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To survive the winter, they are at their maximum weight shortly before entering hibernation. When the groundhog enters hibernation, there is a drop in body temperature to as low as 35 degrees
Fahrenheit (2 °C), heart rate falls to 4–10 beats per minute and breathing rate falls to one breath every six minutes. During hibernation, they experience periods of torpor and arousal. Hibernating woodchucks lose as much as half their body weight by February. They emerge from hibernation with some remaining body fat to live on until the warmer spring weather produces abundant plant materials for food. Males emerge from hibernation before females. Groundhogs are mostly
884:(51–91 cm) below ground surface. It is about 16 inches (41 cm) wide and 14 inches (36 cm) high. There are typically two burrow openings or holes. One is the main entrance, the other a spy hole. Description of the length of the burrow often includes side galleries. Excluding side galleries, Schoonmaker reports the longest was 24 feet (7.3 m), and the average length of eleven dens was 14 feet (4.3 m). W. H. Fisher investigated nine burrows, finding the deepest point 49 inches (120 cm) down. The longest, including side galleries, was 47 ft 11.5 in (14.62 m). Numbers of burrows per individual groundhog decrease with
696:) than when they emerge from hibernation in spring. Adult males average year-around weight 3.83 kg (8 lb 7 oz), with spring to fall average weights of 3.1 to 5.07 kg (6 lb 13 oz to 11 lb 3 oz) while females average 3.53 kg (7 lb 13 oz), with spring to fall averages of 3.08 to 4.8 kg (6 lb 13 oz to 10 lb 9 oz). Seasonal weight changes reflect circannual deposition and use of fat. Groundhogs attain progressively higher weights each year for the first two or three years, after which weight plateaus.
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1240:. A percentage of the woodchuck population is infected with the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), which is similar to human hepatitis B virus. Humans cannot contract hepatitis from woodchucks with WHV, but the virus and its effects on the liver make the woodchuck the best available animal for the study of viral hepatitis in humans. The only other animal model for hepatitis B virus studies is the chimpanzee, an endangered species. Woodchucks are also used in biomedical research investigating
970:. As birth of the young approaches in April or May, the male leaves the den. One litter is produced annually. Female woodchucks give birth to one to nine offspring, with most litters ranging between 3 and 5 pups. Groundhog mothers introduce their young to the wild once their fur is grown in and they can see. At this time, if at all, the father groundhog comes back to the family. By the end of August, the family breaks up; or at least, the larger number scatter, to burrow on their own.
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observation of better habits. Contemporaneous with the ark, the woodchuck has not made any material progress in social science, and it is now too late to reform the wayward sinner. The average age of the woodchuck is too long to please your committee.... The woodchuck is not only a nuisance, but also a bore. It burrows beneath the soil, and then chuckles to see a mowing machine, man and all, slump into one of these holes and disappear....
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1006:, and a woodchuck may die from infestation or from bacteria transmitted by vectors. In areas of intensive agriculture and the dairying regions of the state of Wisconsin, particularly in southern areas, the woodchuck had been almost extirpated by 1950. Jackson (1961) suggested that exaggerated reports of damage done by the woodchuck led to excessive culling, substantially reducing its numbers in the state.
43:
713: in) per week. Constant usage wears them down by about that much each week. Unlike the incisors of many other rodents, the incisors of groundhogs are white to ivory-white. Groundhogs are well-adapted for digging, with powerful, short legs and broad, long claws. The groundhog's tail is shorter than that of other Sciuridae—only about one-fourth of body length.
1053:). Many of these predators are successful stealth stalkers that catch groundhogs by surprise before they can escape to their burrows; badgers likely hunt them by digging them out from their burrows. Coyotes in particular are sizable enough to overpower any groundhog with the latter being the third most significant prey species per a statewide study in
873:. Groundhog burrows usually have two to five entrances, providing groundhogs their primary means of escape from predators. The volume of earth removed from groundhog burrows in one study averaged 6 cubic feet (0.17 m) per den. The longest burrow measured 24 feet (7.3 m) plus two short side galleries.
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Burrows can pose a serious threat to agricultural and residential development by damaging farm machinery and even undermining building foundations. In a June 7, 2009, Humane
Society of the United States article, "How to Humanely Chuck a Woodchuck Out of Your Yard" by John Griffin, director of Humane
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W.J. Schoonmaker reports that groundhogs may hide when they see, smell, or hear an observer. Marmot researcher Ken
Armitage states that the social biology of the groundhog is poorly studied. Despite their heavy-bodied appearance, groundhogs are accomplished swimmers and occasionally climb trees when
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and remains at a stable temperature well above freezing during the winter months. In most areas, groundhogs hibernate from
October to March or April, but in more temperate areas, they may hibernate as little as three months. Groundhogs hibernate longer in northern latitudes than southern latitudes.
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Very often, the dens of groundhogs provide homes for other animals, including skunks, red foxes, and cottontail rabbits. Foxes and skunks feed upon field mice, grasshoppers, beetles, and other creatures that destroy farm crops. In aiding these animals, the groundhog indirectly helps the farmer. In
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slows, and while their food intake decreases, their weight increases by as much as 100% as they produce fat deposits to sustain them during hibernation and late winter. Instead of storing food, groundhogs stuff themselves to survive the winter without eating. Thought not to drink water, groundhogs
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The woodchuck, despite its deformities both of mind and body, possesses some of the amenities of a higher civilization. It cleans its face after the manner of the squirrels, and licks its fur after the manner of a cat. Your committee is too wise, however, to be deceived by this purely superficial
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Beyond their large size, groundhogs have several successful anti-predator behaviors, usually retreating to the safety of their burrow which most predators will not attempt to enter, but also being ready to defend themselves with their sharp claws and large incisors. They can also scale trees to
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Bachman mentioned that when the young groundhogs are a few months old, they prepare for separation, digging a number of holes in the area of their early home. Some of these holes were only a few feet deep and never occupied, but the numerous burrows gave the impression that groundhogs live in
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addition to providing homes for itself and other animals, the groundhog aids in soil improvement by bringing subsoil to the surface. The groundhog is also a valuable game animal and is considered a difficult sport when hunted in a fair manner. In some parts of the U.S., they have been eaten.
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The burrow is used for safety, retreat in bad weather, hibernating, sleeping, love nest, and nursery. In addition to the nest, there is an excrement chamber. The hibernation or nest chamber is lined with dead leaves and dried grasses. The nest chamber may be about twenty inches to three feet
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has a wide geographic range. The groundhog prefers open country and the edges of woodland, being rarely found far from a burrow entrance. It can typically be found in small woodlots, low-elevation forests, fields and pastures, and hedgerows. It constructs dens in well-drained soil, and most
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and territorial toward conspecifics and may skirmish to establish dominance. Outside their burrow, individuals are alert when not actively feeding. It is common to see one or more nearly motionless individuals standing erect on their hind feet watching for danger. When alarmed, they use a
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wrote that he witnessed only two occasions of upright play-fighting among woodchucks and that the upright posture of play-fighting involves sustained physical contact between individuals that may require a degree of social tolerance virtually unknown in
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extends from early March to mid- or late April, after hibernation. Woodchucks are polygynous but only alpine and woodchuck marmot females have been shown to mate with multiple males. A mated pair remains in the same den throughout the 31- to 32-day
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high-pitched whistle to warn the rest of the colony, hence the name "whistle-pig". Groundhogs may squeal when fighting, seriously injured, or caught by a predator. Other vocalizations include low barks and a sound produced by grinding their teeth.
