2005:, the positive correlation between high income and cold climate is a by-product of history. Europeans adopted very different colonization policies in different colonies, with different associated institutions. In places where these colonizers faced high mortality rates (e.g., due to the presence of tropical diseases), they could not settle permanently, and they were thus more likely to establish extractive institutions, which persisted after independence; in places where they could settle permanently (e.g. those with temperate climates), they established institutions with this objective in mind and modeled them after those in their European homelands. In these 'neo-Europes' better institutions in turn produced better development outcomes. Thus, although other economists focus on the identity or type of legal system of the colonizers to explain institutions, these authors look at the environmental conditions in the colonies to explain institutions. For instance, former colonies have inherited corrupt governments and geopolitical boundaries (set by the colonizers) that are not properly placed regarding the geographical locations of different ethnic groups, creating internal disputes and conflicts that hinder development. In another example, societies that emerged in colonies without solid native populations established better property rights and incentives for long-term investment than those where native populations were large.
3012:, (iii) the emergence of human capital as a central element in the growth process, (iv) the onset of the fertility decline, (v) the origins of the modern era of sustained economic growth, and (vi) the roots of divergence in income per capita across nations in the past two centuries. The theory suggests that during most of human existence, technological progress was offset by population growth, and living standards were near subsistence across time and space. However, the reinforcing interaction between the rate of technological progress and the size and composition of the population has gradually increased the pace of technological progress, enhancing the importance of education in the ability of individuals to adapt to the changing technological environment. The rise in the allocation of resources towards education triggered a fertility decline enabling economies to allocate a larger share of the fruits of technological progress to a steady increase in income per capita, rather than towards the growth of population, paving the way for the emergence of sustained economic growth. The theory further suggests that variations in biogeographical characteristics, as well as cultural and institutional characteristics, have generated a differential pace of transition from stagnation to growth across countries and consequently divergence in their income per capita over the past two centuries.
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Middle Ages that enabled it to substantially increase the taxes it raised after 1689. On the other hand, the French experience of state building faced much stronger resistance from local feudal powers keeping it legally and fiscally fragmented until the French
Revolution despite significant increases in state capacity during the seventeenth century. Furthermore, Prussia and the Habsburg empire—much more heterogeneous states than England—were able to increase state capacity during the eighteenth century without constraining the powers of the executive. Nevertheless, it is unlikely that a country will generate institutions that respect property rights and the rule of law without having had first intermediate fiscal and political institutions that create incentives for elites to support them. Many of these intermediate level institutions relied on informal private-order arrangements that combined with public-order institutions associated with states, to lay the foundations of modern rule of law states.
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presence of credit market imperfections, inequality predominantly results in underinvestment in human capital and lower economic growth. This unified theory of inequality and growth, developed by Oded Galor and Omer Moav, suggests that the effect of inequality on the growth process has been reversed as human capital has replaced physical capital as the main engine of economic growth. In the initial phases of industrialization, when physical capital accumulation was the dominating source of economic growth, inequality boosted the development process by directing resources toward individuals with higher propensity to save. However, in later phases, as human capital become the main engine of economic growth, more equal distribution of income, in the presence of credit constraints, stimulated investment in human capital and economic growth.
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can occur either by increasing the share of GDP invested or through technological progress. But at whatever share of GDP invested, capital/worker eventually converges on the steady state, leaving the growth rate of output/worker determined only by the rate of technological progress. As a consequence, with world technology available to all and progressing at a constant rate, all countries have the same steady state rate of growth. Each country has a different level of GDP/worker determined by the share of GDP it invests, but all countries have the same rate of economic growth. Implicitly in this model rich countries are those that have invested a high share of GDP for a long time. Poor countries can become rich by increasing the share of GDP they invest. One important prediction of the model, mostly borne out by the data, is that of
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relationship between inequality and growth for several reasons. First, his regression analysis control for education, fertility, investment, and it therefore excludes, by construction, the important effect of inequality on growth via education, fertility, and investment. His findings simply imply that inequality has no direct effect on growth beyond the important indirect effects through the main channels proposed in the literature. Second, his study analyzes the effect of inequality on the average growth rate in the following 10 years. However, existing theories suggest that the effect of inequality will be observed much later, as is the case in human capital formation, for instance. Third, the empirical analysis does not account for biases that are generated by reverse causality and omitted variables.
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in the panel of countries during the period 1970–2010, by considering the impact of the interaction between the level of income inequality and the initial level of GDP per capita. In line with the predictions of the model, they find that at the 25th percentile of initial income in the world sample, a 1 percentage point increase in the Gini coefficient increases income per capita by 2.3%, whereas at the 75th percentile of initial income a 1 percentage point increase in the Gini coefficient decreases income per capita by -5.3%. Moreover, the proposed human capital mechanism that mediates the effect of inequality on growth in the Galor-Zeira model is also confirmed. Increases in income inequality increase human capital in poor countries but reduce it in high and middle-income countries.
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investment. In the Solow-Swan model countries with less capital/worker (poor countries) have a higher return on investment due to the diminishing returns to capital. As a consequence, capital/worker and output/worker in a global financial capital market should converge to the same level in all countries. Since historically financial capital has not flowed to the countries with less capital/worker, the basic Solow–Swan model has a conceptual flaw. Beginning in the 1990s, this flaw has been addressed by adding additional variables to the model that can explain why some countries are less productive than others and, therefore, do not attract flows of global financial capital even though they have less (physical) capital/worker.
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capital explained eighth. This remaining unaccounted growth output is known as the Solow
Residual. Here the A of (t) "technical progress" was the reason for increased output. Nevertheless, the model still had flaws. It gave no room for policy to influence the growth rate. Few attempts were also made by the RAND Corporation the non-profit think tank and frequently visiting economist Kenneth Arrow to work out the kinks in the model. They suggested that new knowledge was indivisible and that it is endogenous with a certain fixed cost. Arrow's further explained that new knowledge obtained by firms comes from practice and built a model that "knowledge" accumulated through experience.
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growth and lower levels of economic growth. In contrast, his examination of the political economy channel found no support for the political economy mechanism. Consequently, the political economy perspective on the relationship between inequality and growth have been revised and later studies have established that inequality may provide an incentive for the elite to block redistributive policies and institutional changes. In particular, inequality in the distribution of land ownership provides the landed elite with an incentive to limit the mobility of rural workers by depriving them from education and by blocking the development of the industrial sector.
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stood out was Romer's "Micro
Foundations for Aggregate Technological Change." The Micro Foundation claimed that endogenous technological change had the concept of Intellectual Property imbedded and that knowledge is an input and output of production. Romer argued that outcomes to the national growth rates were significantly affected by public policy, trade activity, and intellectual property. He stressed that cumulative capital and specialization were key, and that not only population growth can increase capital of knowledge, it was human capital that is specifically trained in harvesting new ideas.
1657:, economic growth resumed, aided in part by increased demand for existing goods and services, such as automobiles, telephones, radios, electricity and household appliances. New goods and services included television, air conditioning and commercial aviation (after 1950), creating enough new demand to stabilize the work week. The building of highway infrastructures also contributed to post-World War II growth, as did capital investments in manufacturing and chemical industries. The post-World War II economy also benefited from the discovery of vast amounts of oil around the world, particularly in the
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92:
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3485:, published by the United Kingdom Government in 2006, concluded that an investment of 1% of GDP (later changed to 2%) would be sufficient to avoid the worst effects of climate change, and that failure to do so could risk climate-related costs equal to 20% of GDP. Because carbon capture and storage are as yet widely unproven, and its long term effectiveness (such as in containing carbon dioxide 'leaks') unknown, and because of current costs of alternative fuels, these policy responses largely rest on faith of technological change.
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4078:
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3192:, a mathematical result, states that if something grows at the rate of x% per year, then its level will double every 72/x years. For example, a growth rate of 2.5% per annum leads to a doubling of the GDP within 28.8 years, whilst a growth rate of 8% per year leads to a doubling of GDP within nine years. Thus, a small difference in economic growth rates between countries can result in very different standards of living for their populations if this small difference continues for many years.
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output per hour (the high-productivity manufacturing sector), while reducing the size of the sector with lower output per hour (the lower productivity agricultural sector). Eventually high productivity growth in manufacturing reduced the sector size, as prices fell and employment shrank relative to other sectors. The service and government sectors, where output per hour and productivity growth is low, saw increases in their shares of the economy and employment during the 1990s. The
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experience, apprenticeship) and higher level of fertility, while lower level of human capital is associated with lower levels of economic growth. Princeton economist Roland
Benabou's finds that the growth process of Korea and the Philippines "are broadly consistent with the credit-constrained human-capital accumulation hypothesis". In addition, Andrew Berg and Jonathan Ostry suggest that inequality seems to affect growth through human capital accumulation and fertility channels.
38:
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extensive evidence that families, neighborhoods, peers, and health also contribute to the development of human capital. Despite these potential limitations, Theodore Breton has shown that this measure can represent human capital in log-linear growth models because across countries GDP/adult has a log-linear relationship to average years of schooling, which is consistent with the log-linear relationship between workers' personal incomes and years of schooling in the
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held in informal form through various property associations and other arrangements. Reasons for extra-legal ownership include excessive bureaucratic red tape in buying property and building. In some countries, it can take over 200 steps and up to 14 years to build on government land. Other causes of extra-legal property are failures to notarize transaction documents or having documents notarized but failing to have them recorded with the official agency.
2917:, which is interpreted from changes to investment patterns in education, training, and healthcare by private sector firms or governments. Notwithstanding the implications this component has for policy, the endogenous perspective on human capital investment emphasizes the possibility for broad-based effects which can be realized by other firms in the economy. Accordingly, human capital is theorized to deliver increasing rates of return unlike
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3181:, such as a 2% annual increase, have large effects. For example, the United Kingdom experienced a 1.97% average annual increase in its inflation-adjusted GDP between 1830 and 2008. In 1830, the GDP was 41,373 million pounds. It grew to 1,330,088 million pounds by 2008. A growth rate that averaged 1.97% over 178 years resulted in a 32-fold increase in GDP by 2008.
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economic growth, however, it can only be so if that population is healthy and well-nourished. One of the most important aspects of health is the mortality rate and how the rise or decline can affect the labour supply predominant in a developing economy. Mortality decline triggers greater investments in individual human capital and an increase in economic growth.
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technological progress caused larger population growth but had no impact on income per capita in the long run. According to the theory, while technologically advanced economies over this epoch were characterized by higher population density, their level of income per capita was not different from those among technologically regressed society.
3374:, society should not focus solely on economic growth. Anthropologist Eduardo S. Brondizio, one of the co-chairs of the report, said "We need to change our narratives. Both our individual narratives that associate wasteful consumption with quality of life and with status, and the narratives of the economic systems that still consider that
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other words, the empirical analysis of the impact of entrepreneurship on growth is difficult because of the joint determination of entrepreneurship and economic growth. A few papers use quasi-experimental designs, and have found that entrepreneurship and the density of small businesses indeed have a causal impact on regional growth.
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created by that change—does not necessarily create a change in political power if the economic powers of that society are not aligned with the new set of rule of law institutions. In
England, a dramatic increase in the state's fiscal capacity followed the creation of constraints on the crown, but elsewhere in Europe increases in
3260:– can depend on the existing level of inequality. For instance, with low inequality a country with a growth rate of 2% per head and 40% of its population living in poverty, can halve poverty in ten years, but a country with high inequality would take nearly 60 years to achieve the same reduction. In the words of the
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procedures: First in tax subsidies and second for the high prices of diagnostic procedures treatments. If the results of research paid by taxpayers were placed in the public domain, Baker claims that people everywhere would be healthier, because better diagnoses and treatment would be more affordable the world over.
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correlated with average scores in more educated countries. Hanushek and Wößmann further investigate whether the relationship of knowledge capital to economic growth is causal. They show that the level of students' cognitive skills can explain the slow growth in Latin
America and the rapid growth in East Asia.
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Bradshaw, Corey J. A.; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Beattie, Andrew; Ceballos, Gerardo; Crist, Eileen; Diamond, Joan; Dirzo, Rodolfo; Ehrlich, Anne H.; Harte, John; Harte, Mary Ellen; Pyke, Graham; Raven, Peter H.; Ripple, William J.; Saltré, Frédérik; Turnbull, Christine; Wackernagel, Mathis; Blumstein, Daniel
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A unified theory of inequality and growth that captures that changing role of inequality in the growth process offers a reconciliation between the conflicting predictions of classical viewpoint that maintained that inequality is beneficial for growth and the modern viewpoint that suggests that in the
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In the Solow–Swan model if productivity increases through technological progress, then output/worker increases even when the economy is in the steady state. If productivity increases at a constant rate, output/worker also increases at a related steady-state rate. As a consequence, growth in the model
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In many poor and developing countries much land and housing are held outside the formal or legal property ownership registration system. In many urban areas the poor "invade" private or government land to build their houses, so they do not hold title to these properties. Much unregistered property is
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Thus, investing in health is warranted both from the growth and equity perspectives, given the important role played by health in the economy. Protecting health assets from the impact of systemic transitional costs on economic reforms, pandemics, economic crises and natural disasters is also crucial.
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predicts that the effect of rising inequality on GDP per capita is negative in relatively rich countries but positive in poor countries. These testable predictions have been examined and confirmed empirically in recent studies. In particular, Brückner and
Lederman test the prediction of the model by
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reexamined the reduced form relationship between inequality on economic growth in a panel of countries. He argues that there is "little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment". However, his empirical strategy limits its applicability to the understanding of the
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and his co-authors to address the inability of endogenous growth theory to explain key empirical regularities in the growth processes of individual economies and the world economy as a whole. Unlike endogenous growth theory that focuses entirely on the modern growth regime and is therefore unable to
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that captures the dual nature of technological progress: in terms of creation, entrepreneurs introduce new products or processes in the hope that they will enjoy temporary monopoly-like profits as they capture markets. In doing so, they make old technologies or products obsolete. This can be seen as
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While intellectual property may be important, Baker (2016) cites multiple sources claiming that "stronger patent protection seems to be associated with slower growth". That's particularly true for patents in the ethical health care industry. In effect taxpayers pay twice for new drugs and diagnostic
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Malthusianism is the idea that population growth is potentially exponential while the growth of the food supply or other resources is linear, which eventually reduces living standards to the point of triggering a population die off. The
Malthusian theory also proposes that over most of human history
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Economic growth in the U.S. and other developed countries went through phases that affected growth through changes in the labor force participation rate and the relative sizes of economic sectors. The transition from an agricultural economy to manufacturing increased the size of the sector with high
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Another major cause of economic growth is the introduction of new products and services and the improvement of existing products. New products create demand, which is necessary to offset the decline in employment that occurs through labor-saving technology (and to a lesser extent employment declines
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Policymakers and scholars frequently emphasize the importance of entrepreneurship for economic growth. However, surprisingly few research empirically examine and quantify entrepreneurship's impact on growth. This is due to endogeneity—forces that drive economic growth also drive entrepreneurship. In
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in extracting wealth (especially gold and silver) from the countries they had conquered. This system repeatedly failed for the
English. Their successes rested on giving land and a voice in the government to every male settler to incentivize productive labor. In Virginia it took twelve years and many
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because of the amount that can be effectively invested and because of the growing burden of depreciation. In the development of economic theory, the distribution of income was considered to be between labor and the owners of land and capital. In recent decades there have been several Asian countries
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One problem with the schooling attainment measure is that the amount of human capital acquired in a year of schooling is not the same at all levels of schooling and is not the same in all countries. This measure also presumes that human capital is only developed in formal schooling, contrary to the
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A country's level of human capital is difficult to measure since it is created at home, at school, and on the job. Economists have attempted to measure human capital using numerous proxies, including the population's level of literacy, its level of numeracy, its level of book production/capita, its
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Capital in economics ordinarily refers to physical capital, which consists of structures (largest component of physical capital) and equipment used in business (machinery, factory equipment, computers and office equipment, construction equipment, business vehicles, medical equipment, etc.). Up to a
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Productivity in the United States grew at an increasing rate throughout the 19th century and was most rapid in the early to middle decades of the 20th century. U.S. productivity growth spiked towards the end of the century in 1996–2004, due to an acceleration in the rate of technological innovation
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In accordance with the credit market imperfection approach, a study by
Roberto Perotti showed that inequality is associated with lower level of human capital formation (education, experience, apprenticeship) and higher level of fertility, while lower level of human capital is associated with lower
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Although the rate of investment in the model is exogenous, under certain conditions the model implicitly predicts convergence in the rates of investment across countries. In a global economy with a global financial capital market, financial capital flows to the countries with the highest return on
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The conceptual foundations of the Malthusian theory were formed by Thomas Malthus, and a modern representation of these approach is provided by Ashraf and Galor. In line with the predictions of the Malthusian theory, a cross-country analysis finds a significant positive effect of the technological
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Increases in productivity are the major factor responsible for per capita economic growth—this has been especially evident since the mid-19th century. Most of the economic growth in the 20th century was due to increased output per unit of labor, materials, energy, and land (less input per widget).
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It has been observed that GDP growth is influenced by the size of the economy. The relation between GDP growth and GDP across the countries at a particular point of time is convex. Growth increases as GDP reaches its maximum and then begins to decline. There exists some extremum value. This is not
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and $ 46,970 in the United States, i.e. GDP per person in the US was 30% more than it was in the UK. As the above table shows, this means that GDP per person grew, on average, by 1.80% per year in the US and by 1.47% in the UK. Thus, a difference in GDP growth by only a few tenths of a percent per
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Living standards vary widely from country to country, and furthermore, the change in living standards over time varies widely from country to country. Below is a table which shows GDP per person and annualized per person GDP growth for a selection of countries over a period of about 100 years. The
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Resource quality is composed of a variety of factors including ore grades, location, altitude above or below sea level, proximity to railroads, highways, water supply and climate. These factors affect the capital and operating cost of extracting resources. In the case of minerals, lower grades of
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This recent support for the predictions of the Galor-Zeira model is in line with earlier findings. Roberto Perotti showed that in accordance with the credit market imperfection approach, developed by Galor and Zeira, inequality is associated with lower level of human capital formation (education,
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On Memorial Day weekend in 1988, a conference in Buffalo brought together influential thinkers to evaluate the conflicting theories of growth. Romer, Krugman, Barro, and Becker were in attendance along with many other high profiled economists of the time. Amongst many papers that day the one that
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In practice, convergence was rarely achieved. In 1957, Solow applied his model to data from the U.S. gross national product to estimate contributions. This showed that the increase in capital and labor stock only accounted for about half of the output, while the population increase adjustments to
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The Solow–Swan model is considered an "exogenous" growth model because it does not explain why countries invest different shares of GDP in capital nor why technology improves over time. Instead, the rate of investment and the rate of technological progress are exogenous. The value of the model is
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Not having clear legal title to property limits its potential to be used as collateral to secure loans, depriving many poor countries of one of their most important potential sources of capital. Unregistered businesses and lack of accepted accounting methods are other factors that limit potential
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that an individual has to realise the achievements like economic success. Thus health in a broader sense is not the absence of illness, but the opportunity for people to biologically develop to their full potential their entire lives It is established that human capital is an important asset for
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of ecosystems" and that this "must be quickly curtailed to maintain long-term sustainability of the biosphere." They add that "our goals need to shift from GDP growth and the pursuit of affluence toward sustaining ecosystems and improving human well-being by prioritizing basic needs and reducing
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One theory that relates economic growth with quality of life is the "Threshold Hypothesis", which states that economic growth up to a point brings with it an increase in quality of life. But at that point – called the threshold point – further economic growth can bring with it a deterioration in
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The classical perspective, as expressed by Adam Smith, and others, suggests that inequality fosters the growth process. Specifically, since the aggregate saving increases with inequality due to higher property to save among the wealthy, the classical viewpoint suggests that inequality stimulates
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and economic growth and development have had a strong correlative and interactive relationship throughout history. Effects of democracy on economic growth and effect of economic growth on democracy can be distinguished. While evidence of a relationship is irrefutable, economists' and historians'
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There are many different ways through which states achieved state (fiscal) capacity and this different capacity accelerated or hindered their economic development. Thanks to the underlying homogeneity of its land and people, England was able to achieve a unified legal and fiscal system since the
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of 1688, in which high fiscal capacity combined with constraints on the power of the king generated some respect for the rule of law. However, others have questioned that this institutional formula is not so easily replicable elsewhere as a change in the Constitution—and the type of institutions
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employ book production per capita as a proxy for sophisticated literacy capabilities and find that "Countries with high levels of human capital formation in the 18th century initiated or participated in the industrialization process of the 19th century, whereas countries with low levels of human
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In national income accounting, per capita output can be calculated using the following factors: output per unit of labor input (labor productivity), hours worked (intensity), the percentage of the working-age population actually working (participation rate) and the proportion of the working-age
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faster than at any time in human history as a result of the demands of contemporary human civilization, which "far exceed nature's capacity to supply us with the goods and services we all rely on. We would require 1.6 Earths to maintain the world's current living standards." He says that major
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Later theoretical developments have reinforced the view that inequality has an adverse effect on the growth process. Specifically, Alesina and Rodrik and Persson and Tabellini advance a political economy mechanism and argue that inequality has a negative impact on economic development since it
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to capital and labor. Capital accumulates through investment, but its level or stock continually decreases due to depreciation. Due to the diminishing returns to capital, with increases in capital/worker and absent technological progress, economic output/worker eventually reaches a point where
2815:, in which large investments in infrastructure and education coupled with private investments would move the economy to a more productive stage, breaking free from economic paradigms appropriate to a lower productivity stage. The idea was revived and formulated rigorously, in the late 1980s by
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average level of formal schooling, its average test score on international tests, and its cumulative depreciated investment in formal schooling. The most commonly-used measure of human capital is the level (average years) of school attainment in a country, building upon the data development of
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Women with fewer children and better access to market employment tend to join the labor force in higher percentages. There is a reduced demand for child labor and children spend more years in school. The increase in the percentage of women in the labor force in the U.S. contributed to economic
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are skeptical of technological advances that improve resource availability. Such advances and increases in efficiency, they suggest, merely accelerate the drawing down of finite resources. Catton claims that increasing rates of resource extraction are "...stealing ravenously from the future".
