301:(one 20 mm cannon and four .50 cal), both twin-engined fighters, carried the entirety of their gun armament in the nose, a configuration which concentrated the firepower at a broader range of distances, and did not require left–right harmonisation. The P-38 still required up–down harmonisation because its cannon, with its heavier rounds and different trajectory, needed to be inclined upward slightly more than the four machine guns. Soviet fighter design of the era favoured grouping all guns in the fuselage for accuracy and for keeping the wings as light as possible, resulting in improved manoeuvrability. In fact, many Soviet pilots flying western aircraft, such as the
26:
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areas protected by steel plate, such as armoured cockpits. However, if a close point was chosen then a distant enemy might be safe from the fire of wing guns, the rounds passing ineffectually on both sides of him. The opposite situation was not so much of a problem; a distant bore-sight point would not usually stop a fighter from delivering damage at close range, though the hits would not be concentrated on target. Tactical decisions also dictated whether a fighter unit would choose a closer or farther away convergence point. A twisting and turning style of
168:
closely spaced, allowing more confidence that a grouping of bullets from one wing would cause heavy damage, even if the other wing's bullets missed the target. While
Spitfire squadrons might converge their wing guns at a different distance for each left–right pair, to give a deeper envelope of damage, Hurricane squadrons usually aligned the guns in each wing to shoot nearly parallel, with all gunfire coming together at the same range. As a result, the Hurricane outperformed the Spitfire in delivering damage to German bombers during the Battle of Britain.
118:
164:
the gun mounting which would affect the aim. The normal vibration of the guns as they fired would also spread the shots; an intended point convergence was at best a somewhat larger grouping of shots within a circle. At a distance of 1,000 ft (300 m), the tightest practical grouping of shots would range throughout a circle about 4 ft (1.2 m) wide.
160:
fire. It was decided to test a much tighter pattern. After evaluation in battle, by mid-1940 pattern harmonisation was dropped by the RAF in favour of "point harmonisation". Following the lead of Gray and Malan, British fighters were generally set to fire into a single point at 750 ft rather than a larger area. By
September 1940, better results were reported.
223:"Detroit Miss" to converge at three points: 600 ft (180 m), 750 ft (230 m) and 900 ft (270 m), with the inboard guns aimed closer and the outboard guns farther away. Drew felt that this gave him a suitable concentration of fire over a deeper envelope of engagement distance.
96:
to fire between the propeller blades, a process which slowed the rate of fire. In the late 1920s and 1930s, electrically controlled firing mechanisms, (coupled with the advent of more reliable weapons systems that did not require a pilot close by to clear any malfunctions), allowed aircraft designers
163:
Whatever pattern was chosen, the flexibility of the wings could contribute to a larger-than-intended convergence pattern, especially with thinner wings as on the
Spitfire. The vibration of the engine, the twisting pull of the propeller, and the flexing of the wings in flight would cause movement of
159:
agreed so strongly with Gray that he went ahead and set his own guns to converge in a point at 750 ft, subsequently telling fellow airmen how much better it worked. The
British observed that too many German bombers were successfully disengaging from battle after taking many rounds of dispersed
236:
ground targets from the air called for a greater harmonisation distance, to give the pilot time to register hits and then quickly pull up to prevent collision with the ground or the target. The allowed time was very brief: travelling at 250 to 300 mph (400 to 480 km/h), a pilot typically
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did not travel as far as later heavy machine gun rounds or cannon shells, so the lighter rounds were focussed into a cluster or point at shorter distances. All machine gun rounds do more damage at closer distances, so a closer point was often preferred for increased damage, especially for target
167:
Furthermore, the physical arrangement of guns in the wing had an effect on the convergence pattern. The
Spitfire's guns were spaced relatively far apart in each wing, which meant that their gunfire was more dispersed before and after the range of greatest convergence. The Hurricane's guns were
207:
Early mark
British Spitfire and Hurricane fighters firing the .303 round had their eight wing guns focussed into a convergence zone at 1,200 ft (370 m), 1,350 ft (410 m) or even 1,950 ft (590 m), depending on which source is consulted. Such longer distances were
68:
to point straight ahead; instead they were aimed slightly inward so that the projectiles met at one or more areas several hundred yards or metres in front of the fighter's nose. The intent was either to spread the fire of multiple weapons to increase the chance of a hit, called "pattern
229:
wing guns of all belligerents were often set to converge at relatively close distances such as 450 ft (140 m) for the UK. Night fighter tactics using wing guns called for a surreptitious approach on the tail of the enemy, surprising him with fire at a chosen distance.
