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their position. The theory posits that each group member enters the discussion aware of a set of items of information or arguments favoring both sides of the issue, but lean toward that side that boasts the greater amount of information. In other words, individuals base their individual choices by weighing remembered pro and con arguments. Some of these items or arguments are shared among the members while some items are unshared, in which all but one member has considered these arguments before. Assuming most or all group members lean in the same direction, during discussion, items of unshared information supporting that direction are expressed, which provides members previously unaware of them more reason to lean in that direction. Group discussion shifts the weight of evidence as each group member expresses their arguments, shedding light onto a number of different positions and ideas. Research has indicated that informational influence is more likely with intellective issues, a group goal of making correct decision, task-oriented group members, and private responses. Furthermore, research suggests that it is not simply the sharing of information that predicts group polarization. Rather, the amount of information and persuasiveness of the arguments mediate the level of polarization experienced.
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suggests that a general phenomenon of choice-shifts exists apart from only risk-related decisions. Stoner (1968) found that a decision is impacted by the values behind that circumstances of the decision. The study found that situations that normally favor the more risky alternative increased risky shifts. More so, situations that normally favor the cautious alternative increased cautious shifts. These findings also show the importance of previous group shifts. Choice shifts are mainly explained by largely differing human values and how highly these values are held by an individual. According to
Moscovici et al. (1972) interaction within a group and differences of opinion are necessary for group polarization to take place. While an extremist in the group may sway opinion, the shift can only occur with sufficient and proper interaction within the group. In other words, the extremist will have no impact without interaction. Also, Moscovici et al. found individual preferences to be irrelevant; it is differences of opinion which will cause the shift. This finding demonstrates how one opinion in the group will not sway the group; it is the combination of all the individual opinions that will make an impact.
302:, or normative influence theory, has been widely used to explain group polarization. According to the social comparison interpretation, group polarization occurs as a result of individuals' desire to gain acceptance and be perceived in a favorable way by their group. The theory holds that people first compare their own ideas with those held by the rest of the group; they observe and evaluate what the group values and prefers. In order to gain acceptance, people then take a position that is similar to everyone else's but slightly more extreme. In doing so, individuals support the group's beliefs while still presenting themselves as admirable group "leaders". The presence of a member with an extreme viewpoint or attitude does not further polarize the group. Studies regarding the theory have demonstrated that normative influence is more likely with judgmental issues, a group goal of harmony, person-oriented group members, and public responses.
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that would conform to the average risk level of its members. The seemingly counter-intuitive findings of Stoner led to a spurt of research around the risky shift, which was originally thought to be a special case exception to the standard decision-making practice. Many people had concluded that people in a group setting would make decisions based on what they assumed to be the overall risk level of a group; because Stoner's work did not necessarily address this specific theme, and because it does seem to contrast Stoner's initial definition of risky shift, additional controversy arose leading researchers to further examine the topic. By the late 1960s, however, it had become clear that the risky shift was just one type of many attitudes that became more extreme in groups, leading
Moscovici and Zavalloni to term the overall phenomenon "group polarization."
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expected. The study's results also showed that groupthink occurs less in computer-mediated discussions than when people are face to face. Moreover, computer-mediated discussions often fail to result in a group consensus, or lead to less satisfaction with the consensus that was reached, compared to groups operating in a natural environment. Furthermore, the experiment took place over a two-week period, leading the researchers to suggest that group polarization may occur only in the short-term. Overall, the results suggest that not only may group polarization not be as prevalent as previous studies suggest, but group theories, in general, may not be simply transferable when seen in a computer-related discussion.
235:"Mr. A, an electrical engineer, who is married and has one child, has been working for a large electronics corporation since graduating from college five years ago. He is assured of a lifetime job with a modest, though adequate, salary and liberal pension benefits upon retirement. On the other hand, it is very unlikely that his salary will increase much before he retires. While attending a convention, Mr. A is offered a job with a small, newly founded company which has a highly uncertain future. The new job would pay more to start and would offer the possibility of a share in the owner- ship if the company survived the competition of the larger firms."
334:, which holds that conformity stems from psychological processes; that is, being a member of a group is defined as the subjective perception of the self as a member of a specific category. Accordingly, proponents of the self-categorization model hold that group polarization occurs because individuals identify with a particular group and conform to a prototypical group position that is more extreme than the group mean. In contrast to social comparison theory and persuasive argumentation theory, the self-categorization model maintains that inter-group categorization processes are the cause of group polarization
394:) discussions. In particular, this study found that group discussions, conducted when discussants are in a distributed (cannot see one another) or anonymous (cannot identify one another) environment, can lead to even higher levels of group polarization compared to traditional meetings. This is attributed to the greater numbers of novel arguments generated (due to persuasive arguments theory) and higher incidence of one-upmanship behaviors (due to social comparison).
441:. A study by Myers in 2005 reported that initial differences among American college students become more accentuated over time. For example, students who do not belong to fraternities and sororities tend to be more liberal politically, and this difference increases over the course of their college careers. Researchers theorize that this is at least partially explained by group polarization, as group members tend to reinforce one another's proclivities and opinions.
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deliberating together, mock jury members often decided on punitive damage awards that were either larger or smaller than the amount any individual juror had favored prior to deliberation. The studies indicated that when the jurors favored a relatively low award, discussion would lead to an even more lenient result, while if the jury was inclined to impose a stiff penalty, discussion would make it even harsher. Moreover, in recent years, the
Internet and online
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115:" issues. For most issues, new evidence does not produce a polarization effect. For those issues where polarization is found, mere thinking about the issue, without contemplating new evidence, produces the effect. Social comparison processes have also been invoked as an explanation for the effect, which is increased by settings in which people repeat and validate each other's statements. This apparent tendency is of interest not only to
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The results of the study supported their hypothesis in that participants converged on a norm polarized toward risk on risky items and toward caution on cautious items. Another similar study found that in-group prototypes become more polarized as the group becomes more extreme in the social context. This further lends support to the self-categorization explanation of group polarization.
318:'s 1986 meta-analysis of the data gathered by both the persuasive argument and social comparison camps succeeded, in large part, in answering the questions about predominant mechanisms. Isenberg concluded that there was substantial evidence that both effects were operating simultaneously, and that persuasive arguments theory operated when social comparison did not, and vice versa.
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108:: the tendency of people to search for and interpret evidence selectively, to reinforce their current beliefs or attitudes. When people encounter ambiguous evidence, this bias can potentially result in each of them interpreting it as in support of their existing attitudes, widening rather than narrowing the disagreement between them.