802:, groundhogs eat primarily wild grasses and other vegetation, including berries, bark, leaves, and agricultural crops, when available. In early spring, dandelion and coltsfoot are important groundhog food items. Some additional foods include
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The committee concludes that, "a small bounty will prove of incalculable good; at all events, even as an experiment, it is certainly worth trying; therefore your committee would respectfully recommend that the accompanying bill be passed."
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Abandoned groundhog burrows benefit many other species by providing shelter. They are used by cottontail rabbits, raccoons, foxes, river otters, eastern chipmunks, and a wide variety of small mammals, snakes, and birds.
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escaping predators or when they want to survey their surroundings. They prefer to retreat to their burrows when threatened; if the burrow is invaded, the groundhog tenaciously defends itself with its two large
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In the wild, groundhogs can live up to six years with two or three being the average life expectancy. In captivity, groundhogs reportedly live up to 14 years. Human development often leaves vacant space near
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Both their diet and their habit of burrowing make groundhogs serious nuisance animals around farms and gardens. They will eat many commonly grown vegetables. Extensive burrowing can undermine foundations.
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at the site lies, and their burrow digging has brought many objects to the surface: human and animal bones, pottery, and bits of stone. Woodchuck remains were found in the Indian mounds at
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1587:"The effects of red fox scent on winter activity patterns of suburban wildlife: evaluating predator-prey interactions and the importance of groundhog burrows in promoting biodiversity"
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765:. Alternatively, upright play-fighting may be a part of the woodchuck's behavioral repertoire that rarely is shown because of physical spacing and/or low social tolerance.
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822:, red and black raspberries, mulberries, buckwheat, plantain, wild lettuce, all varieties of clover, and alfalfa. Groundhogs also occasionally eat small animals, such as
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were taken annually from 1964 to 1971. Woodchucks had protected status in the state of
Wisconsin until 2017. Woodchuck numbers appear to have decreased in Illinois.
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Wildlife
Services, stated you would have to have a lot of woodchucks working over a lot of years to create tunnel systems that would pose any risk to a structure.
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1276:. Researching the hibernation patterns of groundhogs may lead to benefits for humans, including lowering of the heart rate in complicated surgical procedures.
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Male groundhogs are slightly larger than females on average and, like all marmots, they are considerably heavier during autumn (when engaged in
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references several events related to
Groundhog Day, and portrays both Punxsutawney Phil himself, and the annual Groundhog Day ceremony. Famous
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1943:
Chamberlain, Alexander F. (November 22, 2018). "Algonkian Words in
American English: A Study in the Contact of the White Man and the Indian".
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Groundhogs may be raised in captivity, but their aggressive nature can pose problems. Doug
Schwartz, a zookeeper and groundhog trainer at the
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In some areas woodchucks are important game animals and are killed regularly for sport, food, or fur. In
Kentucky, an estimated 267,500
1648:"Functional specialization in the forelimbs of two digging mammals: the American badger (Taxidea taxus) and groundhog (Marmota monax)"
916:, and often build a separate "winter burrow" for this purpose. This burrow is usually in a wooded or brushy area and is dug below the
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991:, which are indigenous to groundhogs, which ensures that groundhogs in well-developed areas are nearly free of predators other than
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1152:, has been quoted as saying "They're known for their aggression, so you're starting from a hard place. His natural impulse is to
689: in). Weights of adult groundhogs typically fall between 2 and 6.3 kg (4 lb 7 oz and 13 lb 14 oz).
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celebration on February 2 has given the groundhog recognition and popularity. The most popularly known of these groundhogs are
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can reportedly, per Bent (1938), prey upon groundhogs but rarely do so, given the temporal differences in their behaviors.
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The Virtual Nature Trail at Penn State New Kensington Species Pages Scientific name: Marmota monax Common name: woodchuck.
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A report in 1883 by the New Hampshire Legislative Woodchuck Committee describes the groundhog's objectionable character:
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can also prey on adult groundhogs, but seldom occur in the same range or in the same habitats as this marmot. Likewise,
957:, adult males and females associate with each other throughout the year and often from year to year. Usually groundhogs
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Special feature "The Study of Groundhogs: A Real Life Look at Marmots", Movie "Groundhog Day" 15th Anniversary Edition.
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2006:
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that survive but cannot be returned to the wild may remain with their caregivers and become educational ambassadors.
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3581:"Eavesdropping of woodchucks (Marmota monax) and eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) on heterospecific alarm calls"
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are reported to obtain needed liquids from the juices of food-plants, aided by their sprinkling with rain or dew.
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Winchester Star, Centerpiece, "Local groundhog predicts 6 more weeks of winter", February 2, 2018, Cathy Kuehner
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Voigt, D. R.; Kolenosky, G. B.; Pimlott, D. H. (1976). "Changes in summer foods of wolves in central Ontario".
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2412:
1689:"Genetic Relatedness and Space Use in a Behaviorally Flexible Species of Marmot, the Woodchuck (Marmota monax)"
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Lehrer, E. W.; Schooley, R. L.; Whittington, J. K. (2012). "Survival and antipredator behavior of woodchucks (
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Effects of urbanization on survival rates, anti-predator behavior, and movements of woodchucks (Marmota monax)
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The Winchester Star, Christopher Early, "Library holds Groundhog Day celebration", p. 1A, February 6, 2017
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Witmer, G. W.; Pipas, M. J.; Hayden, A. (1995). "Some observations on coyote food habits in Pennsylvania".
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The groundhog dwells in lowland habitats, unlike other marmots that live in rocky and mountainous areas.
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2677:"Survival and antipredator behavior of woodchucks ( Marmota monax ) along an urban–agricultural gradient"
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groundhogs have summer and winter dens. Human activity has increased food access and abundance, allowing
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Though groundhogs are the most solitary of the marmots, several individuals may occupy the same burrow.
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Progulske, D. R. (1955). "Game animals utilized as food by the bobcat in the southern Appalachians".
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3821:"Groundhog Day is steeped in tradition but isn't the most accurate, according to weather almanacs"
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Zervanos, Stam M.; Maher, Christine R.; Waldvogel, Jerry A.; Florant, Gregory L. (January 2010).
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Ferron, J.; Ouellet, J. P. (1991). "Physical and behavioral postnatal development of woodchucks (
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Penn State News, (January 29, 2009) "Professor studies groundhog hibernation to benefit mankind"
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An adult groundhog can eat more than a pound of vegetation daily. In early June, woodchucks'
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A motionless individual, alert to danger, will whistle when alarmed to warn other groundhogs.
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535:. The name "thickwood badger" was given in the Northwest to distinguish the animal from the
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Journals of the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives of the State of New Hampshire
2758:"Latitudinal Differences in the Hibernation Characteristics of Woodchucks (Marmota monax )"
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Young groundhogs (usually those less than a couple months in age) may also be taken by the
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1321:'s poem "A Drumlin Woodchuck" uses the imagery of a groundhog dug into a small ridge as a
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Grizzell, Roy A. (April 1955). "A Study of the Southern Woodchuck, Marmota monax monax".
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Encyclopedia of North American Mammals: An Essential Guide to Mammals of North America
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3555:"Habitat, food habits, and productivity of northern goshawks nesting in Connecticut"
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Groundhogs are excellent burrowers, using burrows for sleeping, rearing young, and
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The Eastern Cougar: Historic Accounts, Scientific Investigations, and New Evidence
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Hockman, J. G.; Chapman, J. A. (1983). "Comparative feeding habits of red foxes (
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the Ufferman Site, but the activities of local groundhogs have revealed numerous
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2218:"The somatic chromosomes of the Northeastern American woodchuck, Marmota monax"
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Bent, A. C. (1938). "Life histories of North American birds of prey, Part 2".
