770:
61:
925:
50:
70:
41:
612:
802:, but it was given such a low priority that the British had ample supplies of their own designs by the time it was ready for production. The first USAAF unit using the P-61 did not move to Britain until February 1944; operational use did not start until the summer, and was limited throughout the war. Colonel Winston Kratz, director of night-fighter training in the USAAF, considered the P-61 as adequate in its role, "It was a good night fighter. It did not have enough speed".
620:
552:, for homing-in on German night fighters. The British also experimented with mounting pilot-operated AI Mark 6 radar sets in single-seat fighters, and the Hurricane II C(NF), a dozen of which were produced in 1942, became the first radar-equipped, single-seat night fighter in the world. It served with 245 and 247 Squadrons briefly and unsuccessfully before being sent to India to 176 Squadron, with which it served until the end of 1943. A similarly radar-equipped
560:
305:
647:, Scotland, by a defecting Luftwaffe crew, allowed British radio engineers to develop jamming equipment to counter it. A race developed with the Germans attempting to introduce new sets and the British attempting to jam them. The early Lichtenstein B/C was replaced by the similar UHF-band Lichtenstein C-1, but when the German night fighter defected and landed in Scotland in April 1943, that radar was quickly jammed. The low
521:, which offered significantly higher performance than the pre-war Blenheims; it was the highest performance aircraft capable of carrying the bulky early aircraft interception radars used for night fighter operations, and quickly became invaluable as a night fighter. Over the next few months, more and more Beaufighters arrived and the success of the night fighters roughly doubled every month until May, when the
600:; with only one or two searchlights or radars available per "cell", the system was able to handle perhaps six interceptions per hour. By flying all of the bombers over a cell in a short period, the vast majority of the bombers flew right over them without ever having been plotted, let alone attacked. German success against the RAF plummeted, reaching a nadir on 30/31 May 1942, when the first
821:. The Japanese Navy had long screened new recruits for exceptional night vision, using the best on their ships and aircraft instead of developing new equipment for this role. VF(N)-75 was established as the first USN night fighter squadron on 10 April 1943. Six pilots with six aircraft were sent to the South Pacific on 1 August 1943. A Night Fighter Training Unit (NFTU) was established at
282:, most combatants had little capability of flying at night, and little need to do so. The only targets that could be attacked with any possibility of being hit in limited visibility would be cities, an unthinkable target at the time. The general assumption of a quick war meant no need existed for strategic attacks.
766:-equipped fighter was typically a complete surprise to the bomber crew, who would only realise that a fighter was close by when they came under fire. Particularly in the initial stage of operational use until early 1944, the sudden fire from below was often attributed to ground fire rather than a fighter.
1031:
was the Navy's all-weather fighter. The
Phantom was developed as the Navy's first supersonic, all-weather, radar-equipped fighter armed with radar-guided missiles. However, compared to early air-superiority designs such as the F-100 or F-8, the massive Phantom, nevertheless, had enough raw power from
580:
to "paint" the target, allowing the fighters to attack them without on-board aids. The searchlights were later supplanted with short-range radars that tracked both the fighters and bombers, allowing ground operators to direct the fighters to their targets. By July 1940, this system was well developed
943:
During the immediate postwar era, the RAF launched studies into new fighter designs, but gave these projects relatively low priority. By the time of the Soviet bomb test, the night-fighter design was still strictly a paper project, and the existing
Mosquito fleet was generally unable to successfully
908:
Other forces did not have the pressing need to move to the jet engine; Britain and the US were facing enemies with aircraft of even lower performance than their existing night fighters. However, the need for new designs was evident, and some low-level work started in the closing stages of the war,
492:
aircraft, having been selected for this role as its fuselage was sufficiently roomy to accommodate the additional crew member and radar apparatus; the first prototype system went into service in
November 1939, long before the opening of major British operations. These early systems had significant
327:
and cash prizes totaling ÂŁ3,500 put up by a number of individuals. This downing was not an isolated victory; five more German airships were similarly destroyed between
October and December 1916, and caused the airship campaign to gradually be diminished over the next year with fewer raids mounted.