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The U.S. economy achieved a growth rate of labour productivity of 2.48 per cent per year for 81 years, followed by 24 years of 1.32 per cent, then a temporary recovery back to 2.48 per cent per cent, and a final slowdown to 1.35 per cent. The similarity of the growth rates in 1891–1972 with
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have extended this analysis. Theodore Breton shows that the correlation between economic growth and students' average test scores in Hanushek and Wößmann's analyses is actually due to the relationship in countries with less than eight years of schooling. He shows that economic growth is not
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over time. For instance, in the above table, GDP per person in the United Kingdom in the year 1870 was $ 4,808. At the same time in the United States, GDP per person was $ 4,007, lower than the UK by about 20%. However, in 2008 the positions were reversed: GDP per person was $ 36,130 in the
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The structural change could also be viewed from another angle. It is possible to divide real economic growth into two components: an indicator of extensive economic growth—the ‘quantitative’ GDP—and an indicator of the improvement of the quality of goods and services—the ‘qualitative’ GDP.
3649:. Some of the most technologically important innovations in history involved increases in energy efficiency. These include the great improvements in efficiency of conversion of heat to work, the reuse of heat, the reduction in friction and the transmission of power, especially through
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and transportation. By the late 19th century both prices and weekly work hours fell because less labor, materials, and energy were required to produce and transport goods. However, real wages rose, allowing workers to improve their diet, buy consumer goods and afford better housing.
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explain the roots of inequality across nations, unified growth theory captures in a single framework the fundamental phases of the process of development in the course of human history: (i) the Malthusian epoch that was prevalent over most of human history, (ii) the escape from the
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transformative changes will be needed "akin to, or even greater than, those of the Marshall Plan," including abandoning GDP as a measure of economic success and societal progress. Philip Cafaro, professor of philosophy at the School of Global Environmental Sustainability at
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Real GDP per capita in the U.S. rose from $ 17,747 in 1960 to $ 26,281 in 1973 for a growth rate of 3.07%/yr. Calculation: (26,281/17,747)^(1/13). From 1973 to 2007 the growth rate was 1.089%. Calculation: (49,571/26,281)^(1/34) From 2000 to 2011 average annual growth was
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of more abundant materials, such as plastics for cast metals, lowered growth of usage for some metals. In the case of the limited resource of land, famine was relieved firstly by the revolution in transportation caused by railroads and steam ships, and later by the
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In contrast, Perotti argues that the political economy mechanism is not supported empirically. Inequality is associated with lower redistribution, and lower redistribution (under-investment in education and infrastructure) is associated with lower economic growth.
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to make full use of the efficiency of the market. However, in order to avoid the migration of energy-intensive industries, the whole world should impose such a tax, not just Britain, Lawson pointed out. There is no point in taking the lead if nobody follows suit.
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The reduced form empirical relationship between inequality and growth was studied by Alberto Alesina and Dani Rodrik, and Torsten Persson and Guido Tabellini. They find that inequality is negatively associated with economic growth in a cross-country analysis.
2937:. It explains growth as a consequence of the dynamics of three factors, including the technological characteristics of production equipment. Without any arbitrary parameters, historical rates of economic growth can be predicted with considerable precision.
2793:’s theorizing about agriculture. Malthus's examples included the number of seeds harvested relative to the number of seeds planted (capital) on a plot of land and the size of the harvest from a plot of land versus the number of workers employed. (See also
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by 2050 and over 650–700 ppm by the end of this century is robust to a wide range of changes in model assumptions." The scientific consensus is that planetary ecosystem functioning without incurring dangerous risks requires stabilization at 450–550 ppm.
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and Dennis Kimko introduced measures of students' mathematics and science skills from international assessments into growth analysis. They found that this measure of human capital was very significantly related to economic growth. Eric Hanushek and
3148:, find that "lower net inequality is robustly correlated with faster and more durable growth, controlling for the level of redistribution". Likewise, Dierk Herzer and Sebastian Vollmer find that increased income inequality reduces economic growth.
1303:...if we can learn about government policy options that have even small effects on long-term growth rates, we can contribute much more to improvements in standards of living than has been provided by the entire history of macroeconomic analysis of
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from shale and other low permeability rock, whose extraction requires much higher inputs of energy, capital, and materials than conventional gas in previous decades. Offshore oil and gas have exponentially increased cost as water depth increases.
3256:, it is becoming widely understood amongst the development community that special efforts must be made to ensure poorer sections of society are able to participate in economic growth. The effect of economic growth on poverty reduction – the
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948:. Since economic growth is measured as the annual percent change of gross domestic product (GDP), it has all the advantages and drawbacks of that measure. The economic growth-rates of countries are commonly compared using the ratio of the
3549:(1980) have not materialized. Diminished production of most resources has not occurred so far, one reason being that advancements in technology and science have allowed some previously unavailable resources to be produced. In some cases,
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due to savings in energy and materials). In the U.S. by 2013 about 60% of consumer spending was for goods and services that did not exist in 1869. Also, the creation of new services has been more important than invention of new goods.
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annual rate of growth in GDP between the first and the last year over a period of time. This growth rate represents the trend in the average level of GDP over the period, and ignores any fluctuations in the GDP around this trend.
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The work week declined considerably over the 19th century. By the 1920s the average work week in the U.S. was 49 hours, but the work week was reduced to 40 hours (after which overtime premium was applied) as part of the
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was remarkable because it was in excess of population growth, providing an escape from the Malthusian trap. Countries that industrialized eventually saw their population growth slow down, a phenomenon known as the
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2789:(labor or capital), while holding the other constant and assuming no technological change, will increase output, but at a diminishing rate that eventually will approach zero. These concepts have their origins in
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consider frameworks in which mortality decline has an influence on parents to have fewer children and to provide quality education for those children, as a result instituting an economic-demographic transition.
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Those more optimistic about the environmental impacts of growth believe that, though localized environmental effects may occur, large-scale ecological effects are minor. The argument, as posited by commentator
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year results in large differences in outcomes when the growth is persistent over a generation. This and other observations have led some economists to view GDP growth as the most important part of the field of
8112:
1505:
The balance of the growth in output has come from using more inputs. Both of these changes increase output. The increased output included more of the same goods produced previously and new goods and services.
3640:
and the historical accumulation of world GDP, independent of the year considered. It follows that economic growth, as represented by GDP growth, requires higher rates of energy consumption growth. Seemingly
2981:
1476:
Economic growth has traditionally been attributed to the accumulation of human and physical capital and the increase in productivity and creation of new goods arising from technological innovation. Further
12569:
3077:
per capita, and the growth process. In contrast to the classical paradigm, which underlined the positive implications of inequality for capital formation and economic growth, Galor and Zeira argue that
1978:
Specifically, they state that "democracy increases future GDP by encouraging investment, increasing schooling, inducing economic reforms, improving public goods provision, and reducing social unrest".
1885:, has a comparative negative impact on economical development. It will be interesting to see how research in the areas of health in near future uncover how the world will be performing living with the
12574:
7963:
12056:
2754:. However, these are conditioned by what he calls "the extent of the market". This is conditioned notably by geographic factors but also institutional ones such as the political-legal environment.
8393:
4730:
4753:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4081:
2876:
According to Harrod, the natural growth rate is the maximum rate of growth allowed by the increase of variables like population growth, technological improvement and growth in natural resources.
1470:
concluded that technological progress has accounted for 80 percent of the long-term rise in U.S. per capita income, with increased investment in capital explaining only the remaining 20 percent.
11321:
3201:
quality of life. This results in an upside-down-U-shaped curve, where the vertex of the curve represents the level of growth that should be targeted. Happiness has been shown to increase with
1488:
technological progress resulted in an increase in the population, which was kept in check by food supply and other resources, which acted to limit per capita income, a condition known as the
9771:
3069:
in the determination of aggregate economic activity, and economic growth. In particular, Galor and Zeira argue that since credit markets are imperfect, inequality has an enduring impact on
1881:
Protection from the shocks produced by illness and death, are usually taken care of within a country’s social insurance system. In areas such as Sub-Saharan Africa, where the prevalence of
4998:
3407:
11666:
6309:
1971:
Businesses and individuals participating in unreported business activity and owners of unregistered property face costs such as bribes and pay-offs that offset much of any taxes avoided.
3305:
Concerns about negative environmental effects of growth have prompted some people to advocate lower levels of growth, or the abandoning of growth altogether. In academia, concepts like
3223:
In some instances, quality of life factors such as healthcare outcomes and educational attainment, as well as social and political liberties, do not improve as economic growth occurs.
3054:
approach denies the role of inequality in the growth process. It suggests that while the growth process may affect inequality, income distribution has no impact on the growth process.
1050:". GDP per person (more commonly called "per capita" GDP) is the GDP of the entire country divided by the number of people in the country; GDP per person is conceptually analogous to "
11742:
11963:
11641:
11631:
11265:
3912:
2036:, which argues that the UK Government "has a big job to do in helping businesses survive, stimulating economic growth and encouraging the creation of well-paid meaningful jobs".
12538:
12500:
12053:
11481:
3358:
11588:
11511:
2861:; the idea that poor countries will grow faster and catch up with rich countries as long as they have similar investment (and saving) rates and access to the same technology.
1431:
population to the total population (demographics). "The rate of change of GDP/population is the sum of the rates of change of these four variables plus their cross products."
9298:
12232:
11791:
2853:
capital per worker and economic output/worker remain constant because annual investment in capital equals annual depreciation. This condition is called the 'steady state'.
11656:
11501:
11369:
11314:
3294:
argue that a narrow view of economic growth, combined with globalization, is creating a scenario where we could see a systemic collapse of our planet's natural resources.
2785:) economics, the theory of production and the theory of growth are based on the theory of sustainability and law of variable proportions, whereby increasing either of the
1466:(the ratio of the value of output to labor input) have historically been the most important source of real per capita economic growth. In a famous estimate, MIT Professor
8634:
8422:
7912:
6492:
11786:
11476:
2879:
In fact, the natural growth rate is the highest attainable growth rate which would bring about the fullest possible employment of the resources existing in the economy.
3875:
3113:), the rate of inequality will increase. According to Piketty, this is the case because wealth that is already held or inherited, which is expected to grow at the rate
12272:
12005:
11695:
11578:
11466:
9993:
8109:
3378:
and social inequality are inevitable outcomes of economic growth. Economic growth is a means and not an end. We need to look for the quality of life of the planet."
2865:
that it predicts the pattern of economic growth once these two rates are specified. Its failure to explain the determinants of these rates is one of its limitations.
12488:
12118:
11737:
3627:
2976:
8358:
6017:
Acemoglu, Daron; Johnson, Simon; Robinson, James A. (2005). "Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth". In Aghion, Philippe; Durlauf, Steven (eds.).
3427:, and possible "ghastly future" facing humanity, there must be "fundamental changes to global capitalism," including the "abolition of perpetual economic growth."
8099:
Ravallion, M. (2007) Inequality is bad for the poor in S. Jenkins and J. Micklewright, (eds.) Inequality and Poverty Re-examined, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
11988:
1448:. In contrast, economic growth is concerned with the long-run trend in production due to structural causes such as technological growth and factor accumulation.
12445:
12059:
11461:
11389:
61:
1555:, transportation infrastructures (canals, railroads, and highways), new materials (steel) and power, which includes steam and internal combustion engines and
12359:
11621:
11260:
993:. In contrast, GDP growth caused only by increases in the amount of inputs available for use (increased population, for example, or new territory) counts as
4815:
11931:
7960:
3882:, IMF, October 2012. - "Gross domestic product, also called GDP, is the market value of goods and services produced by a country in a certain time period."
1792:
and Jong-Wha Lee. This measure is widely used because Barro and Lee provide data for numerous countries in five-year intervals for a long period of time.
11583:
11234:
8401:
7725:
1853:
5048:
4750:
3453:
notes that the prediction that, "Under business as usual, global emissions will be sufficient to propel greenhouse gas concentrations to over 550 ppm CO
808:
12379:
12284:
12227:
11916:
11896:
11781:
11705:
11553:
11359:
11326:
9299:
Committee on Electricity in Economic Growth Energy Engineering Board Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems National Research Council (1986).
5217:
Whaples, Robert (June 1991). "The Shortening of the American Work Week: An Economic and Historical Analysis of Its Context, Causes, and Consequences".
2033:
1861:
11496:
11309:
3595:
study modeled limitations to infinite growth; originally ridiculed, some of the predicted trends have materialized, raising concerns of an impending
3349:, recognising that "... the dogma of economic growth at any cost and the excessive and wasteful use of natural resources without considering Earth's
1807:
Economic growth rates (percent, vertical) v. standardized tests of student achievement in different regions, both adjusted for GDP per capita in 1960
8489:
7643:
Berg, Andrew; Ostry, Jonathan D.; Tsangarides, Charalambos G.; Yakhshilikov, Yorbol (2018). "Redistribution, inequality, and growth: new evidence".
3449:(carbon emissions per GDP). Up to the present, there is also a direct relation between global economic wealth and the rate of global emissions. The
12450:
12416:
11558:
4917:
1548:
893:
11683:
3461:
As a consequence, growth-oriented environmental economists propose government intervention into switching sources of energy production, favouring
12267:
11690:
11573:
11379:
9591:
5949:; Weingast, Barry (1989). "Constitutions and Commitment: the Evolutions of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth Century England".
5013:
1990:
protection, high-quality education, cultural diversity and social cohesion in armed conflicts are particularly necessary for qualitative growth.
1030:
5404:
3530:
2971:
of previous technologies, which makes them obsolete, and "destroys the rents generated by previous innovations". A major model that illustrates
1784:, defined as the skills of the population or the work force. Human capital has been included in both neoclassical and endogenous growth models.
11837:
11803:
11700:
11521:
8607:
3410:
signed by 11,000 scientists from over 150 nations said economic growth is the driving force behind the "excessive extraction of materials and
2024:
recognises that "Government can play an important role in supporting economic growth by helping to level the playing field through the way it
12543:
12309:
12239:
12111:
11993:
11983:
11491:
11412:
11384:
11255:
8065:
Bourguignon, Francois (February 2002). "Growth Elasticity of Poverty Reduction: Explaining Heterogeneity across Countries and Time Periods".
2635:
12483:
12478:
12047:
11302:
8982:
6245:
Acemoglu, Daron; Johnson, Simon; Robinson, James A. (2001). "The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation".
2630:
1325:
exactly middle-income trap. It is observed for both developed and developing economies. Actually, countries having this property belong to
4124:
12548:
11331:
11272:
11225:
11188:
11144:
2677:
9053:
8517:"Reducing Human Numbers and the Size of our Economies is Necessary to Avoid a Mass Extinction and Share Earth Justly with Other Species"
1516:
began to replace hand methods in manufacturing, and new processes streamlined production of chemicals, iron, steel, and other products.
12352:
12329:
12324:
11678:
11526:
11451:
11427:
11422:
6296:
1936:
and gave individuals more personal and economic freedom. These included new laws favorable to the establishment of business, including
1034:
9040:
continued growth in energy use becomes physically impossible within conceivable timeframes ... all economic growth must similarly end.
6430:
5199:
4521:
3144:
Recent papers based on superior data, find negative relationship between inequality and growth. Andrew Berg and Jonathan Ostry of the
12319:
12279:
11926:
11906:
11825:
11538:
11407:
11341:
11292:
10006:
8891:
3740:
3636:
are linked causally to economic growth. The Garrett Relation holds that there has been a fixed relationship between current rates of
2930:
1889:, especially looking at the economic impacts it already has in a space of two years. Ultimately, when people live longer on average,
1535:
growth was the substitution of inanimate power for human and animal labor. Also there was a great increase in power as steam-powered
1304:
1026:
12104:
11864:
11374:
11364:
9554:
6535:
Kuprianov, Alexey (30 April 2018). "Decomposition of GDP. The Role of Quality of Goods and Services in Measuring Economic Growth".
4704:
3403:, and that "the cause of global biodiversity loss is clear: other species are being displaced by a rapidly growing human economy."
3399:, wrote in 2022 that a scientific consensus has emerged which demonstrates that humanity is on the precipice of unleashing a major
12214:
3386:, stated in 1981 that if these global-scale ecological effects exist, human ingenuity will find ways to adapt to them. Conversely
2948:
One branch of endogenous growth theory was developed on the foundations of the Schumpeterian theory, named after the 20th-century
1831:
capital formation were unable to do so, among them many of today's Less Developed Countries such as India, Indonesia, and China."
11759:
11349:
6962:
3261:
4961:
4157:
The UK‟s high GDP per capita growth was driven by strong growth in productivity (GDP per hour), which was second only to the US.
1914:
1745:
Demographic factors may influence growth by changing the employment to population ratio and the labor force participation rate.
1712:, and by 2008 it was 17 times as high as Ghana's. The Japanese economic growth has slackened considerably since the late 1980s.
12455:
12251:
12042:
12015:
11953:
11446:
9642:
7909:
3645:, these are sustained through increases in energy efficiency. Increases in energy efficiency were a portion of the increase in
2002:
1868:
The relationship between health and economic growth is further nuanced by distinguishing the influence of specific diseases on
941:
427:
203:
11646:
6500:
1473:
Increases in productivity lower the real cost of goods. Over the 20th century, the real price of many goods fell by over 90%.
12558:
12404:
11978:
9415:
9394:
9373:
9341:
9310:
9248:
9158:
8950:
8924:
8797:
7884:
7080:
7001:
6890:
6476:
6059:
6001:
5930:
5633:
4686:
4620:
4442:
4407:
4248:
3950:
3872:
3036:
2800:
Criticisms of classical growth theory are that technology, an important factor in economic growth, is held constant and that
1047:
918:
10052:
8066:
3940:
3090:
creates a pressure for distortionary redistributive policies that have an adverse effect on investment and economic growth.
1729:
point increases in the amount of capital per worker are an important cause of economic output growth. Capital is subject to
11844:
11727:
11712:
886:
7543:
Galor, Oded; Moav, Omer (2004). "From Physical to Human Capital Accumulation: Inequality and the Process of Development".
3477:. This would largely confine use of fossil fuels to either domestic cooking needs (such as for kerosene burners) or where
11958:
11832:
11813:
11798:
10192:
10115:
8448:
4149:
3566:
mineral resources are being extracted, requiring higher inputs of capital and energy for both extraction and processing.
2848:
developed what eventually became the main model used in growth economics in the 1950s. This model assumes that there are
1457:
8837:
8558:
8369:
4431:
From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States
2693:
opinions of its exact nature have been sharply split, hence the latter has been the subject of many debates and studies.
1316:
12222:
12027:
11871:
11661:
11616:
11354:
11247:
9780:
7589:
7346:
Galor, Oded; Zeira, Joseph (1988). "Income Distribution and Investment in Human Capital: Macroeconomics Implications".
6187:
5905:
5449:
5144:
4593:
4563:
3981:
3514:
2894:
2020:
Economic growth, its sustainability and its distribution remain central aspects of government policy. For example, the
1918:
564:
412:
9079:
4963:
Two Centuries of American Macroeconomic Growth From Exploitation of Resource Abundance to Knowledge-Driven Development
2012:, Acemoglu and Robinson said that the English in North America started by trying to repeat the success of the Spanish
12637:
12384:
12347:
11891:
11886:
11876:
11776:
11771:
11598:
11297:
10090:- easy to use dataset showing GDP, per capita and population, by country and region, 1970 to 2008. Updated regularly.
10033:
9966:
9759:
9736:
9713:
9527:
7941:
6443:
6034:
4313:
3703:
1893:
expenditures are more likely to pay off, and all of these mechanisms center around the complementarity of longevity,
8813:
8730:
Garrett, T. J. (2009). "Are there basic physical constraints on future anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide?".
7983:
12369:
12364:
12037:
11921:
11911:
11849:
11808:
11717:
11651:
2893:
Unsatisfied with the assumption of exogenous technological progress in the Solow–Swan model, economists worked to "
2587:
2487:
1803:
1739:
1444:. Generally, according to economists, the ups and downs in the business cycle can be attributed to fluctuations in
505:
9241:
The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present
6942:
Warsh, David. Knowledge and the Wealth of Nations: A Story of Economic Discovery. W.W. Norton & Company, 2006.
5923:
The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present
4723:"Semiconductor Foundry Market: 2019 Global Industry Trends, Growth, Share, Size and 2021 Forecast Research Report"
4400:
The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present
2773:
level on population density and an insignificant effect on income per capita significantly over the years 1–1500.
12374:
12146:
11968:
11854:
11749:
11218:
9437:
4846:
4375:
4059:
2670:
1665:
estimate, three-quarters of increase in U.S. per capita GDP from 1889 to 1957 was due to increased productivity.
879:
12262:
12161:
12079:
12071:
11943:
11901:
11881:
11820:
11732:
11636:
11545:
11533:
11282:
10626:
9677:
7970:
7920:
7829:
6109:
Johnson, Noel D. (2006). "Banking on the King: The Evolution of the Royal Revenue Farms in Old Regime France".
5713:
5261:
4434:
3217:
3030:
1924:"As institutions influence behavior and incentives in real life, they forge the success or failure of nations."
1650:
1329:. However, the extremum could be extended by technological and policy innovations and some countries move into
11938:
8423:"World must undergo huge social and financial transformation to save future of human life, major report finds"
8334:
7496:"Inequality in Landownership, the Emergence of Human-Capital Promoting Institutions, and the Great Divergence"
7383:
6144:
Johnson, Noel D.; Koyama, Mark (2014). "Tax Farming and the Origins of State Capacity in England and France".
