stratification
1002:
983:
955:
938:Further information:
842:metropolitan area in
837:
743:
672:
641:or if fortified as a
625:
560:
325:
244:global sustainability
21:City (disambiguation)
18315:Njësi administrative
17347:Neutral municipality
17286:Subdivision of India
17018:Autonomous community
16907:Metropolitan borough
16847:Common English terms
16221:Leapfrog development
16167:Complete Communities
16024:Intelligent urbanism
15951:Garden city movement
15894:Economic development
15826:Environmental design
15504:Sustainable urbanism
15479:Green infrastructure
14765:. New York: Vintage.
14011:29 June 2017 at the
13819:4 March 2016 at the
12855:Curtis (2016), p. 5.
11951:Smethurst pp. 67â71.
11315:. 2 September 2021.
11269:on 10 October 2017.
11127:29 June 2017 at the
10029:on 26 September 2022
9374:28 June 2017 at the
9322:12 June 2017 at the
9038:10.1093/cjres/rsu026
8972:. London: E. Elgar.
8185:Ring, Trudy (2014).
7575:29 July 2020 at the
7564:29 July 2020 at the
7126:29 June 2010 at the
7073:29 July 2020 at the
6412:Goodall, B. (1987).
6244:Settlement hierarchy
5890:World Heritage Sites
5561:European integration
5532:4 World Trade Center
5527:3 World Trade Center
5419:Deutsche Bank Center
5279:based on high-speed
5224:environmental racism
4901:road space rationing
4895:, and the idea of a
4867:New York City Subway
4702:system in the world.
4627:for transportation,
4583:transmitted through
4538:water supply network
4405:and improvements in
4170:Psychology of denial
4003:Environmental racism
3942:Zero-energy building
3865:Mitigation economics
3756:Environmental design
3741:Ecological economics
3439:Ecological footprint
3248:Carthago delenda est
3204:Battle of Stalingrad
3179:in Palestine. While
2995:and transmission of
2842:knowledge spillovers
2246:in the United States
2234:The local government
2225:The city council of
1894:occupational hazards
1756:and eclipsed by the
1686:free imperial cities
1663:Eastern Roman Empire
1595:Free imperial cities
1470:; while others like
1428:Andean civilizations
1156:eighth millennium BC
916:(exemplified by the
300:ecological footprint
136:Boulevard Montmartre
19:For other uses, see
17958:Autonomous republic
17886:Enclave and exclave
17785:Other English terms
17581:Dependent territory
17427:Autonomous province
17357:Resort municipality
17332:County municipality
17119:Overseas department
17066:Metropolitan county
16879:Unincorporated area
16627:Communist countries
16251:Planning Permission
16188:Filtering (housing)
16162:Cluster development
15971:Settlement movement
15956:Indigenous planning
15544:Urban reforestation
15158:Most livable cities
14800:. London: Penguin.
14419:McQuillan, Eugene.
14374:Magnusson, Warren.
14019:, 18 December 2014.
13627:2016EnUrb..28....3S
12774:2019NatSR...9.7730W
12616:2023NRvEE...4..516S
12497:2000ClRes..15..123B
12426:on 11 February 2009
12355:2017EcoAp..27.2330G
12201:2006LUrbP..76..252W
12146:(9831): 2079â2108.
11899:, pp. 169â170.
11502:2022RegSt..56.1224S
11429:2019JCPro.23717649L
11172:2 June 2018 at the
11092:8 June 2017 at the
11039:, pp. 127â128.
10931:6 July 2017 at the
10825:2014EnPlD..32...75W
10593:Cities: Eye Openers
10550:2007PNAS..104.7301B
10450:2015PRegS..94..443B
10399:10.1353/sais.0.0036
10298:Communist Manifesto
10215:, pp. 131â140.
10103:, pp. 142â143.
10004:2002Antip..34..519W
9615:2003GeogJ.169..328B
9447:, 18 November 2015.
9439:15 May 2017 at the
9398:17 May 2016 at the
9317:The Urban Explosion
9234:6 July 2018 at the
9218:5 July 2017 at the
9090:18 May 2019 at the
9005:Harford, T. (2008)
8681:on 18 February 2012
7814:, 16 February 2015.
7695:2017LUrbP.162..126F
7588:Volker M. Welter, "
7522:Man and Environment
7434:2019UFUG...41..255L
7358:, pp. 177â179.
7046:8 July 2018 at the
6891:2020UrbSt..57.2201A
6753:2020NatCo..11.5366S
6538:2010Natur.467..912B
6473:2011Sci...333..592G
6369:Booz Allen Hamilton
5973:built the walls of
5935:Babylonian ziggurat
5923:The Fall of Babylon
5886:cultural governance
5563:. Cities including
5337:command and control
5277:information economy
4919:Horbury Terrace, a
4597:industrial machines
4505:Aqueduct of Segovia
4250:Conspiracy theories
4013:Ethical consumerism
3622:Autonomous building
3543:Infectious diseases
3469:Effects of aviation
3261:nuclear strategists
3255:and throughout the
3177:Israeli settlements
2784:yield surplus crops
2745:means of production
2652:planned communities
2373:Dublin Fire Brigade
1968:, with concomitant
1926:deindustrialization
1920:Post-industrial age
1843:Peace of Westphalia
1811:Trans-Saharan trade
1535:progenitors of the
1520:, in what is today
1284:first millennium BC
1183:third millennium BC
1107:Alexander the Great
1013:Pyramid of the Moon
970:third millennium BC
934:History of the city
906:urban agglomeration
838:Aerial view of the
757:The urban structure
647:sphere of influence
629:, a city centre in
562:Downtown Pittsburgh
532:'city or town' and
442:European Commission
415:relationships in a
254:âcreating numerous
217:production of goods
18574:Electoral district
17891:Federal dependency
17719:Free economic zone
17603:Overseas territory
17486:Development region
17369:Rural municipality
17302:Indian reservation
17194:Municipal district
17152:Electoral district
16992:Free imperial city
16510:Planning education
16470:Elizabeth Farrelly
16314:High-rise urbanism
16152:Affordable housing
15691:World Urbanism Day
15443:Urban homesteading
15368:throughout history
14844:, 1921. (tr. 1958)
14822:Toynbee, Arnold J.
14643:Edwin Mellen Press
14427:Moholy-Nagy, Sibyl
14197:. Springer, 2015.
14107:Ashgate Publishing
13938:Latham et al. 2009
13507:on 14 October 2016
13390:Latham et al. 2009
13376:2017-08-16 at the
13263:2017-10-10 at the
13236:Charlie Jeffery, "
13225:Latham et al. 2009
12761:Scientific Reports
12062:Latham et al. 2009
11897:Latham et al. 2009
11818:Latham et al. 2009
11796:Latham et al. 2009
11598:10.24943/scpm.2018
11290:2017-01-31 at the
11256:McGill Law Journal
11165:Fabien Limonier, "
11108:Military Geography
11037:Latham et al. 2009
10899:Latham et al. 2009
10889:, p. 186â189.
10887:Latham et al. 2009
10620:Latham et al. 2009
10512:Barbara Ehrenreich
10458:10.1111/pirs.12078
10321:Latham et al. 2009
10213:Latham et al. 2009
10101:Latham et al. 2009
10066:10.1093/ser/mws019
9936:Economic Geography
9667:Latham et al. 2009
9302:2018-11-13 at the
9224:The New York Times
9211:Somini Sengupta, "
9122:2016-03-05 at the
8956:The New York Times
8667:Laiou, Angeliki E.
8595:2008-01-24 at the
8213:The Times of India
7766:. 22 February 2019
7622:2016-10-02 at the
7549:; ABC-CLIO, 2008;
7499:10.3130/jaabe.4.51
7356:Latham et al. 2009
7334:Latham et al. 2009
7203:The Globe and Mail
6650:"Rise of the City"
6416:. London: Penguin.
6033:traffic congestion
5943:
5855:specialized agency
5735:
5720:
5671:Covenant of Mayors
5507:Woolworth Building
5429:Central Park Tower
5341:post-industrialism
5313:
5243:Scientific Reports
5235:urban green spaces
5080:r-selected species
5074:and thus favoring
5028:
5016:St Stephen's Green
5009:
4998:
4996:behind some houses
4984:An urban scene in
4964:single-family home
4935:
4725:
4704:
4685:
4637:Telecommunications
4599:to now-ubiquitous
4513:
4456:natural monopolies
4448:economies of scale
4446:and thus positive
4432:
4270:Individual actions
4240:Climate governance
4038:Indigenous peoples
3905:Consumer behaviour
3860:Low-carbon economy
3657:Net zero emissions
3395:Climate change and
3358:
3311:
3159:Powers engaged in
3146:asymmetric warfare
3142:
3098:Bread and circuses
3072:World Trade Center
2993:mass communication
2934:
2911:
2772:
2612:certain objectives
2605:
2559:act as the city's
2531:, the industry is
2505:
2385:municipal services
2381:
2363:Municipal services
2274:, and, along with
2231:
2071:
2063:
2007:and instantaneous
1984:continuing today,
1978:Great Leap Forward
1734:Republic of Venice
1627:
1603:
1587:
1575:
1400:Norte Chico region
1145:
1093:(with concomitant
1075:population density
1017:
1009:Pyramid of the Sun
997:
978:
874:Metropolitan areas
860:
754:
736:Internal structure
729:Urban green spaces
725:built environments
701:Western philosophy
681:
635:
581:
409:government workers
362:population density
335:
308:urban heat islands
284:sustainable cities
248:metropolitan areas
165:; spice market in
116:Westminster Palace
18592:
18591:
18547:
18546:
18543:
18542:
18123:
18122:
18119:
18118:
18115:
18114:
18111:
18110:
17775:
17774:
17771:
17770:
17689:Territorial unit
17586:Federal territory
17564:Capital territory
17469:Autonomous region
17433:Overseas province
17327:City municipality
17218:Service district
17214:Sanitary district
17204:Regional district
17189:Military district
17046:Autonomous county
16979:Incorporated city
16783:
16782:
16740:Cities portal
16664:Civil engineering
16645:
16644:
16498:
16497:
16327:
16326:
16295:Peri-urbanisation
16115:Planned community
15946:Dark-sky movement
15936:Car-free movement
15910:
15909:
15864:Trip distribution
15800:Regional planning
15753:Urban green space
15721:Land-use planning
15696:Labor market area
15686:Growth management
15661:Metropolitan area
15575:
15574:
15568:Cities portal
15529:Urban heat island
15438:Urban exploration
15310:Linear settlement
15258:Public open space
15093:direct-controlled
15043:Abandoned village
14998:Metropolitan area
14826:Cities of Destiny
14807:978-0-7352-2368-4
14788:978-1-137-49951-6
14753:978-1-55786-918-0
14734:978-0-7864-6399-2
14715:978-0-7864-3152-6
14696:978-0-7864-3151-9
14677:978-1-59420-277-3
14630:978-0-697-07555-0
14602:978-0-470-67218-1
14494:978-0-415-25270-6
14471:978-0-674-01918-8
14439:978-1-315-61940-8
14414:978-0-387-73412-5
14399:978-0-8020-6735-7
14384:978-0-203-80889-4
14345:978-1-4129-3041-3
14328:978-90-481-3417-5
14313:978-3-319-12424-7
14261:978-0-07-147679-9
14238:978-1-137-39617-4
14203:978-3-319-21272-2
14189:978-2-7103-2582-6
14177:978-0-8028-1555-2
14158:978-0-19-874401-6
14144:978-0-19-175036-6
14115:978-1-4724-1002-3
14080:978-0-226-03465-2
13773:Akin L. Mabogunje
13761:978-92-1-132731-1
13665:World Development
13481:"; Chapter 21 in
13392:, pp. 45â47.
13308:10.1080/714004755
13227:, pp. 49â50.
13160:978-0-7453-2799-0
12925:. pp. 1â10.
12571:10.1111/gcb.16667
12565:(11): 3085â3097.
12543:978-0-7623-1417-1
11836:, September 2007.
11660:World Development
11555:population.un.org
11247:Westou, Burns H.
11004:978-0-203-84074-0
10779:978-0-7735-2119-3
10622:, pp. 84â85.
10544:(17): 7301â7306.
10242:on 24 July 2018.
10232:(February 1848).
9747:28 February 2017.
9349:on 13 August 2011
9167:978-0-8213-7573-0
9085:2 (2006): 115â153
9007:The Logic of Life
8992:Flew, T. (2008).
8979:978-1-84376-505-9
8640:978-1-4051-9833-2
8539:978-0-19-938465-5
8518:"Mande Languages"
8399:978-1-884964-02-2
8362:978-0-8166-2880-3
8353:Queen's Quarterly
8320:978-0-226-00544-7
8269:978-0-19-577940-0
7883:978-1-938770-97-5
7603:14(3), Fall 2009.
7555:978-1-57607-907-2
7081:29(2), June 2003.
6885:(11): 2201â2221.
6582:Our World in Data
6532:(7318): 912â913.
6467:(6042): 592â594.
6300:industrialization
5820:Pact of Amsterdam
5675:Compact of Mayors
5649:and specifically
5640:cultural policies
5604:global governance
5598:Global governance
5497:56 Leonard Street
5449:Chrysler Building
5285:telecommunication
5251:World city system
5205:underground ducts
5006:urban heat island
4859:bus rapid transit
4747:systems based on
4743:, or use special
4700:bus rapid transit
4617:hydrocarbon fuels
4589:electric machines
4452:barriers to entry
4372:
4371:
4235:Political economy
3637:Carbon accounting
3506:Tropical cyclones
3427:Urban heat island
3378:aquifer depletion
3307:Verisk Maplecroft
3216:counterinsurgency
3167:towns, America's
2811:department stores
2780:intensive farming
2767:, the capital of
2723:and known as the
2710:gated communities
2624:land-use controls
2288:empires) and the
2190:gated communities
2013:knowledge economy
2009:telecommunication
1994:industrialization
1738:Republic of Genoa
1726:medieval communes
1682:Holy Roman Empire
1669:gradually gained
1599:Holy Roman Empire
1501:, in present-day
1207:dense populations
1091:division of labor
960:from the ancient
258:traveling toward
18632:
18180:Regierungsbezirk
18140:
18139:
18129:
18128:
17792:
17791:
17781:
17780:
17743:Free speech zone
17649:Charter township
17402:Super-prefecture
17246:Special district
17157:Federal district
17137:Capital district
17101:Overseas country
16974:Independent city
16945:Imperial capital
16884:Unorganized area
16854:
16853:
16843:
16842:
16839:
16838:
16826:
16825:
16810:
16803:
16796:
16787:
16786:
16771:
16770:
16749:
16748:
16738:
16737:
16736:
16689:Land development
16540:
16539:
16375:Donald Appleyard
16336:
16335:
16086:Mining community
16039:Radical planning
15986:Transition towns
15921:
15920:
15737:Spatial planning
15711:
15710:
15602:
15595:
15588:
15579:
15578:
15566:
15565:
15564:
15549:Zero-carbon city
15494:Sustainable city
15448:Unitary urbanism
15418:Urban morphology
15355:Urban population
15325:Bicycle-friendly
15100:Independent city
15075:Urban government
15033:Shrinking cities
14906:
14899:
14892:
14883:
14882:
14811:
14792:
14766:
14757:
14738:
14719:
14700:
14681:
14653:City Development
14641:. Lewiston, NY:
14634:
14553:
14532:
14498:
14475:
14349:
14286:
14248:
14084:
14049:War and the City
14020:
13995:
13989:
13970:
13964:
13961:
13955:
13947:
13941:
13935:
13929:
13915:
13909:
13905:
13899:
13896:
13890:
13887:
13881:
13880:
13878:
13839:
13830:
13824:
13810:
13804:
13786:
13780:
13770:
13764:
13745:New Urban Agenda
13741:
13735:
13734:
13694:
13685:
13684:
13656:
13647:
13646:
13610:
13604:
13603:
13563:
13552:
13545:
13539:
13538:
13536:
13534:
13523:
13517:
13516:
13514:
13512:
13503:. Archived from
13492:
13486:
13468:
13459:
13456:
13447:
13446:
13402:
13393:
13387:
13381:
13341:
13335:
13334:
13332:
13293:
13284:
13278:
13274:
13268:
13254:
13248:
13234:
13228:
13222:
13216:
13215:
13190:(3â4): 173â197.