154:, the other strongly opposed. The researchers initially measured the strength with which people held their position. Later, both the pro- and anti-capital punishment people were put into small groups and shown one of two cards, each containing a statement about the results of a research project written on it. For example:
341:, which explains group polarization as conformity to a polarized norm, was found by Hogg, Turner, and Davidson in 1990. In their experiment, participants gave pre-test, post-test, and group consensus recommendations on three choice dilemma item-types (risky, neutral, or cautious). The researchers hypothesized that an
387:, a late term abortion doctor, where the tweets analyzed were conversations among supporters and opponents of abortion rights, post shooting. The study found that like-minded individuals strengthened group identity whereas replies between different-minded individuals reinforced a split in affiliation.
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However, some research suggests that important differences arise in measuring group polarization in laboratory versus field experiments. A study conducted by Taylor & MacDonald (2002) featured a realistic setting of a computer-mediated discussion, but group polarization did not occur at the level
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confronted by a risky outgroup will polarize toward caution, an ingroup confronted by a caution outgroup will polarize toward risk, and an ingroup in the middle of the social frame of reference, confronted by both risky and cautious outgroups, will not polarize but will converge on its pre-test mean.
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The study of group polarization can be traced back to an unpublished 1961 Master's thesis by MIT student James Stoner, who observed the so-called "risky shift". The concept of risky shift maintains that a group's decisions are riskier than the average of the individual decisions of members before the
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Group polarization is similarly influential in legal contexts. A study that assessed whether
Federal district court judges behaved differently when they sat alone, or in small groups, demonstrated that those judges who sat alone took extreme action 35% of the time, whereas judges who sat in a group
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individuals. Similar to the social media platforms, video streaming platforms like YouTube are forming groups unconsciously through intelligent algorithm seeking for extreme contents. Owing to this technology, it is possible for individuals to curate their sources of information and the opinions to
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The discovery of the risky shift was considered surprising and counter-intuitive, especially since earlier work in the 1920s and 1930s by
Allport and other researchers suggested that individuals made more extreme decisions than did groups, leading to the expectation that groups would make decisions
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Individuals completed the questionnaire and made their decisions independently of others. Later, they would be asked to join a group to reassess their choices. Indicated by shifts in the mean value, initial studies using this method revealed that group decisions tended to be relatively riskier than
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In early studies, the risky-shift phenomenon was measured using a scale known as the Choice-Dilemmas
Questionnaire. This measure required participants to consider a hypothetical scenario in which an individual is faced with a dilemma and must make a choice to resolve the issue at hand. Participants
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Informational influence, or persuasive arguments theory, has also been used to explain group polarization, and is most recognized by psychologists today. The persuasive arguments interpretation holds that individuals become more convinced of their views when they hear novel arguments in support of
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point out that it is reasonable for people to be less critical of research that supports their current position, but it seems less rational for people to significantly increase the strength of their attitudes when they read supporting evidence. When people had read both the research that supported
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Group polarization has been reported to occur during wartime and other times of conflict and helps to account partially for violent behavior and conflict. Researchers have suggested, for instance, that ethnic conflict exacerbates group polarization by enhancing identification with the ingroup and
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refers to the tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members. These more extreme decisions are towards greater risk if individuals' initial tendencies are to be risky and towards greater caution if individuals' initial tendencies are to be
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The researchers found that people tended to believe that research that supported their original views had been better conducted and was more convincing than research that didn't. Whichever position they held initially, people tended to hold that position more strongly after reading research that
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Group polarization is an important phenomenon in social psychology and is observable in many social contexts. For example, a group of women who hold moderately feminist views tend to demonstrate heightened pro-feminist beliefs following group discussion. Similarly, studies have shown that after
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Risky and cautious shifts are both a part of a more generalized idea known as group-induced attitude polarization. Though group polarization deals mainly with risk-involving decisions and/or opinions, discussion-induced shifts have been shown to occur on several non-risk-involving levels. This
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strongly than before they received that information. These results should be understood in the context of several problems in the implementation of the study, including the fact the researchers changed the scaling of the outcome of the variable, so measuring attitude change was impossible, and
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In the next stage of the research, the participants were given more information about the study described on the card they received, including details of the research, critiques of the research, and the researchers' responses to those critiques. The participants' degree of commitment to their
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Subsequently, a decade-long period of examination of the applicability of group polarization to a number of fields in both lab and field settings began. There is a substantial amount of empirical evidence demonstrating the phenomenon of group polarization. Group polarization has been widely
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Research has suggested that well-established groups suffer less from polarization, as do groups discussing problems that are well known to them. However, in situations where groups are somewhat newly formed and tasks are new, group polarization can demonstrate a more profound influence on
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original positions were re-measured, and the participants were asked about the quality of the research and the effect the research had on their beliefs. Finally, the trial was rerun on all participants using a card that supported the opposite position to that they had initially seen.
158:
Kroner and
Phillips (1977) compared murder rates for the year before and the year after adoption of capital punishment in 14 states. In 11 of the 14 states, murder rates were lower after adoption of the death penalty. This research supports the deterrent effect of the death
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Palmer and
Crandall (1977) compared murder rates in 10 pairs of neighboring states with different capital punishment laws. In 8 of the 10 pairs, murder rates were higher in the state with capital punishment. This research opposes the deterrent effect of the death
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demonstrate that group polarization can occur even when a group is not physically together. As long as the group of individuals begins with the same fundamental opinion on the topic and a consistent dialogue is kept going, group polarization can occur.
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Almost as soon as the phenomenon of group polarization was discovered, a number of theories were offered to help explain and account for it. These explanations were gradually narrowed down and grouped together until two primary mechanisms remained,
239:
Participants were then asked to imagine that they were advising Mr. A. They would then be provided with a series of probabilities that indicate whether the new company that offered him a position is financially stable. It would read as following
416:). Researchers have identified an increase in affective polarization among the United States electorate, and report that hostility and discrimination towards the opposing political party has increased dramatically over time.
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those that were made by individuals. This tendency also occurred when individual judgments were collected after the group discussion and even when the individual post-discussion measures were delayed two to six weeks.
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of three took extreme action 65% of the time. These results are noteworthy because they indicate that even trained, professional decision-makers are subject to the influences of group polarization.
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hostility towards the outgroup. While polarization can occur in any type of conflict, it has its most damaging effects in large-scale inter-group, public policy, and international conflicts.
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371:, has enabled people to seek out and share ideas with others who have similar interests and common values, making group polarization effects increasingly evident, particularly in
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refers to the outcome of that attitude change; namely, the difference between the average group members' pre-group discussion attitudes and the outcome of the group decision.