12632:
12409:
12032:
11948:
11859:
10596:
10586:
10279:
5161:
4269:
4195:
3683:
3579:
3066:
2442:
2046:
1618:
Great sources of productivity improvement in the late 19th century were railroads, steam ships, horse-pulled
929:
917:
in a financial year. Statisticians conventionally measure such growth as the percent rate of increase in the
610:
417:
17:
10807:
9000:
7362:
4787:
Kendrick, John (1991). "U.S. Productivity Performance in Perspective, Business Economics, October 1, 1991".
12465:
12156:
11973:
11764:
11754:
11722:
10746:
10719:
10049:. An organization dedicated to helping the developing world realize its full potential via economic growth.
8916:
Recent Economic Changes and Their Effect on Production and Distribution of Wealth and Well-Being of Society
6834:
6675:
4585:
Recent Economic Changes and Their Effect on Production and Distribution of Wealth and Well-Being of Society
3257:
3253:
3245:
2716:
2502:
1544:
1528:
549:
537:
9906:
Burgess, Matthew G.; Carrico, Amanda R.; Gaines, Steven D.; Peri, Alessandro; Vanderheiden, Steve (2021).
1780:
Many theoretical and empirical analyses of economic growth attribute a major role to a country's level of
11173:
11154:
10731:
10576:
10542:
10527:
10506:
10501:
9751:
9728:
6358:
5733:
5502:
Hanushek, Eric A.; Kimko, Dennis D. (2000). "Schooling, Labor Force Quality, and the Growth of Nations".
4774:
3436:
3145:
2532:
2297:
439:
269:
193:
121:
5649:
Baten, Joerg; van Zanden, Jan Luiten (2008). "Book Production and the Onset of Modern Economic Growth".
12022:
12010:
11211:
11148:
10724:
10414:
10404:
9857:
9705:
9507:(eds.) (1992) Beyond the Steady State: Essays in the Revival of Growth Theory, edited with, London, UK:
5708:(2006/30). Helsinki: The United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research.
3478:
2663:
559:
542:
422:
7706:
6322:
Rivera‐Batiz, Francisco L. (2002). "Democracy, Governance, and Economic Growth: Theory and Evidence".
3853:
3390:, in a 2021 report on the economics of biodiversity commissioned by the British Treasury, argued that
1543:. Since that replacement, the great expansion of total power was driven by continuous improvements in
1520:
made the economical production of metal parts possible, so that parts could be interchangeable. (See:
12151:
10294:
9025:
6958:
Rigged: How globalization and the rules to the modern economy were structured to make the rich richer
5539:
Hanushek, Eric A.; Woessmann, Ludger (2008). "The Role of Cognitive Skills in Economic Development".
4491:
3827:
3776:
3653:. There is a strong correlation between per capita electricity consumption and economic development.
3646:
3637:
3396:
3375:
3318:
3301:
The marginal costs of a growing economy may gradually exceed the marginal benefits, however measured.
3184:
The large impact of a relatively small growth rate over a long period of time is due to the power of
1998:
1947:
Much of the literature on economic growth refers to the success story of the British state after the
444:
11626:
9466:
7843:
7557:
7312:
7039:
6848:
6689:
6673:
Murphy, Kevin M.; Shleifer, Andrei; Vishny, Robert W. (1989). "Industrialization and the Big Push".
6261:
5553:
5516:
5275:
12627:
12435:
11998:
11178:
11124:
10867:
10822:
10661:
10532:
10409:
10079:– series for almost all countries on GDP, population and GDP per capita from the year 0 up to 2003.
10029:
6426:
6247:
5457:
5323:
3442:
2898:
2888:
2816:
2811:, which suggested that countries needed to jump from one stage of development to another through a
2750:
first published in 1776. For Smith, the main factors of economic growth are division of labour and
2567:
2412:
2272:
1910:
1797:
1662:
633:
598:
434:
10882:
3582:
as unsustainable. Several factors may constrain economic growth – for example: finite, peaked, or
3117:, will grow at a rate faster than wealth accumulated through labor, which is more closely tied to
12473:
10832:
10666:
10656:
10646:
10636:
10374:
10364:
10324:
10314:
10187:
10108:
9264:
Devine, Warren D. Jr. (1983). "From Shafts to Wires: Historical Perspective on Electrification".
8242:
8150:
7827:
Manfred Max-Neef (November 1995). "Economic growth and quality of life: a threshold hypothesis".
3797:
3668:
3546:
3493:
2572:
2507:
2417:
2392:
2247:
980:
603:
525:
520:
492:
75:
9987:
9640:
Gorodnichenko, Yuriy; Roland, Gerard (2017). "Culture, Institutions and the Wealth of Nations".
8695:
6993:
6590:
6493:"Manufacturing's declining share of GDP is a global phenomenon, and it's something to celebrate"
5993:
5985:
5775:
5698:
12204:
11565:
11238:
11002:
10847:
10707:
10650:
10606:
10569:
10319:
10259:
10234:
10204:
10177:
10046:
9912:
9329:
The Evolution of Progress: The End of Economic Growth and the Beginning of Human Transformation
7838:
7552:
7307:
7034:
6843:
6684:
6256:
6082:
Johnson, Noel D.; Koyama, Mark (2017). "States and Economic Growth: Capacity and Constraints".
5883:
5548:
5511:
5316:"Determinants of Long-term Growth: A Bayesian Averaging of Classical Estimates (BACE) Approach"
5270:
4486:
4131:
3926:
3817:
3608:
3268:: "While economic growth is necessary, it is not sufficient for progress on reducing poverty."
3047:
2397:
2387:
2354:
2282:
2237:
2217:
2198:
2138:
2128:
2123:
2103:
2025:
1750:
1603:
1564:
1536:
1498:
1435:
949:
922:
835:
586:
402:
397:
382:
349:
208:
43:
10026:
by Jan Luiten van Zanden. Explores the idea of the inevitability of the Industrial Revolution.
9386:
The Way It Worked and Why It Won't: Structural Change and the Slowdown of U.S. Economic Growth
9333:
9327:
9012:
You cannot sustain population growth and / or growth in the rates of consumption of resources.
8557:; Wolf, Christopher; Newsome, Thomas M; Barnard, Phoebe; Moomaw, William R (5 November 2019).
6540:
5863:
5817:
4903:
4240:
4234:
4105:
4045:
3973:
3967:
3922:
3220:(ODI) of 24 countries that experienced growth found that in 18 cases, poverty was alleviated.
2897:" (i.e., explain it "from within" the models) productivity growth in the 1980s. The resulting
12533:
12515:
12300:
11399:
11134:
10817:
10792:
10777:
10751:
10690:
10369:
10309:
10289:
10284:
9958:
9796:
9453:
9057:
8996:
8943:
Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production
8474:
8181:
7222:
7192:
6661:
4911:
3822:
3812:
3353:, are causing extreme deterioration in the environment and a massive extinction of species."
3346:
3000:
2995:
2910:
2786:
2744:
2452:
2432:
2407:
2402:
2382:
2344:
2319:
1827:
1598:
Productivity lowered the cost of most items in terms of work time required to purchase. Real
1576:
1521:
1509:
1493:
675:
650:
554:
487:
213:
176:
154:
149:
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postulated that in periods when the average annual rate on return on investment in capital (
2032:
Economic Growth" has been featured in a series of inquiries undertaken by the parliamentary
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Galor, Oded (2011). "Inequality, Human Capital Formation, and the Process of Development".
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9243:. Cambridge, New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. pp. 289, 293.
8009:
7459:
Perotti, Roberto (1996). "Growth, Income Distribution, and Democracy: What the Data Say".
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Economists distinguish between long-run economic growth and short-run economic changes in
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Das, Tuhin K. (2019). "Cross-Sectional Views of GDP Growth in the Light of Innovations".
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Lee, Yong Suk (2018). "Government guaranteed small business loans and regional growth".
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Up to the present, there is a close correlation between economic growth and the rate of
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The modern perspective which has emerged in the late 1980s suggests, in contrast, that
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482:
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387:
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Garrett, T. J. (2014). "Long-run evolution of the global economy: 1. Physical basis".
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5925:. Cambridge, New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. pp. 8–18.
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has a significant impact on the growth process. The modern perspective, originated by
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Economists refer to economic growth caused by more efficient use of inputs (increased
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The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else
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5450:"Higher Test Scores or More Schooling? Another Look at the Causes of Economic Growth"
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The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living since the Civil War
3873:
Statistics on the Growth of the Global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from 2003 to 2013
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1987:
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953:
945:
830:
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775:
620:
615:
339:
264:
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10082:
9790:
Wiedmann, Thomas; Lenzen, Manfred; Keyßer, Lorenz T.; Steinberger, Julia K. (2020).
7759:
7480:
7246:
6203:
Acemoglu, Daron; Naidu, Suresh; Restrepo, Pascual; Robinson, James A. (March 2014).
6130:
5757:
5431:
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5344:
3226:
Productivity increases do not always lead to increased wages, as can be seen in the
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8674:
8635:"Top scientists warn of 'ghastly future of mass extinction' and climate disruption"
8580:
8572:
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8309:
8272:
8255:
8206:
8198:
8154:
8142:
8079:
7910:
Jobs, growth and poverty: what do we know, what don't we know, what should we know?
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Bloom, David; Kuhn, Michael; Prettner, Klaus (2018). "Health and Economic Growth".
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4306:
Capitalism: A complete understanding of the nature and value of human economic life
4278:
4207:
4025:
3745:
3555:
3446:
3411:
3400:
3239:
3212:, as a result of a simultaneous increase in employment opportunities and increased
3074:
2918:
2552:
2547:
2497:
2324:
2212:
2173:
2163:
2143:
1941:
1928:
In economics and economic history, the transition from earlier economic systems to
1654:
1611:
1572:
1445:
1285:
Seemingly small differences in yearly GDP growth lead to large changes in GDP when
995:
989:
976:
765:
750:
276:
247:
235:
225:
161:
141:
111:
106:
10962:
8068:
Forthcoming in T. Eichler and S. Turnovsky (eds), Growth and Inequality, MIT Press
7882:"In Pursuit of Happiness Research. Is It Reliable? What Does It Imply for Policy?"
7881:
7691:
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Pokrovski, V.N. (2007) Productive energy in the US economy, Energy 32 (5) 816-822.
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Lucas, Robert E. (1990). "Why Doesn't Capital Flow from Rich to Poor Countries?".
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11052:
11017:
10952:
10877:
10862:
10756:
10712:
10549:
10483:
10458:
10453:
10429:
10160:
10145:
10058:
Are there limits to economic growth? It’s time to call time on a 50-year argument
10041:
10010:
9561:
8116:
8083:
7967:
7916:
7888:
7020:
6822:
Warsh, David. Knowledge and the Wealth of Nations. W.W. Norton & Company 2006
5619:
5109:
4834:
4757:
4708:
4664:
4379:
4330:
3879:
3802:
3650:
3570:
ore grades have declined significantly over the last century. Another example is
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3518:
3387:
3334:
3285:
3009:
2820:
2653:
2477:
2437:
2222:
1877:
1844:
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1594:
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1556:
1489:
1307:
and fine-tuning. Economic growth the part of macroeconomics that really matters.
867:
770:
730:
710:
576:
377:
372:
367:
334:
306:
12601:
9748:
Leave Me Alone and I'll Make You Rich: How the Bourgeois Deal Enriched the World
7427:
Persson, Torsten; Tabellini, Guido (1994). "Is Inequality Harmful for Growth?".
4653:"The Greatest Century That Ever Was: 25 Miraculous Trends of the last 100 Years"
3531:
Steady-state economy § Present situation: Exceeding global limits to growth
3368:
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
3230:, where the gap between productivity and wages has been rising since the 1980s.
1341:
12525:
11107:
11092:
11057:
11042:
11022:
10992:
10812:
10463:
10172:
10140:
10023:
9990:
Encyclopædia Britannic. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 17 November 2007.
9926:
9817:
9504:
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8532:
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8250:
8238:
8202:
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Pokrovski, V.N. (2003). Energy in the theory of production. Energy 28, 769-788.
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5946:
5791:
4999:"U.S. Productivity Growth: The Slowdown Has Returned After a Temporary Revival"
4060:"GDP per capita growth (annual %), World Bank Group, accessed august 2024"
3792:
3718:
3678:
3642:
3536:
3424:
3363:
3202:
3121:. An advocate of reducing inequality levels, Piketty suggests levying a global
3102:
2921:. Research done in this area has focused on what increases human capital (e.g.
2812:
2808:
2790:
2743:
Adam Smith pioneered modern economic growth and performance theory in his book
2582:
2472:
2242:
1994:
1983:
1953:
1717:
1689:
1646:
1584:
1440:
1296:
1291:
1051:
825:
740:
735:
392:
242:
198:
116:
91:
83:
10842:
10087:
9725:
Bourgeois Equality. How Ideas, Not Capital or Institutions, Enriched the World
9277:
8753:
8679:
8662:
7741:
7656:
7618:
7238:
6746:
6157:
6122:
6095:
5962:
5662:
5230:
4887:
4460:
1753:
in which birth rates decline and the average age of the population increases.
660:
12621:
11072:
11062:
11037:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10947:
10937:
10907:
10897:
10802:
10702:
10675:
10439:
10018:
9825:
9481:
Growth, Distribution, And Effective Demand: Essays in Honor of Edward J. Nell
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Galor, Oded; Zeira, Joseph (1993). "Income Distribution and Macroeconomics".
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6343:
5833:
5336:
3621:
3602:
3559:
3526:
3474:
3470:
3330:
3244:
While acknowledging the central role economic growth can potentially play in
3227:
3083:
3070:
2914:
2824:
2782:
2763:
2723:
2482:
2349:
2302:
2178:
2021:
1890:
1811:
1781:
1765:
1720:. After 2004 U.S. productivity growth returned to the low levels of 1972–96.
1669:
1635:
1513:
1349:
760:
745:
720:
705:
700:
695:
670:
665:
329:
291:
188:
9613:
9122:
Hall, C.; Day, J. (2009). "Revisiting the Limits to Growth After Peak Oil".
8576:
8158:
7566:
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6970:
6335:
5063:
5006:
International Productivity Monitor, Centre for the Study of Living Standards
3297:
2079:
1823:
54:
12606:
12194:
12184:
11102:
11047:
10942:
10932:
10927:
10852:
10697:
10222:
10150:
9945:
9898:
9843:
9632:
9511:
9486:
9236:
9098:
8700:
8639:
8612:
8494:
8286:
8246:
8234:
8220:
8040:. Working Paper. Brazil: International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth.
7529:
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7025:
6624:
6606:
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5799:
5423:
5259:; Weil, David (1992). "A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth".
4872:"Technological Change and Economic Growth the Interwar Years and the 1990s"
4395:
3760:
3713:
3489:
3482:
3450:
3291:
3137:
3086:
formation and the development process, in all but the very poor economies.
2841:
2013:
1937:
1882:
1789:
1697:
1627:
1580:
1560:
1532:
1517:
1467:
1463:
1005:
also generates economic growth. As it so happens, in the U.S. about 60% of
968:
910:
855:
780:
725:
685:
472:
344:
311:
301:
259:
136:
131:
7868:
7605:
Barro, Robert J. (2000). "Inequality and Growth in a Panel of Countries".
6270:
5776:"Human Capital Formation, Life Expectancy, and the Process of Development"
5525:
4175:
12314:
12189:
12179:
11417:
11077:
11067:
10857:
10736:
10680:
10155:
9691:
9672:
9655:
9214:
8015:. IMF Working Paper. Asia Pacific Department: International Monetary Fund
6956:
6377:
5562:
5256:
5111:
5076:
4652:
4029:
3755:
3628:
Productivity improving technologies (historical) § Energy efficiency
3571:
3466:
3342:
3265:
2909:, includes a mathematical explanation of technological advancement. This
2845:
2462:
2153:
1840:
1758:
1701:
1658:
1599:
1540:
785:
296:
281:
37:
9879:
9135:
5405:"International Data on Educational Attainment: Updates and Implications"
5185:
5112:"Information Processing Equipment and Software in the National Accounts"
5043:
4800:
4219:
2648:
909:
can be defined as the increase or improvement in the inflation-adjusted
10987:
10787:
10564:
10014:
9997:
8774:
Stern Review Economics of Climate Change. Part III Stabilization p. 183
8563:
7809:
7750:
7472:
7440:
7410:
7329:
7281:
7123:
6952:
6809:
6755:
5621:
The Knowledge Capital of Nations: Education and the Economics of Growth
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5358:
5315:
5292:
5095:
5078:
4933:"Interpreting the 'One Big Wave' in U.S. Long Term Productivity Growth"
4769:
Data refer to the year 2008. $ 26,341 GDP for Korea, $ 1513 for Ghana.
4402:. Cambridge, New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
4006:
3832:
3782:
3770:
3578:
Some physical scientists like Sanyam Mittal regard continuous economic
3501:
3462:
3189:
3122:
3004:
2959:
2926:
2906:
2726:
has since contracted, while the service economy expanded in the 2000s.
2537:
2467:
2334:
1932:
was facilitated by the adoption of government policies which fostered
1929:
1886:
1607:
1568:
1552:
1002:
715:
645:
581:
532:
8585:
6310:
Post-Pandemic Economic Growth super-inquiry launched by BEIS Committee
5479:
5314:
Sala-i-Martin, Xavier; Doppelhofer, Gernot; Miller, Ronald I. (2004).
4372:
3337:
have been developed in order to achieve this and to overcome possible
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Doughnut Economics: Seven Ways to Think Like a 21st-Century Economist
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Swan, Trevor W. (1956). "Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation'".
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Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations: A Translation into Modern English
6457:
Attributed to Mensch who described new products as "demand creating".
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5625:
5177:
4211:
3497:
3314:
2952:
2949:
2922:
2689:
2562:
2517:
2377:
2064:
2017:
deaths from starvation before the governor decided to try democracy.
1898:
1857:
933:
914:
813:
655:
286:
171:
126:
7402:
7321:
7273:
7157:
Galor O., 2005, "From Stagnation to Growth: Unified Growth Theory".
7115:
6737:
5818:"Mortality Reductions, Educational Attainment, and Fertility Choice"
5284:
3445:
across nations, although there is also a considerable divergence in
2933:
of endogenous productivity growth was proposed by Russian economist
1915:
Great Divergence § Efficiency of markets and state intervention
10616:
9080:"A Comparison of the Limits of Growth with Thirty Years of Reality"
8966:
Hall, Charles A.S.; Cleveland, Cutler J.; Kaufmann, Robert (1992).
7786:
6857:
6721:
6698:
6217:
6204:
5727:
5725:
5470:
4969:. Stanford University. pp. 24–5 (pdf pp. 28–9). Archived from
4474:
3765:
3688:
3632:
Energy economic theories hold that rates of energy consumption and
3322:
2557:
2527:
2492:
2314:
1933:
984:
9851:
Ruck, Damian J.; Bentley, R. Alexander; Lawson, Daniel J. (2020).
9434:"Determinants of Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Empirical Study"
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8449:"Loss of Biodiversity Puts Current and Future Generations at Risk"
6359:"Entrepreneurship, small businesses and economic growth in cities"
6315:
5699:"Investing in health for economic development: The case of Mexico"
4945:
4932:
3125:
in order to reduce the divergence in wealth caused by inequality.
10053:
Why Does Growth Keep Slowing Down? St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank
9491:
Determinants of Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Empirical Study.
8490:"Economics of biodiversity review: what are the recommendations?"
7807:
7223:"Inequality and Unsustainable Growth: Two Sides of the Same Coin"
6925:
5079:"A Retrospective Look at the U.S. Productivity Growth Resurgence"
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Lucas, R. E. (1988). "On the Mechanics of Economic Development".
3663:
3326:
3209:
3039:
in the growth process has radically shifted in the past century.
1734:
with high rates of economic growth driven by capital investment.
46:
real growth rates, 1990–1998 and 1990–2006, in selected countries
10076:
8968:
Energy and Resource Quality: The ecology of the Economic Process
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5722:
4638:
Mass Production, the Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression
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1630:-powered factories. The invention of processes for making cheap
1046:
GDP per person data are adjusted for inflation, hence they are "
12589:
9908:"Prepare developed democracies for long-run economic slowdowns"
9789:
9364:
Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty
8170:
4679:
A Great Leap Forward: 1930s Depression and U.S. Economic Growth
3567:
3522:
3359:
Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
2577:
1979:
1894:
1873:
1619:
1009:
in 2013 went on goods and services that did not exist in 1869.
862:
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8608:"Climate crisis: 11,000 scientists warn of 'untold suffering'"
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Bruce T. Grimm; Brent R. Moulton; David B. Wasshausen (2002).
8983:"Declining South America copper ore grades require ingenuity"
8663:"Underestimating the Challenges of Avoiding a Ghastly Future"
6202:
5853:
5851:
5029:
1996–2004, and of 1972–96 with 1996–2011 is quite remarkable.
3708:
1709:
1685:
1677:
1631:
1481:(specialization) is also fundamental to rising productivity.
937:
454:
230:
10093:
8394:"One million species at risk of extinction, UN report warns"
8119:, Policy Research Working Paper Series 4851, The World Bank.
7726:"Inequality and economic growth: the role of initial income"
6988:
History of Economic Theory : Scope, Method, and Content
5578:"How Much Do Educational Outcomes Matter in OECD Countries?"
4148:
Corry, Dan; Valero, Anna; Van Reenen, John (November 2011).
12339:
9474:
Business and Economic Growth: Key Features and Determinants
9305:. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. pp. 16, 40.
4239:. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. p.
1919:
Great Divergence § State prohibition of new technology
1673:
12456:
Patents, trademarks, and industrial design filing activity
9479:
Argyrous, G., Forstater, M and Mongiovi, G. (eds.) (2004)
8233:
5848:
10013:
Two seminars on the importance of growth with economists
10000:'s plain-English explanation of endogenous growth theory.
9955:
The Growth Delusion: The Wealth and Well-Being of Nations
9407:
A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World
6471:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 39.