13175:
13169:
13168:
13146:
13140:
13139:
13121:
13097:
13091:
13088:
13082:
13078:
13072:
13069:
13063:
13062:
13056:
13054:
13023:
13017:
13014:
13008:
13004:
12998:
12991:
12985:
12959:
12953:
12952:
12914:
12908:
12907:
12905:
12895:
12871:
12865:
12862:
12856:
12853:
12847:
12843:
12837:
12833:
12827:
12823:
12814:
12810:
12804:
12803:
12793:
12751:
12745:
12744:
12742:
12740:
12724:
12718:
12717:
12715:
12691:
12685:
12684:
12674:
12642:
12636:
12635:
12597:
12591:
12590:
12552:
12546:
12530:
12524:
12523:
12521:
12505:10.3354/cr015123
12485:Climate Research
12482:
12473:
12467:
12464:
12458:
12457:
12455:
12453:
12442:
12436:
12435:
12433:
12431:
12416:
12410:
12409:
12407:
12405:
12390:
12384:
12381:
12375:
12374:
12363:10.1002/eap.1611
12349:(8): 2330â2341.
12334:
12328:
12325:
12319:
12315:
12300:
12297:
12291:
12290:
12250:
12244:
12241:
12235:
12231:
12225:
12224:
12222:
12220:
12195:(1â4): 252â290.
12180:
12174:
12173:
12163:
12130:
12124:
12123:
12105:
12081:
12075:
12071:
12065:
12064:, p. 30â32.
12059:
12053:
12050:
12044:
12029:
12023:
12020:
12011:
12010:
11970:
11961:
11958:
11952:
11949:
11943:
11940:
11934:
11931:
11925:
11922:
11909:
11906:
11900:
11894:
11888:
11887:
11885:
11856:
11850:
11843:
11837:
11830:
11824:
11815:
11809:
11805:
11799:
11793:
11787:
11784:
11773:
11770:
11759:
11753:
11744:
11743:
11741:
11739:
11718:
11712:
11711:
11709:
11707:
11692:
11686:
11685:
11675:
11651:
11645:
11644:
11642:
11640:
11621:
11615:
11614:
11612:
11610:
11600:
11572:
11566:
11565:
11563:
11561:
11546:
11540:
11539:
11521:
11496:(7): 1224â1233.
11490:Regional Studies
11485:
11479:
11478:
11476:
11474:
11455:
11449:
11448:
11410:
11404:
11403:
11401:
11399:
11380:
11371:
11370:
11368:
11366:
11338:
11329:
11328:
11326:
11324:
11305:
11299:
11281:
11275:
11274:
11268:
11253:
11244:
11238:
11237:
11235:
11196:
11187:
11181:
11163:
11157:
11153:
11147:
11143:
11137:
11117:
11111:
11104:
11098:
11082:
11076:
11060:J. Franklin Bell
11056:
11050:
11046:
11040:
11034:
11028:
11027:
11016:
11010:
10992:
10983:
10982:
10957:(4â5): 591â595.
10942:
10936:
10908:
10902:
10896:
10890:
10884:
10878:
10875:
10866:
10863:
10857:
10856:
10854:
10852:
10804:
10793:
10790:
10784:
10783:
10765:
10759:
10755:
10749:
10745:
10739:
10738:
10686:
10680:
10676:
10670:
10669:
10629:
10623:
10617:
10611:
10610:
10597:Blackbirch Press
10588:
10582:
10581:
10571:
10561:
10525:
10519:
10490:
10484:
10483:
10481:
10479:
10469:
10429:
10423:
10422:
10378:
10365:
10364:
10362:
10360:
10354:
10348:. Archived from
10347:
10339:
10333:
10330:
10324:
10318:
10312:
10309:
10303:
10302:
10257:
10248:
10247:
10230:Frederick Engels
10222:
10216:
10210:
10204:
10197:
10191:
10187:
10181:
10177:
10168:
10165:
10159:
10143:Alain Garnier, "
10141:
10135:
10132:
10126:
10122:
10113:
10110:
10104:
10098:
10092:
10088:
10082:
10081:
10045:
10039:
10038:
10036:
10034:
10028:
10022:. Archived from
9987:
9978:
9972:
9971:
9927:
9918:
9917:
9899:
9889:
9865:
9859:
9856:
9850:
9847:
9841:
9840:
9838:
9836:
9804:
9787:
9786:
9754:
9748:
9732:George Nilson, "
9730:
9724:
9717:
9708:
9704:
9698:
9695:
9689:
9686:
9680:
9676:
9670:
9664:
9658:
9657:
9637:
9631:
9630:
9595:
9578:
9575:
9569:
9568:
9562:
9517:
9511:
9508:
9502:
9498:
9492:
9488:
9482:
9478:
9472:
9454:
9448:
9430:
9424:
9389:
9383:
9365:
9359:
9358:
9356:
9354:
9348:
9342:. Archived from
9341:
9333:
9327:
9313:
9307:
9293:
9287:
9284:
9278:
9277:
9249:
9240:
9209:
9200:
9196:
9187:
9186:
9184:
9182:
9176:
9155:
9146:
9140:
9113:
9107:
9104:
9095:
9078:
9072:
9071:
9069:
9063:. Archived from
9057:
9051:
9050:
9040:
9016:
9010:
9003:
8997:
8990:
8984:
8983:
8965:
8959:
8941:
8935:
8931:
8925:
8921:
8912:
8910:
8891:
8885:
8882:
8876:
8872:
8866:
8860:Nicholas Blomley
8857:
8851:
8848:
8842:
8827:
8821:
8808:
8802:
8788:
8782:
8764:
8755:
8754:
8736:
8730:
8727:
8721:
8720:
8718:
8716:
8705:encyclopedia.com
8697:
8691:
8690:
8688:
8686:
8663:
8657:
8656:
8654:
8652:
8624:
8618:
8614:
8608:
8586:
8580:
8579:
8577:
8575:
8570:
8550:
8544:
8543:
8513:
8507:
8504:
8498:
8497:
8489:
8478:
8477:
8457:
8446:
8445:
8443:
8441:
8420:
8414:
8410:
8404:
8403:
8385:
8379:
8378:
8376:
8374:
8342:
8336:
8335:
8329:
8312:
8298:
8292:
8289:
8283:
8280:
8274:
8273:
8251:
8245:
8244:
8242:
8240:
8224:
8218:
8217:
8207:
8201:
8200:
8182:
8176:
8175:
8173:
8171:
8152:
8146:
8145:
8143:
8141:
8126:"Uruk (article)"
8122:
8116:
8115:
8113:
8111:
8091:
8085:
8082:
8076:
8072:
8066:
8065:
8063:
8033:(4): 1525â1535.
8018:
8012:
7988:
7961:Taylor, Peter J.
7957:
7951:
7944:
7938:
7935:
7926:
7918:
7909:
7897:
7888:
7887:
7857:
7851:
7847:
7841:
7834:
7828:
7821:
7815:
7808:
7802:
7801:
7799:
7797:
7782:
7776:
7775:
7773:
7771:
7756:
7750:
7749:
7739:
7715:
7709:
7708:
7706:
7674:
7668:
7667:
7665:
7663:
7643:
7637:
7633:
7627:
7610:
7604:
7586:
7580:
7543:
7537:
7536:
7534:
7519:
7510:
7504:
7503:
7501:
7477:
7471:
7468:
7462:
7461:
7413:
7407:
7406:
7400:
7392:
7374:
7365:
7359:
7353:
7347:
7343:
7337:
7331:
7322:
7318:
7309:
7306:
7297:
7294:
7288:
7271:
7265:
7261:
7255:
7249:
7243:
7242:
7214:
7208:
7207:
7197:
7191:
7190:
7188:
7186:
7170:
7164:
7161:
7155:
7149:
7143:
7140:
7131:
7117:
7104:
7103:
7098:. Archived from
7088:
7082:
7064:
7051:
7022:
7016:
7015:
7013:
7011:
6992:
6986:
6982:
6973:
6966:
6957:
6954:
6948:
6947:
6945:
6935:
6911:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6868:
6862:
6861:
6859:
6857:
6848:. 30 June 2011.
6838:
6832:
6831:
6817:
6811:
6810:
6808:
6806:
6791:
6785:
6784:
6774:
6764:
6730:
6724:
6723:
6713:
6688:
6682:
6681:
6671:
6646:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6635:
6604:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6593:
6576:(13 June 2018).
6566:
6560:
6559:
6549:
6515:
6509:
6508:
6454:
6448:
6447:
6439:
6433:
6432:
6424:
6418:
6417:
6409:
6392:
6373:General Dynamics
6325:Washington, D.C.
6317:
6311:
6292:
6286:
6270:
6203:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6169:
6150:
6123:
6103:
6083:
5894:cultural capital
5717:Washington, D.C.
5715:headquarters in
5647:environmentalism
5638:, a program for
5414:Riverside Church
5390:
5273:Hanseatic League
5176:) and has lower
5076:young ecosystems
5060:immigrant plants
4933:
4930:
4905:road use charges
4881:pedestrian zones
4665:Public transport
4655:communications.
4591:(from household
4526:waste management
4516:Public utilities
4373:A report by the
4364:
4357:
4350:
4332:
4331:
4320:
4319:
4313:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4245:Climate movement
4215:Green liberalism
4200:Climate movement
4008:Environmentalism
3959:Social issues ·
3870:Natural building
3776:Green accounting
3751:Energy economics
3696:Circular economy
3632:Carbon footprint
3574:Coastal flooding
3444:Ecological grief
3382:
3381:
3337:climate refugees
3333:climate conflict
3329:secondary cities
3232:defensible space
3228:crime prevention
3024:public diplomacy
2974:cultural capital
2819:public relations
2663:Social structure
2563:urban planners.
2445:financialization
2405:fire departments
2254:British colonies
2217:Local government
2021:RAND Corporation
1952:, Michigan, and
1750:Hanseatic League
1715:Imperial Estates
1571:Leningrad Oblast
1358:
1325:, developed the
987:, a city of the
920:corridor of the
896:for purposes of
888:, and sometimes
750:Washington, D.C.
674:Trafalgar Square
537:
536:
531:
530:
505:
493:
485:
468:and the related
310:, concentrating
292:land consumption
240:world population
188:human settlement
144:Camille Pissarro
124:Shibuya Crossing
105:
96:
85:
76:
67:
56:
47:
36:
18640:
18639:
18635:
18634:
18633:
18631:
18630:
18629:
18625:Urban geography
18595:
18594:
18593:
18588:
18569:Census division
18539:
18413:
18134:
18107:
18058:Imperial Circle
18016:
17786:
17767:
17761:Free-trade zone
17699:
17673:
17664:Survey township
17635:
17612:
17608:Union territory
17550:
17545:Sovereign state
17510:
17501:Overseas region
17445:
17413:
17378:
17313:
17304:(United States)
17290:
17281:Police division
17276:Census division
17262:
17234:School district
17199:Police district
17123:
17105:
17087:
17027:
17004:
16999:Royal free city
16964:Autonomous city
16950:
16939:Federal capital
16925:
16911:
16888:
16848:
16833:
16820:
16814:
16784:
16779:
16734:
16732:
16723:
16719:Social sciences
16679:Urban economics
16651:
16641:
16610:
16584:
16531:
16494:
16458:
16425:Peter Calthorpe
16380:Ebenezer Howard
16341:
16323:
16310:Verticalization
16140:
16048:
16034:Market urbanism
16029:Livable streets
15995:
15916:
15906:
15888:
15845:
15812:
15794:
15762:
15706:
15700:
15639:
15611:
15606:
15576:
15571:
15562:
15560:
15553:
15452:
15428:Urban sociology
15389:
15349:
15340:Pedestrian zone
15224:
15153:Cheapest cities
15125:Urban economics
15119:
15110:Autonomous city
15069:
15028:Suburbanization
14921:Urban geography
14915:
14910:
14852:
14847:
14808:
14789:
14754:
14735:
14716:
14697:
14678:
14660:Glaeser, Edward
14649:Geddes, Patrick
14631:
14612:
14610:Further reading
14607:
14576:Southall, Aidan
14550:
14529:
14495:
14472:
14346:
14291:Urban Geography
14283:
14230:Springer Nature
14081:
14047:Ashworth, G.J.
14029:
14024:
14023:
14013:Wayback Machine
13996:
13992:
13985:Wayback Machine
13971:
13967:
13962:
13958:
13948:
13944:
13936:
13932:
13916:
13912:
13906:
13902:
13897:
13893:
13888:
13884:
13876:
13837:
13831:
13827:
13821:Wayback Machine
13811:
13807:
13797:Wayback Machine
13787:
13783:
13771:
13767:
13752:Wayback Machine
13742:
13738:
13703:Planning Theory
13695:
13688:
13657:
13650:
13611:
13607:
13564:
13555:
13546:
13542:
13532:
13530:
13525:
13524:
13520:
13510:
13508:
13499:
13493:
13489:
13479:Wayback Machine
13469:
13462:
13457:
13450:
13403:
13396:
13388:
13384:
13378:Wayback Machine
13367:Wayback Machine
13352:Wayback Machine
13342:
13338:
13330:
13291:
13285:
13281:
13275:
13271:
13265:Wayback Machine
13255:
13251:
13245:Wayback Machine
13235:
13231:
13223:
13219:
13176:
13172:
13161:
13147:
13143:
13112:(2): 389â3402.