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While these two theories are the most widely accepted as explanations for group polarization, alternative theories have been proposed. The most popular of these theories is
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considered as a fundamental group decision-making process and was well established, but remained non-obvious and puzzling because its mechanisms were not fully understood.
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toward a situation may change in the sense that the individuals' initial attitudes have strengthened and intensified after group discussion, a phenomenon known as
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Hogg, M.A.; Turner, J.C.; Davidson, B. (1990). "Polarized norms and social frames of reference: A test of the self-categorization theory of group polarization".
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Lord, C. G.; Ross, L.; Lepper, M. R. (1979). "Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence".
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which they are exposed, thereby reinforcing and strengthening their own views while effectively avoiding information and perspectives with which they disagree.
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were then asked to estimate the probability that a certain choice would be of benefit or risk to the individual being discussed. Consider the following example:
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Sia, C. L; Tan, B; Wei, K. K. (2002). "Group
Polarization and Computer-Mediated Communication: Effects of Communication Cues, Social Presence, and Anonymity".
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McGarty, Craig; John C. Turner, Michael A., Barbara David; et al. (March 1992). "Group polarization as conformity to the prototypical group member".
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Bastug, Mehmet F.; Douai, Aziz; Akca, Davut (2020-07-02). "Exploring the "Demand Side" of Online
Radicalization: Evidence from the Canadian Context".
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Moscovici, S.; W. Doise; R. Dulong (1972). "Studies in group decision: II. Differences of positions, differences of opinion, and group polarization".
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have also presented opportunities to observe group polarization and compile new research. Psychologists have found that social media outlets such as
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Brauer, Mark J.; Judd, Charles Mosley; Gliner, M D (1995). "The effects of repeated expressions on attitude polarization during group discussions".
102:, is a phenomenon in which a disagreement becomes more extreme as the different parties consider evidence on the issue. It is one of the effects of
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Vinokur, A.; Burnstein, E. (1974). "Effects of partially shared persuasive arguments on group induced shifts: A group problem-solving approach".
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1288:"Knowing what to think by knowing who you are: Self-categorization and the nature of norm formation, conformity and group polarization"
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Walker, Thomas G.; Main, Eleanor C. (December 1973). "Choice shifts and extreme behavior: Judicial review in the federal courts".
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measured polarization using a subjective assessment of attitude change and not a direct measure of how much change had occurred.
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Bray, R. M.; A. M. Noble (1978). "Authoritarianism and decisions of mock juries: Evidence of jury bias and group polarization".
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243:"Please check the lowest probability that you would consider acceptable to make it worthwhile for Mr. A to take the new job."
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effect of the death penalty, and, this time, also asked them about the effect that the research had had on their attitudes.
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In the 1970s, significant arguments occurred over whether persuasive argumentation alone accounted for group polarization.
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Kunovich, Robert; Deitelbaum, Catherine (2004). "Ethnic Conflict, Group Polarization, and Gender Attitudes in Croatia".
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Taylor, J.; MacDonald, J. (2002). "The effects of asynchronous computer-mediated group interaction of group processes".
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Since the late 1960s, psychologists have carried out a number of studies on various aspects of attitude polarization.
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Iyengar, Shanto; Westwood, Sean (2014). "Fear and Loathing Across Party Lines: New Evidence on Group Polarization".
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Taber, Charles S.; Lodge, Milton (July 2006). "Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs".
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____Place a check here if you think Mr. A should not take the new job no matter what the probabilities.
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Hinsz, V.B.; Davis, J.H. (1984). "Persuasive Arguments Theory, Group Polarization, and Choice Shifts".
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Kuhn, Deanna; Lao, Joseph (1996). "Effects of Evidence on Attitudes: Is Polarization the Norm?".
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In a study conducted by Sia et al. (2002), group polarization was found to occur with online (
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performed a study in which they selected two groups of people, one group strongly in favor of
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On a smaller scale, group polarization can also be seen in the everyday lives of students in
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Baldassarri, Delia; Bearman, Peter (October 2007). "Dynamics of Political Polarization".
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refers to attitude change on the individual level due to the influence of the group, and
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their views and the research that did not, they tended to hold their original attitudes
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Stoner, J.A. (1961). "A comparison of individual and group decision involving risk".
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The rising popularity and increased number of online social media platforms, such as
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Isenberg, D.J. (1986). "Group Polarization: A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis".
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Group polarization has been widely discussed in terms of political behavior (see
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The researchers again asked people about the strength of their beliefs about the
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The effect is observed with issues that activate emotions, such as political "
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Moscovici, S.; M. Zavalloni (1969). "The group as a polarizer of attitudes".
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One study analyzed over 30,000 tweets on Twitter regarding the shooting of
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____The chances are 9 in 10 that the company will prove financially sound.
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____The chances are 7 in 10 that the company will prove financially sound.
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____The chances are 5 in 10 that the company will prove financially sound.
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____The chances are 3 in 10 that the company will prove financially sound.
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____The chances are 1 in 10 that the company will prove financially sound.
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Myers, D.G.; H. Lamm (1975). "The polarizing effect of group discussion".
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685:"Dynamic Debates: An analysis of group polarization over time on Twitter"
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3903:
3504:
3499:
3321:
2666:
2428:
2396:
2096:
2049:
1942:
1920:
1831:
1585:
495:
2317:
1493:
1286:
Abrams, D.; M. Wetherell; S. Cochrane; M.A. Hogg; J.C. Turner (1990).
1285:
1006:
5051:
4891:
4784:
4384:
4236:
2694:
2519:
2448:
2438:
2284:
2114:
1886:
1826:
1237:
1175:
368:
1809:
1710:
968:
206:
are similar in many ways; however, they differ in one distinct way.
4490:
2546:
2443:
2131:
2104:
1799:
1485:
1189:
Van Swol, Lyn M. (2009). "Extreme members and group polarization".
360:
143:
57:
1140:
Unpublished Master's Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
725:
Myers, D.G.; H. Lamm (1976). "The group polarization phenomenon".
466:
3589:
3575:
2823:
2643:
2473:
2181:
1896:
1794:
996:
994:
364:
342:
61:
1042:
1030:
1018:
584:
Myers, D.G. (1975). "Discussion-induced attitude polarization".
19:"Polarization (psychology)" redirects here. For other uses, see
4840:
3754:
991:
720:
718:
5014:
4712:
2391:
1636:"Polarization and Conflict: Theoretical and Empirical Issues"
1404:. International clearninghouse on children, youth and media.