5986:"Personal Liberty under Common Law of England, 1200–1600"
5117:. U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis
1869:
1705:
12126:
9905:
8553:
7073:
Macroeconomics: Imperfections, Institutions and Policies
6631:
5875:
5873:
5039:
5037:
3539:' 1798 predictions about approaching famines in Europe,
3535:
Many earlier predictions of resource depletion, such as
3415:
inequality." A 2021 paper authored by top scientists in
3208:
Economic growth has the indirect potential to alleviate
3109:) exceeds the average annual growth in economic output (
1336:
8128:
Donella H. Meadows, Jorgen Randers, Dennis L. Meadows.
8110:"Inclusive growth analytics: Framework and application"
7984:"Inclusive growth revisited: Measurement and evolution"
6244:
6016:
1438:. Short-run variation in economic growth is termed the
11233:
9702:
A Culture of Growth: the Origins of the Modern Economy
8720:
Stern Review, Part III Stabilization. Table 7.1 p. 168
8171:
Wiedmann, Thomas; Lenzen, Manfred; Keyßer, Lorenz T.;
7908:
Claire Melamed, Renate Hartwig and Ursula Grant 2011.
5077:
Dale W. Jorgenson; Mun S. Ho; Kevin J. Stiroh (2008).
3890:
3888:
3854:"What is economic growth? And why is it so important?"
3419:
posited that given the environmental crises including
1602:
fell due to improvements in transportation and trade,
62:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
9853:"Cultural prerequisites of socioeconomic development"
8965:
8132:. White River Junction, Vermont: Chelsea Green, 2004.
8033:
Ranieri, Rafael; Ramos, Raquel Almeida (March 2013).
5870:
5370:
Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy
5049:"Long-term Estimates of U.S. Productivity and Growth"
5034:
4147:
3321:, along with more radical approaches associated with
1974:"Democracy Does Cause Growth", according to Acemoglu
1492:. The rapid economic growth that occurred during the
7959:
Claire Melamed, Kate Higgins and Andy Sumner (2010)
7494:
Galor, Oded; Moav, Omer; Vollrath, Dietrich (2009).
7360:
6672:
6643:
6571:
Malthus, Thomas R. (1798). Gilbert, Geoffrey (ed.).
6308:
Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Committee,
5732:
Bloom, David; Canning, David; Graham, Bryan (2003).
3043:
capital accumulation and therefore economic growth.
1539:
and internal combustion supplanted limited wind and
1025:
The economic growth rate is typically calculated as
60:
Rate of change of gross domestic product, world and
9994:
Beyond Classical and Keynesian Macroeconomic Policy
9639:
9584:
6926:"Social resources in the theory of economic growth"
6575:. Oxford: Oxford University Press (published 1999).
5898:
History of Economic Thought: A Critical Perspective
5137:
History of Economic Thought: A Critical Perspective
4640:. New York, Lincoln, Shanghi: Authors Choice Press.
4066:
3885:
3620:Further information on Energy role in economy:
3481:technology can be cost-effective and reliable. The
2958:. The approach explains growth as a consequence of
928:Growth is usually calculated in real terms – i.e.,
9540:2nd ed. W. W. Norton & Company: New York, N.Y.
9361:
8785:
8559:"World Scientists' Warning of a Climate Emergency"
8335:"Degrowth as a Concept and Practice: Introduction"
6985:
5731:
4651:Moore, Stephen; Simon, Julian (15 December 1999).
4475:"Accounting for Growth: The Role of Physical Work"
4421:
4419:
4331:"From Stagnation to Growth: Unified Growth Theory"
3996:
3900:
2034:Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Committee
1320:The system of economic growth in developed regions
9850:
9673:"How Deep Are the Roots of Economic Development?"
9566:. Springer, Dordrecht-Heidelberg-London-New York.
9498:From Stagnation to Growth: Unified Growth Theory.
9087:Socio-Economics and the Environment in Discussion
8251:"Degrowth can work — here's how science can help"
8108:Elena Ianchovichina and Susanna Lundstrom, 2009.
7773:Bénabou, Roland (1996). "Inequality and Growth".
7707:"Effects of income inequality on economic growth"
7493:
6722:"A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth"
6591:"Dynamics and Stagnation in the Malthusian Epoch"
6231:Jyot Hosagrahar „Culture: at the heart of SDGs“,
5895:
5857:
5617:
5575:
5538:
5134:
4183:. Princeton University Press for NBER. p. 3.
3205:, at least up to a level of $ 15,000 per person.
2697:
1839:Here, health is approached as a functioning from
1770:
12619:
9670:
9587:"Individualism, innovation, and long-run growth"
9359:
8970:. Niwot, Colorado: University Press of Colorado.
8141:
8010:"Inclusive Growth: Measurement and Determinants"
7826:
7723:
7704:
7426:
7098:"A Model of Growth Through Creative Destruction"
6299:, published October 2016, accessed 17 April 2024
6283:
5992:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp.
5879:
4715:
4169:
4167:
4165:
3172:
2039:
9745:
9592:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
7934:An uncertain glory India and its contradictions
6312:, published 3 June 2020, accessed 17 April 2024
5773:
5648:
5363:"Human Capital and Growth: Theory and Evidence"
5251:
4959:
4416:
3488:British conservative politician and journalist
3177:Over long periods of time, even small rates of
1901:, for which there is ample empirical evidence.
1672:slowed down after 1973. In contrast, growth in
9563:Econodynamics. The Theory of Social Production
9516:Less is More: How Degrowth Will Save the World
9176:
9148:
8989:
8860:
8858:
8832:
8830:
7015:
7013:
6171:
6169:
6167:
6021:. Vol. 1, Part A. Elsevier. pp. 385–472.
5811:
5809:
4992:
4990:
4771:World Economic Outlook Database – October 2008
4751:Leading article: Africa has to spend carefully
4473:Ayres, Robert U.; Warr, Benjamin (June 2005).
4466:
4362:, p. , Part 2: The Industrial Revolution.
4236:Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics
3945:. Princeton University Press. pp. 38–39.
3626:Further information on Energy efficiency:
1872:per capita from that of aggregate measures of
1571:and livestock and poultry management, and the
1567:and scientific agriculture including chemical
1353:real GDP per capita growth in % for 2023
932:terms – to eliminate the distorting effect of
12112:
11219:
10109:
9585:Gorodnichenko, Yuriy; Roland, Gerard (2011).
8885:
8883:
8723:
7677:
7381:
7350:. Department of Economics, Hebrew University.
7070:
6143:
6081:
6049:
5945:
5769:
5767:
5576:Hanushek, Eric A.; Woessmann, Ludger (2011).
5501:
4577:
4575:
4390:
4388:
4162:
4103:
3997:Barro, Robert; Sala-i-Martin, Xavier (2004).
2671:
887:
9360:Acemoglu, Daron; Robinson, James A. (2012).
9071:
9017:
8814:"Examination of Witnesses (Questions 32–39)"
8696:"The planet is dying faster than we thought"
8032:
7982:Anand, Rahul; et al. (17 August 2013).
7808:Ryland Thomas; Samuel H. Williamson (2022).
7214:
7191:Berg, Andrew G.; Ostry, Jonathan D. (2011).
7184:
7095:
7075:. Oxford University Press. pp. 529–60.
6588:
6432:Technological Transformations and Long Waves
6321:
4916:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
4681:. New Haven, London: Yale University Press.
4608:
4322:
4262:
4260:
959:The "rate of economic growth" refers to the
27:Measure of increase in market value of goods
12057:*Top country subdivisions by GDP per capita
9671:Spolaore, Enrico; Wacziarg, Romain (2013).
9368:. Crown Business division of Random House.
9332:. New York, Toronto: Random House. p.
8855:
8827:
8064:
7724:Brückner, Markus; Lederman, Daniel (2018).
7705:Brückner, Markus; Lederman, Daniel (2015).
7384:"Distributive Politics and Economic Growth"
7010:
6438:. Vienna, Austria: Novographic. p. 9.
6164:
5806:
5443:
5441:
5047:; Mun S. Ho; Jon D. Samuels (12 May 2014).
4987:
2882:
1956:happened before major rule of law reforms.
1069:Real GDP per person at beginning of period
12539:Number of broadband Internet subscriptions
12119:
12105:
11226:
11212:
10116:
10102:
9559:
9548:The Industrial Revolution: Past and Future
8906:
8880:
8840:. Oswego.edu. 10 June 1999. Archived from
8605:
8487:
7345:
7297:
6951:
6923:
5764:
5618:Hanushek, Eric; Woessmann, Ludger (2015).
4960:Abramovitz, Moses; David, Paul A. (2000).
4924:
4650:
4572:
4385:
4337:. Vol. 1. Elsevier. pp. 171–293.
4052:
3972:(6th ed.). Cengage Learning. p.
2776:
2678:
2664:
1944:, and the abolishment of anti-usury laws.
1676:has been strong since then, starting with
894:
880:
9935:
9925:
9888:
9878:
9833:
9722:
9690:
9622:
9612:
9257:
9196:
8743:
8678:
8584:
8276:
8210:
8147:The environment, from surplus to scarcity
8035:"Inclusive Growth: Building up a Concept"
7936:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
7842:
7749:
7556:
7542:
7519:
7311:
7220:
7190:
7038:
6847:
6745:
6688:
6614:
6534:
6260:
6216:
5990:The Origins of Modern Freedom in the West
5896:Hunt, E. K.; Lautzenheiser, Mark (2014).
5692:
5690:
5670:
5552:
5515:
5478:
5274:
5135:Hunt, E. K.; Lautzenheiser, Mark (2014).
5094:
4944:
4635:
4490:
4472:
4425:
4257:
4232:
3741:List of countries by real GDP growth rate
3558:and chemical fertilizers, especially the
3128:
1904:
913:of the goods and services produced by an
12072:Lists of countries by financial rankings
10040:on the basic assumptions behind current
9981:
9746:McCloskey, Deirdre; Carden, Art (2020).
9045:
8995:
8792:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
8693:
8446:
7931:
7904:
7902:
7900:
7144:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
7096:Aghion, Philippe; Howitt, Peter (1992).
6983:
6872:
5438:
5403:Barro, Robert J.; Lee, Jong-Wha (2001).
5402:
4816:"U.S. Economic Growth in the Gilded Age"
4786:
4667:for various innovations start at Fig. 14
4556:The Transportation Revolution, 1815–1860
4373:Productivity trends in the United States
4365:
4350:, p. , Part I: The Malthusian Trap.
4177:Productivity Trends in the United States
4173:
4104:Roubini, Nouriel; Backus, David (1998).
3599:or decline due to resource constraints.
3296:
3015:
2989:
2807:One popular theory in the 1940s was the
1802:
1593:
1348:
1340:
1315:
1311:
1016:
9952:
9768:
9550:, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis,
9182:
9121:
8783:
8729:
7955:
7953:
7772:
7579:
7458:
7382:Alesina, Alberto; Rodrik, Dani (1994).
7179:Handbook of the Economics of Education.
6963:Center for Economic and Policy Research
6878:
6573:An Essay on the Principle of Population
6570:
6175:
6108:
5774:Cervellati, Matteo; Sunde, Uwe (2005).
5216:
5159:
4612:A New Economic View of American History
4519:
4479:Structural Change and Economic Dynamics
4303:
4193:
3271:
3151:
1940:, laws providing for the protection of
1911:Great Divergence § Property rights
14:
12620:
11370:Latin American and Caribbean countries
10077:Angus Maddison's Historical Dataseries
9643:The Review of Economics and Statistics
9510:
9500:Handbook of Economic Growth, Elsevier.
9325:
9263:
9235:
9077:
9023:
8864:
8632:
8606:Carrington, Damian (5 November 2019).
8514:
8488:Carrington, Damian (2 February 2021).
8332:
8008:Anand, Rahul; et al. (May 2013).
7638:
7636:
7454:
7452:
7450:
7422:
7420:
7377:
7375:
7363:"The Effect of Distribution on Growth"
7341:
7339:
7293:
7291:
7259:
7221:Berg, Andrew; Ostry, Jonathan (2017).
7153:
7151:
7135:
7133:
7019:
6466:
6052:Saving Capitalism from the Capitalists
5983:
5920:
5815:
5696:
5687:
5447:
4996:
4930:
4609:Atack, Jeremy; Passell, Peter (1994).
4553:
4394:
3965:
3938:
3508:
1723:
204:Measures of national income and output
12100:
11207:
10097:
9699:
9431:
9403:
9382:
8912:
8694:Specktor, Brandon (15 January 2021).
8307:
8007:
7990:. Centre for Economic Policy Research
7981:
7897:
7604:
7139:
6992:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp.
6831:
6795:
6719:
6649:
6637:
6589:Quamrul, Ashraf; Galor, Oded (2011).
6584:
6582:
6425:
6077:
6075:
6073:
6071:
5738:The Scandinavian Journal of Economics
5357:
4869:
4813:
4676:
4581:
4359:
4347:
4328:
4266:
4091:
4072:
3918:
3906:
3894:
3851:
2913:was notable for its incorporation of
2026:buys public goods, works and services
1337:Determinants of per capita GDP growth
1072:Real GDP per person at end of period
1003:Development of new goods and services
12127:Economic classification of countries
9574:1982 reprint, Transaction Publishers
9173:"Overshoot" by William Catton, p. 3
9151:Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update
8980:
8940:
8130:Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update
7950:
6768:
6469:The Rise and Fall of American Growth
6297:Procuring Growth: Balanced Scorecard
4523:The Rise and Fall of Infrastructures
4150:"UK Economic Performance Since 1997"
4122:
3939:Gordon, Robert J. (29 August 2017).
2757:
2710:
1649:, which was arguably one of several
1355:
10193:Agent-based computational economics
9503:Halevi, Joseph; Laibman, David and
9051:
9001:"Arithmetic, Population and Energy"
7633:
7582:Capital in the Twenty-first Century
7447:
7417:
7372:
7336:
7288:
7148:
7130:
6497:U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation
6390:
6356:
4019:
3233:
3065:, highlights the important role of
2830:
1757:growth, as did the entrance of the
1591:, which is universally used today.
1458:Productivity-improving technologies
1040:
24:
9792:"Scientists' warning on affluence"
9572:The Theory of Economic Development
9425:
8865:Bailey, Ronald (4 February 2004).
8633:Weston, Phoebe (13 January 2021).
8333:Nelson, Anitra (31 January 2024).
8249:; et al. (12 December 2022).
8177:"Scientists' warning on affluence"
7932:Drèze, Jean; Sen, Amartya (2013).
6783:10.1111/j.1475-4932.1956.tb00434.x
6579:
6068:
5734:"Longevity and Life cycle Savings"
4729:. 28 November 2019. Archived from
3515:Energy returned on energy invested
3195:
2733:
1549:historical sources of productivity
25:
12649:
12446:Research and development spending
9976:
9389:. Westport, CT; London: Praeger.
8981:Lyon, Christioher (3 July 2015).
8889:
8667:Frontiers in Conservation Science
8339:The Commons Social Change Library
8314:The Commons Social Change Library
4997:Gordon, Robert J. (Spring 2013).
4760:. The Independent. July 13, 2006.
3704:Export-oriented industrialization
3430:
3417:Frontiers in Conservation Science
1634:were important for many forms of
12600:
12588:
12489:planetary pressures–adjusted HDI
12365:List of countries by median wage
12360:Employee compensation (per hour)
12060:*Top country metropolitan by GDP
12054:*Top country subdivisions by GDP
10651:neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis
9319:
9292:
9229:
9167:
9142:
9115:
8974:
8959:
8934:
8919:. New York: D. Appleton and Co.
8806:
8777:
8768:
8714:
8687:
8653:
8626:
8599:
8547:
8508:
8481:
8467:
8440:
8415:
8386:
8351:
8326:
8308:Smith, E. T. (23 January 2024).
8301:
8227:
8164:
8135:
8122:
8102:
8093:
8058:
8026:
8001:
7975:
7925:
7875:
7820:
7801:
7766:
7717:
7698:
7671:
7598:
7573:
7536:
7512:10.1111/j.1467-937X.2008.00506.x
7487:
7354:
7253:
7203:(3). International Monetary Fund
7171:
7089:
7063:
6977:
6945:
6936:
6917:
6908:
6899:
6825:
6816:
6789:
6762:
6146:Explorations in Economic History
6084:Explorations in Economic History
6050:Rajan, R.; Zingales, L. (2003).
5597:10.1111/j.1468-0327.2011.00265.x
5083:Journal of Economic Perspectives
4615:. New York: W.W. Norton and Co.
4588:. New York: D. Appleton and Co.
3372:substantial loss of biodiversity
3216:. A study by researchers at the
2925:) or technological change (e.g.
2647:
2045:This section is an excerpt from
1775:
1740:National Industrial Recovery Act
861:
849:
90:
53:
36:
12147:Heavily indebted poor countries
10083:OECD economic growth statistics
9538:Introduction to Economic Growth
9438:Social Science Research Network
6713:
6666:
6655:
6564:
6547:
6528:
6514:
6485:
6460:
6419:
6384:
6350:
6324:Review of Development Economics
6302:
6289:
6238:
6225:
6196:
6137:
6102:
6043:
6010:
5977:
5939:
5914:
5889:
5642:
5611:
5569:
5532:
5495:
5396:
5351:
5307:
5245:
5219:The Journal of Economic History
5210:
5200:"Hours of Work in U.S. History"
5192:
5153:
5128:
5103:
5070:
4953:
4931:Gordon, Robert J. (June 2000).
4876:The Journal of Economic History
4863:
4807:
4780:
4763:
4744:
4695:
4670:
4644:
4629:
4602:
4547:
4513:
4297:
4226:
4187:
4141:
4116:
4097:
3035:The prevailing views about the
2631:Latin America and the Caribbean
1451:
1031:real GDP per capita growth rate
12162:World Bank high-income economy
12080:List of international rankings
11473:Latin America & Caribbean
11322:Private consumption per capita
9678:Journal of Economic Literature
9570:Schumpeter, Jospeph A. (1912)
9410:. Princeton University Press.
9302:Electricity in Economic Growth
9149:Meadows, D H; Randers (2004).
9089:. CSIRO Working Paper Series.
8447:McKenzie, A. D. (7 May 2019).
8359:"Charter of the Global Greens"
7971:Overseas Development Institute
7921:Overseas Development Institute
7391:Quarterly Journal of Economics
7300:The Review of Economic Studies
6882:The Mystery of Economic Growth
6726:Quarterly Journal of Economics
6522:"All Employees: Manufacturing"
6405:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2017.11.001
6357:Lee, Yong Suk (28 July 2016).
5541:Journal of Economic Literature
5262:Quarterly Journal of Economics
4636:Beaudreau, Bernard C. (1996).
4554:Taylor, George Rogers (1951).
4435:Johns Hopkins University Press
4013:
3990:
3959:
3932:
3866:
3845:
3218:Overseas Development Institute
3031:Effects of economic inequality
2698:Entrepreneurs and new products
1771:Other factors affecting growth
1651:causes of the Great Depression
1012:
942:Measurement of economic growth
809:Publications in macroeconomics
13:
1:
10587:Critique of political economy
10123:
10004:CEPR Economics Seminar Series
9599:(supplement_4): 21316–21319.
9560:Pokrovskii, Vladimir (2018).
8368:. Dakar. 2012. Archived from
7810:"What Was the U.K. GDP Then?"
7692:10.1016/j.jpolmod.2013.02.011
7361:The World Bank Group (1999).
7167:10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01004-X
6924:Pokrovskii, Vladimir (2021).
6393:Journal of Business Venturing
6366:Journal of Economic Geography
6205:"Democracy Does Cause Growth"
6027:10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01006-3
5750:10.1111/1467-9442.t01-1-00001
4501:10.1016/j.strueco.2003.10.003
4382:", Princeton University Press
4270:Journal of Monetary Economics
3839:
3684:Critique of political economy
3173:Importance of long-run growth
2738:
2443:Democracy and economic growth
2047:Democracy and economic growth
2040:Democracy and economic growth
1610:, scientific farming and the
1345:Historic world GDP per capita
1333:with higher limiting values.
12501:Percentage living in poverty
12157:Newly industrialized country
11360:European Union member states
10030:The Economist Has No Clothes
9153:. Chelsea Green Publishing.
9078:Turner, Graham (June 2008).
9024:Murphy, Tom (12 July 2011).
8931:Opening line of the Preface.
8400:. 6 May 2019. Archived from
7961:Economic growth and the MDGs
7853:10.1016/0921-8009(95)00064-X
6885:. Harvard University Press.
6835:Journal of Political Economy
6676:Journal of Political Economy
6284:Acemoglu & Robinson 2012
6209:NBER Working Paper No. 20004
5880:Acemoglu & Robinson 2012
5448:Breton, Theodore R. (2015).
5382:10.1016/0167-2231(90)90028-J
5162:"The Myth of Asia's Miracle"
4835:10.1016/j.jmacro.2007.08.008
4814:Field, Alezander J. (2007).
4677:Field, Alexander J. (2011).
4283:10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7
4196:"The Myth of Asia's Miracle"
3969:Principles of Macroeconomics
3258:growth elasticity of poverty
3254:Millennium Development Goals
2636:Middle East and North Africa
2503:Peaceful transition of power
1653:of the 1930s. Following the
1545:energy conversion efficiency
1529:Second Industrial Revolution
7:
12451:Stock market capitalization
12417:Financial assets per capita
11400:Gross national income (GNI)
9752:University of Chicago Press
9729:University of Chicago Press
9723:McCloskey, Deirdre (2016).
9266:Journal of Economic History
8867:"Science and Public Policy"
8373:(PDF contains full charter)
7159:Handbook of Economic Growth
6111:Journal of Economic History
6019:Handbook of Economic Growth
5951:Journal of Economic History
5816:Soares, Rodrigo R. (2005).
4937:NBER Working Paper No. 7752
4775:International Monetary Fund
4335:Handbook of Economic Growth
4130:. p. 2. Archived from
4001:(2nd ed.). p. 6.