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941:. They live in aggregations, and their social organization also varies across
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3740:"Grooming a Weatherman for his TV Debut, and Hoping He Doesn't Bite The Host"
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1156:. You have to work to produce the sweet and cuddly." Groundhogs cared for in
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NIH Guide: BREEDING AND EXPERIMENTAL FACILITY FOR WOODCHUCKS (MARMOTA MONAX)
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Olendorff, R. R. (1976). "The food habits of North American golden eagles".
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1503:. Vol. 1 (10 ed.). Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii. p. 60.
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Close encounter with a photographer at Sheldon Marsh State Nature Preserve,
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3614:"Domestic cats as predators and factors in winter shortages of raptor prey"
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995:(through various forms of pest control or roadkills) or mid-to-large sized
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in their second year, but a small proportion may breed in their first. The
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can take them up to perhaps weak emergent-adult groundhogs in the Spring.
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can take groundhogs at least of up to the size of yearling juveniles, and
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1759:"A test of the acoustic adaptation hypothesis in four species of marmots"
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408:. A lowland creature of North America, it is found through much of the
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3772:"Sean Kirst: For Dunkirk Dave's caretaker, every day is Groundhog Day"
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Hinterland Who's Who ("Canadian Wildlife Service: Mammals: Woodchuck")
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Groundhog Day facts and factoids, Cornell Chronicle, February 1, 1996
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Lehrer, E.W.; Schooley, R.L.; Whittington, J.K. (December 14, 2011).
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A Groundhog in northern Ontario, Canada on high alert for predators.
661: in) in total length, including a tail of 9.5 to 18.7 cm (
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Rose, C.; Prange, S. (2015). "Diet of the recovering Ohio bobcat (
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Couser, W.; Sargent, P.; Brownhill, L. E.; Benirschke, K. (1963).
945:. Groundhogs do not form stable, long-term pair-bonds, and during
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The groundhog plays an important role maintaining healthy soil in
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Pustilnik, Jeremy D.; Searle, Jeremy B.; Curtis, Paul D. (2021).
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Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
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where its range may abut that of its somewhat larger cousin, the
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1776:: The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour: 1517–1528.
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3944:"Two Woodchucks, or Frost and Thoreau on the Art of the Burrow"
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30:"Whistle Pig" redirects here. For the whiskey distillery, see
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Wild Mammals of North America, Biology, Management, Economics
1438:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 802.
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and are often active early in the morning or late afternoon.
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432:
3272:
Gipson, P. S. (1974). "Food habits of coyotes in Arkansas".
1892:"Where Do The Terms 'Woodchuck' And 'Flatlander' Come From?"
3423:
2955:"Mating system and paternity in woodchucks (Marmota monax)"
2577:"Woodchucks Are in the Lab, but Their Body Clocks Are Wild"
1358:
1288:
1061:
996:
954:
912:
Groundhogs are one of the few species that enter into true
562:
2469:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Archived from
2057:"Lyrics and Words for Children's Nursery Rhymes and Songs"
581:. The similarity between the words has led to the popular
3008:
2717:"Ecology and Management of the Groundhog (Marmota monax)"
2674:
1096:
1072:
in the east but still may hunt groundhogs on occasion in
2398:
3483:
2806:"Professor sheds light on groundhog's shadowy behavior"
2565:
DNR, Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Groundhog
3159:"Wisconsin Gov. Walker signs woodchuck hunting bill".
2874:
Professor sheds light on groundhog's shadowy behavior
2430:
1029:
Wild predators of adult groundhogs in most of eastern
2953:
Maher, Christine R.; Duron, Melissa (June 16, 2010).
2162:
Wildlife of Virginia and Maryland and Washington, D.C
1926:
Canadian Wildlife Federation - Faune et flore du pays
1584:
3553:
Becker, T. E.; Smith, D. G.; Bosakowski, T. (2006).
3134:"Wisconsin's endangered and threatened species laws"
2746:. (PDF) dem.ri.gov. Retrieved on September 15, 2011.
1646:
Moore, Alexis Lee; Butcher, Michael (May 18, 2011).
834:, and even bird eggs and baby birds, but are not as
2848:"Marmota monax - Vertebrate Collection | UWSP"
2513:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
1528:"Social organization of woodchucks (Marmota monax)"
3986:. Lawrence, KS: American Society of Mammalogists.
2432:
2400:
1474:. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.
862:Groundhog gathering nesting material for its warm
4035:Breeding and Experimental Facility for Woodchucks
3979:
1423:
777:Clover is a preferred food source for groundhogs.
547:name of the woodchuck, which means "digger" (cf.
5563:
3678:"Celebrate Groundhog Day With Groundhog Recipes"
2948:
2946:
2139:
1757:Daniel, Janice C.; Blumstein, Daniel T. (1998).
633:. Adults may measure from 41.8 to 68.5 cm (
19:"Woodchuck" redirects here. For other uses, see
3851:
3346:) with a consideration of two subpopulations".
3041:
1879:. Vol. IV. Doubleday, Doran & Company.
1756:
1025:Groundhogs can climb trees to escape predators.
435:; as such, the species is considered a crucial
3980:Bezuidenhout, A. J.; Evans, Howard E. (2005).
3854:"At Cornell, groundhog is harbinger of health"
3380:
3247:Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science
3065:
3063:
2159:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1403:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42458A22257685.en
599:A woodchuck would chuck all the wood he could
554:). Young groundhogs may be called chucklings.
4054:
3941:
3136:. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.
2943:
2833:
2831:
2502:
2184:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
1279:Groundhog burrows have revealed at least two
1187:kept as part of Groundhog Day festivities in
3099:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1772:(6). Department of Systematics and Ecology,
1645:
1163:In the United States and Canada, the yearly
420:. It was first scientifically described by
3060:
2730:
2426:
2424:
2271:Leon M. Lederman Science Education Center.
1971:
1942:
1424:Thorington, R.W. Jr; Hoffman, R.S. (2005).
1377:
1232:Groundhogs are used in medical research on
1122:
716:
4061:
4047:
3642:
3341:
3095:
3093:
2952:
2893:
2828:
2611:
2499:. Hww.ca. Retrieved on September 15, 2011.
2399:Chapman, J. A.; Feldhammer, G. A. (1982).
2094:
2079:
1515:– via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
1345:, coal miner with her pet groundhog (1946)
751:and front claws. Groundhogs are generally
337:
134:
102:
3596:
3498:
3306:
3100:Barbour, Roger W; Davis, Wayne H (1974).
3013:) along an urban–agricultural gradient".
2970:
2907:
2645:
2643:
2431:Whitaker, John O; Hamilton, W J. (1998).
2233:
2140:Schwartz, C. W.; Schwartz, E. R. (2001).
2108:
1853:
1663:
1401:
1002:Occasionally, woodchucks may suffer from
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
3983:Anatomy of the woodchuck (Marmota monax)
3731:
3579:Aschemeier, L. M.; Maher, C. R. (2011).
3484:Bolgiano, C.; Roberts, J., eds. (2005).
3187:Illinois Department of Natural Resources
3173:
2612:Kwiecinski, Gary G. (December 4, 1998).
2593:Discovery Nature Encyclopedia, Groundhog
2460:
2458:
2456:
2421:
2319:
2277:Fermilab Flora and Fauna Virtual Exhibit
2133:
2095:Kwiecinski, Gary G. (December 4, 1998).