621:
619:
617:
615:
1331:
1059:
1057:
715:
1110:
612:
321:
1402:
Influences of mediated violence: a brief research summary
1054:
754:
A Mind of its Own - How Your Brain Distorts and Deceives
1606:
1161:
1223:
1106:
1104:
646:
448:
21:
Polarization (disambiguation) § Social sciences
3788:
1506:
1131:
35:cautious. The phenomenon also holds that a group's
1672:
969:"Disagreement, Dogmatism, and Belief Polarization"
923:
534:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. pp.
1470:"Deliberative Trouble? Why groups go to extremes"
1101:
5090:
1633:
1244:
888:
776:
774:
1571:
1536:
1424:
682:
652:
276:
1048:
1036:
1024:
1012:
1000:
780:
2807:
2573:
2333:
1726:
771:
689:Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society
4775:
1385:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1226:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1182:
1164:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
891:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
783:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
724:
655:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
628:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
548:
1702:Exploring Social Psychology: Fourth Edition
1327:
1325:
1323:
678:
676:
423:
293:
3320:
2499:
2340:
2326:
1733:
1719:
1253:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
1250:
849:
847:
815:
751:
305:
1634:Esteban, Joan; Schneider, Gerald (2008).
1399:
1303:
1092:
1073:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
3469:
1467:
1320:
1188:
673:
625:
330:. Self-categorization theory stems from
72:
3258:
2347:
853:
844:
527:
322:Self-categorization and social identity
5091:
1137:
1063:
221:
4981:
4824:
4200:
3787:
3606:
3468:
3319:
3257:
2806:
2717:
2572:
2368:
2321:
1740:
1714:
1699:
1574:American Journal of Political Science
1532:
1530:
1113:European Journal of Social Psychology
966:
818:American Journal of Political Science
583:
130:
2075:Social determinants of mental health
1987:Social determinants of mental health
1361:British Journal of Social Psychology
1292:British Journal of Social Psychology
3975:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
2629:
1427:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism
1334:Basic and Applied Social Psychology
1152:Forsyth, D.R. (2010) Group Dynamics
407:
13:
4743:Springfield, Ohio, cat-eating hoax
1527:
1373:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1992.tb00952.x
1305:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00892.x
868:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00340.x
683:Yardi, Sarita; Danah Boyd (2010).
14:
5125:
4375:Western-backed Iranian Revolution
4107:Proposed "Islamo-leftism" inquiry
2122:Frustration–aggression hypothesis
3834:Gas chambers for Poles in Warsaw
3771:Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning
3137:South African Airways Flight 295
1808:
1687:10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00080.x
1609:The Journal of Social Psychology
830:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00214.x
465:
451:
197:
4418:Petrograd Military Organization
3941:International Jewish conspiracy
3789:Race, religion and/or ethnicity
3451:Denial of the 7 October attacks
3276:California drought manipulation
1693:
1666:
1627:
1600:
1565:
1500:
1461:
1418:
1393:
1352:
1279:
1217:
1155:
1146:
960:
917:
882:
809:
432:
354:
349:
4367:Israel-related animal theories
1675:Journal of Marriage and Family
745:
577:
542:
521:
1:
4539:First Catilinarian conspiracy
3571:Ideology in incel communities
2302:Fundamental attribution error
1621:10.1080/00224545.1973.9923044
1439:10.1080/1057610X.2018.1494409
515:
4982:
4905:Freeman on the land movement
4795:Maricopa County ballot audit
4753:"Vast right-wing conspiracy"
4201:
3170:Malaysia Airlines Flight 370
2454:Global catastrophe scenarios
2369:
1948:Elaboration likelihood model
1869:Social dominance orientation
1509:Information Systems Research
1085:10.1016/0022-1031(68)90069-3
1064:Stoner, James A. F. (1968).
1049:Lord, Ross & Lepper 1979
1037:Lord, Ross & Lepper 1979
1025:Lord, Ross & Lepper 1979
1013:Lord, Ross & Lepper 1979
1001:Lord, Ross & Lepper 1979
926:American Sociological Review
795:10.1037/0022-3514.37.11.2098
667:10.1037/0022-3514.36.12.1424
277:Major theoretical approaches
7:
5069:Science by press conference
5042:Online youth radicalization
4961:Ted Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme
4648:CIA assistance to bin Laden
4281:(outside the United States)
3445:Malaysia Airlines Flight 17
3391:Mozambican presidential jet
3131:United Air Lines Flight 553
2662:Interdimensional hypothesis
2358:List of conspiracy theories
2155:Negative-state relief model
2065:Diffusion of responsibility
1931:Asch conformity experiments
1750:Interpersonal relationships
1346:10.1207/s15324834basp1101_6
903:10.1037/0022-3514.68.6.1014
640:10.1037/0022-3514.50.6.1141
444:
46:
10:
5130:
4343:Middle East / North Africa
3743:oral polio AIDS hypothesis
3607:
2280:Observer-expectancy effect
1914:Door-in-the-face technique
1909:Foot-in-the-door technique
1892:Stanford prison experiment
1551:10.1177/089443930202000304
938:10.1177/000312240707200507
739:10.1037/0033-2909.83.4.602
598:10.1177/001872677502800802
400:
339:self-categorization theory
328:self-categorization theory
76:
18:
4988:
4977:
4933:
4890:
4831:
4825:
4820:
4594:
4483:
4436:
4395:
4342:
4277:
4211:
4207:
4196:
4120:
4072:
4026:
3884:
3794:
3783:
3613:
3602:
3475:
3464:
3329:
3315:
3266:
3253:
3214:
3179:
3076:
2817:
2813:
2808:Deaths and disappearances
2802:
2673:Estimate of the Situation
2579:
2574:Astronomy and outer space
2568:
2492:
2379:
2375:
2364:
2355:
2250:
2220:
2180:
2130:
2095:
2005:
1877:
1859:Realistic conflict theory
1847:Implicit association test
1817:
1806:
1783:Triangular theory of love
1748:
1640:Journal of Peace Research
1203:10.1080/15534510802584368
83:Selective exposure theory
4882:Shakespearean authorship
4860:Shadow government claims
4663:Election denial movement
4559:Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet
3001:Diana, Princess of Wales
2552:Psychological projection
2535:Mass psychogenic illness
2290:Representative heuristic
2070:Social comparison theory
1652:10.1177/0022343307087168
1265:10.1177/0146167284102012
1015:, pp. 2102, 2105–6.
985:10.5840/jphil20081051024
752:Fine, Cordelia (2006a).
701:10.1177/0270467610380011
528:Aronson, Elliot (2010).
424:War and violent behavior
300:social comparison theory
294:Social comparison theory
4999:Conspiracy Encyclopedia
4993:Argument from ignorance
4693:Philadelphia Experiment
4302:Avro Arrow cancellation
4127:Denial of mass killings
3809:COVID-19 and xenophobia
3293:Free energy suppression
2484:Urban legends and myths
2409:power behind the throne
2265:Counterfactual thinking
1778:Physical attractiveness
1521:10.1287/isre.13.1.70.92
1468:Sunstein, Cass (2000).