956:
was also introduced; this was originally developed by the company as a private venture and initially ordered by Egypt, instead the RAF took over the order to serve an interim measure between the retirement of the
Mosquito night fighter and the Meteor night fighter's introduction. These types were
422:
as night fighters. Pilot José Falcó had equipped his fighter with a radio receiver for land-based guidance for interception. One of the I-15s configured for night operations, fitted with tracer and explosive .30 rounds, scored a daylight double victory against Bf 109s in the closing stages of the
467:
The promising implications of the test were not lost on planners, who reorganised radar efforts and gave them increased priority. This led to efforts to develop an operational unit for aircraft interception (AI). The size of these early AI radars required a large aircraft to lift them, and their
781:
were dedicated to daytime bombing over
Germany and Axis allies, that statistically were much more effective. The British night-bombing raids showed a success rate of only one out of 100 targets successfully hit. At the urging of the British, who were looking to purchase US-made aircraft, US day
345:
aircraft that gradually took over the offensive. While their early daylight raids in May 1917 were able to easily evade the weak defenses of London, the strengthening of the home defence fighter force led to the
Germans switching to night raids from 3 September 1917. To counter night attacks,
264:
in aircraft. The addition of greatly improved landing and navigation equipment combined with radar led to the use of the term all-weather fighter or all-weather fighter attack, depending on the aircraft capabilities. The use of the term night fighter gradually faded away as a result of these
362:
were considered unsafe for firing incendiary ammunition. Further modification led to the cockpit being moved rearwards. The modified aircraft were nicknamed the "Sopwith Comic". To provide suitable equipment for Home
Defence squadrons in the north of the UK,
879:
so seriously upset aircraft design that the need for dedicated jet-powered night fighters became clear. Both the
British and Germans spent some effort on the topic, but as the Germans were on the defensive, their work was given a much higher priority. The
571:
German aircraft interception radar efforts at this point were about two years behind the
British. Unlike in Britain, where the major targets lay only a few minutes' flight time from the coast, targets in Germany after the occupation of France in 1940 were
206:
on night missions, but these tended to work only under very favourable circumstances and were not widely successful. The war would see the first aircraft ever that was explicitly designed from the outset to function as a night fighter, the
513:
adapted for night flying to shoot them down visually. This proved almost impossible to arrange in practice, and the Cat Eye fighters had little luck during the closing months of 1940. The Turbinlite squadrons were disbanded in early 1943.
980:
aircraft capable of performing rapid ascents and attaining an altitude of 45,000 feet. However, due to rapid advances in aircraft capabilities, the Javelin quickly became considered to be outdated and the type was retired during 1968. In
576:, which gave German air defenses long times to deal with intruding bombers. Instead of airborne radar, they relied on ground-based systems; the targets would first be picked up by radar assigned to a "cell", the radar would then direct a
178:
but would not see widespread use until WWII. The term would be supplanted by âall-weather fighter/interceptorâ post-WWII, with advancements in various technologies permitting the use of such aircraft in virtually all conditions.
710:
bomb-aiming radar, operating at a higher 10 GHz frequency for both RAF Pathfinder Mosquitos and USAAF B-24 Liberators that premiered their use over Europe, deployed a bombing radar that could not be detected by the German
500:
Through this period, the RAF experimented with many other aircraft and interception methods in an effort to get a working night fighter force. One attempt to make up for the small number of working radars was to fit an AI to a
655:(stag's antlers) antennae that slowed their fighters as much as 25 mph, making them easy prey for British night fighters that had turned to the offensive role. The capture in July 1944 of a Ju 88G-1 night fighter of
688:, were equipped only with a direction finder and landing lights to allow them to return to base at night. For the fighter to find their targets, other aircraft, which were guided from the ground, would drop strings of
390:
could fly about twice as fast, at over twice the altitude, with much greater bomb loads. They flew fast enough that the time between detecting them and the bombers reaching their targets left little time to launch
913:. When the Soviet plans to build an atomic bomb became known in the west in 1948, this project was still long from being ready to produce even a prototype, and in March 1949, they started development of both the
1676:
Madison, Rodney. "Air Warfare, Strategic Bombing". The Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social and Military History, Volume 1, Spencer C. Tucker, ed. (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2005), pp. 45â46.