1020:
977:
949:male-female interactions are limited to
903:
857:
780:
772:
737:
612:
5602:Fauna of the Northeastern United States
4229:Cascade golden-mantled ground squirrel
3920:
3918:
3812:
3706:
3090:
2556:Canadian Wildlife Federation, Groundhog
2532:
2530:
2392:
973:
479:Common names for the groundhog include
5564:
3942:Oehlschlaeger, Fritz (December 1982).
3737:
3675:
3669:
3611:
3424:Charles Fergus; Amelia Hansen (2000).
3271:
2837:Woodchucks in Rhode Island, dem.ri.gov
2649:
2640:
2508:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2371:from the original on February 20, 2018
2355:
2353:
2351:
2259:North Carolina Wild, Wildlife Profiles
1500:Systema naturae per regna tria naturae
5246:
5245:
4042:
3894:from the original on December 4, 2018
3818:
3782:from the original on February 3, 2018
3752:from the original on December 5, 2018
3688:from the original on December 6, 2018
2854:from the original on October 13, 2018
2763:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
2467:"Animal Diversity Web: Marmota monax"
2453:
2155:
2153:
2151:
1902:from the original on January 25, 2021
1874:
1841:from the original on January 22, 2016
1686:
1665:10.1096/fasebj.25.1_supplement.867.12
1525:
1496:
1154:kill 'em all and let God sort 'em out
625:in its geographical range, except in
590:How much wood would a woodchuck chuck
5549:66661434-8194-48C4-849C-B1E5C545348F
3958:from the original on January 1, 2020
3915:
3852:Segelken, Roger (February 1, 1966).
3643:Beer, Amy-Jane; Morris, Pat (2004).
3533:
3527:
2574:
2527:
2511:Marmots: social behavior and ecology
2435:Mammals of the Eastern United States
1889:
1016:
621:The groundhog is by far the largest
56:for improving and merging references
36:
5572:IUCN Red List least concern species
4946:Caucasian mountain ground squirrel
3833:from the original on April 12, 2020
3709:"Report of the Woodchuck Committee"
3676:Castro, Everett J. (January 1984).
3140:from the original on April 26, 2018
3046:. Pensoft Publishers. p. 162.
2872:Penn State news, January 22, 2014,
2485:
2348:
2308:Ohio DNR, ODNR Division of WILDLIFE
2283:from the original on August 9, 2017
1696:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1532:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1526:Meier, Paul T. (December 1, 1992).
1478:from the original on March 25, 2018
1417:
1389:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1371:
1307:. They favor the loose soil of the
1207:respectively. The 1993 comedy film
933:Groundhogs are considered the most
13:
5597:Fauna of the Eastern United States
4029:, Missouri Conservation Commission
3973:
3926:Dictionary of Ohio Historic Places
3864:from the original on March 8, 2018
3451:The Journal of Wildlife Management
3309:The Journal of Wildlife Management
3274:The Journal of Wildlife Management
3226:from the original on July 22, 2019
3216:"Badger Biology (Ontario Badgers)"
2816:from the original on June 11, 2021
2656:(Thesis). University of Illinois.
2407:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
2148:
1819:
1507:from the original on March 8, 2021
455:with its young, understanding and
400:, belonging to the group of large
14:
5623:
4204:(golden-mantled ground squirrels)
4159:Espíritu Santo antelope squirrel
4009:
3738:Newman, Andy (December 1, 2007).
3707:Corning, Charles R. (June 1883).
3176:"The Creature That Keeps Digging"
3076:. University of Wisconsin Press.
2999:. (PDF). North Carolina Wildlife.
2464:
1807:from the original on June 2, 2021
1738:from the original on May 10, 2022
1627:from the original on May 10, 2022
1566:from the original on May 10, 2022
617:Groundhog displaying its incisors
527:, and, among French Canadians in
346:Groundhog range in North America
3826:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
3819:Elder, Lane (February 2, 2020).
3104:. University Press of Kentucky.
1996:
1945:The Journal of American Folklore
1890:Keck, Nina (December 17, 2020).
1350:
1334:
602:if a woodchuck could chuck wood!
594:if a woodchuck could chuck wood?
439:. The groundhog is an extremely
159:
41:
5111:Southern Idaho ground squirrel
5075:Northern Idaho ground squirrel
4357:Thirteen-lined ground squirrel
4211:Golden-mantled ground squirrel
4177:White-tailed antelope squirrel
3935:
3906:
3876:
3845:
3803:
3794:
3764:
3700:
3636:
3605:
3572:
3546:
3492:
3477:
3442:
3428:. Stackpole Books. p. 43.
3417:
3374:
3348:The American Midland Naturalist
3335:
3300:
3265:
3238:
3208:
3167:
3152:
3126:
3070:Jackson, Hartley H. T. (1961).
3035:
3002:
2987:
2924:
2887:
2878:
2866:
2840:
2798:
2749:
2709:
2668:
2605:
2596:
2587:
2568:
2559:
2550:
2383:
2313:
2295:
2264:
2250:
2209:
2178:
2164:. Stackpole Books. p. 45.
2144:. University of Missouri Press.
2049:
2015:
1936:
1914:
1883:
1875:Seton, Ernest Thompson (1928).
1315:, Jefferson County, Wisconsin.
928:
4783:Baja California rock squirrel
4186:San Joaquin antelope squirrel
3924:Owen, Lorrie K. (ed.) (1999).
2575:Line, Les (January 29, 1997).
1750:
1680:
1639:
1578:
1519:
1490:
1460:
899:
703:, which grow 1.5 millimetres (
608:
1:
5217:Round-tailed ground squirrel
5138:Richardson's ground squirrel
4220:Sierra Madre ground squirrel
3536:U.S. National Museum Bulletin
3360:10.1674/amid-173-02-305-317.1
3044:The Wild Mammals of Wisconsin
2650:Watson, Elizabeth L. (2010).
1365:
447:and capable of understanding
5592:Rodents of the United States
5156:Long-tailed ground squirrel
5050:(Holarctic ground squirrels)
5013:(Spermophilus xanthoprymnus)
4919:Red-cheeked ground squirrel
4875:(Old World ground squirrels)
4758:Ring-tailed ground squirrel
3189:. p. 20. Archived from
3174:Thornton, Kari (July 2008).
3069:
2894:Kwiecinski, Gary G. (1998).
2439:. Cornell University Press.
2257:"Woodchuck, Marmota monax",
2142:The wild mammals of Missouri
1687:Maher, Christine R. (2009).
1299:. Archaeologists have never
474:
7:
5612:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
5164:Washington ground squirrel
5147:Townsend's ground squirrel
5011:Asia Minor ground squirrel
4847:Père David's rock squirrel
4822:Franklin's ground squirrel
4792:California ground squirrel
4347:Rio Grande ground squirrel
4150:Harris's antelope squirrel
3884:"Marmota monax (woodchuck)"
3501:American Midland Naturalist
3391:American Midland Naturalist
3016:Canadian Journal of Zoology
2682:Canadian Journal of Zoology
2538:"Marmota monax (Woodchuck)"
2361:"Marmota monax (woodchuck)"
2322:American Midland Naturalist
2191:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1928:(in French). Archived from
1837:. Smithsonian Institution.
1223:Dauset Trails Nature Center
733:
10:
5628:
5093:Columbian ground squirrel
5084:Merriam's ground squirrel
5066:Belding's ground squirrel
4955:Tian Shan ground squirrel
4891:Brandt’s ground squirrel (
2737:Woodchucks in Rhode Island
1999:The World of the Woodchuck
1997:Schoonmaker, W.J. (1966).