179:
were harmonised to fire their six guns into a wide rectangle 10 by 6 ft (3.0 by 1.8 m) at 450 ft (140 m). The outer guns of the
Mustang were 15.846 ft (4.830 m) apart, so this ten-foot box narrowed in width as the firing distance increased.
72:
A drawback of harmonisation was that guns worked effectively in a limited zone, so targets closer or farther away from the zone were not damaged as much, or were completely missed. The rounds would diverge further apart after passing through the convergence point.
145:
advocated such a large pattern to make it more likely that a mediocre fighter pilot would obtain a hit. The pattern converged further with distance, tightening the most at about 1,200 ft (370 m) or even 1,950 ft (590 m), the latter reported by
212:, but combat experience showed that shorter distances were more effective, and the convergence distance was reduced to 750 ft (230 m) or even 360 ft (110 m). Various distances that were employed in World War II by American fighters using
237:
had less than two seconds to fire at the ground target and then pull up. If the targets were dispersed among tall trees, as were some German aircraft late in the war, a greater distance was essential to avoid collision with the trees. The
American
100:
In the mid-1930s when the front-line fighters of many countries including Italy, Japan, and the US were still using only two synchronised guns on the fuselage, the UK ordered their fighters to carry eight guns, four in each wing. This made the
245:
increased the bore-sight distance of the eight .50 cal guns during operations in the
Italian Alps in late 1944, to converge at 900 ft (270 m). This distance also proved effective for strafing attacks in southern Germany in 1945.
125:
fighter as shown in a 1945 manual. The top scheme shows a diamond pattern which narrows to about 10 feet (3 m) wide at a range of 1,200 ft (370 m). The bottom scheme converges the eight guns into a point at about 1,100 ft
277:
based in North Africa in
January 1944 bore-sighted the guns of his Thunderbolt to converge at 300 ft (90 m) because he did not care for deflection shots and instead attacked his targets from the rear at that distance.
320:, was equipped with six .50 cal machine guns, three mounted on each side of the nose, the two sides spaced approximately 4 ft (1.2 m) apart. These guns were harmonised to converge at 1,200 ft (370 m).
154:
expressed frustration at the recommended scheme, saying that the wide pattern and long distance penalized those pilots who were excellent shots. Gray recommended the guns be converged at 750 ft. South African ace
97:
to place guns in the wings, negating the need for synchronisation. These wing guns could fire at their maximum rate; they were aimed slightly inward to give a converging field of fire at a certain range.
216:
heavy machine gun rounds include 500 ft (150 m), 750 ft (230 m), 900 ft (270 m) and 1,000 ft (300 m), with the longer distances favoured later in the war.
290:"Emil" model carried a combination of central and wing guns; the wing guns were converged to a point but the central guns could always be counted upon to aim directly at the target.
138:
adjusted its Hurricanes to fire into a wide rectangle that was 12 by 8 ft (3.7 by 2.4 m) at 750 ft (230 m). This was referred to as the "Dowding spread" because
130:
Early in World War II, the British were in favour of "pattern harmonisation", a shotgun-like tactic which disperses the fire of multiple guns to gain a greater chance of a hit. The
269:
to converge to a point 300 ft (90 m) ahead. The squadron's usual tactic was to dive upon an enemy from the front and slightly to one side (a high-side attack using full
188:
The distance of the convergence point depended on the ballistic performance of the projectile. Standard early war machine gun rounds such as ones that were fired by the British
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Fighters with central guns, mounted in the fuselage or a central gondola, typically aimed them straight ahead rather than converging them. A fighter such as the German
219:
Some pilots preferred more than one point of convergence. In 1944 operating out of England, American Lieutenant Urban "Ben" Drew set the .50 cal guns of his
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A very close convergence point proved devastatingly effective for some pilots. The highest scoring fighter pilot in the world, German Major
134:(RAF) tried various patterns of gun harmonisation, with the convergence area taking the form of a rectangle or a circle. In December 1939,
3107:
109:
the most heavily armed fighters in the world at the time, but there arose a lively debate about how these guns should be converged.