13098:
13094:
13089:
13085:
13079:
13075:
13070:
13066:
13052:
13050:
13043:
13024:
13020:
13015:
13011:
13005:
13001:
12992:
12988:
12972:Wayback Machine
12960:
12956:
12941:
12915:
12911:
12872:
12868:
12863:
12859:
12854:
12850:
12844:
12840:
12834:
12830:
12824:
12817:
12811:
12807:
12752:
12748:
12738:
12736:
12725:
12721:
12713:10.1002/ppp3.39
12692:
12688:
12651:Biology Letters
12643:
12639:
12598:
12594:
12553:
12549:
12531:
12527:
12519:
12480:
12474:
12470:
12465:
12461:
12451:
12449:
12444:
12443:
12439:
12429:
12427:
12418:
12417:
12413:
12403:
12401:
12392:
12391:
12387:
12382:
12378:
12335:
12331:
12326:
12322:
12316:
12303:
12298:
12294:
12271:10.2307/2997649
12251:
12247:
12242:
12238:
12232:
12228:
12218:
12216:
12181:
12177:
12131:
12127:
12082:
12078:
12072:
12068:
12060:
12056:
12051:
12047:
12030:
12026:
12021:
12014:
11971:
11964:
11959:
11955:
11950:
11946:
11941:
11937:
11932:
11928:
11923:
11912:
11907:
11903:
11895:
11891:
11883:
11857:
11853:
11844:
11840:
11831:
11827:
11821:
11816:
11812:
11806:
11802:
11794:
11790:
11785:
11776:
11771:
11762:
11754:
11747:
11737:
11735:
11720:
11719:
11715:
11705:
11703:
11693:
11689:
11652:
11648:
11638:
11636:
11631:. 14 May 2019.
11623:
11622:
11618:
11608:
11606:
11573:
11569:
11559:
11557:
11547:
11543:
11486:
11482:
11472:
11470:
11457:
11456:
11452:
11411:
11407:
11397:
11395:
11382:
11381:
11374:
11364:
11362:
11339:
11332:
11322:
11320:
11307:
11306:
11302:
11292:Wayback Machine
11282:
11278:
11266:
11251:
11245:
11241:
11233:
11194:
11188:
11184:
11174:Wayback Machine
11164:
11160:
11154:
11150:
11144:
11140:
11129:Wayback Machine
11118:
11114:
11105:
11101:
11094:Wayback Machine
11083:
11079:
11072:Wayback Machine
11057:
11053:
11047:
11043:
11035:
11031:
11018:
11017:
11013:
11007:
10993:
10986:
10943:
10939:
10933:Wayback Machine
10919:Wayback Machine
10910:Fred Coalter, "
10909:
10905:
10897:
10893:
10885:
10881:
10876:
10869:
10864:
10860:
10850:
10848:
10805:
10796:
10791:
10787:
10780:
10766:
10762:
10756:
10752:
10746:
10742:
10687:
10683:
10677:
10673:
10630:
10626:
10618:
10614:
10607:
10589:
10585:
10526:
10522:
10504:Wayback Machine
10491:
10487:
10477:
10475:
10430:
10426:
10379:
10368:
10358:
10356:
10352:
10345:
10341:
10340:
10336:
10331:
10327:
10319:
10315:
10310:
10306:
10295:
10292:
10258:
10251:
10223:
10219:
10211:
10207:
10198:
10194:
10188:
10184:
10178:
10171:
10166:
10162:
10152:Wayback Machine
10142:
10138:
10133:
10129:
10123:
10116:
10111:
10107:
10099:
10095:
10089:
10085:
10046:
10042:
10032:
10030:
10026:
9985:
9979:
9975:
9928:
9921:
9866:
9862:
9857:
9853:
9848:
9844:
9834:
9832:
9805:
9790:
9755:
9751:
9741:Wayback Machine
9731:
9727:
9718:
9711:
9705:
9701:
9696:
9692:
9687:
9683:
9677:
9673:
9665:
9661:
9638:
9634:
9596:
9581:
9576:
9572:
9560:
9518:
9514:
9509:
9505:
9499:
9495:
9489:
9485:
9479:
9475:
9465:Wayback Machine
9455:
9451:
9441:Wayback Machine
9431:
9427:
9420:Wayback Machine
9400:Wayback Machine
9390:
9386:
9376:Wayback Machine
9366:
9362:
9352:
9350:
9346:
9339:
9335:
9334:
9330:
9326:"), March 1985.
9324:Wayback Machine
9314:
9310:
9304:Wayback Machine
9294:
9290:
9285:
9281:
9250:
9243:
9236:Wayback Machine
9220:Wayback Machine
9210:
9203:
9197:
9190:
9180:
9178:
9174:
9168:
9153:
9147:
9143:
9136:Wayback Machine
9124:Wayback Machine
9114:
9110:
9105:
9098:
9092:Wayback Machine
9079:
9075:
9070:on 6 July 2018.
9067:
9059:
9058:
9054:
9017:
9013:
9004:
9000:
8991:
8987:
8980:
8966:
8962:
8958:, 15 June 2013.
8952:Wayback Machine
8942:
8938:
8932:
8928:
8922:
8915:
8908:
8892:
8888:
8883:
8879:
8873:
8869:
8863:
8858:
8854:
8849:
8845:
8838:Wayback Machine
8828:
8824:
8818:Wayback Machine
8809:
8805:
8799:Wayback Machine
8789:
8785:
8779:Wayback Machine
8765:
8758:
8751:
8737:
8733:
8728:
8724:
8714:
8712:
8699:
8698:
8694:
8684:
8682:
8664:
8660:
8650:
8648:
8641:
8625:
8621:
8615:
8611:
8597:Wayback Machine
8587:
8583:
8573:
8571:
8551:
8547:
8540:
8514:
8510:
8505:
8501:
8490:
8481:
8458:
8449:
8439:
8437:
8421:
8417:
8411:
8407:
8400:
8386:
8382:
8372:
8370:
8363:
8343:
8339:
8327:
8321:
8310:
8299:
8295:
8290:
8286:
8281:
8277:
8270:
8252:
8248:
8238:
8236:
8226:
8225:
8221:
8208:
8204:
8197:
8183:
8179:
8169:
8167:
8154:
8153:
8149:
8139:
8137:
8124:
8123:
8119:
8109:
8107:
8092:
8088:
8083:
8079:
8073:
8069:
8061:
8019:
8015:
8009:Wayback Machine
7998:Wayback Machine
7958:
7954:
7945:
7941:
7936:
7929:
7919:
7912:
7898:
7891:
7884:
7858:
7854:
7848:
7844:
7835:
7831:
7827:, pp. 3â4)
7822:
7818:
7809:
7805:
7795:
7793:
7783:
7779:
7769:
7767:
7758:
7757:
7753:
7716:
7712:
7675:
7671:
7661:
7659:
7644:
7640:
7634:
7630:
7624:Wayback Machine
7611:
7607:
7597:Wayback Machine
7587:
7583:
7577:Wayback Machine
7566:Wayback Machine
7545:Jane McIntosh,
7544:
7540:
7535:on 25 May 2017.
7532:
7517:
7511:
7507:
7478:
7474:
7469:
7465:
7414:
7410:
7394:
7393:
7372:
7366:
7362:
7354:
7350:
7344:
7340:
7332:
7325:
7319:
7312:
7307:
7300:
7295:
7291:
7285:Wayback Machine
7272:
7268:
7262:
7258:
7250:
7246:
7215:
7211:
7198:
7194:
7184:
7182:
7171:
7167:
7162:
7158:
7150:
7146:
7141:
7134:
7128:Wayback Machine
7121:Earliest Cities
7118:
7107:
7102:on 16 May 2010.
7090:
7089:
7085:
7075:Wayback Machine
7065:
7054:
7048:Wayback Machine
7033:Wayback Machine
7023:
7019:
7009:
7007:
6994:
6993:
6989:
6983:
6976:
6967:
6960:
6955:
6951:
6912:
6908:
6869:
6865:
6855:
6853:
6840:
6839:
6835:
6818:
6814:
6804:
6802:
6793:
6792:
6788:
6731:
6727:
6711:10.1038/467900a
6690:
6689:
6685:
6648:
6647:
6643:
6633:
6631:
6624:
6605:
6601:
6591:
6589:
6570:Ritchie, Hannah
6567:
6563:
6547:10.1038/467912a
6516:
6512:
6455:
6451:
6440:
6436:
6425:
6421:
6410:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6395:
6389:Gannett Company
6365:lobbying groups
6318:
6314:
6293:
6289:
6271:
6267:
6262:
6209:Lists of cities
6199:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6184:
6183:
6182:
6179:
6170:
6161:
6155:Warsaw uprising
6151:
6142:
6124:
6115:
6104:
6095:
6084:
6072:
6023:while visiting
6007:Charles Dickens
5967:Book of Genesis
5937:represents the
5916:
5910:
5867:Cities Alliance
5705:
5600:
5549:
5544:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5502:8 Spruce Street
5492:15 Hudson Yards
5488:10 Hudson Yards
5484:35 Hudson Yards
5480:55 Hudson Yards
5439:432 Park Avenue
5396:
5391:
5305:Stock exchanges
5298:
5253:
4978:
4972:
4931:
4921:terrace housing
4913:
4839:street networks
4729:economic system
4698:is the longest
4667:
4661:
4641:telephone lines
4542:sewerage system
4540:and a network (
4498:
4468:path dependence
4420:
4415:
4414:
4368:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4295:
4294:
4290:Paris Agreement
4195:
4185:
4184:
4153:Popular culture
4128:
4118:
4117:
4043:Just transition
3973:Climate justice
3963:
3952:
3951:
3848:Risk management
3771:Ethical banking
3711:Climate finance
3617:
3603:
3602:
3569:Coastal erosion
3528:Desertification
3481:Extreme weather
3412:
3396:
3291:
3283:
3277:
3136:and the end of
3118:
3092:decision-making
3028:shared identity
2900:
2857:service economy
2788:Urban economics
2753:
2665:
2660:
2590:
2582:Main articles:
2580:
2568:good governance
2481:
2441:corporatization
2417:
2365:
2256:; legally, the
2219:
2213:
2055:
2049:
2005:high technology
1982:five-year plans
1980:and subsequent
1962:service economy
1922:
1898:poor sanitation
1859:
1839:
1728:developed into
1619:defensive canal
1560:
1418:of Oaxaca, and
1412:Preclassic Maya
1362:In the ancient
1290:extending from
1288:numerous cities
1154:, dated to the
1133:
1115:
950:
936:
930:
832:
738:
667:
620:
614:
555:
547:Urban geography
544:
462:
347:rural territory
320:
180:
179:
178:
177:
175:SĂŁo Paulo Metro
108:
107:
106:
98:
97:
88:
87:
86:
78:
77:
69:
68:
59:
58:
57:
49:
48:
39:
38:
37:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
18638:
18628:
18627:
18622:
18617:
18612:
18607:
18590:
18589:
18587:
18586:
18581:
18576:
18571:
18566:
18561:
18552:
18549:
18548:
18545:
18544:
18541:
18540:
18538:
18537:
18532:
18527:
18522:
18517:
18512:
18507:
18502:
18497:
18492:
18491:
18490:
18485:
18477:
18472:
18467:
18466:
18465:
18457:
18452:
18447:
18442:
18437:
18432:
18427:
18421:
18419:
18415:
18414:
18412:
18411:
18406:
18401:
18396:
18395:
18394:
18384:
18379:
18374:
18369:
18364:
18359:
18354:
18349:
18344:
18339:
18334:
18329:
18328:
18327:
18317:
18312:
18307:
18302:
18297:
18292:
18287:
18286:
18285:
18277:
18272:
18271:
18270:
18265:
18257:
18252:
18247:
18242:
18237:
18232:
18231:
18230:
18225:
18220:
18215:
18207:
18202:
18197:
18192:
18187:
18182:
18177:
18172:
18167:
18162:
18157:
18152:
18146:
18144:
18136:
18135:
18125:
18124:
18121:
18120:
18117:
18116:
18113:
18112:
18109:
18108:
18106:
18105:
18100:
18095:
18090:
18085:
18080:
18075:
18070:
18065:
18060:
18055:
18050:
18045:
18040:
18035:
18030:
18024:
18022:
18018:
18017:
18015:
18014:
18009:
18008:
18007:
17997:
17992:
17987:
17982:
17977:
17976:
17975:
17965:
17960:
17955:
17950:
17945:
17940:
17935:
17930:
17925:
17920:
17915:
17914:
17913:
17903:
17898:
17893:
17888:
17883:
17878:
17873:
17872:
17871:
17861:
17856:
17851:
17846:
17841:
17836:
17831:
17826:
17821:
17820:
17819:
17809:
17804:
17798:
17796:
17788:
17787:
17777:
17776:
17773:
17772:
17769:
17768:
17766:
17765:
17764:
17763:
17755:
17750:
17745:
17740:
17739:
17738:
17731:Exclusion zone
17728:
17727:
17726:
17721:
17716:
17710:Economic zone
17707:
17705:
17701:
17700:
17698:
17697:
17696:
17695:
17687:
17681:
17679:
17675:
17674:
17672:
17671:
17669:Urban township
17666:
17661:
17659:Paper township
17656:
17654:Civil township
17651:
17645:
17643:
17637:
17636:
17634:
17633:
17628:
17622:
17620:
17614:
17613:
17611:
17610:
17605:
17600:
17599:
17598:
17588:
17583:
17578:
17577:
17576:
17571:
17560:
17558:
17552:
17551:
17549:
17548:
17541:
17536:
17531:
17526:
17520:
17518:
17512:
17511:
17509:
17508:
17503:
17498:
17493:
17488:
17483:
17482:
17481:
17474:Capital region
17471:
17466:
17465:
17464:
17455:
17453:
17447:
17446:
17444:
17443:
17440:Roman province
17436:
17429:
17423:
17421:
17415:
17414:
17412:
17411:
17404:
17399:
17394:
17388:
17386:
17380:
17379:
17377:
17376:
17371:
17366:
17365:
17364:
17354:
17349:
17344:
17339:
17334:
17329:
17323:
17321:
17315:
17314:
17312:
17311:
17308:Indian reserve
17305:
17298:
17296:
17292:
17291:
17289:
17288:
17283:
17278:
17272:
17270:
17264:
17263:
17261:
17260:
17258:Urban district
17255:
17254:
17253:
17243:
17242:
17241:
17231:
17230:
17229:
17224:
17216:
17211:
17209:Rural district
17206:
17201:
17196:
17191:
17186:
17185:
17184:
17174:
17169:
17164:
17159:
17154:
17149:
17144:
17139:
17133:
17131:
17125:
17124:
17122:
17121:
17115:
17113:
17107:
17106:
17104:
17103:
17097:
17095:
17089:
17088:
17086:
17085:
17080:
17075:
17074:
17073:
17063:
17058:
17053:
17048:
17043:
17037:
17035:
17029:
17028:
17026:
17025:
17020:
17014:
17012:
17006:
17005:
17003:
17002:
16995:
16988:
16981:
16976:
16971:
16966:
16960:
16958:
16952:
16951:
16949:
16948:
16941:
16935:
16933:
16927:
16926:
16921:
16919:
16913:
16912:
16910:
16909:
16904:
16902:County borough
16898:
16896:
16890:
16889:
16887:
16886:
16881:
16876:
16871:
16866:
16860:
16858:
16850:
16849:
16835:
16834:
16822:
16821:
16813:
16812:
16805:
16798:
16790:
16781:
16780:
16778:
16777:
16765:
16760:
16755:
16743:
16728:
16725:
16724:
16722:
16721:
16716:
16711:
16706:
16701:
16696:
16691:
16686:
16681:
16676:
16671:
16666:
16661:
16655:
16653:
16647:
16646:
16643:
16642:
16640:
16639:
16634:
16629:
16624:
16618:
16616:
16612:
16611:
16609:
16608:
16603:
16598:
16592:
16590:
16586:
16585:
16583:
16582:
16580:United Kingdom
16577:
16572:
16567:
16562:
16560:Czech Republic
16557:
16552:
16546:
16544:
16537:
16533:
16532:
16530:
16529:
16524:
16523:
16522:
16517:
16506:
16504:
16500:
16499:
16496:
16495:
16493:
16492:
16490:Randal O'Toole
16487:
16482:
16477:
16472:
16466:
16464:
16460:
16459:
16457:
16456:
16453:
16452:
16447:
16442:
16437:
16432:
16430:Patrick Geddes
16427:
16422:
16417:
16412:
16410:Kevin A. Lynch
16407:
16402:
16397:
16392:
16390:Guy Benveniste
16387:
16382:
16377:
16372:
16370:Daniel Burnham
16367:
16365:Colin Buchanan
16362:
16360:Clarence Stein
16357:
16355:Clarence Perry
16352:
16346:
16344:
16333:
16329:
16328:
16325:
16324:
16322:
16321:
16316:
16307:
16302:
16300:Urban vitality
16297:
16288:
16283:
16278:
16273:
16268:
16263:
16258:
16253:
16248:
16243:
16238:
16233:
16228:
16223:
16218:
16213:
16207:Healthy cities
16204:
16199:
16197:Brusselization
16193:Gentrification
16190:
16185:
16182:Eminent domain
16179:
16174:
16169:
16164:
16159:
16154:
16148:
16146:
16142:
16141:
16139:
16138:
16133:
16128:
16123:
16118:
16112:
16107:
16106:
16105:
16095:
16094:
16093:
16083:
16078:
16073:
16068:
16058:
16056:
16054:Cities by type
16050:
16049:
16047:
16046:
16041:
16036:
16031:
16026:
16021:
16016:
16014:Context theory
16011:
16005:
16003:
15997:
15996:
15994:
15993:
15988:
15983:
15978:
15973:
15968:
15963:
15958:
15953:
15948:
15943:
15938:
15933:
15931:Athens Charter
15927:
15925:
15918:
15912:
15911:
15908:
15907:
15905:
15904:
15898:
15896:
15890:
15889:
15887:
15886:
15881:
15876:
15871:
15866:
15861:
15855:
15853:
15847:
15846:
15844:
15843:
15838:
15833:
15828:
15822:
15820:
15814:
15813:
15811:
15810:
15804:
15802:
15796:
15795:
15793:
15792:
15786:
15781:
15776:
15770:
15768:
15764:
15763:
15761:
15760:
15755:
15750:
15745:
15740:
15734:
15729:
15723:
15717:
15715:
15708:
15702:
15701:
15699:
15698:
15693:
15688:
15683:
15678:
15673:
15668:
15663:
15658:
15653:
15647:
15645:
15641:
15640:
15638:
15637:
15632:
15627:
15622:
15616:
15613:
15612:
15609:Urban planning
15605:
15604:
15597:
15590:
15582:
15573:
15572:
15558:
15555:
15554:
15552:
15551:
15546:
15541:
15536:
15531:
15526:
15524:Urban forestry
15521:
15516:
15511:
15506:
15501:
15496:
15491:
15486:
15484:Green urbanism
15481:
15476:
15471:
15466:
15464:Climate change
15460:
15458:
15454:
15453:
15451:
15450:
15445:
15440:
15435:
15430:
15425:
15420:
15415:
15410:
15405:
15399:
15397:
15391:
15390:
15388:
15387:
15382:
15377:
15372:
15371:
15370:
15359:
15357:
15351:
15350:
15348:
15347:
15342:
15337:
15332:
15327:
15322:
15317:
15312:
15307:
15302:
15297:
15292:
15287:
15282:
15277:
15272:
15267:
15266:
15265:
15255:
15253:Urban planners
15250:
15245:
15240:
15234:
15232:
15230:Urban planning
15226:
15225:
15223:
15222:
15217:
15212:
15210:Municipal bond
15207:
15202:
15201:
15200:
15195:
15190:
15185:
15180:
15175:
15170:
15160:
15155:
15150:
15145:
15140:
15135:
15129:
15127:
15121:
15120:
15118:
15117:
15112:
15107:
15102:
15097:
15096:
15095:
15085:
15079:
15077:
15071:
15070:
15068:
15067:
15062:
15057:
15052:
15047:
15046:
15045:
15035:
15030:
15025:
15020:
15015:
15010:
15005:
15000:
14995:
14990:
14989:
14988:
14978:
14973:
14968:
14966:Satellite city
14963:
14958:
14953:
14948:
14943:
14942:
14941:
14931:
14925:
14923:
14917:
14916:
14909:
14908:
14901:
14894:
14886:
14880:
14879:
14865:
14859:
14851:
14850:External links
14848:
14846:
14845:
14833:
14819:
14812:
14806:
14793:
14787:
14774:
14767:
14758:
14752:
14739:
14733:
14720:
14714:
14701:
14695:
14682:
14676:
14656:
14646:
14635:
14629:
14613:
14611:
14608:
14606:
14605:
14590:
14573:
14564:
14557:Rybczynski, W.
14554:
14549:978-0810831698
14548:
14533:
14527:
14514:
14499:
14493:
14476:
14470:
14458:City Economics
14453:
14444:Mumford, Lewis
14441:
14424:
14417:
14402:
14387:
14372:
14365:
14350:
14344:
14331:
14316:
14301:
14287:
14282:978-1315765747
14281:
14263:
14249:
14240:
14222:
14213:
14206:
14191:
14163:Ellul, Jacques
14160:
14146:
14132:
14118:
14099:
14085:
14079:
14060:
14045:
14030:
14028:
14025:
14022:
14021:
13990:
13965:
13956:
13952:The Metropolis
13942:
13940:, p. 115.
13930:
13910:
13900:
13891:
13882:
13848:(1): 133â152.
13825:
13805:
13781:
13765:
13736:
13709:(4): 435â448.
13686:
13648:
13605:
13578:(1â2): 65â71.
13553:
13540:
13518:
13487:
13460:
13448:
13417:(3): 251â267.
13394:
13382:
13343:Carola Hein, "
13336:
13279:
13269:
13249:
13229:
13217:
13170:
13159:
13141:
13092:
13083:
13073:
13064:
13042:978-1315765747
13041:
13018:
13009:
12999:
12986:
12954:
12940:978-1118568453
12939:
12909:
12886:(1): 1532777.
12866:
12857:
12848:
12838:
12828:
12815:
12805:
12746:
12719:
12706:(4): 323â335.
12686:
12657:(4): 390â394.
12637:
12592:
12547:
12525:
12468:
12459:
12437:
12411:
12385:
12376:
12329:
12320:
12301:
12292:
12265:(6): 173â187.
12245:
12236:
12226:
12175:
12125:
12076:
12066:
12054:
12045:
12024:
12012:
11962:
11953:
11944:
11935:
11926:
11910:
11901:
11889:
11871:(5): 786â800.
11851:
11838:
11825:
11810:
11800:
11788:
11774:
11760:
11745:
11713:
11687:
11646:
11616:
11577:Jacob, Daniela
11567:
11541:
11480:
11450:
11405:
11372:
11330:
11300:
11298:, Spring 2016.
11283:Dallas Boyd, "
11276:
11239:
11182:
11158:
11148:
11138:
11112:
11099:
11077:
11051:
11041:
11029:
11011:
10984:
10937:
10903:
10891:
10879:
10867:
10858:
10833:10.1068/d21911
10794:
10785:
10778:
10760:
10758:distribution."
10750:
10740:
10707:10.1086/449678
10681:
10671:
10644:(4): 506â527.
10624:
10612:
10606:978-1567115963
10605:
10583:
10520:
10485:
10444:(3): 443â468.
10424:
10366:
10334:
10325:
10313:
10304:
10249:
10217:
10205:
10199:Jorge Hardoy,
10192:
10182:
10169:
10160:
10136:
10127:
10114:
10105:
10093:
10083:
10060:(3): 413â440.
10040:
9998:(3): 519â540.
9973:
9942:(3): 251â274.
9919:
9880:(5): 820â841.
9860:
9851:
9842:
9788:
9775:10.2307/976688
9749:
9725:
9709:
9699:
9690:
9681:
9671:
9659:
9632:
9609:(4): 328â341.
9579:
9570:
9512:
9503:
9493:
9483:
9473:
9449:
9425:
9384:
9382:, 28 May 2007.
9367:Mike Hanlon, "
9360:
9328:
9308:
9288:
9279:
9260:(3): 731â755.
9241:
9201:
9188:
9166:
9141:
9108:
9096:
9073:
9052:
9011:
8998:
8985:
8978:
8960:
8943:Ian Johnson, "
8936:
8926:
8913:
8886:
8877:
8867:
8852:
8843:
8822:
8803:
8783:
8756:
8749:
8731:
8722:
8692:
8658:
8639:
8630:The Byzantines
8619:
8609:
8581:
8545:
8538:
8508:
8499:
8479:
8468:(4): 387â446.
8447:
8415:
8405:
8398:
8380:
8361:
8337:
8319:
8293:
8284:
8275:
8268:
8246:
8219:
8202:
8195:
8177:
8147:
8117:
8086:
8077:
8067:
8013:
7971:(3): 415â447.
7952:
7939:
7927:
7910:
7889:
7882:
7852:
7842:
7829:
7816:
7803:
7777:
7764:EducationWorld
7751:
7710:
7669:
7638:
7628:
7605:
7601:Israel Studies
7581:
7538:
7505:
7472:
7463:
7408:
7383:(1): 108â133.
7360:
7348:
7338:
7323:
7310:
7298:
7289:
7278:, October 2021
7266:
7256:
7244:
7225:(2): 181â197.
7209:
7206:. p. A11.