445:
was introduced operationally for the first time. Initially, these systems were unwieldy, and development of IR systems continued. Realizing that radar was a far more practical solution to the problem,
293:
aircraft (the infamous "Fokker Fodder") were modified into the first night fighters. After lack of success while using darts and small incendiary bombs to attack Zeppelins from above, ultimately a
430:
occurred among all of the major forces, but in practice, these proved almost unusable. The only such system to see any sort of widespread operational use was the Spanner Anlage system used on the
407:
invested almost all of their efforts in developing a night bomber force, with the Central Flying School responsible for one of the most important developments in the period by introducing "
813:
on 18 April 1942 to develop night fighting equipment and tactics. Aircraft selection was limited to single-engine, single-seat planes by the requirement to be capable of operating from
837:
fighters fitted with compact, microwave-band radar sets in wing-mounted pods. The specially trained night fighter and torpedo planes of Night Air Group 41 (NAG-41) began flying from
829:
training aircraft to allow instructors to accompany student pilots. USN carrier-launched fighter combat missions began in January 1944 with six-plane detachments of single-engined
484:
The war opened on 1 September 1939, and by this time, the RAF were well advanced with plans to build a radar â then called 'RDF' in Britain â equipped night-fighter fleet. The
948:
bomber it was expected to face. This led to rushed programs to introduce new, interim night-fighter designs; these efforts led to several night-fighter versions of ubiquitous
174:: fighters and interceptors designed primarily for use during the day or during good weather. The concept of the night fighter was developed and experimented with during the
758:
during World War II, with the first victories for the Luftwaffe and IJNAS each occurring in May 1943. This innovation allowed the night fighters to approach and attack
399:
to attack them, badly limiting the number of guns available. At night, or with limited visibility, these problems were compounded. The widespread conclusion was that "
1423:
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As the German effort wound down, the RAF's own bombing campaign was growing. The Mosquitos had little to do over the UK, so a number of squadrons were formed within
643:(mattress) antenna array. This late date, and slow introduction, combined with the capture of a Ju 88R-1 night fighter equipped with it in April 1943 when flown to
2948:
308:
Operational B.E.2c with RAF 1a engine, "V" undercarriage, streamlined cowling on sump, and cut-out in upper centre section to improve field of fire for gunner
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from below, where they were outside the bomber crew's field of view. Few bombers of that era carried defensive guns in the ventral position. An attack by a
1367:
964:, the first model of which having been introduced during 1953. More advanced night fighter models of the Venom would follow, as well as of the navalised
901:
methods, rather than AI radar-controlled interception. Several Me 262 pilots were able to attain a high number of kills in the type such as Oberleutnant
426:
Nevertheless, some new technologies appeared to offer potential ways to improve night-fighting capability. During the 1930s, considerable development of
1852:
1771:
1395:
1004:
could take on the role of night fighters, thus the class went into decline. Examples of these latter-day interceptor/night-fighters include the
289:
facilities in Cologne and DĂŒsseldorf. Although defences had been set up, all of them proved woefully inadequate. As early as 1915, a number of
1595:
The Mosquito increased German night-fighter losses to such an extent the Germans were said to have awarded two victories for shooting one down.
1429:
1000:
Into the 1960s, night fighters still existed as a separate class of aircraft. However, as they continued to grow in capability, radar-equipped
3340:
1619:" literally means "slanted" or "oblique"; it also has a secondary meaning of "weird", "strange", "off-key", or "abnormal" as in the English "
1417:
517:
By early 1941, the first examples of a production-quality radar, AI Mk. IV, were beginning to arrive. This coincided with the arrival of the
940:
without loss, as the MiG-15s lacked radar to shoot down individual fighters, though they were effective against bomber formations at night.
651:-band SN-2 unit that replaced the C-1 remained relatively secure until July 1944, but only at the cost of using huge, eight-dipole element
525:
ended their bombing efforts. Although night bombing never ended, its intensity was greatly decreased, giving the RAF time to introduce the
2390:
1068:
was also an interceptor with enhanced agility, but did not carry the Phoenix in preference to the role of an air-superiority fighter.
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or other systems for providing some sort of detection capability in low visibility. Many night fighters of the conflict also included
3333:
453:
in the mid-1930s. In September 1937, he gave a working demonstration of the concept when a test aircraft was able to detect three
285:
Things changed on 22 September and 8 October 1914, when the Royal Naval Air Service bombed the production line and hangars of the
972:
along with other operators. An advanced night-fighter design was eventually introduced to RAF service in 1956 in the form of the
817:. Urgency for the night-fighting role increased when Japanese aircraft successfully harassed naval forces on night raids in the
301:, was mounted at an angle of 45° to fire upwards, to attack the enemy from below. This technique proved to be very effective.
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Cotton, Frederick Sidney and William Helmore. "An improved method and means for intercepting night flying hostile aircraft."
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as the preferred platform for aircraft interception radars, and in May 1939, the first experimental flight took place, on a
1112:
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In the Korean War, after the Starfire proved to be ineffective against the latest Soviet-supplied aircraft, Marine Corps
386:
In the meantime, aircraft performance had improved tremendously; compared to their First World War counterparts, modern
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active search radars, as were Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-6/R11 aircraft: these served as radar-equipped night-fighters with
99:
367:
K trainers were converted to night fighters by removing the front cockpit and mounting a Lewis gun on the top wing.