1635:– via Springer Link.
1613:10.1007/s11252-020-01056-5
1574:– via Springer Link.
1468:"Marmota monax, Woodchuck"
1189:Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania
1091:, and perhaps other small
853:
557:The etymology of the name
29:
25:Woodchuck (disambiguation)
21:Groundhog (disambiguation)
18:
5607:Mammals described in 1758
5505:
5254:
5228:
5176:
5043:
5022:
4993:Speckled ground squirrel
4901:European ground squirrel
4867:
4833:
4812:
4769:
4749:Tropical ground squirrel
4737:
4648:(N. quadrimaculatus)
4516:
4368:
4331:(little ground squirrels)
4324:
4301:
4272:Black-tailed prairie dog
4263:White-tailed prairie dog
4240:
4197:
4136:
4080:
2509:Barash, David P. (1989).
1716:10.1007/s00265-009-0726-5
357:
350:
345:
336:
289:
284:
261:
254:
156:Scientific classification
154:
132:
123:
110:
101:
96:
5208:Spotted ground squirrel
5183:(pygmy ground squirrels)
5102:Wyoming ground squirrel
5004:(Spermophilus taurensis)
4983:Relict ground squirrel (
4964:Pallid ground squirrel (
4910:Daurian ground squirrel
4882:Alashan ground squirrel
4856:Forrest's rock squirrel
4657:(N. quadrivittatus)
4619:Yellow-cheeked chipmunk
4507:(M. vancouverensis)
4505:Vancouver Island marmot
4338:Mexican ground squirrel
4168:Texas antelope squirrel
4069:Living species of tribe
3562:Studies in Avian Biology
3426:Wildlife of Pennsylvania
3387:Urocyon cinereoargenteus
3042:Charles A. Long (2008).
2302:"Woodchuck (Groundhog) -
2235:10.1508/cytologia.28.108
1497:Linné, Carl von (1758).
1123:Relationship with humans
1060:Large predators such as
717:Distribution and habitat
443:animal, forming complex
5199:Perote ground squirrel
5190:Mohave ground squirrel
5129:Arctic ground squirrel
5002:Taurus ground squirrel
4995:(Spermophilus suslicus)
4974:Little ground squirrel
4937:Russet ground squirrel
4928:Yellow ground squirrel
4567:(N. cinereicollis)
4565:Gray-collared chipmunk
4457:Groundhog or woodchuck
4254:Gunnison's prairie dog
3992:10.5962/bhl.title.61270
3598:10.1644/09-MAMM-A-322.1
2972:10.1644/09-MAMM-A-324.1
2936:April 21, 2014, at the
2742:April 12, 2007, at the
2160:Charles Fergus (2003).
1293:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
1270:cerebrovascular disease
1179:, Jimmy the Groundhog,
1158:wildlife rehabilitation
768:
577:) name for the animal,
467:to solve tasks such as
5219:(X. tereticaudus)
5140:(U. richardsonii)
5120:Piute ground squirrel
5057:Uinta ground squirrel
4921:(S. erythrogenys)
4840:(Asian rock squirrels)
4785:(O. atricapillus)
4639:(N. panamintinus)
4489:(M. flaviventris)
4487:Yellow-bellied marmot
4414:(M. camtschatica)
3612:George, W. G. (1974).
3220:www.ontariobadgers.org
3183:OutdoorIllinois Online
1835:North American Mammals
1782:10.1006/anbe.1998.0929
1472:North American Mammals
1432:; Reeder, D.M (eds.).
1396:: e.T42458A115189992.
1266:cardiovascular disease
1219:General Beauregard Lee
1197:Sun Prairie, Wisconsin
1142:
1026:
983:
909:
866:
795:
794:Eating wild vegetation
778:
743:
618:
5490:Paleobiology Database
5166:(U. washingtoni)
5095:(U. columbianus)
4884:(S. alashanicus)
4556:Gray-footed chipmunk
4538:Yellow-pine chipmunk
4359:(I. tridecemlineatus)
4027:Woodchuck (Groundhog)
3647:. Thunder Bay Press.
2940:, Illinois University
1922:"La marmotte commune"
1877:Lives of Game Animals
1378:Cassola, F. (2017) .
1287:in the U.S. state of
1137:
1024:
981:
907:
861:
793:
776:
741:
699:Groundhogs have four
616:
410:Eastern United States
388:), also known as the
370:(Linnaeus, 1758)
5201:(X. perotensis)
5192:(X. mohavensis)
5149:(U. townsendii)
4957:(S. nilkaensis)
4849:(S. davidianus)
4824:(P. franklinii)
4803:(O. variegatus)
4720:(N. townsendii)
4718:Townsend's chipmunk
4666:(N. ruficaudus)
4664:Red-tailed chipmunk
4646:Long-eared chipmunk
4621:(N. ochrogenys)
4610:California chipmunk
4432:(M. himalayana)
4412:Black-capped marmot
4281:Mexican prairie dog
4143:(antelope squirrels)
4021:Hinterland Who's Who
3888:Animal Diversity Web
3778:. February 1, 2018.
3585:Journal of Mammalogy
3196:on December 27, 2021
3163:. November 13, 2017.
3073:Mammals of Wisconsin
2959:Journal of Mammalogy
2812:. January 23, 2014.
2543:Animal Diversity Web
2365:Animal Diversity Web
1774:University of Kansas
1281:archaeological sites
974:Health and mortality
5210:(X. spilosoma)
5158:(U. undulatus)
5113:(U. endemicus)
4760:(N. annulatus)
4711:(N. speciosus)
4709:Lodgepole chipmunk
4592:Merriam's chipmunk
4523:(western chipmunks)
4450:(M. menzbieri)
4421:Long-tailed marmot
4387:(M. baibacina)
4315:(E. sibiricus)
4283:(C. mexicanus)
4231:(C. saturatus)
4222:(C. madrensis)
4213:(C. lateralis)
4170:(A. interpres)
4161:(A. insularis)
3932:: Somerset, p. 328.
3618:The Wilson Bulletin
3102:Mammals of Kentucky
2037:on February 3, 2015
2031:animaldiversity.com
2001:. J.B. Lippincott.
1708:2009BEcoS..63..857M
1605:2021UrbEc..24..529P
1544:1992BEcoS..31..393M
1217:groundhogs include
1185:Staten Island Chuck
1101:timber rattlesnakes
908:Two baby groundhogs
569:. It stems from an
363:Linnaeus, 1758
126:Conservation status
5077:(U. brunneus)
5068:(U. beldingi)
5034:(T. striatus)
4976:(S. pygmaeus)
4912:(S. dauricus)
4903:(S. citellus)
4858:(S. forresti)
4794:(O. beecheyi)
4751:(N. adocetus)
4729:(N. umbrinus)
4693:(N. siskiyou)
4691:Siskiyou chipmunk
4655:Colorado chipmunk
4637:Panamint chipmunk
4628:Palmer's chipmunk
4612:(N. obscurus)
4594:(N. merriami)
4585:(N. durangae)
4576:(N. dorsalis)
4547:Buller's chipmunk
4480:(M. caligata)
4468:(M. sibirica)
4448:Menzbier's marmot
4313:Siberian chipmunk
4265:(C. leucurus)
4179:(A. leucurus)
4152:(A. harrisii)
4073:(ground squirrels)
3745:The New York Times
3488:. Stackpole Books.