7192:
7165:
7156:
7144:
7132:
7105:
7083:
7052:
7017:
6987:
6974:
6958:
6949:
6906:
6863:
6833:
6812:
6786:
6725:
6683:
6641:
6623:978-1315765747
6622:
6599:
6578:"Urbanization"
6561:
6510:
6449:
6434:
6419:
6403:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6312:
6287:
6282:Kingsley Davis
6278:Patrick Geddes
6264:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6205:
6204:
6188:
6185:
6181:
6180:
6171:
6164:
6162:
6152:
6145:
6143:
6125:
6118:
6116:
6105:
6098:
6096:
6085:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6068:
5939:Tower of Babel
5909:
5906:
5824:
5823:
5816:European Union
5807:
5796:
5781:
5770:Rio de Janeiro
5762:
5758:
5730:conference in
5704:
5701:
5651:climate change
5599:
5596:
5581:City of London
5548:
5545:
5540:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5522:40 Wall Street
5519:
5514:
5512:70 Pine Street
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5476:
5474:Manhattan West
5471:
5466:
5461:
5459:4 Times Square
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5410:
5393:
5392:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5297:
5294:
5252:
5249:
5085:Typical urban
5072:recolonization
4974:Main article:
4971:
4968:
4912:
4909:
4889:Healthy Cities
4799:public transit
4660:
4659:Transportation
4657:
4653:point-to-point
4645:coaxial cables
4605:traffic lights
4497:
4494:
4444:marginal costs
4436:infrastructure
4419:
4418:Infrastructure
4416:
4411:weatherization
4370:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4326:
4314:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4285:Kyoto Protocol
4282:
4280:UN conferences
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4225:Green politics
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4205:Eco-capitalism
4202:
4196:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4175:Public opinion
4172:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4150:
4148:Media coverage
4145:
4140:
4135:
4133:Climate crisis
4129:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3825:
3820:
3818:Green recovery
3815:
3810:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3796:Green building
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3629:
3624:
3618:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3596:Water scarcity
3593:
3586:Water security
3583:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3564:Sea level rise
3561:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3419:
3413:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3391:
3390:
3364:, which cause
3362:sea level rise
3317:climate change
3303:climate change
3292:
3284:
3279:Main article:
3276:
3275:Climate change
3273:
3198:, effectively
3150:fortifications
3126:atomic bombing
3117:
3114:
3032:sense of place
3020:city marketing
3016:place branding
2899:
2896:
2885:administration
2831:fantasy worlds
2752:
2749:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2639:eminent domain
2620:public capital
2608:Urban planning
2584:Urban planning
2579:
2578:Urban planning
2576:
2551:. The biggest
2512:social control
2489:Ripon Building
2480:
2477:
2473:credit ratings
2465:repayment date
2457:municipal bond
2437:private sector
2416:
2413:
2393:school systems
2364:
2361:
2212:
2209:
2051:Main article:
2048:
2045:
2037:master-planned
1970:gentrification
1921:
1918:
1858:
1857:Industrial age
1855:
1838:
1835:
1732:including the
1667:Ottoman Empire
1659:Constantinople
1639:Constantinople
1559:
1556:
1485:From 1600 BC,
1478:sites such as
1436:Mississippians
1286:, encompassed
1266:, followed by
1114:
1111:
1083:urban planning
1081:function, and
1034:The cities of
932:Main article:
929:
926:
850:(upper left),
831:
828:
816:compass points
737:
734:
666:
663:
616:Main article:
613:
610:
586:rail transport
554:
551:
543:
540:
474:come from the
461:
458:
454:United Nations
401:administrators
378:United Kingdom
370:infrastructure
319:
316:
304:compact cities
276:climate change
201:transportation
155:Rio de Janeiro
110:
109:
100:
99:
91:
90:
89:
80:
79:
71:
70:
62:
61:
60:
51:
50:
42:
41:
40:
31:
30:
29:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
18637:
18626:
18623:
18621:
18618:
18616:
18613:
18611:
18608:
18606:
18603:
18602:
18600:
18585:
18582:
18580:
18577:
18575:
18572:
18570:
18567:
18565:
18562:
18559:
18558:
18556:
18550:
18536:
18533:
18531:
18528:
18526:
18523:
18521:
18518:
18516:
18513:
18511:
18508:
18506:
18503:
18501:
18498:
18496:
18493:
18489:
18486:
18484:
18481:
18480:
18478:
18476:
18473:
18471:
18468:
18464:
18461:
18460:
18458:
18456:
18453:
18451:
18448:
18446:
18443:
18441:
18438:
18436:
18433:
18431:
18428:
18426:
18423:
18422:
18420:
18416:
18410:
18407:
18405:
18402:
18400:
18397:
18393:
18390:
18389:
18388:
18385:
18383:
18380:
18378:
18375:
18373:
18370:
18368:
18365:
18363:
18360:
18358:
18355:
18353:
18350:
18348:
18345:
18343:
18340:
18338:
18335:
18333:
18330:
18326:
18323:
18322:
18321:
18318:
18316:
18313:
18311:
18308:
18306:
18303:
18301:
18298:
18296:
18293:
18291:
18288:
18284:
18281:
18280:
18278:
18276:
18273:
18269:
18266:
18264:
18261:
18260:
18259:Kommun/Kunta
18258:
18256:
18253:
18251:
18248:
18246:
18243:
18241:
18238:
18236:
18233:
18229:
18226:
18224:
18221:
18219:
18216:
18214:
18211:
18210:
18208:
18206:
18203:
18201:
18198:
18196:
18193:
18191:
18188:
18186:
18183:
18181:
18178:
18176:
18173:
18171:
18168:
18166:
18163:
18161:
18158:
18156:
18153:
18151:
18148:
18147:
18145:
18141:
18137:
18130:
18126:
18104:
18101:
18099:
18096:
18094:
18091:
18089:
18086:
18084:
18083:Roman diocese
18081:
18079:
18076:
18074:
18071:
18069:
18066:
18064:
18061:
18059:
18056:
18054:
18051:
18049:
18046:
18044:
18041:
18039:
18036:
18034:
18031:
18029:
18026:
18025:
18023:
18019:
18013:
18010:
18006:
18003:
18002:
18001:
17998:
17996:
17993:
17991:
17988:
17986:
17983:
17981:
17978:
17974:
17971:
17970:
17969:
17966:
17964:
17961:
17959:
17956:
17954:
17951:
17949:
17946:
17944:
17941:
17939:
17936:
17934:
17931:
17929:
17926:
17924:
17923:Neighbourhood
17921:
17919:
17916:
17912:
17909:
17908:
17907:
17904:
17902:
17899:
17897:
17894:
17892:
17889:
17887:
17884:
17882:
17879:
17877:
17874:
17870:
17867:
17866:
17865:
17862:
17860:
17857:
17855:
17852:
17850:
17847:
17845:
17842:
17840:
17837:
17835:
17832:
17830:
17827:
17825:
17822:
17818:
17815:
17814:
17813:
17810:
17808:
17805:
17803:
17802:Alpine resort
17800:
17799:
17797:
17793:
17789:
17782:
17778:
17762:
17759:
17758:
17756:
17754:
17751:
17749:
17746:
17744:
17741:
17737:
17734:
17733:
17732:
17729:
17725:
17722:
17720:
17717:
17715:
17712:
17711:
17709:
17708:
17706:
17702:
17694:
17691:
17690:
17688:
17686:
17685:Regional unit
17683:
17682:
17680:
17676:
17670:
17667:
17665:
17662:
17660:
17657:
17655:
17652:
17650:
17647:
17646:
17644:
17642:
17638:
17632:
17629:
17627:
17624:
17623:
17621:
17619:
17615:
17609:
17606:
17604:
17601:
17597:
17594:
17593:
17592:
17589:
17587:
17584:
17582:
17579:
17575:
17572:
17570:
17567:
17566:
17565:
17562:
17561:
17559:
17557:
17553:
17547:
17546:
17542:
17540:
17537:
17535:
17534:Federal state
17532:
17530:
17527:
17525:
17522:
17521:
17519:
17517:
17513:
17507:
17504:
17502:
17499:
17497:
17494:
17492:
17489:
17487:
17484:
17480:
17477:
17476:
17475:
17472:
17470:
17467:
17463:
17460:
17459:
17457:
17456:
17454:
17452:
17448:
17442:
17441:
17437:
17435:
17434:
17430:
17428:
17425:
17424:
17422:
17420:
17416:
17410:
17409:
17405:
17403:
17400:
17398:
17397:Subprefecture
17395:
17393:
17390:
17389:
17387:
17385:
17381:
17375:
17372:
17370:
17367:
17363:
17360:
17359:
17358:
17355:
17353:
17350:
17348:
17345:
17343:
17340:
17338:
17335:
17333:
17330:
17328:
17325:
17324:
17322:
17320:
17316:
17309:
17306:
17303:
17300:
17299:
17297:
17293:
17287:
17284:
17282:
17279:
17277:
17274:
17273:
17271:
17269:
17265:
17259:
17256:
17252:
17249:
17248:
17247:
17244:
17240:
17237:
17236:
17235:
17232:
17228:
17225:
17223:
17220:
17219:
17217:
17215:
17212:
17210:
17207:
17205:
17202:
17200:
17197:
17195:
17192:
17190:
17187:
17183:
17180:
17179:
17178:
17175:
17173:
17170:
17168:
17167:Land district
17165:
17163:
17160:
17158:
17155:
17153:
17150:
17148:
17145:
17143:
17142:City district
17140:
17138:
17135:
17134:
17132:
17130:
17126:
17120:
17117:
17116:
17114:
17112:
17108:
17102:
17099:
17098:
17096:
17094:
17090:
17084:
17081:
17079:
17076:
17072:
17069:
17068:
17067:
17064:
17062:
17059:
17057:
17054:
17052:
17049:
17047:
17044:
17042:
17039:
17038:
17036:
17034:
17030:
17024:
17021:
17019:
17016:
17015:
17013:
17011:
17007:
17001:
17000:
16996:
16994:
16993:
16989:
16987:
16986:
16985:Imperial city
16982:
16980:
16977:
16975:
16972:
16970:
16967:
16965:
16962:
16961:
16959:
16957:
16953:
16947:
16946:
16942:
16940:
16937:
16936:
16934:
16932:
16928:
16924:
16920:
16918:
16914:
16908:
16905:
16903:
16900:
16899:
16897:
16895:
16891:
16885:
16882:
16880:
16877:
16875:
16872:
16870:
16867:
16865:
16862:
16861:
16859:
16855:
16851:
16844:
16840:
16836:
16832:
16831:English terms
16827:
16823:
16819:
16811:
16806:
16804:
16799:
16797:
16792:
16791:
16788:
16776:
16775:
16766:
16764:
16761:
16759:
16756:
16754:
16753:
16744:
16742:
16741:
16730:
16729:
16726:
16720:
16717:
16715:
16712:
16710:
16709:Public policy
16707:
16705:
16704:Public health
16702:
16700:
16697:
16695:
16692:
16690:
16687:
16685:
16682:
16680:
16677:
16675:
16674:Urban ecology
16672:
16670:
16667:
16665:
16662:
16660:
16657:
16656:
16654:
16648:
16638:
16637:Ancient Egypt
16635:
16633:
16630:
16628:
16625:
16623:
16620:
16619:
16617:
16613:
16607:
16604:
16602:
16599:
16597:
16594:
16593:
16591:
16587:
16581:
16578:
16576:
16573:
16571:
16568:
16566:
16563:
16561:
16558:
16556:
16553:
16551:
16548:
16547:
16545:
16541:
16538:
16534:
16528:
16525:
16521:
16518:
16516:
16513:
16512:
16511:
16508:
16507:
16505:
16501:
16491:
16488:
16486:
16485:Lewis Mumford
16483:
16481:
16478:
16476:
16473:
16471:
16468:
16467:
16465:
16461:
16455:
16454:
16451:
16448:
16446:
16443:
16441:
16438:
16436:
16435:Raymond Unwin
16433:
16431:
16428:
16426:
16423:
16421:
16418:
16416:
16413:
16411:
16408:
16406:
16403:
16401:
16398:
16396:
16393:
16391:
16388:
16386:
16383:
16381:
16378:
16376:
16373:
16371:
16368:
16366:
16363:
16361:
16358:
16356:
16353:
16351:
16348:
16347:
16345:
16343:
16342:practitioners
16337:
16334:
16330:
16320:
16317:
16315:
16311:
16308:
16306:
16303:
16301:
16298:
16296:
16292:
16289:
16287:
16284:
16282:
16279:
16277:
16274:
16272:
16271:Tract housing
16269:
16267:
16264:
16262:
16261:Temporary use
16259:
16257:
16254:
16252:
16249:
16247:
16246:Planning gain
16244:
16242:
16239:
16237:
16234:
16232:
16229:
16227:
16224:
16222:
16219:
16217:
16214:
16212:
16208:
16205:
16203:
16200:
16198:
16194:
16191:
16189:
16186:
16183:
16180:
16178:
16177:Creative city
16175:
16173:
16170:
16168:
16165:
16163:
16160:
16158:
16155:
16153:
16150:
16149:
16147:
16143:
16137:
16134:
16132:
16131:Urban village
16129:
16127:
16124:
16122:
16119:
16116:
16113:
16111:
16110:Model village
16108:
16104:
16101:
16100:
16099:
16096:
16092:
16089:
16088:
16087:
16084:
16082:
16079:
16077:
16074:
16072:
16071:Commuter town
16069:
16067:
16063:
16060:
16059:
16057:
16055:
16051:
16045:
16044:Urban renewal
16042:
16040:
16037:
16035:
16032:
16030:
16027:
16025:
16022:
16020:
16017:
16015:
16012:
16010:
16007:
16006:
16004:
16002:
15998:
15992:
15989:
15987:
15984:
15982:
15981:Structuralism
15979:
15977:
15974:
15972:
15969:
15967:
15964:
15962:
15959:
15957:
15954:
15952:
15949:
15947:
15944:
15942:
15939:
15937:
15934:
15932:
15929:
15928:
15926:
15922:
15919:
15913:
15903:
15900:
15899:
15897:
15895:
15891:
15885:
15882:
15880:
15877:
15875:
15872:
15870:
15867:
15865:
15862:
15860:
15857:
15856:
15854:
15852:
15848:
15842:
15839:
15837:
15834:
15832:
15829:
15827:
15824:
15823:
15821:
15819:
15815:
15809:
15806:
15805:
15803:
15801:
15797:
15790:
15787:
15785:
15784:Rural housing
15782:
15780:
15777:
15775:
15772:
15771:
15769:
15765:
15759:
15756:
15754:
15751:
15749:
15746:
15744:
15743:Redevelopment
15741:
15738:
15735:
15733:
15730:
15727:
15724:
15722:
15719:
15718:
15716:
15712:
15709:
15703:
15697:
15694:
15692:
15689:
15687:
15684:
15682:
15679:
15677:
15674:
15672:
15669:
15667:
15664:
15662:
15659:
15657:
15654:
15652:
15649:
15648:
15646:
15642:
15636:
15633:
15631:
15628:
15626:
15623:
15621:
15618:
15617:
15614:
15610:
15603:
15598:
15596:
15591:
15589:
15584:
15583:
15580:
15570:
15569:
15556:
15550:
15547:
15545:
15542:
15540:
15539:Urban prairie
15537:
15535:
15532:
15530:
15527:
15525:
15522:
15520:
15517:
15515:
15512:
15510:
15509:Urban ecology
15507:
15505:
15502:
15500:
15497:
15495:
15492:
15490:
15487:
15485:
15482:
15480:
15477:
15475:
15472:
15470:
15467:
15465:
15462:
15461:
15459:
15455:
15449:
15446:
15444:
15441:
15439:
15436:
15434:
15433:Anti-urbanism
15431:
15429:
15426:
15424:
15423:Urban culture
15421:
15419:
15416:
15414:
15413:Urban studies
15411:
15409:
15408:Urban warfare
15406:
15404:
15401:
15400:
15398:
15396:
15392:
15386:
15383:
15381:
15378:
15376:
15373:
15369:
15366:
15365:
15364:
15361:
15360:
15358:
15356:
15352:
15346:
15343:
15341:
15338:
15336:
15333:
15331:
15328:
15326:
15323:
15321:
15318:
15316:
15313:
15311:
15308:
15306:
15303:
15301:
15298:
15296:
15293:
15291:
15288:
15286:
15283:
15281:
15278:
15276:
15273:
15271:
15268:
15264:
15261:
15260:
15259:
15256:
15254:
15251:
15249:
15246:
15244:
15241:
15239:
15236:
15235:
15233:
15231:
15227:
15221:
15218:
15216:
15213:
15211:
15208:
15206:
15205:Urban renewal
15203:
15199:
15196:
15194:
15191:
15189:
15186:
15184:
15181:
15179:
15176:
15174:
15171:
15169:
15166:
15165:
15164:
15161:
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15139:
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15108:
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15066:
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15026:
15024:
15021:
15019:
15016:
15014:
15011:
15009:
15006:
15004:
15001:
14999:
14996:
14994:
14991:
14987:
14984:
14983:
14982:
14979:
14977:
14976:Commuter town
14974:
14972:
14969:
14967:
14964:
14962:
14959:
14957:
14954:
14952:
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14947:
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14907:
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14809:
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14794:
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14772:
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14764:
14759:
14755:
14749:
14745:
14740:
14736:
14730:
14726:
14721:
14717:
14711:
14708:. McFarland.
14707:
14702:
14698:
14692:
14689:. McFarland.
14688:
14683:
14679:
14673:
14669:
14668:Penguin Press
14665:
14661:
14657:
14654:
14650:
14647:
14644:
14640:
14637:Chandler, T.
14636:
14632:
14626:
14622:
14621:
14615:
14614:
14603:
14599:
14595:
14591:
14589:
14588:0-521-46211-8
14585:
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14577:
14574:
14571:
14570:
14565:
14562:
14558:
14555:
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14545:
14541:
14540:
14534:
14530:
14528:9781861892195
14524:
14520:
14515:
14512:
14511:0-8039-7695-X
14508:
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14362:0-679-75411-3
14359:
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14299:0-471-35998-X
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14130:0-7131-6589-8
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14097:0-631-21052-0
14094:
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14067:
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14057:0-203-40963-9
14054:
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14044:
14043:0-19-514204-7
14040:
14036:
14035:Global Cities
14032:
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14018:
14014:
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14007:
14003:
13999:
13998:Penang Island
13994:
13987:
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13960:
13953:
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13895:
13889:Ellul (1970).
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13682:development'.
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12984:
12983:0-691-07063-6
12980:
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12969:
12966:
12965:
12958:
12950:
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12936:
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12928:
12924:
12920:
12919:"Global City"
12913:
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12070:
12063:
12058:
12049:
12042:
12041:0-465-09836-3
12038:
12034:
12028:
12019:
12017:
12008:
12004:
12000:
11996:
11992:
11988:
11984:
11980:
11976:
11969:
11967:
11957:
11948:
11942:Grava (2003),
11939:
11930:
11921:
11919:
11917:
11915:
11905:
11898:
11893:
11882:
11878:
11874:
11870:
11866:
11862:
11855:
11848:
11842:
11835:
11829:
11819:
11814:
11804:
11798:, p. 70.