1020:
1064:, which on top of the heavy Phoenix, retained the Phantom's versatility and improved agility for dogfighting. The
3185:
Nightfighter Navigator: Recollections of Service in the RAF, Compiled from Flying Log Books and Personal Records.
1088:
1053:
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Both the Meteor and Vampire conversions were rapidly followed by a more capable night fighter in the form of the
810:
884:, the first operational jet fighter in the world, was adapted to the role, such as the installation of on-board
769:
3377:
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249:
182:
During the Second World War, night fighters were either purpose-built night fighter designs, or more commonly,
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in front of the bombers. In other cases, the burning cities below provided enough light to see their targets.
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1849:
1117:
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also widely exported; Meteor night fighters were acquired by France, Syria, Egypt and Israel amongst others.
1768:
1065:
415:
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mounted over the wings, as the flash from the Vickers tended to dazzle the pilot when they were fired, and
290:
2847:
Encyclopedia of U.S. Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems: Volume 1 Post-World War II Fighters 1945â1973
438:. These were often also fitted with a large IR searchlight to improve the amount of light being returned.
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3498:
3439:
1049:
585:, and proved able to deal with the small raids by isolated bombers the RAF was carrying out at the time.
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have allowed even smaller modern fighters to have night-interception capability. In the US Air Force's
1041:
1013:
914:
253:
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791:
663:, revealed the secrets of the later, longer-wavelength replacement for the earlier B/C and C-1 sets.
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for landing at night, as turning on the runway lights made runways into an easy target for opposing
3543:
1045:
994:
230:
17:
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as a medium fighter-bomber. The need for close-in dogfighting spelled the end for the specialised
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in August 1944. NAG-41 achieved full night status on 1 October 1944 in time to participate in the
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complex controls required a multiperson crew to operate them. This naturally led to the use of
312:
After over a year of night Zeppelin raids, on the night of 2â3 September 1916, a BE2c flown by
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2324:
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aircraft were intended to find the targets and illuminate them with the searchlight, allowing
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2975:(Aircraft in Profile Number 137). Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1966.
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to mount it. This combination remained the premier night fighter until the end of the war.
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159:
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its twin J79 engines to prove adaptable as the preferred platform for tangling with agile
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60:
16:"Night Fighters" redirects here. For the 1960 film also known as The Night Fighters, see
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The Hellcat proved to be the best single-engined night fighter deployed in World War II.
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offensive armament fitment was the German name given to installations of upward-firing
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also used single-engined aircraft in the night-fighter role, starting in 1939 with the
632:
502:
446:
95:
85:
3315:
2024:
Odell, William C. (Winter 1989). "The Development of Night Fighters in World War II".
1577:"October 13th 1915... lifted his BE2c into the blackness to search for the intruder."
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as stop-gap measures. All of these fighters entered service during the early 1950s.
685:
597:
541:
526:
427:
323:, the first German airship to be shot down over Britain. This action won the pilot a
2564:
Secret Projects: British Fighters and Bombers 1935 -1950 (British Secret Projects 3)
790:. The only purpose-built night fighter design deployed during the war, the American
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practical problems, and while work was underway to correct these flaws, by the time
395:
to shoot them down. Higher altitude bombers also required extremely large and heavy
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3618:
3613:
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3584:
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3109:
Night Fighter: A First-hand Account of a P-61 Radar Observer in World War II China.
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1245:
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814:
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592:, the RAF changed their raid tactics to gather all of their bombers into a single "
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To Destroy a City: Strategic Bombing and its Human Consequences in World War II.
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emissions of RAF bombers â the April 1944 combat debut of the American-designed
3563:
3558:
3531:
3261:. New York: Barnes & Noble Publishing, Inc. and Parragon Publishing, 2006.
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1057:
949:
660:
582:
553:
324:
316:
313:
163:
895:("stag's antlers") antennae; intercepts were generally or entirely made using
559:
265:
improvements making the vast majority of fighters capable of night operation.
3647:
3466:
3117:
The Wild Winds, The History of Number 486 RNZAF Fighter Squadron with the RAF
2894:
Rise from the East: The story of 247 (China British) Squadron Royal Air Force
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to replace the Mosquitos during the early 1950s. A similar conversion of the
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473:
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347:
237:
234:
183:
40:
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Queen of the Midnight Skies: The Story of America's Air Force Night Fighters
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2684:
2352:. Warton Aerodrome, UK: English Electric Technical Services, February 1962.