1125:10.1002/ejsp.2420020404
306:Informational influence
288:informational influence
202:Group polarization and
5037:Historical negationism
4456:Operation Sledgehammer
4222:Cow vigilante violence
3914:during the Black Death
3101:Great KantĹŤ earthquake
2971:GEC-Marconi scientists
2917:Martin Luther King Jr.
2680:Lake Michigan Triangle
2649:Black Knight satellite
2510:Communal reinforcement
2424:Political conspiracies
2295:Availability heuristic
2240:Choice-supportive bias
2060:False-consensus effect
2020:Social identity theory
1854:Minimal group paradigm
1400:Feilitzen, C. (2009).
967:Kelly, Thomas (2008).
727:Psychological Bulletin
414:political polarization
332:social identity theory
237:
170:
161:
4765:Stab-in-the-back myth
4569:Clockwork Orange plot
4087:Bihar human sacrifice
4018:Stab-in-the-back myth
3841:German POWs post-WWII
3723:Germ theory denialism
3718:Electronic harassment
3439:Smolensk air disaster
3403:Oklahoma City bombing
3281:Climate change denial
3077:Accidents / disasters
3013:Nepalese royal family
2500:Attitude polarization
1955:Pluralistic ignorance
1539:Social Science Review
973:Journal of Philosophy
856:Psychological Science
233:
165:
156:
92:Attitude polarization
87:Subjective validation
73:Attitude polarization
41:attitude polarization
4836:Dead Internet theory
4327:Daktari Ranch affair
4112:Trojan Horse scandal
3490:anti-gender movement
3470:Gender and sexuality
3427:Madrid train bombing
3373:Lufthansa Flight 615
3061:Sushant Singh Rajput
2601:Apollo Moon landings
2505:Cognitive dissonance
2235:Cognitive dissonance
1837:Outgroup homogeneity
1768:Mere-exposure effect
1474:The Yale Law Journal
403:Echo chamber (media)
79:Reinforcement theory
4910:Redemption movement
4678:Georgia Guidestones
3951:Cultural Bolshevism
3590:Soy and masculinity
3260:Energy, environment
3164:EgyptAir Flight 990
2905:Lal Bahadur Shastri
2875:Subhas Chandra Bose
2349:Conspiracy theories
2200:Cultural relativism
2150:Reciprocal altruism
2055:In-group favoritism
2025:Social facilitation
563:1975AmSci..63..297M
222:History and origins
184:supported it. Lord
100:polarization effect
96:belief polarization
5005:Conspiracy fiction
4915:Sovereign citizens
4668:FBI secret society
4653:Clinton body count
4463:Gezi Park protests
4428:Ukraine bioweapons
4227:Greater Bangladesh
3969:Judeo-Masonic plot
3766:Water fluoridation
3733:HIV/AIDS denialism
3480:Alpha / beta males
3379:Widerøe Flight 933
2857:Władysław Sikorski
2596:Ancient astronauts
2172:Prisoner's dilemma
2145:Prosocial behavior
2045:Group polarization
1965:Milgram experiment
1926:Autokinetic effect
1700:Myers, DG (2007).
1586:10.1111/ajps.12152
1039:, pp. 2105–6.
1027:, pp. 2106–7.
551:American Scientist
491:Group-serving bias
208:Group polarization
152:capital punishment
131:Empirical findings
32:group polarization
5104:Social psychology
5086:
5085:
5082:
5081:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4951:Birds Aren't Real
4816:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4638:Black helicopters
4549:Mano Negra affair
4519:Itavia Flight 870
4446:2016 coup attempt
4350:In the Arab world
4282:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4180:Serbs during WWII
4097:Great Replacement
3955:Jewish Bolshevism
3871:War against Islam
3850:Product labeling
3819:French Revolution
3779:
3778:
3618:5G misinformation
3598:
3597:
3460:
3459:
3415:advance knowledge
3397:Pan Am Flight 103
3311:
3310:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3193:Yemenite children
2923:Robert F. Kennedy
2899:Lee Harvey Oswald
2881:Johnny Stompanato
2798:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2751:Aztec, New Mexico
2654:Cryptoterrestrial
2564:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2515:Confirmation bias
2315:
2314:
2307:Self-serving bias
2275:Confirmation bias
2260:Explanatory style
2040:Group development
1842:Stereotype threat
1758:Attachment theory
1742:Social psychology
1411:978-91-89471-81-8
1051:, p. 2101n1.
789:(11): 2098–2109.
661:(12): 1424–1430.
531:Social Psychology
510:Identity politics
481:Confirmation bias
459:Psychology portal
392:computer-mediated
284:social comparison
105:confirmation bias
69:decision-making.
28:social psychology
5121:
5020:pseudoskepticism
4979:
4978:
4888:
4887:
4822:
4821:
4773:
4772:
4658:Cultural Marxism
4499:Global War Party
4280:
4209:
4208:
4198:
4197:
3998:Killing of Jesus
3946:Committee of 300
3929:Holocaust denial
3882:
3881:
3866:Tartarian Empire
3836:
3827:
3804:CERN ritual hoax
3799:Bhagwa Love Trap
3785:
3784:
3738:origins theories
3623:Anti-vaccination
3604:
3603:
3554:Transvestigation
3466:
3465:
3317:
3316:
3255:
3254:
3215:Body double hoax
3049:Alejandro Castro
2947:Pope John Paul I
2929:Salvador Allende
2863:Benito Mussolini
2815:
2814:
2804:
2803:
2757:Southern England
2715:
2714:
2658:Extraterrestrial
2627:
2626:
2589:Nibiru cataclysm
2570:
2569:
2525:Locus of control
2479:Secret societies
2377:
2376:
2366:
2365:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2319:
2318:
2230:Spotlight effect
2160:Empathy-altruism
2140:Bystander effect
2085:Frog pond effect
2080:Self-enhancement
1977:Self-concealment
1879:Social influence
1812:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1681:(5): 1089–1107.
1670:
1664:
1663:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1534:
1525:
1524:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1384:
1376:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1329:
1318:
1317:
1307:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1238:10.1037/h0036010
1221:
1215:
1214:
1191:Social Influence
1186:
1180:
1179:
1176:10.1037/h0027568
1159:
1153:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1108:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
989:
988:
964:
958:
957:
921:
915:
914:
897:(6): 1014–1029.