3385:) and gray foxes (
2581:The New York Times
2465:Light, Jessica E.
1932:on August 5, 2018.
1552:10.1007/BF00170606
1426:"Family Sciuridae"
1343:Lejunior, Kentucky
1325:for his emotional
1274:neoplastic disease
1242:metabolic function
1027:
984:
910:
867:
796:
779:
744:
694:autumn hyperphagia
619:
60:You can assist by
5587:Rodents of Canada
5559:
5558:
5477:Open Tree of Life
5248:Taxon identifiers
5239:
5238:
5131:(U. parryii)
5104:(U. elegans)
5059:(U. armatus)
5032:Eastern chipmunk
4702:(N. sonomae)
4682:Allen's chipmunk
4630:(N. palmeri)
4603:(N. minimus)
4583:Durango chipmunk
4558:(N. canipes)
4549:(N. bulleri)
4540:(N. amoenus)
4531:(N. alpinus)
4498:(M. olympus)
4441:(M. marmota)
4430:Himalayan marmot
4423:(M. caudata)
4405:(M. broweri)
4290:Utah prairie dog
4274:(C. ludovicianus)
4200:Callospermophilus
4188:(A. nelsoni)
4074:
3682:Mother Earth News
3654:978-1-59223-191-1
2900:Mammalian Species
2618:Mammalian Species
2520:978-0-8047-1534-8
2101:Mammalian Species
1652:The FASEB Journal
1445:978-0-8018-8221-0
1201:Dunkirk, New York
1169:Punxsutawney Phil
1150:Staten Island Zoo
1119:escape a threat.
1113:northern goshawks
1082:great horned owls
1017:Natural predators
989:secondary forests
791:
376:
375:
330:
319:
308:
297:
149:
90:
89:
82:
16:Species of rodent
5619:
5552:
5551:
5539:
5538:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5498:
5497:
5485:
5484:
5472:
5471:
5459:
5458:
5446:
5445:
5433:
5432:
5420:
5419:
5407:
5406:
5394:
5393:
5381:
5380:
5368:
5367:
5355:
5354:
5342:
5341:
5329:
5328:
5316:
5315:
5303:
5302:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5243:
5242:
5179:Xerospermophilus
5122:(U. mollis)
4930:(S. fulvus)
4776:(rock squirrels)
4700:Sonoma chipmunk
4529:Alpine chipmunk
4466:Tarbagan marmot
4139:Ammospermophilus
4072:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4040:
4039:
4005:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3939:
3933:
3930:St. Clair Shores
3922:
3913:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3858:CornellChronicle
3849:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3801:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3776:The Buffalo News
3768:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3559:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3389:) in Maryland".
3378:
3372:
3371:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3195:
3180:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3097:
3088:
3087:
3067:
3058:
3057:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3006:
3000:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2974:
2950:
2941:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2911:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2753:
2747:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2647:
2638:
2637:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2534:
2525:
2524:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2462:
2451:
2450:
2438:
2428:
2419:
2418:
2406:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2357:
2346:
2345:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2197:(4): 1040–1047.
2182:
2176:
2175:
2157:
2146:
2145:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2112:
2092:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2067:on July 26, 2011
2063:. Archived from
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2033:. Archived from
2019:
2013:
2012:
1994:
1969:
1968:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1872:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1806:
1766:Animal Behaviour
1763:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1693:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1667:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1592:Urban Ecosystems
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1405:
1375:
1354:
1338:
1254:endocrine system
1227:Atlanta, Georgia
1193:Wiarton, Ontario
1177:Shubenacadie Sam
1109:Red-tailed hawks
968:gestation period
792:
712:
711:
707:
688:
687:
683:
680:
674:
673:
669:
666:
660:
659:
655:
652:
646:
645:
641:
638:
627:British Columbia
565:or any sense of
561:is unrelated to
501:thickwood badger
459:threats through
437:habitat engineer
402:ground squirrels
371:
364:
341:
325:
314:
303:
301:M. m. canadensis
295:
267:
164:
163:
143:
138:
137:
113:Laval University
106:
94:
93:
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
45:
44:
37:
5627:
5626:
5622:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5555:
5547:
5542:
5534:
5529:
5520:
5519:
5514:
5501:
5493:
5488:
5480:
5475:
5467:
5464:Observation.org
5462:
5454:
5449:
5441:
5436:
5428:
5423:
5415:
5410:
5402:
5397:
5389:
5384:
5376:
5371:
5363:
5358:
5350:
5345:
5337:
5332:
5324:
5319:
5311:
5306:
5298:
5293:
5284:
5283:
5278:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5250:
5240:
5235:
5224:
5182:
5172:
5086:(U. canus)
5049:
5039:
5018:
4966:S. pallidicauda
4939:(S. major)
4874:
4863:
4839:
4829:
4808:
4775:
4772:Otospermophilus
4765:
4733:
4727:Uinta chipmunk
4684:(N. senex)
4675:(N. rufus)
4601:Least chipmunk
4574:Cliff chipmunk
4522:
4512:
4496:Olympic marmot
4471:
4459:(M. monax)
4396:(M. bobak)
4374:
4364:
4330:
4320:
4297:
4246:
4236:
4203:
4193:
4142:
4132:
4076:
4067:
4012:
4002:
3976:
3974:Further reading
3971:
3961:
3959:
3948:Colby Quarterly
3940:
3936:
3923:
3916:
3911:
3907:
3897:
3895:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3867:
3865:
3850:
3846:
3836:
3834:
3817:
3813:
3808:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3785:
3783:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3755:
3753:
3736:
3732:
3722:
3720:
3705:
3701:
3691:
3689:
3674:
3670:
3655:
3641:
3637:
3610:
3606:
3577:
3573:
3557:
3551:
3547:
3532:
3528:
3513:10.2307/2424254
3497:
3493:
3482:
3478:
3463:10.2307/3800561
3447:
3443:
3436:
3422:
3418:
3403:10.2307/2425269
3379:
3375:
3340:
3336:
3321:10.2307/3796859
3305:
3301:
3286:10.2307/3800055
3270:
3266:
3243:
3239:
3229:
3227:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3178:
3172:
3168:
3161:Chicago Tribune
3158:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3141:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3112:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3040:
3036:
3029:10.1139/z11-107
3007:
3003:
2992:
2988:
2951:
2944:
2938:Wayback Machine
2929:
2925:
2909:10.2307/3504364
2896:"Marmota monax"
2892:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2829:
2819:
2817:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2754:
2750:
2744:Wayback Machine
2735:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2695:10.1139/z11-107
2673:
2669:
2648:
2641:
2626:10.2307/3504364
2614:"Marmota monax"
2610:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2536:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2486:
2476:
2474:
2473:on May 18, 2011
2463:
2454:
2447:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2359:
2358:
2349:
2334:10.2307/2422068
2318:
2314:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2286:
2284:
2269:
2265:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2214:
2210:
2203:10.1139/z91-149
2183:
2179:
2172:
2158:
2149:
2138:
2134:
2110:10.2307/3504364
2097:"Marmota monax"
2093:
2080:
2070:
2068:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2009:
1995:
1972:
1951:(59): 240–267.