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night-identification light to enhance its night-interception capabilities.
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missiles for fleet defense against bombers. The Navy instead developed the
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885:
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radar detectors also were fitted with the low- to mid-VHF band FuG 217/218
611:
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457:
380:
338:
187:
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Postwar Military Aircraft: De Havilland, Vampire, Venom and Sea Vixen v. 5
1040:
fighters over the skies of Vietnam, as well as replacing the US Air Force
619:
162:
adapted or designed for effective use at night, during periods of adverse
3606:
3553:
3082:
Night Fighters: An Unofficial History of the 415th Night Fighter Squadron
2824:
1205:
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1084:
986:
902:
733:. A sole Fw 190 A-6 Wk.Nr.550214 fitted with FuG 217 is a rare survivor.
671:
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opened in August 1940, the night fighter fleet was still in its infancy.
203:
171:
3183:
3095:(Osprey Aircraft of the Aces #20). Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1998.
905:, who claimed a total of 25 Mosquitos downed during nighttime missions.
2748:
Air Force Victory Credits: World War I, World War II, Korea and Vietnam
1336:
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1005:
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969:
876:
867:. In several cases these USN aircraft were used on raids of their own.
782:
fighters were initially adapted to a night role, including the Douglas
743:
589:
506:
488:
radar (AI Mk. II) was being fitted experimentally to a small number of
454:
342:
167:
3291:
Deny Them the Night Sky: A History of the 548th Night Fighter Squadron
3037:
Instruments of Darkness: The History of Electronic Warfare, 1939â1945.
1661:
623:
A restored Bf 110G night fighter with the VHF-band SN-2 radar antennae
217:
systems were greatly miniaturised over time, allowing the addition of
3259:
Fighter: The World's Finest Combat Aircraft â 1913 to the Present Day
897:
703:
680:
667:
545:
530:
494:
461:
435:
355:
304:
294:
3272:
Wixley, Kenneth E. "Gloster Javelin: a production history, Part 2".
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Night Fighters: Luftwaffe and RAF Air Combat over Europe, 1939â1945.
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had already been accepted as a "day" dogfighter, while the subsonic
1072:
856:
851:
644:
449:
handed the task of developing a radar suitable for aircraft use to
364:
286:
214:
3276:, September 1984, Vol. 17, No 9, pp. 420â422. ISSN 0002-2675.
350:
day fighters were deployed in the night fighter role. The Camels'
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3372:
3179:. Aviation News, 30 October â 12 November 1996, pp. 550â554.
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In 1942, the Germans first started deploying the initial B/C low
605:
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With little money to spend on development, especially during the
3451:
982:
759:
730:
636:
387:
379:, night-fighting techniques changed little until just prior to
127:
113:
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By 1918, only four Zeppelin raids against London were mounted.
659:
equipped with an SN-2 Lichtenstein set, flown by mistake into
596:". This meant that the ground-based portion of the system was
2953:
Washington, DC: Air Force History and Museums Program, 1997.
2813:
Darkly Dangerous: The Northrop P-61 Black Widow Night Fighter
1620:
689:
656:
442:
320:
241:
191:
3355:
2950:
Conquering the Night: Army Air Forces Night Fighters at War.
2896:. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1996.
2579:
Storms of Controversy: The Secret Avro Arrow Files Revealed.
2129:
Coniglio, Serigio. "F-94 Starfire (Monopama Special File)."
1087:, but quickly converted to an all-weather role. The similar
615:
The Ju 88R-1 night fighter captured by the RAF in April 1943
3321:
Conquering the Night: Army Air Forces Night Fighters at War
3134:(Modern Fighting Aircraft). New York: Prentice Hall, 1986.
3067:
Nightfighter: A Concise History of Nightfighting since 1914
2968:. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1966.
2832:
The Wizard War: British Scientific Intelligence, 1939â1945.
2755:
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864:
860:
505:
bomber which also carried a searchlight in its nose. These
261:
3217:, June 1995, Vol. 23, No 6, Issue No. 266, pp. 10â24.
3203:, April 1995, Vol. 23, No 4, Issue No. 264, pp. 6â10.
702:"Z" radar receivers for homing in on the 3-gigahertz band
3244:
Military Aircraft of the Cold War (The Aviation Factfile)
3224:, July 1995, Vol. 24 No 1, Issue No. 267, pp. 42â47.
3210:, May 1995, Vol. 23, No 5, Issue No. 265, pp. 18â22.
2658:
Chesham, UK: Steemrok Publishing Services, 1996. No ISBN.