886:
880:
879:
851:
842:
841:
813:
807:
806:
778:
769:
768:
749:
743:
742:
722:
713:
712:
680:
671:
670:
650:
644:
643:
634:(6): 1141–1151.
623:
610:
609:
581:
575:
574:
546:
540:
539:
525:
475:
470:
469:
461:
456:
455:
454:
439:higher education
408:Politics and law
337:Support for the
94:, also known as
5129:
5128:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5099:Group processes
5089:
5088:
5087:
5078:
5010:Conspirituality
4984:
4965:
4929:
4920:Strawman theory
4886:
4827:
4804:
4771:
4732:Saddam–al-Qaeda
4708:Project Azorian
4688:Montauk Project
4590:
4574:Elm Guest House
4535:Roman Republic
4479:
4468:Sèvres syndrome
4432:
4391:
4338:
4307:Leuchter report
4279:
4273:
4257:Finger-pinching
4203:
4184:
4125:
4122:Genocide denial
4116:
4068:
4022:
4008:New World Order
3880:
3832:
3821:
3790:
3775:
3645:in chiropractic
3609:
3594:
3561:Finger pinching
3549:litter box hoax
3515:HIV/AIDS stigma
3471:
3456:
3433:London bombings
3325:
3307:
3262:
3261:
3241:
3210:
3175:
3119:Lost Cosmonauts
3072:
3055:Jeffrey Epstein
3031:Osama bin Laden
3007:Alois Estermann
2893:John F. Kennedy
2839:Louis Le Prince
2822:
2809:
2786:
2713:
2639:Alien abduction
2625:
2584:2012 phenomenon
2575:
2556:
2488:
2371:
2360:
2351:
2346:
2316:
2311:
2246:
2216:
2176:
2126:
2110:Deindividuation
2091:
2035:Social cohesion
2001:
1873:
1813:
1804:
1790:Parenting style
1763:Falling in love
1744:
1739:
1709:
1698:
1694:
1671:
1667:
1632:
1628:
1605:
1601:
1570:
1566:
1535:
1528:
1505:
1501:
1466:
1462:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1398:
1394:
1378:
1377:
1357:
1353:
1330:
1321:
1284:
1280:
1249:
1245:
1222:
1218:
1187:
1183:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1136:
1132:
1109:
1102:
1068:
1062:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1007:
1003:, p. 2100.
999:
992:
979:(10): 611–633.
965:
961:
922:
918:
887:
883:
852:
845:
814:
810:
779:
772:
750:
746:
723:
716:
681:
674:
651:
647:
624:
613:
586:Human Relations
582:
578:
547:
543:
526:
522:
518:
486:Deindividuation
471:
464:
457:
452:
450:
447:
435:
426:
410:
405:
357:
352:
324:
316:Daniel Isenberg
308:
296:
279:
224:
200:
133:
89:
75:
49:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5127:
5117:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5084:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5064:Radicalization
5061:
5060:
5059:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5032:Fringe science
5029:
5027:Falsifiability
5024:
5023:
5022:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4995:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4975:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4925:Tax protesters
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4896:
4894:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4857:
4855:New chronology
4848:
4843:
4838:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4800:Stop the Steal
4797:
4792:
4787:
4781:
4779:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4734:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4720:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4600:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4493:
4487:
4485:
4484:Other European
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4442:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4413:Golden billion
4410:
4405:
4403:Alaska payment
4399:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4369:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4285:
4283:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4215:
4213:
4205:
4204:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4131:
4129:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4078:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4033:
4031:
4029:Anti-Christian
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3971:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3948:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3934:Trivialization
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3890:
3888:
3879:
3878:
3876:White genocide
3873:
3868:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3848:
3846:Priory of Sion
3843:
3838:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3650:misinformation
3647:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3620:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3532:Lavender scare
3524:
3523:
3522:
3512:
3510:gay Nazis myth
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3482:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3406:
3400:
3394:
3388:
3385:KAL Flight 007
3382:
3376:
3370:
3361:
3355:
3352:Reichstag fire
3349:
3340:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3286:false theories
3278:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3232:Vladimir Putin
3229:
3224:
3222:Paul McCartney
3218:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3190:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3158:TWA Flight 800
3155:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3125:JAT Flight 367
3122:
3116:
3110:
3107:Lynmouth Flood
3104:
3098:
3089:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3025:Benazir Bhutto
3022:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2941:Renny Ottolina
2938:
2932:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2887:Marilyn Monroe
2884:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2845:Lord Kitchener
2842:
2836:
2833:Zachary Taylor
2829:
2827:
2811:
2810:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2723:
2721:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2669:
2664:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2459:Hidden message
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2403:Ă©minence grise
2399:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2373:
2372:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2345:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2270:Framing effect
2267:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2186:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2030:Social loafing
2027:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2007:Group dynamics
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1982:Social anxiety
1979:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1883:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1864:Discrimination
1861:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1829:
1823:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1760:
1754:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1715:
1708:
1707:
1704:. McGraw Hill.
1692:
1665:
1646:(2): 131–141.
1626:
1615:(2): 215–221.
1599:
1580:(3): 690–707.
1564:
1545:(3): 260–274.
1526:
1499:
1486:10.2307/797587
1460:
1433:(7): 616–637.
1417:
1410:
1392:
1351:
1319:
1278:
1259:(2): 260–268.
1243:
1232:(3): 305–315.
1216:
1197:(3): 185–199.
1181:
1170:(2): 125–135.
1154:
1145:
1130:
1119:(4): 385–399.
1100:
1079:(4): 442–459.
1053:
1041:
1029:
1017:
1005:
990:
959:
932:(5): 784–811.
916:
881:
862:(2): 115–120.
843:
824:(3): 755–769.
808:
770:
744:
733:(4): 602–627.
714:
672:
645:
611:
592:(8): 699–714.
576:
557:(3): 297–303.