11797:
11792:
11783:
11781:
11779:
11769:
11767:
11765:
11757:
11752:
11750:
11733:
11730:. June 2019.
11729:
11725:
11724:
11717:
11702:
11698:
11691:
11683:
11679:
11674:
11669:
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11604:
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11582:
11581:Rogelj, Joeri
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10803:
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10781:
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10771:
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10754:
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10712:
10708:
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10700:
10696:
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10685:
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10659:
10655:
10651:
10647:
10643:
10639:
10635:
10628:
10621:
10616:
10608:
10602:
10599:. p. 2.
10598:
10594:
10587:
10579:
10575:
10570:
10565:
10560:
10555:
10551:
10547:
10543:
10539:
10535:
10531:
10524:
10517:
10513:
10509:
10505:
10501:
10498:
10494:
10493:Saskia Sassen
10489:
10473:
10468:
10463:
10459:
10455:
10451:
10447:
10443:
10439:
10435:
10428:
10421:
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10408:
10404:
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10396:
10392:
10388:
10384:
10377:
10375:
10373:
10371:
10355:on 1 May 2014
10351:
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9797:
9795:
9793:
9784:
9780:
9776:
9772:
9768:
9764:
9760:
9753:
9746:
9745:Baltimore Sun
9742:
9738:
9735:
9729:
9722:
9716:
9714:
9703:
9694:
9685:
9675:
9668:
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9651:
9647:
9643:
9636:
9629:
9624:
9620:
9616:
9612:
9608:
9604:
9600:
9599:Bakker, Karen
9594:
9592:
9590:
9588:
9586:
9584:
9574:
9566:
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9015:
9008:
9002:
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8964:
8957:
8953:
8949:
8946:
8940:
8930:
8920:
8918:
8906:
8905:0-8020-8528-8
8902:
8898:
8897:
8893:Steven High,
8890:
8881:
8871:
8861:
8856:
8847:
8840:
8839:
8835:
8832:
8826:
8819:
8815:
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8807:
8800:
8796:
8793:
8787:
8780:
8776:
8773:
8769:
8763:
8761:
8752:
8750:9781861892195
8746:
8742:
8735:
8726:
8710:
8706:
8702:
8696:
8680:
8676:
8672:
8668:
8662:
8646:
8642:
8636:
8632:
8631:
8623:
8613:
8607:
8606:1-55876-303-1
8603:
8599:
8598:
8594:
8591:
8585:
8569:
8564:
8560:
8556:
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8541:
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8512:
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8452:
8435:
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8430:
8425:
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8401:
8395:
8391:
8384:
8368:
8364:
8358:
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8350:
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8341:
8334:
8326:
8322:
8316:
8309:
8308:
8303:
8297:
8288:
8279:
8271:
8265:
8261:
8257:
8250:
8235:
8234:
8233:New Scientist
8229:
8223:
8215:
8214:
8206:
8198:
8196:9781134259861
8192:
8188:
8181:
8165:
8161:
8157:
8151:
8135:
8131:
8127:
8121:
8105:
8101:
8100:metmuseum.org
8097:
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8036:
8032:
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8003:
7999:
7995:
7992:
7986:
7982:
7978:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7956:
7950:, p. 23)
7949:
7943:
7934:
7932:
7923:
7917:
7915:
7907:
7906:
7901:
7900:Fredy Perlman
7896:
7894:
7885:
7879:
7875:
7871:
7867:
7863:
7856:
7846:
7840:, p. 16)
7839:
7833:
7826:
7820:
7813:
7807:
7792:
7788:
7781:
7765:
7761:
7755:
7747:
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7725:
7721:
7714:
7705:
7700:
7696:
7692:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7673:
7657:
7654:. Routledge.
7653:
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7642:
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7621:
7618:
7614:
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7602:
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7282:
7279:
7277:
7270:
7260:
7254:, p. 13.
7253:
7248:
7240:
7236:
7232:
7228:
7224:
7220:
7213:
7205:
7204:
7196:
7180:
7176:
7169:
7160:
7154:
7148:
7139:
7137:
7129:
7125:
7122:
7116:
7114:
7112:
7110:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7087:
7080:
7076:
7072:
7069:
7063:
7061:
7059:
7057:
7049:
7045:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7027:
7021:
7005:
7001:
6997:
6991:
6981:
6979:
6971:
6965:
6963:
6953:
6944:
6943:11250/2995024
6939:
6934:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6910:
6901:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6879:
6878:Urban Studies
6874:
6867:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6837:
6829:
6828:
6823:
6816:
6800:
6796:
6790:
6782:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6741:
6736:
6729:
6721:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6703:
6699:
6698:
6693:
6687:
6679:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6656:
6651:
6645:
6629:
6625:
6619:
6615:
6614:
6609:
6603:
6587:
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6579:
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6506:
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6470:
6466:
6462:
6461:
6453:
6445:
6438:
6430:
6423:
6415:
6408:
6404:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6349:177 embassies
6346:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6321:world capital
6316:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6291:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6269:
6265:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6206:
6202:
6201:Cities portal
6191:
6178:
6177:New York City
6174:
6168:
6163:
6160:
6156:
6149:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6127:The city hall
6122:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6102:
6097:
6094:, Afghanistan
6093:
6089:
6082:
6077:
6076:
6067:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6048:
6046:
6045:
6040:
6039:
6038:The Fast Lady
6034:
6030:
6029:neon lighting
6026:
6022:
6021:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6003:
6002:descriptiones
5997:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5982:anti-urbanism
5978:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5915:
5914:Urban fiction
5905:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5878:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5847:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5821:
5817:
5812:
5808:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5733:
5729:
5724:
5718:
5714:
5709:
5700:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5643:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5595:
5593:
5592:transmigrants
5588:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5399:New York City
5395:
5389:
5382:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5358:
5352:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5321:Saskia Sassen
5318:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5293:
5291:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5257:globalization
5248:
5245:
5244:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5231:urban ecology
5227:
5225:
5220:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5185:microclimates
5181:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5146:Air pollution
5143:
5139:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5113:, as well as
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5042:, as well as
5041:
5037:
5033:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5007:
5002:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4976:Urban ecology
4967:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4948:Homeownership
4945:
4943:
4939:
4926:
4922:
4917:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4851:
4847:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4815:
4811:
4810:motor vehicle
4806:
4804:
4800:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4768:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4745:rapid transit
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4666:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4611:, and indoor
4610:
4609:street lights
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4517:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4440:fixed capital
4437:
4429:
4424:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4395:reforestation
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4365:
4360:
4358:
4353:
4351:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4336:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4315:
4312:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4220:Eco-socialism
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4189:
4188:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4126:Communication
4122:
4121:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4078:Queer ecology
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3853:Vulnerability
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3808:Green economy
3806:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3669:Carbon bubble
3667:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3606:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3548:Mental health
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3518:Food security
3516:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3454:Environmental
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3265:counter-value
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3113:
3111:
3110:Olympic Games
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3078:lovers visit
3077:
3073:
3070:to visit the
3069:
3068:New York City
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3005:proclamations
3002:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2986:social change
2983:
2982:human history
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2944:, supporting
2943:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2904:
2895:
2893:
2892:Geoffrey West
2888:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2869:entertainment
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2849:manufacturing
2845:
2843:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2801:commerce and
2800:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2715:
2714:neighborhoods
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2670:is typically
2669:
2668:Urban society
2655:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2525:neoliberalism
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2433:privatization
2430:
2429:urban renewal
2426:
2422:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2331:and personal
2330:
2326:
2325:everyday life
2323:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2277:municipalidad
2273:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2108:Latin America
2105:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2067:
2059:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1954:Gary, Indiana
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1879:manufacturing
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1719:Imperial Diet
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1585:, Netherlands
1584:
1579:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1351:many cities (
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1321:, especially
1320:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1305:
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1297:
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1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
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1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1113:Ancient times
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
994:
990:
986:
982:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
954:
949:
945:
941:
940:Urban history
935:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
869:
865:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
836:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
765:
763:
762:city planning
758:
751:
747:
746:L'Enfant Plan
742:
733:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
709:public sphere
706:
702:
698:
694:
693:public domain
690:
686:
685:public spaces
679:
675:
671:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
632:
628:
624:
619:
609:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
587:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
550:
548:
539:
526:
525:Ancient Greek
522:
518:
513:
511:
510:
504:
503:
497:
492:
491:
484:
483:
477:
473:
472:
467:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
433:
431:
430:civilizations
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
332:
328:
324:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
280:global health
277:
273:
269:
268:global issues
265:
264:globalization
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
221:communication
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
189:
185:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
104:
95:
84:
75:
66:
55:
46:
35:
26:
22:
18554:
18475:Maalaiskunta
18435:Heerlijkheid
18275:LĂ€n (Sweden)
17943:Protectorate
17938:Principality
17859:Constituency
17748:Neutral zone
17543:
17438:
17431:
17406:
17319:Municipality
16997:
16990:
16983:
16969:Charter city
16955:
16943:
16874:Special area
16864:Insular area
16773:
16750:
16731:
16659:Architecture
16632:Nazi Germany
16440:Thomas Adams
16420:Loretta Lees
16415:Le Corbusier
16385:Edmund Bacon
16350:Andrés Duany
16305:Urbanization
16291:Urban sprawl
16256:Rural flight
16236:Permeability
16231:Model cities
16103:Logging camp
16062:Company town
15976:Smart growth
15966:New Urbanism
15748:Urban design
15655:
15559:
15519:Urban forest
15403:New Urbanism
15300:Sector model
15285:Urban design
15173:Modern ruins
15115:Capital city
15088:Municipality
15065:College town
15023:Urbanization
14912:
14839:
14828:, New York:
14825:
14815:
14797:
14781:. Springer.
14778:
14770:
14762:
14743:
14724:
14705:
14686:
14666:. New York:
14663:
14652:
14638:
14619:
14593:
14579:
14568:
14560:
14538:
14518:
14502:
14483:. New York:
14480:
14457:
14447:
14430:
14420:
14405:
14390:
14375:
14368:
14353:
14335:
14319:
14307:. Springer.
14304:
14290:
14271:
14252:
14244:
14225:
14216:
14209:
14194:
14166:
14149:
14135:
14121:
14102:
14088:
14065:
14048:
14034:
14027:Bibliography
14016:
13993:
13976:
13968:
13959:
13951:
13945:
13933:
13921:
13913:
13903:
13894:
13885:
13845:
13841:
13828:
13808:
13803:33(1), 2001.
13800:
13784:
13776:
13768:
13743:
13739:
13706:
13702:
13680:
13668:
13664:
13618:
13614:
13608:
13575:
13571:
13543:
13531:. Retrieved
13521:
13509:. Retrieved
13505:the original
13490:
13482:
13414:
13410:
13385:
13360:Hanse Office
13355:
13339:
13299:
13295:
13282:
13272:
13252:
13232:
13220:
13187:
13183:
13173:
13164:
13150:
13144:
13135:
13109:
13105:
13095:
13086:
13076:
13067:
13058:
13051:. Retrieved
13031:
13021:
13012:
13002:
12994:
12989:
12962:
12957:
12922:
12912:
12903:10419/206125
12883:
12879:
12869:
12860:
12851:
12841:
12831:
12808:
12765:
12759:
12749:
12737:. Retrieved
12731:. Ecowatch.
12722:
12703:
12699:
12689:
12654:
12650:
12640:
12607:
12601:
12595:
12562:
12556:
12550:
12534:
12528:
12488:
12484:
12471:
12462:
12450:. Retrieved
12440:
12428:. Retrieved
12424:the original
12414:
12402:. Retrieved
12388:
12379:
12346:
12342:
12332:
12323:
12295:
12262:
12258:
12248:
12239:
12229:
12217:. Retrieved
12192:
12188:
12178:
12143:
12139:
12128:
12093:
12089:
12079:
12069:
12057:
12048:
12032:
12027:
11985:(1): 37â65.
11982:
11978:
11956:
11947:
11938:
11929:
11904:
11892:
11868:
11864:
11854:
11841:
11833:
11828:
11813:
11803:
11791:
11756:Joel A. Tarr
11736:. Retrieved
11722:
11716:
11704:. Retrieved
11701:The Guardian
11700:
11690:
11663:
11659:
11649:
11637:. Retrieved
11628:
11619:
11607:. Retrieved
11588:
11570:
11558:. Retrieved
11554:
11544:
11519:10281/458819
11493:
11489:
11483:
11471:. Retrieved
11462:
11453:
11420:
11414:
11408:
11396:. Retrieved
11387:
11363:. Retrieved
11347:The Guardian
11346:
11321:. Retrieved
11312:
11303:
11295:
11279:
11270:
11264:the original
11259:
11255:
11242:
11205:(3): 27â39.
11202:
11198:
11185:
11177:
11161:
11151:
11141:
11120:
11115:
11107:
11102:
11085:
11080:
11063:
11054:
11044:
11032:
11023:
11014:
10995:
10954:
10950:
10940:
10922:
10906:
10894:
10882:
10861:
10849:. Retrieved
10819:(1): 75â90.
10816:
10812:
10788:
10769:
10763:
10753:
10743:
10701:(1): 53â73.
10698:
10694:
10684:
10674:
10641:
10637:
10627:
10615:
10592:
10586:
10541:
10537:
10523:
10507:
10488:
10476:. Retrieved
10467:10419/246978
10441:
10437:
10427:
10418:
10393:(1): 79â96.
10390:
10386:
10357:. Retrieved
10350:the original
10337:
10328:
10316:
10307:
10297:
10289:
10269:
10265:
10243:
10240:the original
10234:
10220:
10208:
10200:
10195:
10185:
10163:
10155:
10139:
10130:
10108:
10096:
10086:
10077:
10057:
10053:
10043:
10033:26 September
10031:. Retrieved
10024:the original
9995:
9989:
9976:
9967:
9939:
9935:
9877:
9873:
9863:
9854:
9845:
9833:. Retrieved
9816:
9812:
9766:
9762:
9752:
9744:
9728:
9702:
9693:
9684:
9674:
9662:
9649:
9645:
9635:
9626:
9606:
9602:
9573:
9565:ResearchGate
9532:(1): 72â92.
9529:
9525:
9515:
9506:
9496:
9486:
9476:
9469:The Guardian
9468:
9452:
9445:The Guardian
9444:
9428:
9411:
9404:The Guardian
9403:
9387:
9379:
9363:
9351:. Retrieved
9344:the original
9331:
9311:
9291:
9282:
9257:
9253:
9227:
9223:
9179:. Retrieved
9157:
9144:
9127:
9111:
9082:
9076:
9065:the original
9055:
9031:(1): 13â25.