2071:
The World's First Turbojet Fighter - Messerschmitt Me 262
928:
An F3D from VC-4 DET44(N) landing at K-6 airbase in Korea
707:
648:
628:
257:
2794:
Men of Power, The Lives of Rolls-Royce Chief Test Pilots
2355:
2549:
War Planes of the First World War: Volume Two: Fighters
2542:
War Planes of the First World War: Volume One: Fighters
715:
equipment. The Bf 109G series aircraft fitted with the
3162:
de Havilland Mosquito: An Illustrated History Volume 2
3119:. Dunedin, New Zealand: Otago University Press, 1998.
3054:. London: Ballantine Books, 1998, First edition 1957.
2881:. Gdansk, Poland: AJ Press Monografie Lotnicze, 1994.
2343:
2307:
2181:
608:, losing only four aircraft to German night fighters.
2849:. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History, 1978.
2458:
2329:. Washington D.C.: Defense Dept (U.S.). p. 241.
23:
Fighter aircraft adapted or designed for use at night
3213:
Williams, Ray. "Meteor Night Fighters: Part Three".
2200:
2166:
1660:
Cooper, Ralph, Jean-Claude Cailliez and Gian Picco.
1537:
Vought F4U-5N/F4U-5NL Corsair/Goodyear FG-1E Corsair
3220:Williams, Ray. "Meteor Night Fighters: Part Four".
3039:London: Greenhill Books, 2006, First edition 1978.
684:(wild boar). In this case, the fighters, typically
3206:Williams, Ray. "Meteor Night Fighters: Part Two".
3199:Williams, Ray. "Meteor Night Fighters: Part One".
3164:. Manchester, UK: Crécy Publishing Limited, 2006.
2936:: 422nd Night Fighter Squadron Association, 1982.
2765:Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2008.
2581:Toronto: Stoddart, third paperback edition, 1998.
1726:"The War in the Air: Bombers: Germany, Zeppelins."
3242:Winchester, Jim, ed. "Convair F-106 Delta Dart."
2982:The F-15 Eagle: Origins and Development 1964â1972
2710:. Cambridge, UK: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1981.
3645:
2834:New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1978.
2746:Haulman, Daniel L. and William C. Stancik, eds.
2724:Night Fighters: A Development and Combat History
2271:
556:was also developed, but no production followed.
3231:(Bomber War Trilogy 2). London: Phoenix, 2008.
2966:The Bristol Blenheim I (Aircraft in Profile 93)
2910:Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II
696:had G6N and similar models fitted with FuG 350
635:, and in extremely limited numbers, using a 32-
3229:Men of Air: The Doomed Youth of Bomber Command
3112:Rome, Georgia: Family of James R. Smith, 2004.
2594:Aviator Extraordinary: The Sidney Cotton Story
2383:
1743:
1480:Gloster/Armstrong-Whitworth Meteor NF 11/12/14
849:. Night fighter patrols effectively countered
126:night fighter, with centimetric radar in nose
3341:
2431:
2374:
2298:
2249:
1734:
1023:was offered to the US Navy; at the time, the
441:Immediately prior to the opening of the war,
3287:
3026:Pilot's Manual for Northrop P-61 Black Widow
2778:Handbook of Infrared Detection Technologies.
2322:
2136:
1048:for continental interception duties and the
3069:. Shepperton, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan, 1988.
2917:, Alabama: USAF Historical Division, 1982.
2566:. Leicester, UK: Midland Publishing, 2004.
2499:. Somerset, UK: Patrick Stevens Ltd, 1996.
2413:
2366:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFBeamont1985 (
2350:Pilot's Notes, Lightning F Mk.1 and F Mk.1A
2146:. Leicester, UK: Midland Publishing, 2001.
1711:
1709:
1667:19 November 2005. Retrieved: 15 April 2011.
3348:
3334:
2985:(Today's Best Military Writing ed.).
2482:Postwar Military Aircraft: Gloster Javelin
2422:
2222:
2192:sfn error: no target: CITEREFJackson1987 (
2045:
2043:
1113:Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2 Night fighter
170:. Such designs were in direct contrast to
2728:New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976.
2323:Converse III, Elliott V. (12 June 2012).
1881:
1879:
1877:
1731:22 August 2009. Retrieved: 13 April 2011.
825:, on 25 August 1943 using radar-equipped
544:and fitted with special systems, such as
190:adapted for the mission, often employing
88:NF.51 (J 33), during night operation 1954
3093:German Night Fighter Aces of World War 2
2780:Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier Science, 2002.
2592:Cotton, Sidney as told to Ralph Barker.