541:
519:
517:
514:
513:
512:
507:
505:herd mentality
498:
493:
488:
483:
477:
476:
473:Society portal
462:
446:
443:
434:
431:
425:
422:
409:
406:
356:
353:
351:
348:
323:
320:
307:
304:
295:
292:
278:
275:
223:
220:
199:
196:
132:
129:
119:, but also to
74:
71:
48:
45:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5126:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4987:
4980:
4976:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4900:Admiralty law
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4883:
4880:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4841:NESARA/GESARA
4839:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4830:
4823:
4819:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4777:2020 election
4774:
4766:
4762:
4761:POW/MIA issue
4759:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4748:Trump–Ukraine
4746:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4725:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4633:Biden–Ukraine
4631:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4603:Barack Obama
4602:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4596:United States
4593:
4585:
4584:Voting pencil
4582:
4580:
4579:Harold Wilson
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4317:Casa Matusita
4315:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4276:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4199:
4195:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4155:The Holocaust
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4082:Counter-jihad
4080:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4065:
4064:Giuseppe Siri
4062:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4037:Anti-Catholic
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4025:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3909:Doctors' plot
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3825:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3786:
3782:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3706:United States
3703:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3605:
3601:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3585:Satanic panic
3583:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3520:United States
3518:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3467:
3463:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3314:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3256:
3252:
3238:
3237:Melania Trump
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3227:Avril Lavigne
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3199:Elvis Presley
3197:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3019:Yasser Arafat
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2995:Yitzhak Rabin
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2819:Assassination
2816:
2812:
2805:
2801:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2775:Alien autopsy
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2709:Project Serpo
2707:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2571:
2567:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2469:Pseudoscience
2467:
2465:
2464:Pseudohistory
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2434:Crisis actors
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2207:Individualism
2205:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2195:Culture shock
2193:
2192:
2191:
2190:Enculturation
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2015:Belongingness
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1997:Social stress
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1703:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1531:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1480:(1): 71–119.
1479:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1413:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1388:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1298:(2): 97–119.
1297:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1149:
1141:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1105:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1058:
1050:
1045:
1038:
1033:
1026:
1021:
1014:
1009:
1002:
997:
995:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
963:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
920:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
885:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
850:
848:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
812:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
777:
775:
767:
766:0-393-06213-9
763:
759:
755:
748:
740:
736:
732:
728:
721:
719:
710:
706:
702:
698:
695:(5): 316–27.
694:
690:
686:
679:
677:
668:
664:
660:
656:
649:
641:
637:
633:
629:
622:
620:
618:
616:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
580:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
545:
537:
533:
532:
524:
520:
511:
508:
506:
502:
501:Herd behavior
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
478:
474:
468:
463:
460:
449:
442:
440:
430:
421:
417:
415:
404:
399:
395:
393:
388:
386:
385:George Tiller
381:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
347:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
319:
317:
312:
303:
301:
291:
289:
285:
274:
270:
266:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
236:
232:
228:
219:
215:
213:
209:
205:
204:choice shifts
198:Choice shifts
195:
192:
187:
181:
177:
175:
169:
164:
160:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
128:
126:
122:
118:
117:psychologists
114:
109:
107:
106:
101:
97:
93:
88:
84:
80:
70:
66:
63:
59:
55:
44:
42:
38:
33:
29:
22:
5114:Sectarianism
5074:Superstition
4997:
4853: /
4851:Phantom time
4790:"Pence Card"
4763: /
4757:Vietnam War
4722:
4683:Jade Helm 15
4624: /
4472:
4408:Dulles' Plan
4292:Andinia Plan
4267:Finland Plot
4253:South Korea
4247:Tallano gold
4243:Philippines
4074:Islamophobic
4027:Christian /
4003:Kalergi Plan
3993:Judeopolonia
3981:World War II
3973:
3959:
3953: /
3924:George Soros
3919:Epsilon Team
3894:Andinia Plan
3750:Lepers' plot
3704: /
3700: /
3692:turbo cancer
3578: /
3420:WTC collapse
3409:9/11 attacks
3365:
3358:Pearl Harbor
3344:
3335:
3150:
3143:Khamar-Daban
3113:Dyatlov Pass
3093:
3085:Mary Celeste
3084:
2983:Vince Foster
2869:Adolf Hitler
2733:Maury Island
2727:Dundy County
2699:
2690:Men in black
2672:
2660: /
2656: /
2611:Hollow Earth
2540:moral panics
2530:Manipulation
2422: /
2418: /
2401:
2222:Self-concept
2212:Collectivism
2044:
1992:Social proof
1701:
1695:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1542:
1538:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1401:
1395:
1381:cite journal
1364:
1360:
1354:
1337:
1333:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1148:
1139:
1133:
1116:
1112:
1094:1721.1/48923
1076:
1072:
1044:
1032:
1020:
1008:
976:
972:
962:
929:
925:
919:
894:
890:
884:
859:
855:
821:
817:
811:
786:
782:
758:W. W. Norton
753:
747:
730:
726:
692:
688:
658:
654:
648:
631:
627:
589:
585:
579:
554:
550:
544:
530:
523:
436:
433:College life
427:
418:
411:
396:
389:
382:
377:generation Z
373:generation Y
358:
355:The Internet
350:Applications
336:
325:
313:
309:
297:
280:
271:
267:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
238:
234:
229:
225:
216:
212:choice shift
211:
207:
203:
201:
190:
185:
182:
178:
171:
166:
162:
157:
140:Charles Lord
137:
134:
125:philosophers
121:sociologists
110:
103:
99:
95:
91:
90:
67:
54:social media
50:
40:
31:
25:
5057:hate speech
4643:CIA and JFK
4622:"Obamagate"
4607:citizenship
4509:German Plot
4047:Popish Plot
4013:Rothschilds
3899:Blood libel
3886:Antisemitic
3822: [
3702:Philippines
3539:Recruitment
3324:allegations
3303:Red mercury
3187:Joan of Arc
3180:Other cases
3121:(1950s–60s)
3067:John McAfee
3037:Hugo Chávez
2989:Kurt Cobain
2977:Turgut Ă–zal
2973:(1980s–90s)
2953:Airey Neave
2911:Harold Holt
2851:Tom Thomson
2769:Gulf Breeze
2763:Ilkley Moor
2616:Hollow Moon
2387:Antiscience
2380:Core topics
2252:Attribution
2167:Cooperation
1972:Reciprocity
227:group met.
148:Mark Lepper
5109:Motivation
5093:Categories
5047:Paranormal
4956:Li's field
4875:synarchism
4870:Illuminati
4865:Bilderberg
4737:Sandy Hook
4673:FEMA camps
4525:Lithuania
4360:Cairo fire
4332:Golpe Azul
4323:Venezuela
4288:Argentina
4140:Bangladesh
4102:Love jihad
3961:Żydokomuna
3904:Cohen Plan
3814:Freemasons
3677:Ivermectin
3667:Chemtrails
3662:Big Pharma
3638:Thiomersal
3505:gay agenda
3500:drag panic
3485:Anti-LGBTQ
3322:False flag
2965:Zia-ul-Haq
2959:Olof Palme
2781:Morristown
2745:Twin Falls
2701:Die Glocke
2667:Dulce Base
2621:Reptilians
2606:Flat Earth
2493:Psychology
2429:Conspiracy
2397:deep state
2097:Aggression
2050:Groupthink
1943:Persuasion
1921:Conformity
1904:Compliance
1832:Stereotype
1773:Similarity
1340:: 77–100.