80:. Military aircraft from the 1960s onward generally did not carry guns in the wings, so convergence was not as much of a concern.
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came to a close, the standard pursuit (fighter) armament was two rifle-calibre machine guns mounted on the cowl of the fuselage,
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to converge at 50 m (160 ft) because of his preference for waiting to attack until very near his opponent. In the
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harmonisation", or to concentrate the fire to deliver greater damage at one point, called "point harmonisation".
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Some American air units also converged their guns in a rectangle. USAAF Major James White described how the
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776:. Washington, D.C.: Headquarters of the United States Army Air Forces. 30 January 1945. p. 37.
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The convergence of multiple guns was a common practice from the 1930s to the 1950s, especially in
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16:"Convergence pattern" redirects here. Not to be confused with a video convergence pattern or
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Flying Guns: The Development of Aircraft Guns, Ammunition and Installations, 1933–45
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273:) and fire when at the convergence distance. American ace Major Bill Chick of the
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such as diving to gain a speed advantage might indicate a greater distance.
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Allied Strafing in World War II: A Cockpit View of Air to Ground Battle
317:
57:
refers to the aiming of fixed guns or cannon carried in the wings of a
33:
is shown converging to a point, then diverging. (Drawing not to scale.)
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Victory roll: the American fighter pilot and aircraft in World War II
17:
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2801:
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2641:
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2626:
2602:
2354:
2339:
1943:
1834:
1498:
1349:
1307:
1259:
1212:
233:
197:
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2636:
2614:
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2181:
1841:
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1515:
1299:
1254:
1249:
1217:
1121:
1093:
262:
213:
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2758:
2556:
1322:
1222:
1153:
1774:
1769:
1754:
1709:
1405:
485:
The Story of the Spitfire: An Operational and Combat History
305:, directed their armourers to remove some or all wing guns.
903:"The Battle of Britain: Armament of the Competing Fighters"
1759:
1719:
1148:
1133:
1092:
3068:
662:
RAF Fighter Command Pilot: The Western Front 1939-42
265:harmonised the six .50 cal wing guns of their Mk I
354:
795:Fire in the Sky: The Air War in the South Pacific
3445:
931:P-38 Lightning Vs Ki-61 Tony: New Guinea 1943-44
626:Fighter Aces of the RAF in the Battle of Britain
3389:Small Arms & Light Weapons (SALW)
512:Gustin, Emmanuel; Williams, Anthony G. (2003).
511:
1078:
1027:AN 01-75-2 P-38 gunsight manual, Section IV,
900:
773:AAF Manual 200-1: "Fighter Gun Harmonization"
591:
589:
587:
64:The wing guns in fighters were typically not
1792:
817:
815:
2601:
787:
785:
783:
1085:
1071:
1007:. Pacifica Military History. p. 132.
954:
584:
507:
505:
348:
346:
344:
297:(four 20 mm cannon) and the American
253:, set the wing guns (later cannon) of his
812:
693:(60 ed.). Grub Street. p. 159.
684:
682:
602:. Naval Institute Press. pp. 60–62.
445:
443:
441:
439:
200:might indicate a shorter distance, while
121:Two convergence schemes for the American
877:The Royal Navy and the Battle of Britain
791:
780:
739:
737:
691:Air battle Dunkirk, 26 May – 3 June 1940
599:The Royal Navy and the Battle of Britain
570:. Little, Brown Book Group. p. 29.
386:
384:
382:
208:initially favoured by Air Chief Marshal
116:
24:
1002:
927:
873:
846:
821:
717:Spitfire V vs C.202 Folgore: Malta 1942
713:
629:. Casemate Publishers. pp. 20–21.
595:
502:
477:
475:
473:
449:
357:Fighter Combat: Tactics and Maneuvering
341:
3446:
955:Powell, R. R.; Drew, Urban L. (2012).
853:. Naval Institute Press. p. 149.
688:
679:
658:
622:
536:
436:
390:
29:Fire from the eight machine guns of a
3067:
2600:
1791:
1171:
1170:
1066:
1039:
880:. Naval Institute Press. p. 69.
826:. Simon & Schuster. p. 117.
743:
734:
665:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 54–56.
563:
543:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 64–65.