3656:
3437:Economics of global warming
3252:and the achievement of the
3146:International Monetary Fund
3020:
2901:, most notably advanced by
2533:Proportional representation
1058:Economic growth by country
10:
12654:
10725:Real business-cycle theory
10024:On global economic history
9927:10.1038/s41562-021-01229-y
9858:Royal Society Open Science
9818:10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y
9706:Princeton University Press
8533:10.1007/s11406-022-00497-w
8278:10.1038/d41586-022-04412-x
8203:10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y
7775:NBER Macroeconomics Annual
7730:Journal of Economic Growth
7680:Journal of Policy Modeling
7645:Journal of Economic Growth
7607:Journal of Economic Growth
7545:Review of Economic Studies
7500:Review of Economic Studies
7461:Journal of Economic Growth
7262:Review of Economic Studies
6467:Gordon, Robert J. (2016).
6295:Crown Commercial Service,
6176:De Soto, Hernando (2000).
6054:. New York: Random House.
5921:Landes, David. S. (1969).
5792:10.1257/000282805775014380
5651:Journal of Economic Growth
4662:(364). The Cato Institute.
4233:Rosenberg, Nathan (1982).
4174:Kendrick, John W. (1961).
4110:Lectures in Macroeconomics
3625:
3619:
3512:
3496:an 'inefficient system of
3479:carbon capture and storage
3434:
3392:biodiversity is collapsing
3279:
3237:
3101:In 2013, French economist
3024:
2993:
2886:
2834:
2761:
2714:
2044:
1908:
1455:
1327:conventional growth domain
946:national income accounting
560:New neoclassical synthesis
543:Real business-cycle theory
12583:
12557:
12524:
12464:
12425:
12395:
12338:
12299:
12250:
12213:
12203:
12170:
12152:Least developed countries
12132:
12067:
11609:
11436:
11398:
11340:
11281:
11246:
11165:
11123:
10765:
10499:
10248:
10213:
10131:
9536:Jones, Charles I. (2002)
9493:MIT Press: Cambridge, MA.
9432:Barro, Robert J. (1996).
9383:Bjork, Gordon J. (1999).
9278:10.1017/S0022050700029673
8754:10.1007/s10584-009-9717-9
8680:10.3389/fcosc.2020.615419
7742:10.1007/s10887-018-9156-4
7657:10.1007/s10887-017-9150-2
7239:10.1057/s41308-017-0030-8
7193:"Equality and Efficiency"
6879:Helpman, Elhanah (2004).
6720:Solow, Robert M. (1956).
6561:, ISR Publications, 2015.
6158:10.1016/j.eeh.2013.07.005
6123:10.1017/S0022050706000398
6096:10.1016/j.eeh.2016.11.002
5988:. In Davis, R. W. (ed.).
5963:10.1017/S0022050700009451
5663:10.1007/s10887-008-9031-9
5231:10.1017/s0022050700039073
4890:(inactive 28 July 2024).
4888:10.1017/S0022050706000088
4870:Field, Alexander (2004).
4823:Journal of Macroeconomics
4702:St. Louis Federal Reserve
4106:"Productivity and Growth"
3777:Prosperity Without Growth
3647:Total factor productivity
3638:global energy consumption
3615:
3408:warning on climate change
3397:Colorado State University
3376:environmental degradation
3082:has an adverse effect on
2717:Rostow's stages of growth
1834:
1021:Real GDP Growth Rate 2023
12638:Macroeconomic indicators
12544:Number of Internet users
12436:Gross National Happiness
11458:Commonwealth of Nations
11332:Ten largest historically
9775:. London: Random House.
9483:. New York: M.E. Sharpe.
9326:Paepke, C. Owen (1992).
9054:"That Old Time Religion"
8913:Wells, David A. (1891).
8788:Sustainable Fossil Fuels
7580:Piketty, Thomas (2014).
7429:American Economic Review
6984:Landreth, Harry (1976).
6798:American Economic Review
6595:American Economic Review
6248:American Economic Review
5834:10.1257/0002828054201486
5822:American Economic Review
5780:American Economic Review
5504:American Economic Review
5458:Journal of Human Capital
5337:10.1257/0002828042002570
5324:American Economic Review
4582:Wells, David A. (1890).
4520:Grubler, Arnulf (1990).
4304:Reisman, George (1998).
4022:Economic Growth eJournal
3966:Mankiw, Gregory (2011).
3443:carbon dioxide emissions
3048:Neoclassical perspective
2899:endogenous growth theory
2889:Endogenous growth theory
2883:Endogenous growth theory
2588:Wars between democracies
2568:Territorial peace theory
2413:Democratic confederalism
1331:innovative growth domain
565:Saltwater and freshwater
12474:Human Development Index
11566:Former Soviet Republics
11283:Purchasing power parity
10365:Industrial organization
10188:Computational economics
10088:Multinational data sets
10070:
9953:Pilling, David (2019).
9614:10.1073/pnas.1101933108
9581:2nd ed. Addison Wesley.
9404:Clark, Gregory (2007).
9026:"Galactic-Scale Energy"
8515:Cafaro, Philip (2022).
8151:Oxford University Press
7619:10.1023/A:1009850119329
7567:10.1111/0034-6527.00312
7197:Finance and Development
7049:10.1111/1468-0262.00312
6336:10.1111/1467-9361.00151
4433:, Baltimore, Maryland:
3798:Sustainable development
3669:American exceptionalism
3562:for ammonia synthesis.
3500:'. Instead, he favours
3494:carbon emission trading
3319:basic income guarantees
3158:Galor and Zeira's model
2859:conditional convergence
2777:Classical growth theory
2573:Tyranny of the majority
2508:Political demonstration
2418:Democratic peace theory
2393:Deliberative referendum
1704:had a lower per capita
1668:Economic growth in the
1075:Annualized growth rate
493:International economics
418:Overlapping generations
12570:Per capita (creditors)
12549:Smartphone penetration
12205:Gross domestic product
12172:Three/Four-World Model
11522:nominal and per capita
10570:Modern monetary theory
10235:Experimental economics
10205:Pluralism in economics
10178:Mathematical economics
10047:World Growth Institute
9913:Nature Human Behaviour
9769:Raworth, Kate (2017).
9577:Weil, David N. (2008)
9461:Cite journal requires
8997:Bartlett, Albert Allen
8310:"Practising Commoning"
8245:; O’Neill, Daniel W.;
7711:VOX CEPR Policy Portal
6607:10.1257/aer.101.5.2003
5984:Barker, J. H. (1995).
5412:Oxford Economic Papers
5202:. 2010. Archived from
5160:Krugman, Paul (1994).
5056:World KLEMS Conference
5012:: 13–9. Archived from
4371:Kendrick, J. W. 1961 "
4194:Krugman, Paul (1994).
3828:The White Man's Burden
3818:Universal basic income
3609:William R. Catton, Jr.
3370:warned that given the
3302:
3264:of the United Nations
3129:Evidence: reduced form
2398:Democratic backsliding
2388:Criticism of democracy
1926:
1905:Political institutions
1808:
1751:demographic transition
1615:
1604:mechanized agriculture
1565:mechanized agriculture
1563:improvements included
1537:electricity generation
1499:demographic transition
1427:
1346:
1321:
1309:
1305:countercyclical policy
1022:
923:gross domestic product
836:Mathematical economics
587:Modern monetary theory
350:Universal basic income
44:Gross domestic product
12534:ICT Development Index
12516:Social Progress Index
12301:Gross national income
11610:Subnational divisions
9982:Articles and lectures
9959:Bloomsbury Publishing
9797:Nature Communications
9544:Lucas, Robert E., Jr.
9056:. AEI. Archived from
8941:Smil, Vaclav (2004).
8577:10.1093/biosci/biz088
8475:The Ultimate Resource
8182:Nature Communications
8173:Steinberger, Julia K.
7348:Working Paper No. 197
7142:Unified Growth Theory
6662:Paul Rosenstein-Rodan
6555:The Wealth of Nations
6271:10.1257/aer.91.5.1369
5697:Lustig, Nora (2006).
5526:10.1257/aer.90.5.1184
3823:Wealth redistribution
3813:Unified growth theory
3347:Global Greens Charter
3317:, green investments,
3300:
3025:Further information:
3016:Inequality and growth
3001:Unified growth theory
2996:Unified growth theory
2990:Unified growth theory
2787:factors of production
2745:The Wealth of Nations
2453:Electoral competition
2433:Democratic transition
2408:Democratic centralism
2403:Democratic capitalism
1922:
1828:Jan Luiten van Zanden
1806:
1645:of the 1920s created
1597:
1577:Interchangeable parts
1522:Interchangeable parts
1510:Industrial Revolution
1494:Industrial Revolution
1352:
1344:
1319:
1312:Growth and innovation
1301:
1035:GNI per capita growth
1020:
676:Wesley Clair Mitchell
651:Thomas Robert Malthus
488:Development economics
12633:Economic development
12595:Economics portal
12575:Per capita (debtors)
12441:Net material product
10444:Social choice theory
10200:Behavioral economics
10183:Complexity economics
9700:Mokyr, Joel (2016).
9692:10.1257/jel.51.2.325
9656:10.1162/REST_a_00599
9520:Penguin Random House
9215:10.1002/2013EF000171
8784:Jaccard, M. (2005).
8478:, Julian Simon, 1981
7830:Ecological Economics
7584:. Brilliance Audio.
7140:Galor, Oded (2011).
5706:WIDER Research Paper
5563:10.1257/jel.46.3.607
5424:10.1093/oep/53.3.541
4329:Galor, Oded (2005).
4030:10.2139/ssrn.3503386
3751:Orthodox Development
3735:The Limits to Growth
3729:Hindu rate of growth
3699:Economic development
3592:The Limits to Growth
3384:Julian Lincoln Simon
3311:steady-state economy
3290:Critics such as the
3282:The Limits to Growth
3274:Environmental impact
3152:Evidence: mechanisms
3052:representative agent
2973:Schumpeterian growth
2964:creative destruction
2752:capital accumulation
2428:Democratic socialism
1761:into the workforce.
1531:, a major factor of
1027:real GDP growth rate
413:Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans
253:Liquidity preference
12561:investment position
12506:Human Capital Index
12496:Human Poverty Index
12484:inequality-adjusted
12285:per person employed
11550:Asia & Pacific
11437:Countries by region
11327:Per person employed
10528:American (National)
10228:Economic statistics
10038:Scientific American
9880:10.1098/rsos.190725
9871:2020RSOS....790725R
9810:2020NatCo..11.3107W
9605:2011PNAS..10821316G
9207:2014EaFut...2..127G
9136:10.1511/2009.78.230
9052:Hayward, Steven F.
8454:Inter Press Service
8398:National Geographic
8269:2022Natur.612..400H
8195:2020NatCo..11.3107W
7227:IMF Economic Review
6930:The Complex Systems
6640:, pp. 297–298.
4427:Hounshell, David A.
4125:"Growth Accounting"
4123:Wang, Ping (2014).
3852:Roser, Max (2021).
3788:Sufficiency economy
3547:Simon–Ehrlich wager
3542:The Population Bomb
3509:Resource constraint
3075:the level of income
3059:income distribution
3027:Economic inequality
2977:Aghion–Howitt model
2935:Vladimir Pokrovskii
2850:diminishing returns
2795:Diminishing returns
2654:Politics portal
2448:Democracy promotion
2423:Democratic republic
1986:also consider that
1949:Glorious Revolution
1849:capability approach
1731:diminishing returns
1724:Factor accumulation
1694:Indian subcontinent
1462:Increases in labor
1059:
868:Business portal
804:Macroeconomic model
681:John Maynard Keynes
478:Economic statistics
423:General equilibrium
12559:Net international
12310:Nominal per capita
12228:past and projected
12142:Developing country
11826:nominal per capita
11589:nominal per capita
11527:PPP and per capita
11502:nominal per capita
11413:Nominal per capita
11375:Oceanian countries
11365:European countries
11310:Past and projected
11273:Sector composition
11261:Past and projected
11235:Lists of countries
10009:2010-07-11 at the
9988:"Economic growth."
9124:American Scientist
8115:2014-11-11 at the
7966:2011-07-17 at the
7915:2012-09-18 at the
7892:The Cato Institute
7887:2011-02-19 at the
7473:10.1007/BF00138861
6747:10338.dmlcz/143862
6378:10.1093/jeg/lbw021
6235:, April–June 2017.
5947:North, Douglass C.
5253:Mankiw, N. Gregory
5096:10.1257/jep.22.1.3
4789:Business Economics
4756:2012-01-24 at the
4707:2015-04-13 at the
4378:2019-03-04 at the
3878:2013-05-03 at the
3694:Development theory
3674:Civilizing mission
3584:depleted resources
3339:growth imperatives
3303:
3214:labor productivity
3186:exponential growth
3037:role of inequality
2802:economies of scale
2593:Waves of democracy
2553:Right to candidacy
2523:Popular referendum
2513:Political equality
2383:Citizens' assembly
1809:
1663:John W. Kendrick's
1624:combine harvesters
1616:
1479:division of labour
1428:
1381: -1.0 to -0.1
1375: -2.0 to -1.1
1369: -3.0 to -2.1
1347:
1322:
1057:
1023:
930:inflation-adjusted
756:Edward C. Prescott
483:Monetary economics
12615:
12614:
12466:Human development
12428:national accounts
12330:Disposable income
12325:Per capita growth
12295:
12294:
12137:Developed country
12094:
12093:
11428:Disposable income
11423:Per capita growth
11390:Industrial growth
11350:African countries
11201:
11200:
10732:New institutional
9920:(12): 1608–1621.
9496:Galor, O. (2005)
9417:978-0-691-12135-2
9396:978-0-275-96532-7
9375:978-0-307-71922-5
9343:978-0-679-41582-4
9312:978-0-309-03677-1
9250:978-0-521-09418-4
9237:Landes, David. S.
9160:978-1-931498-58-6
8952:978-0-262-69313-4
8926:978-0-543-72474-8
8799:978-0-521-67979-4
8555:Ripple, William J
8263:(7940): 400–403.
7082:978-0-19-877622-2
7003:978-0-395-19234-4
6892:978-0-674-01572-2
6478:978-0-691-14772-7
6061:978-0-7126-2131-1
6003:978-0-8047-2474-6
5932:978-0-521-09418-4
5635:978-0-262-02917-9
5045:Dale W. Jorgenson
4688:978-0-300-15109-1
4622:978-0-393-96315-1
4444:978-0-8018-2975-8
4409:978-0-521-09418-4
4396:Landes, David. S.
4308:. Jameson Books.
4250:978-0-521-27367-1
3952:978-0-691-17580-5
3859:Our World in Data
3808:Uneconomic growth
3724:Growth accounting
3634:energy efficiency
3421:biodiversity loss
3362:published by the
3351:carrying capacity
3307:uneconomic growth
3262:Secretary-General
3250:poverty reduction
3246:human development
3050:that is based on
3003:was developed by
2962:and a process of
2956:Joseph Schumpeter
2903:Robert Lucas, Jr.
2758:Malthusian theory
2711:Structural change
2688:
2687:
2543:Right to petition
1988:cultural property
1854:Matteo Cervellati
1747:Industrialization
1682:Four Asian Tigers
1680:and spreading to
1486:industrialization
1425:
1424:
1283:
1282:
1007:consumer spending
954:per-capita income
952:to population or
936:on the prices of
904:
903:
831:Political economy
786:N. Gregory Mankiw
776:Thomas J. Sargent
621:Market monetarism
435:Endogenous growth
265:National accounts
16:(Redirected from
12645:
12607:World portal
12605:
12604:
12593:
12592:
12511:Household income
12405:Wealth per adult
12268:future estimates
12211:
12210:
12121:
12114:
12107:
12098:
12097:
12085:Lists by country
11385:1980–2010 growth
11228:
11221:
11214:
11205:
11204:
10405:Natural resource
10240:Economic history
10166:Mechanism design
10118:
10111:
10104:
10095:
10094:
10066:, 16 March 2022.
9972:
9949:
9939:
9929:
9902:
9892:
9882:
9847:
9837:
9786:
9765:
9742:
9719:
9696:
9694:
9667:
9636:
9626:
9616:
9567:
9533:
9487:Barro, Robert J.
9470:
9464:
9459:
9457:
9449:
9421:
9400:
9379:
9367:
9348:
9347:
9323:
9317:
9316:
9296:
9290:
9289:
9261:
9255:
9254:
9233:
9227:
9226:
9200:
9180:
9174:
9171:
9165:
9164:
9146:
9140:
9139:
9119:
9113:
9112:
9110:
9109:
9103:
9097:. Archived from
9084:
9075:
9069:
9068:
9066:
9065:
9049:
9043:
9042:
9037:
9036:
9021:
9015:
9014:
9009:
9008:
9003:. albartlett.org
8993:
8987:
8986:
8985:. Mining Weekly.
8978:
8972:
8971:
8963:
8957:
8956:
8938:
8932:
8930:
8910:
8904:
8903:
8898:. Archived from
8892:"The Doomslayer"
8887:
8878:
8877:
8875:
8874:
8862:
8853:
8852:
8850:
8849:
8834:
8825:
8824:
8822:
8821:
8810:
8804:
8803:
8791:
8781:
8775:
8772:
8766:
8765:
8747:
8727:
8721:
8718:
8712:
8711:
8709:
8708:
8691:
8685:
8684:
8682:
8657:
8651:
8650:
8648:
8647:
8630:
8624:
8623:
8621:
8620:
8603:
8597:
8596:
8594:
8593:
8588:
8551:
8545:
8544:
8527:(5): 2263–2282.
8512:
8506:
8505:
8503:
8502:
8485:
8479:
8471:
8465:
8464:
8462:
8461:
8444:
8438:
8437:
8435:
8434:
8419:
8413:
8412:
8410:
8409:
8390:
8384:
8383:
8381:
8380:
8374:
8363:
8355:
8349:
8348:
8346:
8345:
8330:
8324:
8323:
8321:
8320:
8305:
8299:
8298:
8280:
8247:Schor, Juliet B.
8231:
8225:
8224:
8214:
8168:
8162:
8161:
8143:Allan Schnaiberg
8139:
8133:
8126:
8120:
8106:
8100:
8097:
8091:
8090:
8088:
8082:. Archived from
8073:
8062:
8056:
8055:
8053:
8052:
8039:
8030:
8024:
8023:
8021:
8020:
8014:
8005:
7999:
7998:
7996:
7995:
7979:
7973:
7957:
7948:
7947:
7929:
7923:
7906:
7895:
7894:. April 11, 2007
7879:
7873:
7872:
7846:
7824:
7818:
7817:
7805:
7799:
7798:
7770:
7764:
7763:
7753:
7721:
7715:
7714:
7702:
7696:
7695:
7675:
7669:
7668:
7640:
7631:
7630:
7602:
7596:
7595:
7577:
7571:
7570:
7560:
7551:(4): 1001–1026.
7540:
7534:
7533:
7523:
7491:
7485:
7484:
7456:
7445:
7444:
7424:
7415:
7414:
7388:
7379:
7370:
7369:
7367:
7358:
7352:
7351:
7343:
7334:
7333:
7315:
7295:
7286:
7285:
7257:
7251:
7250:
7218:
7212:
7211:
7209:
7208:
7188:
7182:
7175:
7169:
7155:
7146:
7145:
7137:
7128:
7127:
7093:
7087:
7086:
7067:
7061:
7060:
7042:
7021:Aghion, Philippe
7017:
7008:
7007:
6991:
6981:
6975:
6973:
6949:
6943:
6940:
6934:
6933:
6921:
6915:
6912:
6906:
6903:
6897:
6896:
6876:
6870:
6869:
6851:
6842:(5): 1002–1037.
6829:
6823:
6820:
6814:
6813:
6793:
6787:
6786:
6766:
6760:
6759:
6749:
6717:
6711:
6710:
6692:
6683:(5): 1003–1026.
6670:
6664:
6659:
6653:
6647:
6641:
6635:
6629:
6628:
6618:
6601:(5): 2003–2041.
6586:
6577:
6576:
6568:
6562:
6551:
6545:
6544:
6532:
6526:
6525:
6518:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6508:
6499:. Archived from
6489:
6483:
6482:
6464:
6458:
6456:
6454:
6448:. Archived from
6437:
6423:
6417:
6416:
6388:
6382:
6381:
6363:
6354:
6348:
6347:
6319:
6313:
6306:
6300:
6293:
6287:
6281:
6275:
6274:
6264:
6242:
6236:
6229:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6200:
6194:
6193:
6173:
6162:
6161:
6141:
6135:
6134:
6106:
6100:
6099:
6079:
6066:
6065:
6047:
6041:
6040:
6014:
6008:
6007:
5981:
5975:
5974:
5943:
5937:
5936:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5900:. PHI Learning.
5893:
5887:
5877:
5868:
5867:
5855:
5846:
5845:
5813:
5804:
5803:
5786:(5): 1653–1672.
5771:
5762:
5761:
5729:
5720:
5719:
5703:
5694:
5685:
5684:
5674:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5615:
5609:
5608:
5582:
5573:
5567:
5566:
5556:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5519:
5499:
5493:
5492:
5482:
5454:
5445:
5436:
5435:
5409:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5367:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5320:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5278:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5196:
5190:
5189:
5178:10.2307/20046929
5157:
5151:
5150:
5139:. PHI Learning.