1706:
1083:was originally envisaged as inexpensive
923:
809:(USN) Project Affirm was established at
768:
678:models, which they later referred to as
618:
610:
558:
303:
3316:Luftwaffe Night Fighter Control methods
3006:Pape, Garry R. and Ronald C. Harrison.
2978:
2791:
2683:
2637:Dorr, Robert F. and Chris Bishop, eds.
2464:
2361:
2213:
2187:
2040:
1865:
1811:
1056:, which was armed only with long-range
936:shot down six aircraft, including five
3646:
3147:United States Navy Aircraft since 1911
3145:Swanborough, Gordon and Peter Bowers.
2663:German Aircraft of the First World War
2641:. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1996.
2326:Rearming for the Cold War 1945 -- 1960
2262:
2019:
2017:
1874:
331:Because of airships' limitations, the
3329:
2877:Ledwoch, Janusz and Adam Skupiewski.
2691:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
2277:
2067:
2023:
1522:North American F-82F/G/H Twin Mustang
1133:
989:developed its own night fighter, the
202:. Some experiments tested the use of
154:) is a largely historical term for a
2761:Heaton, Colin and Anne-Marie Lewis.
2380:Swanborough and Bowers 1976, p. 301.
2005:
1391:Grumman F6F-3E/F6F-3N/F6F-5N Hellcat
2626:James Lorimer & Company, 1997.
2123:
2014:
1453:
1118:Sopwith Camel "Comic" Night fighter
1019:During this transition period, the
479:
32:Night fighter / All-weather fighter
13:
3429:Airborne early warning and control
3281:
3246:. London: Grange Books plc, 2006.
3050:Rawnsley, C.F. and Robert Wright.
2973:The Bristol Beaufighter I & II
2611:. London: Crecy Publishers, 1999.
1769:"Los chatos noctumos" (in Spanish)
1490:
1475:de Havilland Venom NF 2/2A/3/51/54
1406:Vought F4U-2/F4U-4E/F4U-4N Corsair
1271:
1106:
909:including the US contract for the
756:Imperial Japanese Army Air Service
752:Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
748:large, twin-engined night fighters
401:the bomber will always get through
370:
14:
3670:
3309:
2758:Historical Research Center, 1988.
2131:Aviation and Marine International
1903:Rawnsley and Wright 1998, p. 151.
1324:
1123:Sopwith 1œ Strutter Night fighter
993:, which entered service with the
777:Rather than nighttime raids, the
273:
166:conditions, or in otherwise poor
2776:Henini, Mohamed and M. Razeghi.
2529:. Leicester, UK; Aerofax, 1993.
2419:Dorr and Bishop 1996, pp. 48â49.
1966:Scutts and Weal 1998, pp. 46â47.
1948:Jones 1978, pp. Preface, p. 500.
1790:Henini and Razeghi 2002, p. 128.
1697:
1396:Lockheed P-38M "Night Lightning"
1373:
1021:McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II
788:Lockheed P-38M "Night Lightning"
68:
59:
48:
39:
2912:(Perennial Works in Sociology).
2866:New York: Da Capo Press, 2003.
2661:Gray, Peter and Owen Thetford.
2525:Blazer, Gerald and Mike Dario.
2473:
2455:Gunston and Spick 1983, p. 112.
2449:
2440:
2316:
2240:
2231:
2157:
2097:
2094:Blazer and Dorio 1993, pp. 1â3.
2088:
2061:
2052:
2049:Gunston 1976, pp. 112, 183â184.
1996:
1987:
1978:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1850:"1459 Flight and 538 Squadron."
1842:
1829:
1820:
1802:
1793:
1784:
1761:
1752:
1718:
1715:Gray and Thetford 1962, p. 130.
1626:
1598:
1589:
1358:de Havilland Mosquito NF series
1307:
1089:McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet
855:attacks timed to arrive during
811:Naval Air Station Quonset Point
3032:: Aviation Publications, 1977.
2514:. Ian Allan Publishing, 1999.
2304:Campagna 1998, pp. 66â67.
2278:Peden, Murray (1 April 2003).
1688:
1679:
1670:
1654:
1645:
1580:
1571:
1527:North American F-86D/K/L Sabre
1512:McDonnell F2H-2N/F2H-4 Banshee
1460:de Havilland Mosquito NF 36/38
1071:The reduced size and costs of
875:Even while the war raged, the
750:by the Luftwaffe and both the
694:Messerschmitt Bf 109G variants
337:began to introduce long-range
1:
3091:Scutts, Jerry and John Weal.