540:Spitfire vs Bf 109: Battle of Britain
481:
379:
850:Von Richthofen: The Legend Evaluated
470:
417:
352:
1043:F-86 Sabre vs MiG-15: Korea 1950–53
847:Bickers, Richard Townshend (1996).
13:
901:Williams, Anthony G. (2004–2005).
747:I Was a P-51 Fighter Pilot in WWII
112:
14:
3485:
934:. Osprey Publishing. p. 60.
720:. Osprey Publishing. p. 73.
361:. Naval Institute Press. p.
981:Gustin and Williams 2003, p. 101
316:design used by US forces in the
1033:
1021:
996:
984:
975:
948:
921:
894:
867:
840:
764:
750:. iUniverse. pp. 357–359.
707:
652:
649:Gustin and Williams 2003, p. 94
643:
616:
281:
958:Ben Drew: The Katzenjammer Ace
557:
530:
411:
1:
3254:Firearms by country
3169:Civilian Marksmanship Program
689:Franks, Norman L. R. (2000).
397:. McFarland. pp. 42–43.
335:
83:
874:Cumming, Anthony J. (2010).
798:. Basic Books. p. 482.
263:Marine Fighting Squadron 213
173:North American P-51 Mustangs
7:
3425:Federal Assault Weapons Ban
3323:Campaign Against Arms Trade
567:Spitfire: The Autobiography
450:Coggins, Edward V. (2000).
391:Colgan, William B. (2010).
323:
221:North American P-51 Mustang
183:
10:
3490:
3459:Glossaries of the military
3379:High-capacity magazine ban
2505:Mean time between failures
792:Bergerud, Eric M. (2001).
744:White, James Neel (2003).
456:. Turner. pp. 29–31.
330:Glossary of firearms terms
243:Republic P-47 Thunderbolts
15:
3397:
3347:
3338:
3299:
3227:
3179:
3108:Household ownership rates
3088:
3063:
2985:
2842:
2787:
2778:
2694:
2622:
2613:
2596:
2437:
2376:
2367:
2250:
2241:
2142:
1810:
1801:
1787:
1699:
1647:
1604:
1590:
1548:
1418:
1404:
1298:
1179:
1166:
1117:
1113:
961:. Pacifica. p. 102.
596:Cumming, Anthony (2013).
310:North American F-86 Sabre
239:86th Fighter Bomber Group
123:Republic P-47 Thunderbolt
928:Nijboer, Donald (2010).
714:Nijboer, Donald (2014).
422:. Schiffer. p. 41.
353:Shaw, Robert L. (1985).
150:. New Zealand's top ace
3409:by U.S. state
2819:Overpressure ammunition
2754:Improved Military Rifle
2460:Circular error probable
1379:Personal defence weapon
623:Kaplan, Philip (2008).
516:. Airlife. p. 53.
488:. MBI. pp. 21–22.
299:Lockheed P-38 Lightning
3103:Civilian gun ownership
2632:Firing (Shooting)
1046:. Osprey. p. 23.
1003:Hammell, Eric (2010).
822:Hammell, Eric (1995).
564:Lewis, Jon E. (2013).
418:Wolf, William (2001).
275:317th Fighter Squadron
261:in mid-1943, American
177:487th Fighter Squadron
127:
34:
2577:Handgun effectiveness
2510:Minute of Angle (MOA)
2386:Ballistic coefficient
1362:Semi-automatic pistol
659:Barber, Mark (2012).
537:Holmes, Tony (2007).
193:Browning machine guns
157:Adolph "Sailor" Malan
120:
28:
3194:in the United States
2852:Armour piercing
2413:Rangefinding/keeping
2325:Push/Controlled feed
2117:Synchronization gear
1852:Blank-firing adapter
1703: or famous
1040:Dildy, Doug (2013).
824:Aces Against Germany
136:No. 111 Squadron RAF
103:Supermarine Spitfire
3464:Targeting (warfare)
3454:Firearm terminology
3286:Privately made
3249:Firearm brands
3135:State firearms
3115:Exhibition shooting
3098:Celebratory gunfire
2957:Plastic tipped
2887:High explosive
2408:Physics of firearms
992:pp. 92–93, 132, 134
482:Delve, Ken (2007).