516:References
496:Groupthink
401:See also:
174:deterrence
113:hot-button
77:See also:
5052:Prejudice
4946:Bielefeld
4934:Satirical
4892:Pseudolaw
4785:Italygate
4724:incidents
4698:Pizzagate
4617:parentage
4529:Statesmen
4451:Ergenekon
4385:Pallywood
4355:10 agorot
4263:Thailand
4237:Jinnahpur
4233:Pakistan
4160:Holodomor
4150:Cambodian
3657:Aspartame
3566:GamerGate
3527:Homintern
3495:Chemicals
3345:Lusitania
3271:Agenda 21
3205:Jonestown
3195:(1948–54)
3043:Seth Rich
2935:Aldo Moro
2771:(1987–88)
2695:Nazi UFOs
2520:Denialism
2449:Espionage
2439:Deception
2285:Heuristic
2115:Anonymity
1960:Obedience
1887:Authority
1827:Prejudice
1559:220160579
1515:: 70–90.
1455:115806907
1447:1057-610X
1273:145085635
1211:219697757
876:145659040
709:144371141
606:145480929
369:Instagram
138:In 1979,
4983:See also
4846:New Coke
4703:The Plan
4612:religion
4505:Ireland
4495:Georgia
4491:Euromyth
4474:Üst akıl
4423:Rasputin
4278:Americas
4202:Regional
4135:Armenian
3687:vaccines
3682:lab leak
3672:COVID-19
3544:Grooming
2826:theories
2547:Paranoia
2444:Dystopia
2420:Criminal
2370:Overview
2132:Altruism
2105:Violence
1819:Conflict
1800:Adoption
1594:16242632
1367:: 1–19.
954:10156795
946:25472492
445:See also
361:Facebook
168:penalty.
159:penalty.
144:Lee Ross
58:Facebook
47:Overview
37:attitude
4626:Spygate
4555:Sweden
4381:Israel
4298:Canada
4170:Rwandan
4165:Nanjing
4145:Bosnian
4092:Eurabia
4052:Vatican
4042:Jesuits
3837:(1940s)
3755:Medbeds
3580:Gaylors
3576:Larries
3411:(2001)
3366:Liberty
3151:Estonia
3094:Titanic
2824:suicide
2739:Roswell
2644:Area 51
2474:Secrecy
2182:Culture
1938:Passing
1897:Honesty
1795:Divorce
1660:5952676
1314:2372667
911:7608855
838:3770487
803:7465318
571:1147368
559:Bibcode
365:Twitter
343:ingroup
62:Twitter
4739:(2012)
4718:Pastel
4545:Spain
4515:Italy
4438:Turkey
4396:Russia
4218:India
3986:Z.O.G.
3859:Kosher
3762:(2003)
3698:Canada
3628:autism
3608:Health
3453:(2023)
3447:(2014)
3441:(2010)
3435:(2005)
3429:(2004)
3405:(1995)
3399:(1988)
3393:(1986)
3387:(1983)
3381:(1982)
3375:(1972)
3369:(1967)
3360:(1941)
3354:(1933)
3348:(1915)
3339:(1898)
3207:(1978)
3201:(1977)
3189:(1431)
3172:(2014)
3166:(1999)
3160:(1996)
3154:(1994)
3145:(1993)
3139:(1987)
3133:(1972)
3127:(1972)
3115:(1959)
3109:(1952)
3103:(1923)
3097:(1912)
3088:(1872)
3069:(2021)
3063:(2020)
3057:(2019)
3051:(2018)
3045:(2016)
3039:(2013)
3033:(2011)
3027:(2007)
3021:(2004)
3015:(2001)
3009:(1998)
3003:(1997)
2997:(1995)
2991:(1994)
2985:(1993)
2979:(1993)
2967:(1988)
2961:(1986)
2955:(1979)
2949:(1978)
2943:(1978)
2937:(1978)
2931:(1973)
2925:(1968)
2919:(1968)
2913:(1967)
2907:(1966)
2901:(1963)
2895:(1963)
2889:(1962)
2883:(1958)
2877:(1945)
2871:(1945)
2865:(1945)
2859:(1943)
2853:(1917)
2847:(1916)
2841:(1890)
2835:(1850)
2783:(2009)
2777:(1995)
2765:(1987)
2759:(1967)
2753:(1949)
2747:(1947)
2741:(1947)
2735:(1947)
2729:(1884)
2719:Hoaxes
2676:(1948)
2392:Cabals
1658:
1592:
1557:
1494:797587
1492:
1453:
1445:
1408:
1312:
1271:
1209:
952:
944:
909:
874:
836:
801:
764:
707:
604:
569:
186:et al.
85:, and
5015:Dogma
4826:Other
4713:QAnon
4371:Iran
4313:Peru
4175:Sayfo
4059:Bible
3854:Halal
3826:]
3713:Ebola
3336:Maine
3298:HAARP
2685:MJ-12
2416:Civil
1656:S2CID
1611:. 2.
1590:S2CID
1555:S2CID
1490:JSTOR
1451:S2CID
1269:S2CID
1207:S2CID
1069:(PDF)
950:S2CID
942:JSTOR
872:S2CID
834:S2CID
799:S2CID
705:S2CID
602:S2CID
4941:Acre
4212:Asia
3760:SARS
3728:GMOs
3364:USS
3343:RMS
3334:USS
3092:RMS
2631:UFOs
1443:ISSN
1406:ISBN
1387:link
1310:PMID
907:PMID
762:ISBN
567:PMID
503:and
375:and
367:and
298:The
286:and
191:more
146:and
123:and
98:and
60:and
4565:UK
3696:in
3633:MMR
3149:MS
1683:doi
1648:doi
1617:doi
1582:doi
1547:doi
1517:doi
1482:doi
1478:110
1435:doi
1369:doi
1342:doi
1300:doi
1261:doi
1234:doi
1199:doi
1172:doi
1121:doi
1089:hdl
1081:doi
981:doi
977:105
934:doi
899:doi
864:doi
826:doi
791:doi
735:doi
697:doi
663:doi
636:doi
594:doi
536:273
163:or:
26:In
5095::
3824:fr
1679:66
1677:.
1654:.
1644:45
1642:.
1638:.
1613:91
1588:.
1578:59
1576:.
1553:.
1543:20
1541:.
1529:^
1513:13
1511:.
1488:.
1476:.
1472:.
1449:.
1441:.
1431:43
1429:.
1383:}}
1379:{{
1365:31
1363:.
1338:11
1336:.
1322:^
1308:.
1296:29
1294:.
1290:.
1267:.
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