5132:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5122:
5116:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5074:
5068:
5067:
5053:
5041:
5032:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5018:
5003:
4994:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4975:
4968:
4957:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4915:
4907:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4851:
4845:. Archived from
4820:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4784:
4778:
4767:
4761:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4719:
4713:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4674:
4668:
4665:Diffusion curves
4663:
4657:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4579:
4570:
4569:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4535:
4529:. Archived from
4528:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4494:
4492:10.1.1.1085.9040
4470:
4464:
4463:
4423:
4414:
4413:
4392:
4383:
4369:
4363:
4357:
4351:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4264:
4255:
4254:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4212:10.2307/20046929
4191:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4171:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4129:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4076:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4017:
4011:
4010:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3936:
3930:
3916:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3892:
3883:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3849:
3746:Manifest destiny
3556:Green Revolution
3447:carbon intensity
3412:overexploitation
3401:extinction event
3276:
3275:
3240:Inclusive growth
3234:Equitable growth
2985:
2929:). The quantity
2919:physical capital
2905:and his student
2837:Solow–Swan model
2831:Solow–Swan model
2734:Growth theories
2680:
2673:
2666:
2652:
2651:
2548:Right to protest
2498:Nomination rules
2053:
2052:
2010:Why Nations Fail
1942:private property
1862:Rodrigo.R Soares
1655:Great Depression
1612:Green Revolution
1573:Green Revolution
1446:aggregate demand
1418:
1412:
1407: 3.0 to 3.9
1406:
1401: 2.0 to 2.9
1400:
1395: 1.0 to 1.9
1394:
1387: 0.0 to 0.9
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1363: below -3.0
1362:
1356:
1060:
1056:
1041:Long-term growth
996:extensive growth
990:intensive growth
977:physical capital
896:
889:
882:
866:
865:
856:Money portal
854:
853:
852:
766:William Nordhaus
751:Robert Lucas Jr.
641:François Quesnay
277:Nominal rigidity
248:Demand for money
226:Microfoundations
162:Financial crisis
142:Effective demand
112:Aggregate supply
107:Aggregate demand
94:
71:
70:
57:
40:
21:
12653:
12652:
12648:
12647:
12646:
12644:
12643:
12642:
12628:Economic growth
12618:
12617:
12616:
12611:
12599:
12587:
12579:
12560:
12553:
12520:
12460:
12421:
12391:
12334:
12291:
12253:
12246:
12199:
12166:
12128:
12125:
12095:
12090:
12089:
12063:
11605:
11432:
11394:
11336:
11284:
11277:
11242:
11232:
11202:
11197:
11194:Business portal
11161:
11160:
11159:
11119:
10883:von Böhm-Bawerk
10771:
10770:
10761:
10533:Ancient thought
10511:
10510:
10504:
10495:
10494:
10493:
10244:
10209:
10161:Contract theory
10146:Decision theory
10127:
10122:
10073:
10042:economic theory
10011:Wayback Machine
9984:
9979:
9969:
9783:
9762:
9739:
9716:
9579:Economic Growth
9530:
9505:Nell, Edward J.
9462:
9460:
9451:
9450:
9428:
9426:Further reading
9418:
9397:
9376:
9351:
9344:
9324:
9320:
9313:
9297:
9293:
9272:(2): 347–372 .
9262:
9258:
9251:
9234:
9230:
9181:
9177:
9172:
9168:
9161:
9147:
9143:
9120:
9116:
9107:
9105:
9101:
9082:
9076:
9072:
9063:
9061:
9050:
9046:
9034:
9032:
9022:
9018:
9006:
9004:
8994:
8990:
8979:
8975:
8964:
8960:
8953:
8939:
8935:
8927:
8911:
8907:
8888:
8881:
8872:
8870:
8863:
8856:
8847:
8845:
8836:
8835:
8828:
8819:
8817:
8812:
8811:
8807:
8800:
8782:
8778:
8773:
8769:
8732:Climatic Change
8728:
8724:
8719:
8715:
8706:
8704:
8692:
8688:
8658:
8654:
8645:
8643:
8631:
8627:
8618:
8616:
8604:
8600:
8591:
8589:
8552:
8548:
8513:
8509:
8500:
8498:
8486:
8482:
8472:
8468:
8459:
8457:
8445:
8441:
8432:
8430:
8427:The Independent
8421:
8420:
8416:
8407:
8405:
8392:
8391:
8387:
8378:
8376:
8372:
8361:
8357:
8356:
8352:
8343:
8341:
8331:
8327:
8318:
8316:
8306:
8302:
8239:Kallis, Giorgos
8232:
8228:
8169:
8165:
8140:
8136:
8127:
8123:
8117:Wayback Machine
8107:
8103:
8098:
8094:
8086:
8071:
8063:
8059:
8050:
8048:
8037:
8031:
8027:
8018:
8016:
8012:
8006:
8002:
7993:
7991:
7980:
7976:
7968:Wayback Machine
7958:
7951:
7944:
7930:
7926:
7917:Wayback Machine
7907:
7898:
7889:Wayback Machine
7880:
7876:
7844:10.1.1.321.4576
7825:
7821:
7806:
7802:
7771:
7767:
7722:
7718:
7703:
7699:
7676:
7672:
7641:
7634:
7603:
7599:
7592:
7578:
7574:
7558:10.1.1.561.4168
7541:
7537:
7492:
7488:
7457:
7448:
7425:
7418:
7403:10.2307/2118470
7386:
7380:
7373:
7365:
7359:
7355:
7344:
7337:
7322:10.2307/2297811
7313:10.1.1.636.8225
7296:
7289:
7274:10.2307/2296292
7258:
7254:
7219:
7215:
7206:
7204:
7189:
7185:
7176:
7172:
7156:
7149:
7138:
7131:
7116:10.2307/2951599
7094:
7090:
7083:
7068:
7064:
7040:10.1.1.458.7383
7018:
7011:
7004:
6982:
6978:
6950:
6946:
6941:
6937:
6922:
6918:
6913:
6909:
6904:
6900:
6893:
6877:
6873:
6849:10.1.1.589.3348
6830:
6826:
6821:
6817:
6794:
6790:
6771:Economic Record
6767:
6763:
6738:10.2307/1884513
6718:
6714:
6690:10.1.1.538.3040
6671:
6667:
6660:
6656:
6648:
6644:
6636:
6632:
6587:
6580:
6569:
6565:
6552:
6548:
6533:
6529:
6524:. January 1939.
6520:
6519:
6515:
6506:
6504:
6491:
6490:
6486:
6479:
6465:
6461:
6452:
6446:
6435:
6424:
6420:
6389:
6385:
6361:
6355:
6351:
6320:
6316:
6307:
6303:
6294:
6290:
6282:
6278:
6262:10.1.1.313.7172
6255:(5): 1369–401.
6243:
6239:
6230:
6226:
6201:
6197:
6190:
6182:. Basic Books.
6174:
6165:
6142:
6138:
6107:
6103:
6080:
6069:
6062:
6048:
6044:
6037:
6015:
6011:
6004:
5982:
5978:
5944:
5940:
5933:
5919:
5915:
5908:
5894:
5890:
5878:
5871:
5856:
5849:
5814:
5807:
5772:
5765:
5730:
5723:
5716:
5701:
5695:
5688:
5647:
5643:
5636:
5616:
5612:
5585:Economic Policy
5580:
5574:
5570:
5554:10.1.1.507.5325
5537:
5533:
5517:10.1.1.232.7942
5510:(5): 1184–208.
5500:
5496:
5452:
5446:
5439:
5407:
5401:
5397:
5365:
5356:
5352:
5318:
5312:
5308:
5285:10.2307/2118477
5276:10.1.1.335.6159
5250:
5246:
5215:
5211:
5198:
5197:
5193:
5166:Foreign Affairs
5158:
5154:
5147:
5133:
5129:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5104:
5075:
5071:
5051:
5042:
5035:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5001:
4995:
4988:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4966:
4958:
4954:
4929:
4925:
4909:
4908:
4868:
4864:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4818:
4812:
4808:
4785:
4781:
4768:
4764:
4758:Wayback Machine
4749:
4745:
4736:
4734:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4709:Wayback Machine
4700:
4696:
4689:
4675:
4671:
4660:Policy Analysis
4655:
4649:
4645:
4634:
4630:
4623:
4607:
4603:
4596:
4580:
4573:
4566:
4552:
4548:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4526:
4518:
4514:
4505:
4503:
4471:
4467:
4445:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4393:
4386:
4380:Wayback Machine
4370:
4366:
4358:
4354:
4346:
4342:
4327:
4323:
4316:
4302:
4298:
4265:
4258:
4251:
4231:
4227:
4200:Foreign Affairs
4192:
4188:
4180:
4172:
4163:
4152:
4146:
4142:
4134:
4127:
4121:
4117:
4102:
4098:
4090:
4079:
4071:
4067:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4018:
4014:
3999:Economic Growth
3995:
3991:
3984:
3964:
3960:
3953:
3937:
3933:
3917:
3913:
3905:
3901:
3893:
3886:
3880:Wayback Machine
3871:
3867:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3803:Thermoeconomics
3659:
3651:electrification
3630:
3624:
3618:
3533:
3519:Substitute good
3511:
3456:
3439:
3433:
3388:Partha Dasgupta
3341:. In politics,
3288:
3286:Overconsumption
3278:
3273:
3272:
3242:
3236:
3198:
3196:Quality of life
3175:
3154:
3131:
3063:Galor and Zeira
3033:
3023:
3018:
3010:Malthusian trap
2998:
2992:
2979:
2891:
2885:
2839:
2833:
2821:Andrei Shleifer
2779:
2766:
2760:
2741:
2736:
2719:
2713:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2684:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2606:
2598:
2597:
2478:Majoritarianism
2438:Democratization
2373:
2365:
2364:
2099:
2089:
2058:Politics series
2050:
2042:
1921:
1907:
1878:life expectancy
1845:Martha Nussbaum
1837:
1778:
1773:
1726:
1643:Mass production
1589:mass production
1585:electric motors
1490:Malthusian trap
1460:
1454:
1426:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1339:
1314:
1216:United Kingdom
1043:
1015:
907:Economic growth
900:
860:
850:
848:
841:
840:
799:
791:
790:
771:Joseph Stiglitz
731:Milton Friedman
711:Friedrich Hayek
636:
626:
625:
508:
498:
497:
468:
460:
459:
445:Mundell–Fleming
440:Matching theory
378:Keynesian cross
363:
355:
354:
325:
317:
316:
102:
69:
68:
67:
66:
65:
58:
49:
48:
47:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12651:
12641:
12640:
12635:
12630:
12613:
12612:
12610:
12609:
12597:
12584:
12581:
12580:
12578:
12577:
12572:
12566:
12564:
12555:
12554:
12552:
12551:
12546:
12541:
12536:
12530:
12528:
12526:Digital divide
12522:
12521:
12519:
12518:
12513:
12508:
12503:
12498:
12493:
12492:
12491:
12486:
12481:
12470:
12468:
12462:
12461:
12459:
12458:
12453:
12448:
12443:
12438:
12432:
12430:
12423:
12422:
12420:
12419:
12414:
12413:
12412:
12401:
12399:
12393:
12392:
12390:
12389:
12388:
12387:
12382:
12377:
12367:
12362:
12357:
12356:
12355:
12344:
12342:
12336:
12335:
12333:
12332:
12327:
12322:
12320:PPP per capita
12317:
12312:
12306:
12304:
12297:
12296:
12293:
12292:
12290:
12289:
12288:
12287:
12282:
12277:
12276:
12275:
12259:
12257:
12248:
12247:
12245:
12244:
12243:
12242:
12237:
12236:
12235:
12219:
12217:
12208:
12201:
12200:
12198:
12197:
12192:
12187:
12182:
12176:
12174:
12168:
12167:
12165:
12164:
12159:
12154:
12149:
12144:
12139:
12133:
12130:
12129:
12124:
12123:
12116:
12109:
12101:
12092:
12091:
12088:
12087:
12082:
12076:
12075:
12074:
12068:
12065:
12064:
12051:
12050:
12045:
12040:
12035:
12030:
12025:
12020:
12019:
12018:
12013:
12003:
12002:
12001:
11996:
11991:
11984:United Kingdom
11981:
11976:
11971:
11966:
11961:
11956:
11951:
11946:
11941:
11936:
11935:
11934:
11924:
11919:
11914:
11909:
11904:
11899:
11894:
11889:
11884:
11879:
11874:
11869:
11868:
11867:
11857:
11852:
11847:
11842:
11841:
11840:
11830:
11829:
11828:
11818:
11817:
11816:
11811:
11806:
11796:
11795:
11794:
11789:
11779:
11774:
11769:
11768:
11767:
11762:
11752:
11747:
11746:
11745:
11735:
11730:
11725:
11723:Czech Republic
11720:
11715:
11710:
11709:
11708:
11703:
11698:
11688:
11687:
11686:
11676:
11675:
11674:
11664:
11659:
11654:
11649:
11644:
11639:
11634:
11629:
11624:
11619:
11613:
11611:
11607:
11606:
11604:
11603:
11602:
11601:
11593:
11592:
11591:
11586:
11581:
11579:PPP per capita
11576:
11568:
11563:
11562:
11561:
11556:
11548:
11543:
11542:
11541:
11531:
11530:
11529:
11524:
11516:
11515:
11514:
11508:South America
11506:
11505:
11504:
11499:
11494:
11488:North America
11486:
11485:
11484:
11479:
11471:
11470:
11469:
11464:
11456:
11455:
11454:
11449:
11440:
11438:
11434:
11433:
11431:
11430:
11425:
11420:
11415:
11410:
11408:PPP per capita
11404:
11402:
11396:
11395:
11393:
11392:
11387:
11382:
11377:
11372:
11367:
11362:
11357:
11352:
11346:
11344:
11338:
11337:
11335:
11334:
11329:
11324:
11319:
11318:
11317:
11307:
11306:
11305:
11295:
11289:
11287:
11279:
11278:
11276:
11275:
11270:
11269:
11268:
11258:
11252:
11250:
11244:
11243:
11231:
11230:
11223:
11216:
11208:
11199:
11198:
11196:
11191:
11186:
11181:
11176:
11171:
11166:
11163:
11162:
11158:
11157:
11152:
11142:
11137:
11131:
11130:
11129:
11127:
11121:
11120:
11118:
11117:
11110:
11105:
11100:
11095:
11090:
11085:
11080:
11075:
11070:
11065:
11060:
11055:
11050:
11045:
11040:
11035:
11030:
11025:
11020:
11015:
11010:
11005:
11000:
10995:
10990:
10985:
10980:
10975:
10970:
10965:
10960:
10955:
10950:
10945:
10940:
10935:
10930:
10925:
10920:
10915:
10910:
10905:
10900:
10895:
10890:
10885:
10880:
10875:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10840:
10835:
10830:
10825:
10820:
10815:
10810:
10805:
10800:
10795:
10790:
10785:
10780:
10774:
10772:
10766:
10763:
10762:
10760:
10759:
10754:
10749:
10744:
10739:
10734:
10729:
10728:
10727:
10717:
10716:
10715:
10705:
10700:
10695:
10694:
10693:
10683:
10678:
10673:
10672:
10671:
10670:
10669:
10659:
10654:
10639:
10634:
10629:
10624:
10619:
10614:
10609:
10604:
10599:
10597:Disequilibrium
10594:
10589:
10584:
10579:
10574:
10573:
10572:
10562:
10557:
10552:
10547:
10546:
10545:
10535:
10530:
10525:
10520:
10514:
10512:
10500:
10497:
10496:
10492:
10491:
10486:
10481:
10476:
10471:
10466:
10461:
10456:
10451:
10446:
10437:
10432:
10427:
10422:
10417:
10412:
10410:Organizational
10407:
10402:
10397:
10392:
10387:
10382:
10377:
10372:
10367:
10362:
10357:
10352:
10347:
10342:
10337:
10332:
10327:
10322:
10317:
10312:
10307:
10302:
10297:
10292:
10287:
10282:
10277:
10272:
10267:
10262:
10256:
10255:
10254:
10252:
10246:
10245:
10243:
10242:
10237:
10232:
10231:
10230:
10219:
10217:
10211:
10210:
10208:
10207:
10202:
10197:
10196:
10195:
10185:
10180:
10175:
10173:Macroeconomics
10170:
10169:
10168:
10163:
10158:
10153:
10148:
10141:Microeconomics
10137:
10135:
10129:
10128:
10121:
10120:
10113:
10106:
10098:
10092:
10091:
10085:
10080:
10072:
10069:
10068:
10067:
10055:
10050:
10044:
10027:
10021:
10001:
9991:
9983:
9980:
9978:
9977:External links
9975:
9974:
9973:
9967:
9950:
9903:
9848:
9787:
9782:978-1847941374
9781:
9766:
9760:
9743:
9737:
9720:
9714:
9697:
9685:(2): 325–369.
9668:
9650:(3): 402–416.
9637:
9582:
9575:
9568:
9557:
9555:online edition
9541:
9534:
9528:
9508:
9501:
9494:
9484:
9477:
9471:
9463:|journal=
9427:
9424:
9423:
9422:
9416:
9401:
9395:
9380:
9374:
9356:
9355:
9350:
9349:
9342:
9318:
9311:
9291:
9256:
9249:
9228:
9185:Earth's Future
9175:
9166:
9159:
9141:
9130:(3): 230–238.
9114:
9070:
9044:
9016:
8988:
8973:
8958:
8951:
8933:
8925:
8905:
8902:on 2008-05-16.
8879:
8854:
8826:
8805:
8798:
8776:
8767:
8722:
8713:
8686:
8652:
8625:
8598:
8546:
8507:
8480:
8466:
8439:
8414:
8385:
8350:
8325:
8300:
8226:
8189:(3107): 3107.
8163:
8134:
8121:
8101:
8092:
8089:on 2004-03-30.
8057:
8025:
8000:
7974:
7949:
7942:
7924:
7896:
7874:
7837:(2): 115–118.
7819:
7814:MeasuringWorth
7800:
7787:10.1086/654291
7765:
7736:(3): 341–366.
7716:
7697:
7670:
7651:(3): 259–305.
7632:
7597:
7591:978-1491534656
7590:
7572:
7535:
7506:(1): 143–179.
7486:
7446:
7416:
7371:
7353:
7335:
7287:
7252:
7233:(4): 792–815.
7213:
7183:
7170:
7147:
7129:
7088:
7081:
7062:
7009:
7002:
6976:
6944:
6935:
6916:
6907:
6898:
6891:
6871:
6858:10.1086/261420
6824:
6815:
6788:
6761:
6712:
6699:10.1086/261641
6665:
6654:
6652:, p. 298.
6642:
6630:
6578:
6563:
6546:
6527:
6513:
6484:
6477:
6459:
6455:on 2011-07-16.
6444:
6418:
6383:
6372:(2): 311–343.
6349:
6330:(2): 225–247.
6314:
6301:
6288:
6276:
6237:
6224:
6218:10.3386/w20004
6195:
6189:978-0465016143
6188:
6163:
6136:
6117:(4): 963–991.
6101:
6067:
6060:
6042:
6035:
6009:
6002:
5976:
5938:
5931:
5913:
5907:978-0765625991
5906:
5888:
5869:
5847:
5828:(3): 580–601.
5805:
5763:
5744:(3): 319–338.
5721:
5714:
5686:
5657:(3): 217–235.
5641:
5634:
5610:
5591:(67): 427–91.
5568:
5531:
5494:
5471:10.1086/681911
5465:(2): 239–263.
5437:
5395:
5350:
5306:
5244:
5209:
5206:on 2011-10-26.
5191:
5152:
5146:978-0765625991
5145:
5127:
5102:
5069:
5033:
4986:
4952:
4923:
4882:(1): 203–236.
4862:
4806:
4779:
4762:
4743:
4714:
4694:
4687:
4669:
4643:
4628:
4621:
4601:
4595:978-0543724748
4594:
4571:
4565:978-0873321013
4564:
4546:
4512:
4485:(2): 181–209.
4465:
4443:
4415:
4408:
4384:
4364:
4352:
4340:
4321:
4314:
4296:
4256:
4249:
4225:
4186:
4161:
4140:
4137:on 2014-07-15.
4115:
4096:
4077:
4065:
4051:
4012:
3989:
3983:978-0538453066
3982:
3958:
3951:
3931:
3911:
3899:
3897:, p. 251.