303:Bell P-39 Airacobra
267:Vought F4U Corsairs
152:Colin Falkland Gray
43:convergence pattern
37:In aerial gunnery,
3384:Right to bear arms
3330:Featureless rifles
3276:Improvised firearm
3237:3D printed firearm
3125:United States
3020:Fully powered
2927:Total metal jacket
2567:Stock measurements
1290:Underwater firearm
1186: versus
1005:Aces Against Japan
453:Wings That Stay On
295:Westland Whirlwind
128:
35:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3398:United States Gun
3059:
3058:
3055:
3054:
2942:Hollow point
2867:Full metal jacket
2774:
2773:
2732:Tubes and Primers
2592:
2591:
2542:Power factor
2480:Gun harmonisation
2433:
2432:
2363:
2362:
2237:
2236:
2219:Night vision
1783:
1782:
1695:
1694:
1609:Automatic shotgun
1586:
1585:
1173:Types of firearms
1162:
1161:
968:978-1-890988-58-6
909:on 5 January 2013
214:.50 cal (12.7 mm)
140:Air Chief Marshal
51:convergence point
39:gun harmonisation
3481:
3469:Military tactics
3345:
3344:
3291:Small arms trade
3229:Firearm industry
3080:, and
3065:
3064:
2937:Hollow base
2785:
2784:
2764:Smokeless powder
2620:
2619:
2598:
2597:
2547:Precision-guided
2374:
2373:
2248:
2247:
2055:Rail system
1929:Flash suppressor
1808:
1807:
1789:
1788:
1735:Winchester rifle
1725:Antique firearms
1655:20-gauge shotgun
1602:
1601:
1416:
1415:
1168:
1167:
1115:
1114:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
979:
973:
972:
952:
946:
945:
925:
919:
918:
916:
914:
905:. Archived from
898:
892:
891:
871:
865:
864:
844:
838:
837:
819:
810:
809:
789:
778:
777:
768:
762:
761:
741:
732:
731:
711:
705:
704:
686:
677:
676:
656:
650:
647:
641:
640:
620:
614:
613:
593:
582:
581:
561:
555:
554:
534:
528:
527:
509:
500:
499:
479:
468:
467:
447:
434:
433:
415:
409:
408:
388:
377:
376:
360:
350:
107:Hawker Hurricane
59:fighter aircraft
55:bore-sight point
47:convergence zone
31:Hawker Hurricane
3489:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3429:
3393:
3362:Concealed carry
3357:Assault weapons
3352:Air travel
3334:
3311: and
3295:
3223:
3183:
3175:
3164:Shooting sports
3154:Pistol duelling
3084:
3051:
3015:Rifle cartridge
2981:
2922:Supercavitating
2917:Soft point
2838:
2770:
2744:Ball propellant
2690:
2609:
2588:
2584:Twist rate
2475:Gun chronograph
2465:Effective range
2429:
2359:
2330:Recoil-operated
2233:
2138:
1797:
1779:
1765:Colt Peacemaker
1691:
1665:Dragon's breath
1660:Breaching round
1643:
1624:Double-barreled
1582:
1558:General purpose
1544:
1400:
1294:
1235:Multiple-barrel
1175:
1158:
1109:
1091:
1061:
1054:
1038:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1001:
997:
989:
985:
980:
976:
969:
953:
949:
942:
926:
922:
912:
910:
899:
895:
888:
872:
868:
861:
845:
841:
834:
820:
813:
806:
790:
781:
770:
769:
765:
758:
742:
735:
728:
712:
708:
701:
687:
680:
673:
657:
653:
648:
644:
637:
621:
617:
610:
594:
585:
578:
562:
558:
551:
535:
531:
524:
510:
503:
496:
480:
471:
464:
448:
437:
430:
416:
412:
405:
389:
380:
373:
351:
342:
338:
326:
284:
186:
132:Royal Air Force
115:
113:Size of pattern
86:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3487:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3359:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3305:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3233:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3199:Assassinations
3196:
3190:
3188:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3100:
3094:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2722:Percussion cap
2719:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2572:Stopping power
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2490:Length of pull
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2315:Out-of-battery
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1939:Forward assist
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1909:Cocking handle
1906:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1793:Mechanics and
1785:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1619:Combat shotgun
1616:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1430:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1384:Submachine gun
1381:
1374:Pistol caliber
1371:
1370:
1369:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1118:
1111:
1110:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1067:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1032:
1020:
1014:978-1890988050
1013:
995:
983:
974:
967:
947:
940:
920:
893:
886:
866:
859:
839:
832:
811:
804:
779:
763:
756:
733:
726:
706:
699:
678:
671:
651:
642:
635:
615:
608:
583:
576:
556:
549:
529:
522:
501:
494:
469:
462:
435:
428:
410:
403:
378:
371:
339:
337:
334:
333:
332:
325:
322:
314:fighter-bomber
283:
280:
251:Erich Hartmann
202:energy tactics
185:
182:
114:
111:
85:
82:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3486:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3281:Most-produced
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2310:Muzzleloading
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2275:Breechloading
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2040:Muzzle shroud
2038:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2028:Stripper clip
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2018:High-capacity
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1745:Mauser rifles
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1670:Shotgun shell
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1423:Anti-materiel
1421:
1420:
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990:Colgan 2010,
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833:0-671-52907-2
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636:9781844155873
632:
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579:
577:9781472107824
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569:
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312:, a 1947 jet
311:
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264:
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227:Night fighter
224:
222:
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126:(340 m).