1941:
1937:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1888:
1884:
1873:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1761:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1739:
1691:
1685:
1681:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1583:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1508:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1446:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1355:
1346:
1339:
1125:
1019:
976:
963:breeding season
931:
902:
856:
781:
771:
758:David P. Barash
736:
719:
709:
705:
704:
685:
681:
678:
676:
671:
667:
664:
662:
657:
653:
650:
648:
643:
639:
636:
634:
611:
477:
449:social behavior
445:social networks
369:
365:
362:
323:M. m. rufescens
280:
269:
263:
250:
158:
150:
139:
135:
128:
86:
75:
69:
66:
59:
46:
42:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5625:
5615:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5553:
5540:
5527:
5511:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5486:
5473:
5460:
5447:
5434:
5421:
5408:
5395:
5382:
5369:
5356:
5343:
5330:
5317:
5304:
5291:
5276:
5260:
5258:
5252:
5251:
5237:
5236:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5214:
5205:
5196:
5186:
5184:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5161:
5153:
5144:
5135:
5126:
5117:
5108:
5099:
5090:
5081:
5072:
5063:
5053:
5051:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5028:
5026:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5008:
4999:
4990:
4980:
4971:
4961:
4952:
4943:
4934:
4925:
4916:
4907:
4898:
4888:
4878:
4876:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4853:
4843:
4841:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4818:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4801:Rock squirrel
4798:
4789:
4779:
4777:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4755:
4745:
4743:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4724:
4715:
4706:
4697:
4688:
4679:
4673:Hopi chipmunk
4670:
4661:
4652:
4643:
4634:
4625:
4616:
4607:
4598:
4589:
4580:
4571:
4562:
4553:
4544:
4535:
4526:
4524:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4502:
4493:
4484:
4463:
4454:
4445:
4439:Alpine marmot
4436:
4427:
4418:
4409:
4403:Alaska marmot
4400:
4378:
4376:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4354:
4344:
4340:(I. mexicanus)
4334:
4332:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4309:
4307:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4292:(C. parvidens)
4287:
4278:
4269:
4260:
4256:(C. gunnisoni)
4250:
4248:
4247:(prairie dogs)
4238:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4226:
4217:
4207:
4205:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4183:
4174:
4165:
4156:
4146:
4144:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4124:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4066:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4030:
4024:
4011:
4010:External links
4008:
4007:
4006:
4000:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3954:(4): 214–219.
3934:
3914:
3905:
3875:
3844:
3811:
3802:
3793:
3763:
3730:
3699:
3668:
3653:
3635:
3624:(4): 384–396.
3604:
3591:(3): 493–499.
3571:
3545:
3526:
3507:(1): 231–236.
3491:
3476:
3457:(4): 663–668.
3441:
3435:978-0811728997
3434:
3416:
3397:(2): 276–285.
3373:
3354:(2): 305–318.
3334:
3315:(2): 249–253.
3299:
3280:(4): 848–853.
3264:
3237:
3207:
3166:
3151:
3125:
3110:
3089:
3082:
3059:
3053:978-9546423139
3052:
3034:
3001:
2986:
2965:(3): 628–635.
2942:
2923:
2886:
2877:
2865:
2839:
2827:
2797:
2776:10.1086/648736
2770:(1): 135–141.
2748:
2729:
2708:
2667:
2639:
2604:
2595:
2586:
2567:
2558:
2549:
2526:
2519:
2501:
2484:
2452:
2445:
2420:
2413:
2391:
2382:
2347:
2328:(2): 257–293.
2312:
2294:
2263:
2249:
2228:(1): 108–111.
2208:
2177:
2171:978-0811728218
2170:
2147:
2132:
2078:
2048:
2014:
2008:978-1135544836
2007:
1970:
1957:10.2307/533199
1935:
1913:
1882:
1852:
1818:
1749:
1702:(6): 857–868.
1679:
1658:(S1): 867.12.
1638:
1599:(3): 529–547.
1577:
1538:(6): 393–400.
1518:
1489:
1459:
1444:
1416:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1349:
1347:
1341:Daughter of a
1340:
1333:
1250:energy balance
1173:Wiarton Willie
1124:
1121:
1066:eastern cougar
1018:
1015:
975:
972:
939:marmot species
930:
927:
901:
898:
855:
852:
838:as many other
770:
767:
735:
732:
718:
715:
610:
607:
606:
605:
604:
603:
597:
596:
595:
583:tongue-twister
537:prairie badger
529:eastern Canada
476:
473:
463:, and working
396:of the family
374:
373:
367:Arctomys monax
355:
354:
348:
347:
343:
342:
334:
333:
332:
331:
320:
309:
298:
296:Linnaeus, 1758
287:
286:
282:
281:
270:
259:
258:
252:
251:
244:
242:
238:
237:
230:
226:
225:
220:
216:
215:
210:
206:
205:
200:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
152:
151:
133:
130:
129:
124:
121:
120:
108:
107:
99:
98:
88:
87:
49:
47:
40:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5624:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5550:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5532:
5528:
5523:
5517:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5496:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5300:Marmota_monax
5296:
5292:
5287:
5286:Marmota monax
5281:
5277:
5272:
5266:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5256:Marmota monax
5253:
5249:
5244:
5234:
5233:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5025:
5021:
5015:
5014:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4893:S. brevicauda
4889:
4886:
4885:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4872:sensu stricto
4871:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4814:Poliocitellus
4811:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4478:Hoary marmot
4475:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4394:Bobak marmot
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4382:
4377:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4349:(I. parvidens
4345:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4064:
4059:
4057:
4052:
4050:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4003:
4001:9781891276439
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3927:
3921:
3919:
3909:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3848:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3815:
3806:
3797:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3734:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3703:
3692:September 14,
3687:
3683:
3679:
3672:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3608:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3541:
3537:
3530:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3487:
3480:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3437:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3383:Vulpes vulpes
3377:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3338:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3268:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3162:
3155:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3094:
3085:
3083:9780299021504
3079:
3075:
3074:
3066:
3064:
3055:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3011:Marmota monax
3005:
2998:
2997:
2996:Marmota monax
2990:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2947:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2927:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2834:
2832:
2815:
2811:
2810:berks.psu.edu
2807:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2733:
2718:
2712:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2671:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2646:
2644:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2599:
2590:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2562:
2553:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2522:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2448:
2446:0-8014-3475-0
2442:
2437:
2436:
2427:
2425:
2416:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2395:
2386:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2305:
2304:Marmota monax
2298:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2187:Marmota monax
2181:
2173:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2143:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2071:September 15,
2066:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2025:Marmota monax
2018:
2010:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1878:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1829:Marmota monax
1822:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1581:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1493:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1382:Marmota monax
1374:
1370:
1360:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1285:Ufferman Site
1282:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1210:Groundhog Day
1206:
1205:Staten Island
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1165:Groundhog Day
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1089:American mink
1085:
1083:
1079:
1078:Golden eagles
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:North America
1023:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
980:
971:
969:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
947:mating season
944:
940:
936:
926:
924:
919:
915:
906:
897:
893:
892:communities.