3884:
3865:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3793:Sustainability
3790:
3785:
3780:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3719:Green new deal
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3679:Climate change
3676:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3617:
3614:
3537:Thomas Malthus
3510:
3507:
3454:
3432:
3431:Global warming
3429:
3425:climate change
3364:United Nations
3277:
3270:
3238:Main article:
3235:
3232:
3203:GDP per capita
3197:
3194:
3174:
3171:
3153:
3150:
3130:
3127:
3103:Thomas Piketty
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
2994:Main article:
2991:
2988:
2887:Main article:
2884:
2881:
2835:Main article:
2832:
2829:
2813:virtuous cycle
2809:big push model
2791:Thomas Malthus
2781:In classical (
2778:
2775:
2762:Main article:
2759:
2756:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2715:Main article:
2712:
2709:
2699:
2696:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2583:War referendum
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2473:Libertarianism
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2372:Related topics
2371:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2275:
2273:Representative
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2051:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2003:James Robinson
1995:Daron Acemoglu
1984:United Nations
1954:state capacity
1906:
1903:
1836:
1833:
1817:Ludger Wößmann
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1725:
1722:
1690:Southeast Asia
1647:overproduction
1547:. Other major
1456:Main article:
1453:
1450:
1441:business cycle
1423:
1422:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1354:
1338:
1335:
1313:
1310:
1297:macroeconomics
1292:United Kingdom
1281:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1182:United States
1179:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1052:average income
1042:
1039:
1014:
1011:
902:
901:
899:
898:
891:
884:
876:
873:
872:
871:
870:
858:
843:
842:
839:
838:
833:
828:
826:Microeconomics
823:
822:
821:
811:
806:
800:
797:
796:
793:
792:
789:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
741:Lawrence Klein
738:
736:Paul Samuelson
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
691:Michał Kalecki
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
637:
632:
631:
628:
627:
624:
623:
618:
613:
611:Disequilibrium
608:
607:
606:
599:Post-Keynesian
596:
591:
590:
589:
579:
568:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
546:
545:
535:
530:
529:
528:
523:
509:
504:
503:
500:
499:
496:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
469:
467:Related fields
466:
465:
462:
461:
458:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
431:
430:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
393:Phillips curve
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
364:
361:
360:
357:
356:
353:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
326:
323:
322:
319:
318:
315:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
273:
272:
262:
257:
256:
255:
245:
243:Money creation
240:
239:
238:
228:
223:
222:
221:
216:
211:
201:
199:Liquidity trap
196:
191:
186:
185:
184:
179:
169:
164:
159:
158:
157:
152:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
117:Business cycle
114:
109:
103:
101:Basic concepts
100:
99:
96:
95:
87:
86:
84:Macroeconomics
80:
79:
59:
52:
51:
50:
42:
35:
34:
33:
32:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12650:
12639:
12636:
12634:
12631:
12629:
12626:
12625:
12623:
12608:
12603:
12598:
12596:
12591:
12586:
12585:
12582:
12576:
12573:
12571:
12568:
12567:
12565:
12562:
12556:
12550:
12547:
12545:
12542:
12540:
12537:
12535:
12532:
12531:
12529:
12527:
12523:
12517:
12514:
12512:
12509:
12507:
12504:
12502:
12499:
12497:
12494:
12490:
12487:
12485:
12482:
12480:
12477:
12476:
12475:
12472:
12471:
12469:
12467:
12463:
12457:
12454:
12452:
12449:
12447:
12444:
12442:
12439:
12437:
12434:
12433:
12431:
12429:
12424:
12418:
12415:
12411:
12408:
12407:
12406:
12403:
12402:
12400:
12398:
12394:
12386:
12385:United States
12383:
12381:
12378:
12376:
12373:
12372:
12371:
12370:Minimum wages
12368:
12366:
12363:
12361:
12358:
12354:
12351:
12350:
12349:
12346:
12345:
12343:
12341:
12337:
12331:
12328:
12326:
12323:
12321:
12318:
12316:
12313:
12311:
12308:
12307:
12305:
12302:
12298:
12286:
12283:
12281:
12278:
12274:
12271:
12270:
12269:
12266:
12265:
12264:
12261:
12260:
12258:
12255:
12249:
12241:
12238:
12234:
12231:
12230:
12229:
12226:
12225:
12224:
12221:
12220:
12218:
12216:
12212:
12209:
12206:
12202:
12196:
12193:
12191:
12188:
12186:
12183:
12181:
12178:
12177:
12175:
12173:
12169:
12163:
12160:
12158:
12155:
12153:
12150:
12148:
12145:
12143:
12140:
12138:
12135:
12134:
12131:
12122:
12117:
12115:
12110:
12108:
12103:
12102:
12099:
12086:
12083:
12081:
12078:
12077:
12073:
12070:
12069:
12066:
12062:
12061:
12058:
12055:
12049:
12046:
12044:
12041:
12039:
12036:
12034:
12031:
12029:
12026:
12024:
12021:
12017:
12014:
12012:
12009:
12008:
12007:
12006:United States
12004:
12000:
11997:
11995:
11992:
11990:
11987:
11986:
11985:
11982:
11980:
11977:
11975:
11972:
11970:
11967:
11965:
11962:
11960:
11957:
11955:
11952:
11950:
11947:
11945:
11942:
11940:
11937:
11933:
11930:
11929:
11928:
11925:
11923:
11920:
11918:
11915:
11913:
11910:
11908:
11905:
11903:
11900:
11898:
11895:
11893:
11890:
11888:
11885:
11883:
11880:
11878:
11875:
11873:
11870:
11866:
11863:
11862:
11861:
11858:
11856:
11853:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11839:
11836:
11835:
11834:
11831:
11827:
11824:
11823:
11822:
11819:
11815:
11812:
11810:
11807:
11805:
11802:
11801:
11800:
11797:
11793:
11790:
11788:
11785:
11784:
11783:
11780:
11778:
11775:
11773:
11770:
11766:
11763:
11761:
11758:
11757:
11756:
11753:
11751:
11748:
11744:
11741:
11740:
11739:
11736:
11734:
11731:
11729:
11726:
11724:
11721:
11719:
11716:
11714:
11711:
11707:
11704:
11702:
11699:
11697:
11694:
11693:
11692:
11689:
11685:
11682:
11681:
11680:
11677:
11673:
11670:
11669:
11668:
11665:
11663:
11660:
11658:
11655:
11653:
11650:
11648:
11645:
11643:
11642:Baltic States
11640:
11638:
11635:
11633:
11630:
11628:
11625:
11623:
11620:
11618:
11615:
11614:
11612:
11608:
11600:
11597:
11596:
11594:
11590:
11587:
11585:
11582:
11580:
11577:
11575:
11572:
11571:
11569:
11567:
11564:
11560:
11557:
11555:
11552:
11551:
11549:
11547:
11544:
11540:
11537:
11536:
11535:
11532:
11528:
11525:
11523:
11520:
11519:
11517:
11513:
11510:
11509:
11507:
11503:
11500:
11498:
11495:
11493:
11490:
11489:
11487:
11483:
11480:
11478:
11475:
11474:
11472:
11468:
11465:
11463:
11460:
11459:
11457:
11453:
11450:
11448:
11445:
11444:
11442:
11441:
11439:
11435:
11429:
11426:
11424:
11421:
11419:
11416:
11414:
11411:
11409:
11406:
11405:
11403:
11401:
11397:
11391:
11388:
11386:
11383:
11381:
11378:
11376:
11373:
11371:
11368:
11366:
11363:
11361:
11358:
11356:
11353:
11351:
11348:
11347:
11345:
11343:
11339:
11333:
11330:
11328:
11325:
11323:
11320:
11316:
11313:
11312:
11311:
11308:
11304:
11301:
11300:
11299:
11296:
11294:
11291:
11290:
11288:
11286:
11280:
11274:
11271:
11267:
11264:
11263:
11262:
11259:
11257:
11254:
11253:
11251:
11249:
11245:
11240:
11236:
11229:
11224:
11222:
11217:
11215:
11210:
11209:
11206:
11195:
11192:
11190:
11187:
11185:
11182:
11180:
11177:
11175:
11172:
11170:
11167:
11164:
11156:
11153:
11150:
11146:
11143:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11133:
11132:
11128:
11126:
11122:
11116:
11115:
11111:
11109:
11106:
11104:
11101:
11099:
11096:
11094:
11091:
11089:
11086:
11084:
11081:
11079:
11076:
11074:
11071:
11069:
11066:
11064:
11061:
11059:
11056:
11054:
11051:
11049:
11046:
11044:
11041:
11039:
11036:
11034:
11031:
11029:
11026:
11024:
11021:
11019:
11016:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11001:
10999:
10996:
10994:
10991:
10989:
10986:
10984:
10981:
10979:
10976:
10974:
10971:
10969:
10966:
10964:
10961:
10959:
10956:
10954:
10951:
10949:
10946:
10944:
10941:
10939:
10936:
10934:
10931:
10929:
10926:
10924:
10921:
10919:
10916:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10889:
10886:
10884:
10881:
10879:
10876:
10874:
10871:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10834:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10796:
10794:
10791:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10781:
10779:
10778:de Mandeville
10776:
10775:
10773:
10769:
10764:
10758:
10755:
10753:
10750:
10748:
10745:
10743:
10740:
10738:
10735:
10733:
10730:
10726:
10723:
10722:
10721:
10720:New classical
10718:
10714:
10711:
10710:
10709:
10706:
10704:
10701:
10699:
10696:
10692:
10689:
10688:
10687:
10684:
10682:
10679:
10677:
10676:Malthusianism
10674:
10668:
10665:
10664:
10663:
10660:
10658:
10655:
10652:
10648:
10645:
10644:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10637:Institutional
10635:
10633:
10630:
10628:
10625:
10623:
10620:
10618:
10615:
10613:
10610:
10608:
10605:
10603:
10600:
10598:
10595:
10593:
10590:
10588:
10585:
10583:
10580:
10578:
10575:
10571:
10568:
10567:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10548:
10544:
10541:
10540:
10539:
10536:
10534:
10531:
10529:
10526:
10524:
10521:
10519:
10516:
10515:
10513:
10508:
10503:
10498:
10490:
10487:
10485:
10482:
10480:
10477:
10475:
10472:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10457:
10455:
10452:
10450:
10447:
10445:
10441:
10440:Public choice
10438:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10415:Participation
10413:
10411:
10408:
10406:
10403:
10401:
10398:
10396:
10393:
10391:
10388:
10386:
10383:
10381:
10378:
10376:
10375:Institutional
10373:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10361:
10358:
10356:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10346:
10343:
10341:
10338:
10336:
10333:
10331:
10328:
10326:
10325:Expeditionary
10323:
10321:
10318:
10316:
10315:Environmental
10313:
10311:
10308:
10306:
10303:
10301:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10288:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10273:
10271:
10268:
10266:
10263:
10261:
10258:
10257:
10253:
10251:
10247:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10233:
10229:
10226:
10225:
10224:
10221:
10220:
10218:
10216:
10212:
10206:
10203:
10201:
10198:
10194:
10191:
10190:
10189:
10186:
10184:
10181:
10179:
10176:
10174:
10171:
10167:
10164:
10162:
10159:
10157:
10154:
10152:
10149:
10147:
10144:
10143:
10142:
10139:
10138:
10136:
10134:
10130:
10126:
10119:
10114:
10112:
10107:
10105:
10100:
10099:
10096:
10089:
10086:
10084:
10081:
10078:
10075:
10074:
10065:
10064:
10059:
10056:
10054:
10051:
10048:
10045:
10043:
10039:
10035:
10034:Robert Nadeau
10031:
10028:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10019:Mark Weisbrot
10016:
10012:
10008:
10005:
10002:
9999:
9995:
9992:
9989:
9986:
9985:
9970:
9968:9781408893746
9964:
9960:
9956:
9951:
9947:
9943:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9919:
9915:
9914:
9909:
9904:
9900:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9881:
9876:
9872:
9868:
9865:(2): 190725.
9864:
9860:
9859:
9854:
9849:
9845:
9841:
9836:
9831:
9827:
9823:
9819:
9815:
9811:
9807:
9803:
9799:
9798:
9793:
9788:
9784:
9778:
9774:
9773:
9767:
9763:
9761:9780226739663
9757:
9753:
9749:
9744:
9740:
9738:9780226527932
9734:
9730:
9726:
9721:
9717:
9715:9780691180960
9711:
9707:
9704:. Princeton:
9703:
9698:
9693:
9688:
9684:
9680:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9665:
9661:
9657:
9653:
9649:
9645:
9644:
9638:
9634:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9615:
9610:
9606:
9602:
9598:
9594:
9593:
9588:
9583:
9580:
9576:
9573:
9569:
9565:
9564:
9558:
9556:
9553:
9552:Annual Report
9549:
9545:
9542:
9539:
9535:
9531:
9529:9781785152498
9525:
9521:
9517:
9513:
9512:Hickel, Jason
9509:
9506:
9502:
9499:
9495:
9492:
9488:
9485:
9482:
9478:
9475:
9472:
9468:
9455:
9447:
9443:
9439:
9435:
9430:
9429:
9419:
9413:
9409:
9408:
9402:
9398:
9392:
9388:
9387:
9381:
9377:
9371:
9366:
9365:
9358:
9357:
9353:
9352:
9345:
9339:
9335:
9331:
9330:
9322:
9314:
9308:
9304:
9303:
9295:
9287:
9283:
9279:
9275:
9271:
9267:
9260:
9252:
9246:
9242:
9238:
9232:
9224:
9220:
9216:
9212:
9208:
9204:
9199:
9194:
9190:
9186:
9179:
9170:
9162:
9156:
9152:
9145:
9137:
9133:
9129:
9125:
9118:
9104:on 2010-11-28
9100:
9096:
9092:
9088:
9081:
9074:
9060:on 2009-04-18
9059:
9055:
9048:
9041:
9031:
9027:
9020:
9013:
9002:
8998:
8992:
8984:
8977:
8969:
8962:
8954:
8948:
8945:. MIT Press.
8944:
8937:
8928:
8922:
8918:
8917:
8909:
8901:
8897:
8893:
8886:
8884:
8868:
8861:
8859:
8844:on 2010-12-18
8843:
8839:
8833:
8831:
8816:. 16 May 2007
8815:
8809:
8801:
8795:
8790:
8789:
8780:
8771:
8763:
8759:
8755:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8737:
8733:
8726:
8717:
8703:
8702:
8697:
8690:
8681:
8676:
8672:
8668:
8664:
8656:
8642:
8641:
8636:
8629:
8615:
8614:
8609:
8602:
8587:
8582:
8578:
8574:
8570:
8566:
8565:
8560:
8556:
8550:
8542:
8538:
8534:
8530:
8526:
8522:
8518:
8511:
8497:
8496:
8491:
8484:
8477:
8476:
8470:
8456:
8455:
8450:
8443:
8428:
8424:
8418:
8404:on 2019-05-06
8403:
8399:
8395:
8389:
8375:on 2020-10-17
8371:
8367:
8366:Global Greens
8360:
8354:
8340:
8336:
8329:
8315:
8311:
8304:
8296:
8292:
8288:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8270:
8266:
8262:
8258:
8257:
8252:
8248:
8244:
8240:
8236:
8235:Hickel, Jason
8230:
8222:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8204:
8200:
8196:
8192:
8188:
8184:
8183:
8178:
8174:
8167:
8160:
8156:
8152:
8148:
8144:
8138:
8131:
8125:
8118:
8114:
8111:
8105:
8096:
8085:
8081:
8077:
8070:
8069:
8061:
8047:
8043:
8036:
8029:
8011:
8004:
7989:
7985:
7978:
7972:
7969:
7965:
7962:
7956:
7954:
7945:
7943:9781400848775
7939:
7935:
7928:
7922:
7918:
7914:
7911:
7905:
7903:
7901:
7893:
7890:
7886:
7883:
7878:
7870:
7866:
7862:
7858:
7854:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7836:
7832:
7831:
7823:
7815:
7811:
7804:
7796:
7792:
7788:
7784:
7780:
7776:
7769:
7761:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7743:
7739:
7735:
7731:
7727:
7720:
7712:
7708:
7701:
7693:
7689:
7686:(4): 504–19.
7685:
7681:
7674:
7666:
7662:
7658:
7654:
7650:
7646:
7639:
7637:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7612:
7608:
7601:
7593:
7587:
7583:
7576:
7568:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7550:
7546:
7539:
7531:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7513:
7509:
7505:
7501:
7497:
7490:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7470:
7467:(2): 149–87.
7466:
7462:
7455:
7453:
7451:
7442:
7438:
7435:(3): 600–21.
7434:
7430:
7423:
7421:
7412:
7408:
7404:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7385:
7378:
7376:
7364:
7357:
7349:
7342:
7340:
7331:
7327:
7323:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7294:
7292:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7268:(2): 83–100.
7267:
7263:
7256:
7248:
7244:
7240:
7236:
7232:
7228:
7224:
7217:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7187:
7180:
7174:
7168:
7164:
7160:
7154:
7152:
7143:
7136:
7134:
7125:
7121:
7117:
7113:
7110:(2): 323–51.
7109:
7105:
7104:
7099:
7092:
7084:
7078:
7074:
7066:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7033:(3): 855–82.
7032:
7028:
7027:
7022:
7016:
7014:
7005:
6999:
6995:
6990:
6989:
6980:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6959:
6954:
6948:
6939:
6931:
6927:
6920:
6911:
6902:
6894:
6888:
6884:
6883:
6875:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6836:
6828:
6819:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6792:
6784:
6780:
6777:(2): 334–61.
6776:
6772:
6765:
6757:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6731:
6727:
6723:
6716:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6677:
6669:
6663:
6658:
6651:
6646:
6639:
6634:
6626:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6585:
6583:
6574:
6567:
6560:
6556:
6550:
6542:
6538:
6531:
6523:
6517:
6503:on 2021-04-20
6502:
6498:
6494:
6488:
6480:
6474:
6470:
6463:
6451:
6447:
6445:3-7045-0092-5
6441:
6434:
6433:
6428:
6427:Ayres, Robert
6422:
6414:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6387:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6360:
6353:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6318:
6311:
6305:
6298:
6292:
6286:, p. 26.
6285:
6280:
6272:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6249:
6241:
6234:
6233:UNESCO-Kurier
6228:
6219:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6199:
6191:
6185:
6181:
6180:
6172:
6170:
6168:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6140:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6105:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6078:
6076:
6074:
6072:
6063:
6057:
6053:
6046:
6038:
6036:9780444520418
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6013:
6005:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5980:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5957:(4): 803–32.
5956:
5952:
5948:
5942:
5934:
5928:
5924:
5917:
5909:
5903:
5899:
5892:
5885:
5881:
5876:
5874:
5865:
5861:
5854:
5852:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5812:
5810:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5770:
5768:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5728:
5726:
5717:
5711:
5707:
5700:
5693:
5691:
5682:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5645:
5637:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5622:
5614:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5579:
5572:
5564:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5547:(3): 607–68.
5546:
5542:
5535:
5527:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5498:
5490:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5459:
5451:
5444:
5442:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5418:(3): 541–63.
5417:
5413:
5406:
5399:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5364:
5360:
5354:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5331:(4): 813–35.
5330:
5326:
5325:
5317:
5310:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5269:(2): 407–37.
5268:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5254:
5248:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5213:
5205:
5201:
5195:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5156:
5148:
5142:
5138:
5131:
5113:
5106:
5097:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5073:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5050:
5046:
5040:
5038:
5030:
5019:on 2014-08-09
5015:
5011:
5007:
5000:
4993:
4991:
4976:on 2020-07-31
4972:
4965:
4964:
4956:
4947:
4946:10.3386/w7752
4942:
4938:
4934:
4927:
4919:
4913:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4866:
4852:on 2016-01-08
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4817:
4810:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4772:
4766:
4759:
4755:
4752:
4747:
4733:on 2019-12-20
4732:
4728:
4724:
4718:
4710:
4706:
4703:
4698:
4690:
4684:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4639:
4632:
4624:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4605:
4597:
4591:
4587:
4586:
4578:
4576:
4567:
4561:
4557:
4550:
4536:on 2012-03-01
4532:
4525:
4524:
4516:
4502:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4422:
4420:
4411:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4391:
4389:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4368:
4361:
4356:
4349:
4344:
4336:
4332:
4325:
4317:
4315:0-915463-73-3
4311:
4307:
4300:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4271:
4263:
4261:
4252:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4229:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4190:
4179:
4178:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4158:
4151:
4144:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4111:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4075:, p. 68.
4074:
4069:
4061:
4055:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4016:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3985:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3962:
3954:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3935:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3909:, p. 67.
3908:
3903:
3896:
3891:
3889:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3869:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3848:
3844:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3643:paradoxically
3639:
3635:
3629:
3623:
3622:Econodynamics
3613:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3561:
3560:Haber process
3557:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3528:
3527:Peak minerals
3524:
3520:
3516:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3471:hydroelectric
3468:
3464:
3459:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3343:green parties
3340:
3336:
3335:eco-anarchism
3332:
3331:eco-socialism
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3299:
3295:
3293:
3287:
3283:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3231:
3229:
3228:United States
3224:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3204:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3180:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3149:
3147:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3085:
3084:human capital
3081:
3076:
3072:
3071:human capital
3068:
3067:heterogeneity
3064:
3060:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3032:
3028:
3013:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2915:human capital
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2828:
2826:
2825:Robert Vishny
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2804:are ignored.
2803:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2764:Malthusianism
2755:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2724:public sector
2718:
2708:
2704:
2691:
2681:
2676:
2674:
2669:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2644:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2558:Right to vote
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2483:Majority rule
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2350:Supermajority
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2248:Participatory
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2179:Hybrid regime
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2028:", and "Post-
2027:
2023:
2022:UK Government
2018:
2015:
2014:Conquistadors
2011:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1999:Simon Johnson
1996:
1993:According to
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1891:human capital
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1812:Eric Hanushek
1805:
1801:
1799:
1793:
1791:
1785:
1783:
1782:human capital
1776:Human capital
1768:
1767:
1766:Spending wave
1762:
1760:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1721:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1670:United States
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1636:mechanization
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1587:evolved into
1586:
1582:
1581:machine tools
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1518:Machine tools
1515:
1514:mechanization
1511:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1419: no data
1390:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1343:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1308:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1019:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
998:
997:
992:
991:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
965:
962:
957:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
897:
892:
890:
885:
883:
878:
877:
875:
874:
869:
864:
859:
857:
847:
846:
845:
844:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
820:
817:
816:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
801:
795:
794:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
761:Peter Diamond
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
746:Edmund Phelps
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
721:Richard Stone
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
706:Joan Robinson
704:
702:
701:Simon Kuznets
699:
697:
696:Gunnar Myrdal
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
671:Irving Fisher
669:
667:
666:Knut Wicksell
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
635:
630:
629:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
605:
602:
601:
600:
597:
595:
592:
588:
585:
584:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
573:
572:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
544:
541:
540:
539:
538:New classical
536:
534:
531:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
517:
514:
513:
512:
507:
502:
501:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
470:
464:
463:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
429:
426:
425:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
365:
359:
358:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
327:
321:
320:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
292:Shrinkflation
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
271:
268:
267:
266:
263:
261:
258:
254:
251:
250:
249:
246:
244:
241:
237:
234:
233:
232:
229:
227:
224:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
206:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
189:Interest rate
187:
183:
180:
178:
175:
174:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
156:
153:
151:
148:
147:
146:Expectations
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
104:
98:
97:
93:
89:
88:
85:
82:
81:
77:
73:
72:
63:
56:
45:
39:
30:
19:
18:Growth theory
12348:Average wage
12254:power parity
12195:Fourth World
12185:Second World
12052:
11954:South Africa
11939:Saudi Arabia
11518:Arab League
11355:Asian states
11189:Publications
11145:Publications
11112:
10708:Neoclassical
10698:Mercantilism
10607:Evolutionary
10469:Sociological
10442: /
10340:Geographical
10320:Evolutionary
10295:Digitization
10260:Agricultural
10223:Econometrics
10151:Price theory
10061:
9954:
9917:
9911:
9862:
9856:
9801:
9795:
9770:
9747:
9724:
9701:
9682:
9676:
9647:
9641:
9596:
9590:
9578:
9571:
9562:
9551:
9547:
9537:
9515:
9497:
9490:
9480:
9473:
9454:cite journal
9406:
9385:
9363:
9328:
9321:
9301:
9294:
9269:
9265:
9259:
9240:
9231:
9188:
9184:
9178:
9169:
9150:
9144:
9127:
9123:
9117:
9106:. Retrieved
9099:the original
9086:
9073:
9062:. Retrieved
9058:the original
9047:
9039:
9033:. Retrieved
9029:
9019:
9011:
9005:. Retrieved
8991:
8976:
8967:
8961:
8942:
8936:
8915:
8908:
8900:the original
8895:
8871:. Retrieved
8869:. Reason.com
8846:. Retrieved
8842:the original
8818:. Retrieved
8808:
8787:
8779:
8770:
8738:(3–4): 437.