9028:
9024:
9014:
9006:
9001:
8993:
8988:
8969:
8963:
8955:
8939:
8929:
8894:
8889:
8880:
8870:
8855:
8846:
8829:
8825:
8806:
8786:
8767:
8740:
8734:
8725:
8713:. Retrieved
8704:
8695:
8683:. Retrieved
8679:the original
8674:
8661:
8649:. Retrieved
8629:
8622:
8612:
8588:
8584:
8572:. Retrieved
8558:
8548:
8521:
8511:
8502:
8493:
8465:
8461:
8438:. Retrieved
8428:
8418:
8408:
8389:
8383:
8371:. Retrieved
8352:
8347:
8340:
8331:
8306:
8296:
8287:
8278:
8255:
8249:
8237:. Retrieved
8231:
8222:
8211:
8205:
8186:
8180:
8168:. Retrieved
8159:
8150:
8138:. Retrieved
8130:Khan Academy
8129:
8120:
8108:. Retrieved
8099:
8089:
8080:
8070:
8030:
8026:
8016:
7968:
7964:
7955:
7942:
7921:
7903:
7865:
7855:
7845:
7838:Pacione 2001
7832:
7825:Bairoch 1988
7819:
7812:The Guardian
7811:
7806:
7794:. Retrieved
7790:
7780:
7768:. Retrieved
7763:
7754:
7727:
7723:
7713:
7686:
7682:
7672:
7660:. Retrieved
7651:
7641:
7631:
7608:
7600:
7584:
7546:
7541:
7530:the original
7525:
7521:
7508:
7492:(4): 51â59.
7489:
7485:
7475:
7466:
7425:
7421:
7411:
7397:cite journal
7380:
7376:
7363:
7351:
7341:
7292:
7275:
7269:
7259:
7247:
7222:
7218:
7212:
7201:
7195:
7183:. Retrieved
7168:
7159:
7147:
7100:the original
7095:
7086:
7078:
7020:
7008:. Retrieved
6999:
6990:
6972:, June 2014.
6969:
6968:"city, n.",
6952:
6923:
6919:
6909:
6882:
6876:
6866:
6854:. Retrieved
6846:The Guardian
6845:
6836:
6825:
6815:
6803:. Retrieved
6789:
6744:
6738:
6728:
6701:
6695:
6686:
6659:
6653:
6644:
6632:. Retrieved
6612:
6602:
6590:. Retrieved
6581:
6564:
6529:
6523:
6513:
6464:
6458:
6452:
6443:
6437:
6428:
6422:
6413:
6407:
6353:The Pentagon
6331:, including
6315:
6307:
6295:
6290:
6268:
6254:Walking city
6249:Urbanization
6219:Compact city
6173:Central Park
6112:Hippodameian
6064:ecumenopolis
6049:
6042:
6036:
6025:Times Square
6018:
6000:
5998:
5979:
5944:
5922:
5879:
5848:
5825:
5766:Earth Summit
5761:settlements.
5736:
5693:South Africa
5691:
5687:
5669:(CNCA), the
5644:
5601:
5589:
5550:
5379:
5361:
5353:
5348:
5324:
5314:
5254:
5241:
5239:
5228:
5221:
5217:particulates
5199:and channel
5182:
5164:(especially
5162:heavy metals
5156:(industrial
5135:
5123:domesticated
5093:(especially
5084:
5064:disturbances
5056:biodiversity
5029:
4956:Homelessness
4946:
4936:
4897:carfree city
4871:
4843:
4823:metropolises
4814:implications
4807:
4796:electrifying
4769:
4726:
4692:TransJakarta
4682:Johannesburg
4578:
4562:Veolia Water
4558:water supply
4554:Historically
4520:
4514:
4491:
4482:power plants
4474:Megaprojects
4472:
4460:
4433:
4430:in Indonesia
4333:
4321:
4143:Greenwashing
4033:Human rights
4028:Greenwashing
3988:Deep ecology
3890:Architecture
3791:Green bubble
3701:Clean growth
3664:Carbon price
3251:. Since the
3246:
3236:
3224:close combat
3200:surrendering
3192:World War II
3189:
3161:geopolitical
3158:
3143:
3138:World War II
3096:
3013:
2990:
2978:civilization
2962:architecture
2956:, and other
2946:universities
2935:
2889:
2873:housekeeping
2846:
2839:
2796:
2792:labor market
2773:
2735:against the
2718:
2695:
2666:
2644:
2636:
2606:
2588:Urban design
2565:
2537:corporations
2506:
2421:property tax
2418:
2401:firefighting
2382:
2319:
2308:
2301:
2289:
2275:
2261:
2252:, and other
2240:(especially
2238:municipality
2232:
2198:
2194:
2172:
2168:Global South
2160:Global North
2106:
2099:
2083:agricultural
2074:Urbanization
2072:
2053:Urbanization
2047:Urbanization
2029:surveillance
2002:
1998:manufacturer
1990:urbanization
1938:homelessness
1923:
1890:overcrowding
1887:
1875:world empire
1867:urbanization
1860:
1851:
1840:
1837:Early modern
1801:
1782:
1723:
1679:
1628:
1581:Old city of
1541:
1529:civilization
1526:
1515:
1511:Ghana Empire
1487:Dhar Tichitt
1484:
1456:Acoma Pueblo
1448:Tenochtitlan
1361:
1326:
1312:
1261:
1234:
1214:Mohenjo-daro
1211:
1176:
1164:Mesopotamian
1160:proto-cities
1146:
1141:Ancient Rome
1072:
1033:
1029:urbanization
1018:
1007:showing the
985:Mohenjo-daro
872:
868:urban sprawl
861:
858:to the south
804:Mohenjo-Daro
793:
766:
755:
682:
665:Public space
636:
605:mining towns
597:relationship
590:
582:
545:
520:
514:
507:
495:
471:civilization
469:
465:
463:
436:
434:
398:
364:, number of
351:
345:rather than
336:
331:Jain temples
260:city centres
236:urbanization
233:
183:
181:
111:
25:
18470:Landskommun
18362:SavivaldybÄ
18228:Switzerland
18223:South Tyrol
18103:Viceroyalty
17896:Governorate
17854:Condominium
17757:Trade zone
17631:Market town
17626:Census town
17524:Proto-state
17496:Microregion
17061:County town
17056:County seat
16923:Half-canton
16652:disciplines
16475:Jane Jacobs
16400:James Rouse
16281:Urban decay
16266:Third place
16241:Placemaking
16091:Pit village
16081:Global city
15457:Environment
15345:Walkability
15330:Cyclability
15263:Green space
15215:Habitat III
15183:Shanty town
15163:Urban decay
15138:Global city
15083:City status
15060:Closed city
15013:Megalopolis
14993:Conurbation
14981:City proper
14961:Twin cities
14934:City centre
14874:, based on
14830:McGraw-Hill
14267:James, Paul
14069:. Chicago:
14002:city status
13918:J.E. Cirlot
13671:: 531â532.
13621:(1): 3â12.
13302:(3): 1â23.
13256:Jing Pan, "
13053:20 December
13027:James, Paul
12768:(1): 7730.
12491:: 123â135.
12219:20 December
12096:(2): 1â30.
11738:11 November
11706:20 February
11639:11 November
11609:11 November
11398:11 November
11365:11 November
11323:9 September
11313:The Week UK
10530:West, G. B.
10478:11 November
10266:Social Text
9897:2066/176125
8574:13 December
8373:11 November
7948:Jacobs 1969
7689:: 126â136.
7662:20 December
7428:: 255â263.
6747:(1): 5366.
6634:20 December
6608:James, Paul
6592:14 February
6377:Capital One
6361:think tanks
6274:H. G. Wells
6131:George Town
6041:(1962) and
6011:James Joyce
5986:the country
5927:John Martin
5875:real estate
5863:Third World
5811:Habitat III
5751:development
5728:Habitat III
5553:sister city
5375:engineering
5317:global city
5296:Global city
5142:sustainable
5044:cultivation
4990:solid waste
4938:The housing
4932: 1836
4855:edge cities
4792:velocipedes
4776:pedestrians
4749:underground
4715:shared-path
4625:natural gas
4585:electricity
4108:Walkability
3993:Dirty hands
3983:Cyclability
3885:Agriculture
3880:Sustainable
3591:Water cycle
3523:Agriculture
3501:Storm surge
3464:Degradation
3434:Eco-anxiety
3222:as well as
3185:Philippines
3173:Vietnam War
3171:during the
3062:to see the
2970:skyscrapers
2920:dancers at
2877:grey-collar
2865:hospitality
2835:consumerism
2815:advertising
2803:consumption
2776:rural areas
2737:bourgeoisie
2725:proletariat
2533:deregulated
2449:city limits
2425:real estate
2306:in Italy).
2112:shantytowns
1942:urban decay
1803:West Africa
1787:capital of
1760:commercial
1748:formed the
1730:city-states
1641:and to the
1558:Middle Ages
1548:Kumbi Saleh
1537:Bozo people
1495:West Africa
1464:Taos Pueblo
1444:Mexico City
1420:Teotihuacan
1372:Mesoamerica
1315:city-states
1245:Senusret II
1187:Mesopotamia
1172:Uruk period
1005:Teotihuacan
914:megalopolis
910:conurbation
890:edge cities
864:city proper
830:Urban areas
651:city center
618:City centre
570:Monongahela
252:urban areas
18599:Categories
18418:Historical
18382:ShahrestÄn
18325:Autonomous
18073:Presidency
18021:Historical
17990:Suzerainty
17973:Autonomous
17817:Autonomous
17539:Free state
17529:City-state
17491:Mesoregion
17384:Prefecture
17111:Department
16395:Ian McHarg
16340:Theorists/
16117:(New town)
16076:Ghost town
15915:Concepts/
15651:Urban area
15534:Urban park
15469:Eco-cities
15320:Smart city
15270:Urban wild
15178:No-go area
15105:City-state
15038:Ghost town
15003:Metropolis
14929:Urban area
14836:Weber, Max
13920:, "City";
13511:13 October
12610:(8): 516.
12452:7 February
12430:7 February
12404:7 February
12043:; pp. 3â6.
11666:: 104998.
11591:(Report).
11463:www.un.org
11423:: 117649.
10679:dwellers."
9408:UN-Habitat
8651:24 January
7796:26 October
7770:26 October
6926:: 100021.
6574:Roser, Max
6399:References
6296:privatized
6239:Metropolis
6224:Eco-cities
6020:Metropolis
6015:Fritz Lang
5851:World Bank
5844:World Bank
5842:, and the
5785:Habitat II
5713:World Bank
5681:, and the
5630:, and the
5616:Eurocities
5357:Paul James
5290:mass media
5052:wilderness
5032:ecosystems
5020:urban park
4986:Paramaribo
4960:apartments
4885:bike lanes
4846:bus system
4844:The urban
4803:streetcars
4753:overground
4733:wage labor
4718:rail trail
4663:See also:
4601:electronic
4593:appliances
4572:(formerly
4564:(formerly
4550:stormwater
4522:Sanitation
4442:but lower
4377:described
4265:Litigation
4210:Green left
3925:Livelihood
3920:Industries
3895:Capitalism
3843:Resilience
3833:Act of God
3813:Green home
3786:Green bond
3781:Green bank
3746:Ecovillage
3684:Carbon tax
3552:Psychology
3374:subsidence
3305:in a 2021
3212:insurgency
3102:the masses
3009:newspapers
3003:, printed
2999:, through
2823:decoration
2741:status quo
2692:inner city
2676:segregated
2672:stratified
2529:privatized
2508:Governance
2479:Governance
2453:ready cash
2423:levied on
2403:, through
2391:, through
2353:recreation
2349:extraction
2315:figurehead
2286:Portuguese
2242:in England
2211:Government
2186:immigrants
2174:Megacities
2087:industrial
2041:greenfield
2033:governance
2017:smart city
1807:Common Era
1754:challenged
1694:Strasbourg
1518:Jenné-Jeno
1491:Mauritania
1480:Pachacamac
1454:, such as
1452:New Mexico
1345:its empire
1280:Phoenician
1257:stratified
1230:microcosms
1152:ĂatalhöyĂŒk
1127:City-state
1025:ĂatalhöyĂŒk
1023:, such as
898:demography
777:ring roads
769:town walls
719:and other
713:Public art
601:hinterland
578:Ohio River
566:confluence
509:metropolis
450:World Bank
425:leadership
413:horizontal
358:population
270:, such as
229:businesses
205:sanitation
173:; and the
159:6th Avenue
18459:Landskap
18455:LÀn/LÀÀni
18409:Vingtaine
18377:Seniƫnija
18367:Selsoviet
18342:Poblacion
18279:Landskap
18209:Gemeinde
18200:Freguesia
18155:Apskritis
18078:Residency
18043:Exarchate
17985:Sultanate
17876:Eldership
17807:Bailiwick
17556:Territory
17506:Subregion
17251:in the US
17083:Viscounty
17010:Community
16684:Geography
16596:Barcelona
16575:Singapore
16550:Australia
16543:Countries
16157:Cityscape
15924:Movements
15290:Grid plan
15198:Squatting
15055:Tent city
15050:Lost city
14971:Edge city
14956:Core city
14623:. Brown.
14485:Routledge
14105:Farnham:
13862:1464-9888
13731:151556078
13723:1473-0952
13643:0956-2478
13600:145470124
13592:1053-0789
13533:16 August
13439:143765511
13431:1351-1610
13324:154556467
13316:1359-7566
13212:153828266
13204:0020-7152
13128:0309-1317
12949:240985764
12632:260403104
12587:257363670
12513:0936-577X
12279:0960-7447
12112:1077-291X
12007:153704300
11999:0042-0816
11682:218966713
11536:245371599
11528:0034-3404
11473:7 October
11445:200054369
11355:0261-3077
11272:Nagasaki.
11227:143199778
11219:0392-1921
10979:142777232
10971:1012-6902
10841:144077154
10731:154664764
10715:0013-0079
10666:149125180
10658:0735-2166
10415:154230409
10407:1945-4724
10286:1527-1951
10226:Karl Marx
10074:1475-1461
10020:0066-4812
9964:153912312
9956:0013-0095
9914:157153401
9906:0300-3930
9769:(1): 21.
9554:129435992
9546:0309-1325
9380:New Atlas
9274:0309-1317
9047:1752-1378
8160:ThoughtCo
8055:143207540
8047:0309-1317
7985:0309-1317
7746:2297-2668
7458:149962822
7450:1618-8667
7252:Room 1996
7239:0252-9203
7185:2 October
6489:0036-8075
6304:enclosure
6229:Lost city
6159:destroyed
6114:grid plan
6060:Nylonkong
6056:dystopian
5994:discourse
5971:Gilgamesh
5955:Jerusalem
5904:funding.
5853:, a U.N.