124:
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52:
48:
44:
40:
32:
27:
23:
19:
3301:Arms control
3181:Gun violence
3148:Jungle style
3147:
3120:Gun cultures
3025:Intermediate
2702:Fire forming
2552:Rate of fire
2479:
2423:Stadiametric
2401:Transitional
2345:Self-loading
2300:Gas-operated
2260:Blow-forward
2192:Red dot
2102:Squeeze bore
2050:Pistol slide
2035:Muzzle brake
2003:Bottom metal
1550:Machine guns
1208:Line thrower
1188:muzzleloader
1184:Breechloader
1042:
1035:
1023:
1004:
998:
986:
977:
957:
950:
930:
923:
911:. Retrieved
907:the original
896:
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484:
452:
419:
413:
393:
356:
307:
293:The British
292:
285:
282:Central guns
248:
232:
225:
218:
210:Hugh Dowding
206:
187:
170:
166:
162:
148:Len Deighton
143:Hugh Dowding
129:
99:
94:synchronised
87:
78:World War II
75:
71:
66:bore-sighted
63:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
36:
22:
3415:Legislation
3367:in the U.S.
3318:Disarmament
3313:Gun control
3010:Handloading
2797:Dummy round
2669:Cooking off
2664:Malfunction
2652:Field strip
2647:Maintenance
2537:Penetration
2500:Match grade
2418:Mathematics
2350:Single-shot
2290:Closed bolt
2204:Scope mount
2167:Holographic
2157:Finderscope
2045:Pistol grip
2023:Speedloader
1877:Telescoping
1857:Breechblock
1730:Gatling gun
1629:Pump action
1270:Single-shot
1193:Combination
259:Pacific War
198:dogfighting
90:World War I
3474:Ballistics
3448:Categories
3219:Gun safety
3214:Gunfighter
3005:Centrefire
2987:Cartridges
2967:Snake shot
2907:Round shot
2897:Projectile
2882:Incendiary
2780:Ammunition
2739:Propellant
2707:Obturation
2679:Squib load
2607:ammunition
2445:Accurizing
2381:Ballistics
2295:Electronic
2214:Telescopic
2065:Recoil pad
1924:Firing pin
1899:Bump stock
1862:Breechface
1803:Components
1795:components
1648:Ammunition
1396:Wallet gun
1340:Pepper-box
1285:Spring-gun
1280:Smoothbore
1275:Sleeve gun
336:References
318:Korean War
271:deflection
84:Background
3259:Gun shops
3209:Forensics
3184:and
3130:Gun shows
2872:Frangible
2862:Expanding
2814:Gas check
2809:Flechette
2792:Cannelure
2717:Gunpowder
2674:Hang fire
2642:Firefight
2495:Lock time
2485:Headspace
2450:Bore axis
2335:Repeating
2285:Open bolt
2199:Magnifier
2085:Auto sear
1991:Wheellock
1986:Flintlock
1964:Half-cock
1919:Extractor
1820:Feed ramp
1750:Tommy Gun
1740:M1 Garand
1675:.410 bore
1639:Sawed-off
1614:Coach gun
1528:Repeating
1521:Polygonal
1445:Automatic
1428:Anti-tank
1313:Derringer
1203:Flare gun
18:test card
3420:Politics
3340:Gun laws
3271:Gunsmith
3159:Politics
3078:industry
3000:Caseless
2802:Snap cap
2695:Ignition
2686:Ricochet
2627:Dry fire
2603:Shooting
2530:Velocity