889:
887:
881:
877:
874:
872:
865:
860:
851:
848:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
808:timothy-grass
805:
801:
775:
766:
764:
759:
754:
750:
740:
731:
729:
724:
723:Marmota monax
714:
702:
697:
695:
690:
632:
628:
624:
615:
601:
600:
598:
593:
592:
591:
588:
587:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:Canada marmot
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
472:
470:
466:
465:cooperatively
462:
458:
457:communicating
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
422:Carl Linnaeus
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
386:
385:Marmota monax
381:
372:
368:
361:
356:
353:
349:
344:
340:
335:
328:
324:
321:
317:
313:
310:
306:
302:
299:
294:
291:
290:
288:
283:
278:
274:
268:
266:
265:Marmota monax
260:
257:
256:Binomial name
253:
249:
248:
247:M. monax
243:
240:
239:
236:
235:
231:
228:
227:
224:
221:
218:
217:
214:
211:
208:
207:
204:
201:
198:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
162:
157:
153:
147:
142:
141:Least Concern
131:
127:
122:
118:
114:
111:Groundhog at
109:
105:
100:
95:
92:
84:
81:
73:
63:
57:
55:
50:This article
48:
39:
38:
33:
26:
22:
5506:
5255:
5230:
5218:
5209:
5200:
5191:
5177:
5165:
5157:
5148:
5139:
5130:
5121:
5112:
5103:
5094:
5085:
5076:
5067:
5058:
5044:
5033:
5023:
5012:
5003:
4994:
4984:
4975:
4965:
4956:
4948:(S. musicus)
4947:
4938:
4929:
4920:
4911:
4902:
4892:
4883:
4870:Spermophilus
4868:
4857:
4848:
4836:Sciurotamias
4834:
4823:
4813:
4802:
4793:
4784:
4770:
4759:
4750:
4740:Notocitellus
4738:
4728:
4719:
4710:
4701:
4692:
4683:
4674:
4665:
4656:
4647:
4638:
4629:
4620:
4611:
4602:
4593:
4584:
4575:
4566:
4557:
4548:
4539:
4530:
4517:
4506:
4497:
4488:
4479:
4474:Petromarmota
4473:
4467:
4458:
4456:
4449:
4440:
4431:
4422:
4413:
4404:
4395:
4386:
4385:Gray marmot
4380:
4369:
4358:
4348:
4339:
4325:
4314:
4302:
4291:
4282:
4273:
4264:
4255:
4241:
4230:
4221:
4212:
4198:
4187:
4178:
4169:
4160:
4151:
4137:
4114:Sciuromorpha
4019:
3982:
3960:. Retrieved
3951:
3947:
3937:
3925:
3908:
3898:February 20,
3896:. Retrieved
3887:
3878:
3868:February 20,
3866:. Retrieved
3857:
3847:
3835:. Retrieved
3824:
3814:
3805:
3796:
3786:February 20,
3784:. Retrieved
3775:
3766:
3756:February 22,
3754:. Retrieved
3743:
3733:
3721:. Retrieved
3716:
3712:
3702:
3690:. Retrieved
3681:
3671:
3644:
3638:
3621:
3617:
3607:
3588:
3584:
3574:
3565:
3561:
3548:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3485:
3479:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3425:
3419:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3277:
3273:
3267:
3253:(2): 77–80.
3250:
3246:
3240:
3228:. Retrieved
3219:
3210:
3198:. Retrieved
3191:the original
3182:
3169:
3160:
3154:
3142:. Retrieved
3128:
3101:
3072:
3043:
3037:
3023:(1): 12–21.
3020:
3014:
3010:
3004:
2995:
2989:
2962:
2958:
2926:
2902:(591): 1–8.
2899:
2889:
2880:
2873:
2868:
2856:. Retrieved
2842:
2818:. Retrieved
2809:
2800:
2767:
2761:
2751:
2732:
2720:. Retrieved
2711:
2689:(1): 12–21.
2686:
2680:
2670:
2652:
2620:(591): 1–8.
2617:
2607:
2598:
2589:
2580:
2570:
2561:
2552:
2541:
2510:
2504:
2475:. Retrieved
2471:the original
2434:
2402:
2394:
2385:
2375:February 20,
2373:. Retrieved
2364:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2287:February 13,
2285:. Retrieved
2276:
2266:
2258:
2252:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2161:
2141:
2135:
2103:(591): 1–8.
2100:
2069:. Retrieved
2065:the original
2061:BusSongs.com
2060:
2051:
2041:February 24,
2039:. Retrieved
2035:the original
2030:
2027:: Woodchuck"
2024:
2017:
1998:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1930:the original
1925:
1916:
1904:. Retrieved
1895:
1885:
1876:
1843:. Retrieved
1834:
1828:
1821:
1809:. Retrieved
1769:
1765:
1752:
1740:. Retrieved
1699:
1695:
1682:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1629:. Retrieved
1596:
1590:
1580:
1568:. Retrieved
1535:
1531:
1521:
1509:. Retrieved
1499:
1492:
1482:February 20,
1480:. Retrieved
1471:
1462:
1434:
1430:Wilson, D.E.
1419:
1409:February 19,
1407:. Retrieved
1393:
1387:
1381:
1373:
1319:Robert Frost
1317:
1297:Pennsylvania
1278:
1258:reproduction
1238:liver cancer
1231:
1208:
1181:Dunkirk Dave
1162:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1117:
1086:
1059:
1055:Pennsylvania
1028:
1010:
1008:
1001:
985:
932:
929:Reproduction
911:
894:
890:
886:urbanization
882:
878:
875:
868:
844:
828:grasshoppers
804:sheep sorrel
797:
762:
745:
727:
722:
720:
698:
691:
631:hoary marmot
620:
578:
575:Narragansett
558:
556:
551:
540:
532:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
478:
426:
389:
384:
383:
379:
377:
366:
359:
358:
327:A. H. Howell
322:
312:M. m. ignava
311:
300:
292:
264:
262:
246:
245:
233:
91:
76:
67:
54:copy editing
52:may require
51:
5438:NatureServe
5360:iNaturalist
5280:Wikispecies
5046:Urocitellus
4985:S. relictus
4126:Subfamily:
3719:: 1193–1197
3200:January 27,
2994:Woodchuck.
2858:October 13,
2273:"Woodchuck"
1906:February 2,
1896:www.vpr.org
1845:February 1,
1511:January 29,
1234:hepatitis B
1221:, based at
1068:are likely
943:populations
914:hibernation
900:Hibernation
871:hibernating
800:herbivorous
730:to thrive.
609:Description
525:land beaver
493:whistle-pig
441:intelligent
293:M. m. monax
285:Subspecies
70:August 2024
5577:Groundhogs
5566:Categories
4112:Suborder:
4071:Marmotini
3928:. Vol. 1.
3568:: 119–125.
3542:: 295–357.
3344:Lynx rufus
3111:0813113148
2662:2142/14642
2414:0801823536
1366:References
1070:extirpated
1004:parasitism
951:copulation
918:frost line
847:metabolism
836:omnivorous
816:persicaria
573:(possibly
571:Algonquian
545:Algonquian
485:wood-shock
451:, forming
97:Groundhog
62:editing it
32:WhistlePig
5522:Q19773196
5507:Mus monax
4519:Neotamias
4472:Subgenus
4379:Subgenus
4375:(marmots)
4327:Ictidomys
4121:Sciuridae
4084:Kingdom:
4016:Woodchuck
3837:April 11,
3144:April 25,
2931:Woodchuck
2784:1522-2152
2722:August 7,
2703:0008-4301
2222:Cytologia
2127:253945560
1621:224867974
1327:reticence
1305:artifacts
1301:excavated
1262:neurology
1236:-induced
1093:mustelids
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753:agonistic
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360:Mus monax
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5516:Wikidata
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5265:Wikidata
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4107:Rodentia
4100:Mammalia
4093:Chordata
4091:Phylum:
4086:Animalia
3962:April 1,
3956:Archived
3892:Archived
3862:Archived
3831:Archived
3780:Archived
3750:Archived
3686:Archived
3663:9406434M
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3259:44149042
3230:July 22,
3224:Archived
3138:Archived
3120:5047309M
2981:56472630
2934:Archived
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1323:metaphor
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1033:include
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521:red monk
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