8735:
8731:
8725:
8716:
8705:. Retrieved
8701:Live Science
8699:
8689:
8670:
8666:
8655:
8644:. Retrieved
8640:The Guardian
8638:
8628:
8617:. Retrieved
8613:The Guardian
8611:
8601:
8590:. Retrieved
8568:
8562:
8549:
8524:
8520:
8510:
8499:. Retrieved
8495:The Guardian
8493:
8483:
8473:
8469:
8458:. Retrieved
8452:
8442:
8431:. Retrieved
8429:. 6 May 2019
8426:
8417:
8406:. Retrieved
8402:the original
8397:
8388:
8377:. Retrieved
8370:the original
8365:
8353:
8342:. Retrieved
8338:
8328:
8317:. Retrieved
8313:
8303:
8260:
8254:
8243:Jackson, Tim
8229:
8186:
8180:
8166:
8146:
8137:
8129:
8124:
8104:
8095:
8084:the original
8067:
8060:
8049:. Retrieved
8028:
8017:. Retrieved
8003:
7992:. Retrieved
7987:
7977:
7933:
7927:
7877:
7834:
7828:
7822:
7813:
7803:
7778:
7774:
7768:
7733:
7729:
7719:
7710:
7700:
7683:
7679:
7673:
7648:
7644:
7610:
7606:
7600:
7581:
7575:
7548:
7544:
7538:
7503:
7499:
7489:
7464:
7460:
7432:
7428:
7397:(2): 65–90.
7394:
7390:
7356:
7347:
7306:(1): 35–52.
7303:
7299:
7265:
7261:
7255:
7230:
7226:
7216:
7205:. Retrieved
7200:
7196:
7186:
7178:
7173:
7158:
7141:
7107:
7103:Econometrica
7101:
7091:
7072:
7065:
7030:
7026:Econometrica
7024:
6987:
6979:
6957:
6947:
6938:
6929:
6919:
6910:
6901:
6881:
6874:
6839:
6833:
6827:
6818:
6801:
6797:
6791:
6774:
6770:
6764:
6732:(1): 65–94.
6729:
6725:
6715:
6680:
6674:
6668:
6657:
6645:
6633:
6598:
6594:
6572:
6566:
6558:
6554:
6553:Adam Smith,
6549:
6530:
6516:
6505:. Retrieved
6501:the original
6496:
6487:
6468:
6462:
6450:the original
6431:
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6365:
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6323:
6317:
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5373:
5369:
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5328:
5322:
5309:
5266:
5260:
5257:Romer, David
5247:
5225:(2): 454–7.
5222:
5218:
5212:
5204:the original
5194:
5172:(6): 62–78.
5169:
5165:
5155:
5136:
5130:
5119:. Retrieved
5105:
5086:
5082:
5072:
5055:
5027:
5021:. Retrieved
5014:the original
5009:
5005:
4978:. Retrieved
4971:the original
4962:
4955:
4936:
4926:
4912:cite journal
4879:
4875:
4865:
4854:. Retrieved
4847:the original
4826:
4822:
4809:
4792:
4788:
4782:
4770:
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4746:
4735:. Retrieved
4731:the original
4726:
4717:
4697:
4678:
4672:
4659:
4646:
4637:
4631:
4611:
4604:
4584:
4558:. Rinehart.
4555:
4549:
4538:. Retrieved
4531:the original
4522:
4515:
4504:. Retrieved
4482:
4478:
4468:
4430:
4399:
4367:
4355:
4343:
4334:
4324:
4305:
4299:
4274:
4268:
4235:
4228:
4206:(6): 62–78.
4203:
4199:
4189:
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4156:
4143:
4132:the original
4118:
4109:
4099:
4068:
4054:
4021:
4015:
3998:
3992:
3968:
3961:
3941:
3934:
3914:
3902:
3868:
3857:
3847:
3775:
3761:Productivism
3733:
3714:Green growth
3631:
3603:
3601:
3590:
3588:
3577:
3564:
3551:substitution
3540:
3534:
3502:carbon taxes
3490:Nigel Lawson
3487:
3483:Stern Review
3460:
3451:Stern Review
3440:
3416:
3405:
3380:
3357:
3355:
3345:embrace the
3304:
3292:Club of Rome
3289:
3243:
3225:
3222:
3207:
3199:
3183:
3176:
3167:
3163:
3155:
3143:
3138:Robert Barro
3136:
3132:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3056:
3045:
3041:
3034:
2999:
2968:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2892:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2855:
2842:Robert Solow
2840:
2817:Kevin Murphy
2806:
2799:
2780:
2771:
2767:
2747:
2742:
2728:
2720:
2705:
2701:
2355:Totalitarian
2238:Non-partisan
2218:Majoritarian
2199:Jeffersonian
2139:Deliberative
2129:Cosmopolitan
2124:Conservative
2104:Anticipatory
2056:Part of the
2019:
2009:
2007:
1992:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1946:
1938:contract law
1927:
1923:
1883:HIV and AIDS
1867:
1838:
1822:
1810:
1798:Mincer model
1794:
1790:Robert Barro
1786:
1779:
1763:
1759:baby boomers
1755:
1744:
1736:
1727:
1714:
1698:Asia Pacific
1667:
1641:
1617:
1561:productivity
1533:productivity
1526:
1507:
1503:
1483:
1475:
1472:
1468:Robert Solow
1464:productivity
1461:
1452:Productivity
1439:
1433:
1429:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1302:
1284:
1044:
1024:
1001:
994:
988:
969:productivity
966:
958:
927:
921:and nominal
911:market value
906:
905:
781:Paul Krugman
726:Hyman Minsky
686:Alvin Hansen
570:
569:
510:
473:Econometrics
450:Overshooting
403:Harrod–Domar
398:Arrow–Debreu
345:Central bank
312:Unemployment
302:Supply shock
260:Money supply
166:
137:Disinflation
132:Demand shock
64:, since 1961
29:
12315:Real income
12252:Purchasing
12190:Third World
12180:First World
11974:Switzerland
11959:South Korea
11907:Philippines
11877:Netherlands
11706:prefectures
11539:subdivision
11418:Real income
11342:Growth rate
10983:von Neumann
10752:Supply-side
10737:Physiocracy
10681:Marginalism
10370:Information
10310:Engineering
10290:Development
10285:Demographic
10156:Game theory
10133:Theoretical
10032:– essay by
9804:(1): 3107.
9750:. Chicago:
9727:. Chicago:
9030:Do the Math
8890:Regis, Ed.
8661:T. (2021).
8521:Philosophia
7751:10986/29896
7613:(1): 5–32.
7161:, Elsevier
6932:(3): 32–43.
6804:(2): 92–6.
6152:(1): 1–20.
5359:Romer, Paul
5089:(1): 3–24.
4829:: 173–190.
4795:(4): 7–11.
4727:MarketWatch
4277:(1): 3–42.
4094:, p. .
3921:, pp.
3756:Post-growth
3604:Malthusians
3572:natural gas
3492:has deemed
3406:In 2019, a
3266:Ban Ki-moon
3073:formation,
2980: [
2846:Trevor Swan
2463:Kleroterion
2345:Substantive
2320:Semi-direct
1841:Amartya Sen
1824:Joerg Baten
1718:Moore's law
1702:South Korea
1659:Middle East
1608:fertilizers
1600:food prices
1583:powered by
1569:fertilizers
1557:electricity
1541:water power
1527:During the
1508:During the
1267:Bangladesh
1013:Measurement
661:Léon Walras
555:Supply-side
388:Accelerator
297:Stagflation
282:Price level
177:Demand-pull
12622:Categories
12479:by country
12280:per capita
12273:per capita
12263:By country
12240:per capita
12233:per capita
12223:By country
11989:per capita
11932:per capita
11865:per capita
11845:Kazakhstan
11838:per capita
11804:per capita
11792:per capita
11760:per capita
11743:per capita
11696:per capita
11684:per capita
11380:Per capita
11315:per capita
11303:per capita
11293:Per capita
11266:per capita
11256:Per capita
11140:Economists
11013:Schumacher
10918:Schumpeter
10888:von Wieser
10808:von Thünen
10768:Economists
10667:Circuitism
10632:Humanistic
10627:Historical
10602:Ecological
10592:Democratic
10565:Chartalism
10555:Behavioral
10518:Mainstream
10479:Statistics
10474:Solidarity
10395:Managerial
10360:Humanistic
10355:Historical
10300:Ecological
10265:Behavioral
10015:Dean Baker
9998:Paul Romer
9957:. London:
9191:(3): 127.
9108:2010-10-20
9064:2010-12-22
9035:2014-07-22
9007:2014-07-22
8873:2010-12-22
8848:2010-12-22
8820:2007-11-29
8707:2021-01-21
8646:2021-01-21
8619:2019-11-08
8592:2019-11-08
8586:1808/30278
8564:BioScience
8501:2021-02-08
8460:2019-05-18
8433:2019-05-18
8408:2019-05-18
8379:2024-02-23
8344:2024-02-24
8319:2024-02-24
8159:Q111450348
8051:2015-01-13
8019:2015-01-13
7994:2015-01-13
7207:2014-07-13
6971:Q100216001
6953:Dean Baker
6650:Bjork 1999
6638:Bjork 1999
6507:2014-06-26
5882:, p.
5715:9291907987
5480:10784/2644
5376:: 251–86.
5121:2014-05-15
5064:Q111455533
5023:2014-07-19
4980:2014-07-13
4856:2014-07-12
4737:2019-12-20
4540:2011-02-01
4506:2022-08-09
4461:1104810110
4360:Clark 2007
4348:Clark 2007
4092:Bjork 1999
4073:Bjork 1999
4007:B003Q7WARA
3919:Bjork 1999
3907:Bjork 1999
3895:Bjork 1999
3840:References
3833:World view
3783:Status quo
3771:Propaganda
3545:, and the
3513:See also:
3435:See also:
3280:See also:
3190:rule of 72
3123:wealth tax
3080:inequality
3005:Oded Galor
2960:innovation
2927:innovation
2907:Paul Romer
2895:endogenize
2739:Adam Smith
2626:Historical
2538:Referendum
2493:Ochlocracy
2468:Liberalism
2458:Initiative
2335:Sociocracy
2263:Procedural
2233:Multiparty
2194:Jacksonian
2189:Industrial
2169:Grassroots
2154:Electronic
1930:capitalism
1909:See also:
1887:SARS-CoV-2
1876:, such as
1749:creates a
1700:. In 1957
1579:made with
1553:automation
1436:production
1413: 4.0+
1287:compounded
1250:Indonesia
1199:Argentina
940:produced.
716:John Hicks
646:Adam Smith
604:Circuitism
594:Ecological
582:Chartalism
533:Monetarism
511:Mainstream
408:Solow–Swan
383:Multiplier
340:Commercial
236:Endogenous
194:Investment
11814:regencies
11799:Indonesia
11632:Australia
11622:Argentina
11058:Greenspan
11023:Samuelson
11003:Galbraith
10973:Tinbergen
10913:von Mises
10908:Heckscher
10868:Edgeworth
10747:Stockholm
10742:Socialist
10642:Keynesian
10622:Happiness
10582:Classical
10543:Mutualism
10538:Anarchist
10523:Heterodox
10420:Personnel
10380:Knowledge
10345:Happiness
10335:Financial
10305:Education
10280:Democracy
10215:Empirical
10125:Economics
9826:2041-1723
9286:153414525
9223:204937958
9198:1306.3554
9095:1834-5638
8745:0811.1855
8541:247433264
8295:254614532
8046:1812-108X
7988:VoxEU.org
7869:Q56032205
7861:0921-8009
7839:CiteSeerX
7795:154145268
7781:: 11–92.
7665:158898163
7553:CiteSeerX
7308:CiteSeerX
7181:Elsevier.
7069:Also see
7035:CiteSeerX
6844:CiteSeerX
6707:222424224
6685:CiteSeerX
6557:(1776).
6413:168857205
6399:: 70–83.
6344:1363-6669
6257:CiteSeerX
5681:195314801
5672:10230/757
5626:MIT Press
5549:CiteSeerX
5512:CiteSeerX
5489:140069337
5271:CiteSeerX
5239:153813437
4896:154757050
4843:154848228
4487:CiteSeerX
4291:154875771
4038:219383124
3589:In 1972,
3498:rationing
3356:The 2019
3327:commoning
3315:eco-taxes
2969:annulment
2953:economist
2923:education
2783:Ricardian
2690:Democracy
2563:Sortition
2518:Polyarchy
2378:Anarchism
2360:Workplace
2340:Sovereign
2330:Socialist
2310:Sectarian
2288:Christian
2278:Religious
2253:Pluralist
2208:Illiberal
2184:Inclusive
2159:Empowered
2134:Defensive
2119:Consensus
2065:Democracy
1968:capital.
1899:education
1858:Uwe Sunde
1742:of 1933.
1716:known as
1270:1900–2008
1253:1900–2008
1236:1900–2008
1219:1870–2008
1202:1900–2008
1185:1870–2008
1168:1900–2008
1151:1870–2008
1134:1870–2008
1117:1900–2008
1100:1900–2008
1083:1890–2008
985:materials
961:geometric
934:inflation
814:Economics
656:Karl Marx
571:Heterodox
550:Stockholm
516:Keynesian
287:Recession
182:Cost-push
172:Inflation
127:Deflation
12033:Thailand
12028:Tanzania
12011:counties
11994:counties
11949:Slovakia
11917:Portugal
11897:Pakistan
11872:Mongolia
11855:Malaysia
11713:Colombia
11662:Bulgaria
11595:Oceania
11241:rankings
11169:Category
11149:journals
11135:Glossary
11088:Stiglitz
11053:Rothbard
11033:Buchanan
11018:Friedman
11008:Koopmans
10998:Leontief
10978:Robinson
10863:Marshall
10713:Lausanne
10617:Georgism
10612:Feminist
10560:Buddhist
10550:Austrian
10449:Regional
10425:Planning
10400:Monetary
10330:Feminist
10275:Cultural
10270:Business
10007:Archived
9946:34795424
9899:32257300
9844:32561753
9633:22198759
9514:(2020).
9239:(1969).
8999:(2013).
8571:: 8–12.
8287:36510013
8221:32561753
8175:(2020).
8155:Wikidata
8145:(1980),
8113:Archived
7964:Archived
7919:London:
7913:Archived
7885:Archived
7865:Wikidata
7760:55619830
7530:23946551
7481:54670343
7247:13027248
6967:Wikidata
6955:(2016),
6625:25506082
6429:(1989).
6131:73630821
6090:: 1–20.
5842:29125724
5800:29125727
5758:11960778
5432:30819754
5390:15491089
5361:(1990).
5345:55710066
5186:20046929
5060:Wikidata
4801:23485828
4754:Archived
4705:Archived
4453:83016269
4429:(1984),
4398:(1969).
4376:Archived
4220:20046929
3876:Archived
3766:Progress
3689:Degrowth
3657:See also
3607:such as
3597:collapse
3323:degrowth
3021:Theories
2950:Austrian
2528:Populism
2283:Buddhist
2228:Monitory
2149:Economic
2114:Cellular
2109:Athenian
2030:Pandemic
1982:and the
1934:commerce
1559:. Other
1225:$ 36,130
1208:$ 14,020
1191:$ 46,970
1157:$ 36,220
1140:$ 35,940
1131:Germany
1123:$ 14,270
1106:$ 10,070
1089:$ 35,220
1063:Country
798:See also
577:Austrian
335:Monetary
324:Policies
155:Rational
150:Adaptive
76:a series
74:Part of
12215:Nominal
12043:Vietnam
11979:Ukraine
11922:Romania
11882:Nigeria
11777:Hungary
11755:Germany
11750:Georgia
11733:Finland
11718:Croatia
11652:Belgium
11647:Belarus
11637:Austria
11627:Armenia
11617:Albania
11584:nominal
11570:Europe
11554:nominal
11497:nominal
11482:nominal
11467:nominal
11452:nominal
11443:Africa
11248:Nominal
11184:Outline
11155:Schools
11147: (
11108:Piketty
11103:Krugman
10968:Kuznets
10958:Kalecki
10933:Polanyi
10823:Cournot
10818:Bastiat
10803:Ricardo
10793:Malthus
10783:Quesnay
10686:Marxian
10577:Chicago
10507:history
10502:Schools
10489:Welfare
10459:Service
10250:Applied
9937:9026903
9890:7062048
9867:Bibcode
9835:7305220
9806:Bibcode
9664:2562715
9624:3271573
9601:Bibcode
9546:(2003)
9489:(1997)
9354:Sources
9203:Bibcode
8762:5287353
8265:Bibcode
8212:7305220
8191:Bibcode
8080:1574390
7627:2089406
7521:3740999
7441:2118070
7411:2118470
7330:2297811
7282:2296292
7124:2951599
7057:1268535
6866:6818002
6810:2006549
6756:1884513
6616:4262154
6541:3170839
5994:178–202
5971:3198200
5864:3301688
5605:7733555
5301:1369978
5293:2118477
4904:1105634
4046:3503386
3664:Agrowth
3475:nuclear
3210:poverty
2975:is the
2293:Islamic
2268:Radical
2258:Popular
2204:Liberal
2085:Indices
2075:History
1620:reapers
1484:Before
1276:$ 1,440
1259:$ 3,830
1242:$ 2,960
1222:$ 4,808
1205:$ 2,293
1188:$ 4,007
1174:$ 6,020
1154:$ 2,375
1148:Canada
1137:$ 2,184
1120:$ 1,159
1114:Mexico
1097:Brazil
1086:$ 1,504
1066:Period
925:(GDP).
915:economy
819:Applied
616:Marxian
506:Schools
12563:(NIIP)
12426:Other
12410:Europe
12397:Wealth
12380:Europe
12375:Canada
12353:Europe
12038:Turkey
12023:Taiwan
12016:cities
11999:cities
11969:Sweden
11944:Serbia
11927:Russia
11912:Poland
11892:Norway
11860:Mexico
11809:cities
11772:Greece
11765:cities
11738:France
11701:cities
11672:cities
11667:Canada
11657:Brazil
11093:Thaler
11073:Ostrom
11068:Becker
11063:Sowell
11043:Baumol
10948:Myrdal
10943:Sraffa
10938:Frisch
10928:Knight
10923:Keynes
10898:Fisher
10893:Veblen
10878:Pareto
10858:Menger
10853:George
10848:Jevons
10843:Walras
10833:Gossen
10757:Thermo
10435:Public
10430:Policy
10385:Labour
10350:Health
10063:Nature
9965:
9944:
9934:
9897:
9887:
9842:
9832:
9824:
9779:
9758:
9735:
9712:
9662:
9631:
9621:
9526:
9444:
9414:
9393:
9372:
9340:
9309:
9284:
9247:
9221:
9157:
9093:
8949:
8923:
8796:
8760:
8539:
8293:
8285:
8256:Nature
8219:
8209:
8157:
8078:
8044:
7940:
7867:
7859:
7841:
7793:
7758:
7663:
7625:
7588:
7555:
7528:
7518:
7479:
7439:
7409:
7328:
7310:
7280:
7245:
7122:
7079:
7055:
7037:
7000:
6996:–480.
6969:
6889:
6864:
6846:
6808:
6754:
6705:
6687:
6623:
6613:
6539:
6475:
6442:
6411:
6342:
6259:
6186:
6129:
6058:
6033:
6000:
5969:
5929:
5904:
5862:
5840:
5798:
5756:
5712:
5679:
5632:
5603:
5551:
5514:
5487:
5430:
5388:
5343:
5299:
5291:
5273:
5237:
5184:
5143:
5062:
4902:
4894:
4841:
4799:
4712:0.64%.
4685:
4619:
4592:
4562:
4489:
4459:
4451:
4441:
4406:
4312:
4289:
4247:
4218:
4044:
4036:
4005:
3980:
3949:
3616:Energy
3580:growth
3568:Copper
3529:, and
3523:Mining
3473:, and
3188:. The
3179:growth
2931:theory
2621:Europe
2611:Africa
2605:Region
2578:Voting
2488:Motion
2325:Social
2303:Mormon
2298:Jewish
2213:Liquid
2174:Guided
2164:Ethnic
2144:Direct
2080:Theory
1980:UNESCO
1976:et al.
1917:, and
1897:, and
1895:health
1874:health
1835:Health
1692:, the
1626:, and
1421:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1279:0.78%
1262:1.36%
1245:1.38%
1233:India
1228:1.47%
1211:1.69%
1194:1.80%
1177:1.99%
1165:China
1160:1.99%
1143:2.05%
1126:2.35%
1109:2.40%
1092:2.71%
1080:Japan
983:or of
981:energy
634:People
362:Models
330:Fiscal
307:Saving
167:Growth
12340:Wages
12303:(GNI)
12256:(PPP)
12207:(GDP)
11964:Spain
11887:Nepal
11850:Kenya
11833:Japan
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