2396:Terminal
2391:External
2355:Slamfire
2340:Revolver
2255:Blowback
2122:Tapering
2097:Silencer
2060:Receiver
1998:Magazine
1954:Foregrip
1944:Freebore
1914:Cylinder
1872:Rotating
1835:Trunnion
1701:Historic
1592:Shotguns
1511:Marksman
1489:Elephant
1391:Starting
1350:Revolver
1318:Duelling
1308:Cane gun
1300:Handguns
1260:Riot gun
1228:Takedown
1213:Long gun
1198:Elephant
1102:glossary
1094:Firearms
324:See also
234:Strafing
184:Distance
105:and the
3407: (
3374:License
3142:Hunting
3090:Society
3070:Society
3047:Wildcat
3042:Pinfire
2972:Spitzer
2902:Raufoss
2844:Bullets
2834:Wadding
2749:Cordite
2727:Rimfire
2657:Fouling
2637:Gunshot
2615:Gunshot
2455:Caliber
2438:Metrics
2369:Physics
2270:Boxlock
2243:Actions
2229:Zeroing
2224:Thermal
2182:Reticle
2152:Diopter
2127:Trigger
1974:Striker
1949:Forearm
1934:Fluting
1904:Chamber
1892:Tilting
1882:Flapper
1842:Bayonet
1830:Threads
1594: (
1516:Rifling
1504:Varmint
1494:Express
1484:Buffalo
1479:Hunting
1462:Carbine
1433:Assault
1408: (
1335:Machine
1255:Pen gun
1250:Net gun
1245:Needler
1237: (
1218:Carbine
1139:History
1122:Firearm
1096: (
1029:page 21
288:Bf 109E
241:flying
175:of his
3204:Deaths
3186:safety
3074:safety
2952:Meplat
2932:Tracer
2759:Ramrod
2712:Primer
2557:Recoil
2520:Energy
2515:Muzzle
2187:Reflex
2144:Sights
2092:Shroud
2075:Safety
1969:Linear
1959:Hammer
1887:Roller
1815:Barrel
1568:Medium
1533:Sniper
1474:Double
1450:Battle
1406:Rifles
1345:Pocket
1323:Pistol
1265:Rotary
1223:Musket
1154:Weapon
1144:Safety
1106:topics
1104:, and
1050:
1011:
965:
938:
913:8 June
884:
857:
830:
802:
754:
724:
697:
669:
633:
606:
574:
547:
520:
492:
460:
426:
401:
369:
255:Bf 109
3037:Paper
2995:Blank
2962:ABCBC
2947:Minié
2892:HEIAP
2877:Green
2829:Sabot
2562:Group
2470:Gauge
2305:Lever
2280:Break
2177:Laser
2162:Globe
2132:guard
2112:Stock
2107:Choke
1775:Glock
1770:M1911
1755:MP 40
1715:AR-15
1710:AK-47
1573:Heavy
1563:Light
1127:lists
3405:Laws
3309:Arms
3264:list
3242:list
3082:laws
3030:list
2912:SLAP
2857:Cast
2605:and
2525:Rise
2320:Pump
2265:Bolt
2209:Tang
2172:Iron
2080:Sear
2013:Drum
2008:Clip
1981:Lock
1867:Bolt
1847:Belt
1825:Slug
1687:Slug
1682:Shot
1634:Riot
1596:list
1538:list
1499:Punt
1467:list
1455:list
1438:list
1410:list
1367:list
1355:list
1328:list
1239:list
1098:list
1048:ISBN
1009:ISBN
963:ISBN
936:ISBN
915:2013
882:ISBN
855:ISBN
828:ISBN
800:ISBN
752:ISBN
722:ISBN
695:ISBN
667:ISBN
631:ISBN
604:ISBN
572:ISBN
545:ISBN
518:ISBN
490:ISBN
458:ISBN
424:ISBN
399:ISBN
367:ISBN
308:The
190:.303
2977:VLD
2824:PCA
2070:Rim
1760:Uzi
1720:M16
1578:SAW
1149:War
1134:Gun
88:As
53:or
3450::
3076:,
3072:,
1100:,
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