5774:Agenda 21
5764:The 1992
5747:Habitat I
5655:Agenda 21
5577:The Hague
5573:Amsterdam
5407:Manhattan
5345:discourse
5269:Phoenicia
5265:Silk Road
5201:rainwater
5187:, due to
5131:predators
5129:). Large
5089:includes
5036:buildings
5026:, Ireland
4863:bus lanes
4780:sidewalks
4731:based on
4696:Indonesia
4496:Utilities
4138:Education
4053:Migration
3937:Used good
3828:Insurance
3611:Economics
3538:Livestock
3533:Fisheries
3496:Heat wave
3181:occupying
3130:Hiroshima
3084:Graceland
3064:Taj Mahal
3044:Jerusalem
3040:monuments
2938:education
2847:Although
2751:Economics
2697:banlieues
2684:lifestyle
2553:investors
2543:and over
2411:of 1968.
2389:education
2357:buildings
2337:transport
2294:in France
2263:municipio
2132:Mogadishu
2128:Indonesia
2122:, etc.).
1972:, uneven
1956:began to
1946:Rust Belt
1910:Factories
1774:Amsterdam
1698:Frankfurt
1690:Nuremberg
1623:Jerusalem
1615:city wall
1609:A map of
1544:Awdaghust
1458:near the
1276:cuneiform
1253:Akhenaten
1251:built by
1103:granaries
902:marketing
886:commuters
852:Givatayim
796:grid plan
781:Amsterdam
633:, Finland
574:Allegheny
542:Geography
538:'name').
521:astionyms
517:toponymic
464:The word
460:Etymology
394:St Davids
386:cathedral
366:dwellings
352:National
312:pollution
256:commuters
209:utilities
171:Hong Kong
167:Old Delhi
163:Manhattan
18560:See also
18295:Maakunta
18290:LocalitĂ
18235:Gemeente
18195:Frazione
18165:Barangay
17995:Townland
17933:Precinct
17918:Muftiate
17869:District
17829:Cadastre
17641:Township
17419:Province
17310:(Canada)
17268:Division
17129:District
16752:Category
16601:Shanghai
16503:Training
16145:Concepts
16136:Boomtown
16126:Arcology
16098:Man camp
16066:Monotown
16019:Ekistics
16001:Theories
15917:theories
15758:Urbanism
15707:branches
15676:Planning
15671:Land use
15625:Theories
15395:Urbanism
15315:Land use
15188:Skid row
15008:Megacity
14939:Downtown
14872:Statista
14841:The City
14662:(2011).
14578:(1998).
14563:, (1995)
14446:(1961).
14429:(1968).
14165:(1970).
14017:The Star
14009:Archived
13981:Archived
13874:Archived
13870:14934410
13817:Archived
13793:Archived
13763:; p. 15.
13748:Archived
13494:Now the
13475:Archived
13443:Archived
13374:Archived
13363:Archived
13348:Archived
13328:Archived
13261:Archived
13241:Archived
13132:Archived
13047:Archived
13007:system."
12968:Archived
12800:31197192
12733:Archived
12681:17504734
12579:36876991
12517:Archived
12398:Archived
12371:28833978
12213:Archived
12170:22651973
12120:17621150
11881:Archived
11865:Geoforum
11732:Archived
11633:Archived
11603:Archived
11467:Archived
11392:Archived
11359:Archived
11317:Archived
11288:Archived
11231:Archived
11199:Diogenes
11170:Archived
11125:Archived
11090:Archived
11068:Archived
10929:Archived
10923:Bulletin
10915:Archived
10845:Archived
10735:Archived
10578:17438298
10532:(2007).
10500:Archived
10472:Archived
10148:Archived
9991:Antipode
9829:Archived
9819:: 3â18.
9737:Archived
9654:Archived
9628:systems.
9558:Archived
9461:Archived
9437:Archived
9416:Archived
9396:Archived
9372:Archived
9320:Archived
9300:Archived
9232:Archived
9216:Archived
9172:Archived
9132:Archived
9120:Archived
9088:Archived
9068:(CD-ROM)
8948:Archived
8834:Archived
8814:Archived
8795:Archived
8775:Archived
8709:Archived
8669:(2002).
8645:Archived
8593:Archived
8559:Afriques
8434:Archived
8426:(1997).
8413:cities."
8367:Archived
8325:Archived
8304:(1981).
8164:Archived
8134:Archived
8104:Archived
8059:Archived
8005:Archived
7994:Archived
7656:Archived
7620:Archived
7593:Archived
7573:Archived
7562:Archived
7281:Archived
7179:Archived
7124:Archived
7119:Smith, "
7096:nclm.org
7071:Archived
7044:Archived
7029:Archived
7004:Archived
6856:20 March
6850:Archived
6805:20 March
6799:Archived
6781:33097712
6720:20962819
6678:27199408
6628:Archived
6586:Archived
6556:20962823
6497:21798941
6381:Verisign
6234:Megacity
6187:See also
6088:cemetery
6047:(1967).
6044:Playtime
5755:habitats
5697:Pretoria
5673:and the
5281:internet
5211:exceeds
5197:sunlight
5189:concrete
5068:habitats
4942:shelters
4835:walkways
4831:highways
4788:bicycles
4765:airplane
4757:elevated
4741:walkways
4722:Helsinki
4674:Gautrain
4621:gasoline
4619:such as
4613:lighting
4532:. Urban
4486:railways
4478:airports
4464:networks
4323:Glossary
4193:Politics
4083:Security
3998:Ecosophy
3968:Children
3930:Sourcing
3823:Greening
3736:Eco-city
3731:Degrowth
3511:Wildfire
3459:Conflict
3387:a series
3385:Part of
3366:flooding
3257:Cold War
3165:garrison
3106:identity
3056:pilgrims
2942:the arts
2918:Nepalese
2879:work in
2853:tertiary
2807:shopping
2721:peasants
2688:ghettoes
2626:such as
2616:theories
2597:La Plata
2561:de facto
2461:interest
2397:policing
2387:such as
2347:use and
2345:resource
2322:regulate
2272:Portugal
2166:of the "
2158:of the "
2015:. A new
1847:Atlantic
1831:Timbuktu
1823:Ile-IfáșčÌ
1793:Cambodia
1736:and the
1710:Nijmegen
1688:such as
1476:Peruvian
1364:Americas
1333:citizens
1304:Carthage
1241:El Lahun
1218:Pakistan
1166:city of
1079:symbolic
1060:Damascus
993:Pakistan
962:Sumerian
876:include
848:Tel Aviv
840:Gush Dan
812:Kautilya
773:citadels
695:and the
655:downtown
631:Helsinki
405:taxation
354:censuses
327:Palitana
286:through
213:land use
132:painting
18555:italics
18515:Satrapy
18500:Pargana
18425:Commote
18283:Finland
18263:Finland
18255:Kampong
18245:Hromada
18218:Germany
18213:Austria
18185:Comarca
18143:Current
18098:Tithing
18068:Monthon
18053:Hundred
18000:Village
17953:Regency
17948:Quarter
17881:Emirate
17849:Commune
17839:Circuit
17795:Current
17093:Country
16931:Capital
16894:Borough
16774:Commons
16650:Related
16463:Critics
16216:LEED-ND
15714:General
15644:General
15635:Outline
15620:History
14645:, 1987.
13623:Bibcode
13498:; see:
12791:6565732
12770:Bibcode
12739:23 June
12672:2390667
12612:Bibcode
12493:Bibcode
12351:Bibcode
12318:(2008).
12287:2997649
12197:Bibcode
12161:3428861
11498:Bibcode
11425:Bibcode
11388:UN News
11180:101(3).
11110:(1966).
10851:30 June
10821:Bibcode
10723:1151661
10569:1852329
10546:Bibcode
10446:Bibcode
10000:Bibcode
9835:30 June
9723:(1971).
9652:: 369.
9611:Bibcode
9353:29 June
8440:3 March
8170:5 March
8140:5 March
8110:5 March
7691:Bibcode
7430:Bibcode
7026:Table 6
7000:theOECD
6887:Bibcode
6772:7584620
6749:Bibcode
6655:Science
6534:Bibcode
6469:Bibcode
6460:Science
6339:in the
6108:Piraeus
6106:Map of
6070:Gallery
6052:utopian
5951:Babylon
5931:Babylon
5898:tourism
5565:Hamburg
5193:asphalt
5109:), and
5099:rodents
5091:insects
5048:gardens
4970:Ecology
4952:renting
4911:Housing
4877:cycling
4873:Walking
4827:traffic
4633:cooking
4629:heating
4566:Vivendi
4530:hygiene
4511:, Spain
4509:Segovia
4428:Bandung
4230:History
4158:fiction
4063:Poverty
3915:Finance
3615:Finance
3486:Drought
3406:Effects
3397:society
3370:erosion
3354:Germany
3350:Hamburg
3299:Jakarta
3239:tablets
3190:During
3116:Warfare
3080:Memphis
3036:plaques
3001:heralds
2954:temples
2950:museums
2926:Alberta
2861:tourism
2729:Marxist
2706:Suburbs
2658:Society
2497:Chennai
2415:Finance
2290:commune
2282:Spanish
2178:capital
2136:Somalia
2116:favelas
2095:England
2079:markets
2043:sites.
1950:Detroit
1934:poverty
1906:cholera
1902:typhoid
1819:Oyo-Ile
1680:In the
1655:CĂłrdoba
1647:Baghdad
1629:In the
1611:Haarlem
1601:in 1648
1597:of the
1583:Utrecht
1552:Maranda
1507:Soninke
1416:Zapotec
1355:Colonia
1349:founded
1272:Babylon
1268:Assyria
1177:In the
1148:Jericho
1048:Yerevan
1036:Jericho
928:History
918:BosWash
878:suburbs
856:Bat Yam
808:Harappa
785:Haarlem
697:commons
643:citadel
639:temenos
599:with a
568:of the
564:at the
496:civitas
482:civitas
421:village
318:Meaning
197:housing
193:densely
148:Rocinha
18610:Cities
18530:Syssel
18520:Socken
18488:Greece
18463:Sweden
18450:Korale
18445:Köping
18440:Komunë
18404:Tehsil
18320:Oblast
18268:Sweden
18190:Comune
18175:Bezirk
18170:Bashki
18160:Bakhsh
18033:Barony
18028:Agency
18005:Summer
17968:Sector
17963:Riding
17928:Parish
17901:Hamlet
17844:Colony
17834:Circle
17812:Banner
17451:Region
17033:County
16917:Canton
16622:Africa
16606:Sydney
16589:Cities
16570:Serbia
16565:Russia
16536:Places
16332:People
16319:Zoning
16202:Infill
15666:Suburb
15275:Zoning
15168:Ghetto
14986:limits
14946:Suburb
14913:Cities
14824:(ed),
14818:(1969)
14804:
14785:
14763:Cities
14750:
14731:
14712:
14693:
14674:
14655:(1904)
14627:
14600:
14586:
14546:
14525:
14509:
14491:
14468:
14437:
14412:
14397:
14382:
14360:
14342:
14326:
14311:
14297:
14279:
14259:
14236:
14201:
14187:
14175:
14156:
14142:
14128:
14113:
14095:
14077:
14055:
14041:
13926:online
13868:
13860:
13759:
13729:
13721:
13641:
13598:
13590:
13437:
13429:
13322:
13314:
13210:
13202:
13157:
13126:
13039:
12981:
12947:
12937:
12798:
12788:
12679:
12669:
12630:
12585:
12577:
12541:
12511:
12369:
12285:
12277:
12168:
12158:
12140:Lancet
12118:
12110:
12039:
12005:
11997:
11680:
11560:19 May
11534:
11526:
11443:
11353:
11225:
11217:
11002:
10977:
10969:
10839:
10776:
10729:
10721:
10713:
10664:
10656:
10603:
10576:
10566:
10506:"; in
10413:
10405:
10359:16 May
10284:
10072:
10018:
9962:
9954:
9912:
9904:
9783:976688
9781:
9552:
9544:
9402:" (),
9272:
9181:20 May
9164:
9045:
8976:
8903:
8768:et al.
8766:Evans
8747:
8715:29 May
8685:6 June
8637:
8604:
8536:
8396:
8359:
8317:
8266:
8239:22 May
8193:
8053:
8045:
7983:
7880:
7744:
7553:
7456:
7448:
7264:area."
7237:
7010:3 June
6779:
6769:
6718:
6697:Nature
6676:
6620:
6554:
6525:Nature
6505:998870
6503:
6495:
6487:
6387:, and
6355:, the
6337:Reston
6333:Tysons
5963:Nimrod
5900:, and
5882:UNESCO
5838:, the
5834:, the
5830:, the
5665:, the
5661:, the
5622:, the
5579:, and
5569:Prague
5207:. The
5174:nickel
5172:, and
5170:copper
5030:Urban
5024:Dublin
4994:rubble
4925:Sydney
4850:routes
4772:horses
4763:, and
4755:, and
4631:, and
4581:energy
4568:) and
4546:sewage
4544:) for
4484:, and
4434:Urban
4311:Portal
4275:UNFCCC
4255:Denial
4023:Gender
3961:Ethics
3422:Cities
3309:study.
3175:, and
3088:brands
3050:, and
3038:, and
2984:, and
2966:brutal
2930:Canada
2871:, and
2827:design
2825:, and
2799:retail
2769:Taiwan
2765:Taipei
2733:revolt
2680:ethnic
2628:zoning
2535:, and
2463:and a
2377:Dublin
2341:burial
2333:health
2329:public
2303:comune
2227:Tehran
2205:sewage
2148:Niamey
2146:, and
2140:Xiamen
1958:shrink
1940:, and
1871:London
1789:Angkor
1772:, and
1762:cities
1746:Bruges
1742:LĂŒbeck
1708:, and
1706:ZĂŒrich
1653:, and
1567:Vyborg
1440:Pueblo
1438:, and
1414:, the
1394:, and
1380:Chavin
1323:Athens
1319:Greece
1300:Byblos
1298:, and
1278:. The
1249:Amarna
1197:, and
1179:fourth
1129:, and
1097:) and
1062:, and
1056:Matera
1052:Athens
1044:Faiyum
1040:Aleppo
946:, and
882:exurbs
844:Israel
820:Priene
802:built
789:Moscow
678:London
627:Kluuvi
612:Center
523:(from
278:, and
227:, and
219:, and
151:favela
146:; the
120:London
18525:Subah
18510:Rreth
18505:PlasÄ
18495:Pagus
18483:Egypt
18479:Nome
18399:SĂœsla
18392:China
18372:Sitio
18357:Raion
18347:Purok
18337:OstÄn
18332:Okrug
18310:Mukim
18305:Muban
18300:Megye
18250:JudeÈ
18240:Gmina
18093:Tenth
18063:March
18038:Burgh
17980:Shire
17911:Royal
17906:Manor
17864:Duchy
17824:Block
17516:State
16615:Other
16555:China
15991:YIMBY
15961:NIMBY
15767:Rural
15739:(Eur)
15705:Major
15630:Index
14951:Exurb
14878:data.
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