2672:. Los Angeles: Tomash, 1987.
2596:. Chatto & Windus, 1969.
2034:United States Naval Institute
1559:
1470:de Havilland Vampire NF 10/54
1465:de Havilland Sea Hornet NF 21
1170:Messerschmitt Bf 110D/F-4/G-4
2930:422nd Night Fighter Squadron
1975:Ledwoch and Skupiewski 1994
1639:
1607:was derived from the German
1066:McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle
486:Aircraft Interception Mk. II
416:Spanish Republican Air Force
7:
3288:Shulenberger, Eric (2005).
2928:McEwen, Charles McEwen Jr.
2796:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword.
2551:. London: Macdonald, 1968.
2446:Spick 2000, pp. 72â74, 112.
2437:Gunston 1978, pp. 8, 10â15.
2105:"William F. Barns Archives"
1930:Sortehaug 1998, pp. 23, 30.
1542:
1436:
1220:CN Serie I, II, III "Falco"
1050:Republic F-105 Thunderchief
798:and then saw action in the
10:
3675:
3188:London: V.P. White, 2004.
3012:West Chester, Pennsylvania
2544:. London: Macdonald, 1965.
1502:Grumman F7F-1N/2N Tigercat
1343:Boulton Paul Defiant Mk II
1337:Douglas Havoc (Turbinlite)
1138:
1042:Convair F-102 Delta Dagger
1014:English Electric Lightning
915:North American F-86D Sabre
870:
268:
254:inertial navigation system
196:instrument landing systems
15:
3572:
3421:
3414:
3365:
2879:Messerschmitt Me.109 Cz.2
2294:– via Google Books.
1894:Thirsk 2006, pp. 124â127.
1862:Retrieved: 1 August 2011.
1826:Cotton 1969, pp. 205â211.
1781:Retrieved: 4 August 2013.
1662:"Alfred Comte 1895â1965."
1615:Music" (the German word "
1441:
1411:
1401:Northrop P-61 Black Widow
1099:, was ordered with a 0.6
823:Charlestown, Rhode Island
792:Northrop P-61 Black Widow
773:A wartime P-61A in flight
565:instrument landing system
227:instrument landing system
209:Northrop P-61 Black Widow
110:Northrop P-61 Black Widow
3149:. London: Putnam, 1976.
2979:Neufeld, Jacob (2007) .
2830:Jones, Reginald Victor.
2397:, Boeing, archived from
2228:Birtles 1999, pp. 75â76.
2068:Hecht, Heinrich (1990).
1774:28 December 2009 at the
1703:Knell 2003, pp. 109â111.
1651:Winchester 2006, p. 184.
1564:
1424:Morane-Saulnier M.S. 408
1241:Mitsubishi Ki-46-III KAI
1224:
1193:
1046:Convair F-106 Delta Dart
1010:Convair F-106 Delta Dart
995:Royal Canadian Air Force
968:, which served with the
938:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15s
891:high-VHF band radar and
794:was introduced first in
574:far from Allied airbases
434:Z night fighters of the
231:microwave landing system
100:Messerschmitt Bf 110 G-4
18:A Terrible Beauty (film)
3177:India's Night Guardians
2845:Knaack, Marcelle Size.
2708:Fighters of the Fifties
2665:. London: Putnam, 1961.
2639:Vietnam Air War Debrief
2313:Winchester 2006, p. 55.
2259:September 1984, p. 422.
2144:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15
1860:Nightfighter navigator.
223:terrain-following radar
148:all-weather interceptor
2947:McFarland, Stephen L.
2915:Maxwell Air Force Base
2819:: Bomber Books, 1981.
2811:Johnsen, Frederick A.
2752:Maxwell Air Force Base
2527:Northrop F-89 Scorpion
2133:, Issue 34, June 1976.
2002:Heaton and Lewis 2008
1885:Hastings 1979, p. 240.
1749:Bruce 1965, pp. 35â36.
1532:Northrop F-89 Scorpion
1517:McDonnell F-101 Voodoo
1507:Lockheed F-94 Starfire
1363:Fairey Firefly NF Mk 5
1353:Bristol Blenheim Mk IF
966:de Havilland Sea Venom
934:Douglas F3D Skyknights
929:
919:Lockheed F-94 Starfire
911:Northrop F-89 Scorpion
774:
624:
616:
568:
317:William Leefe Robinson
309:
3080:Sargent, Frederic O.
2743:Michael Joseph, 1979.
2670:Radar in World War II
2609:Battle Under the Moon
2163:Buttler 2004, p. 193.
2058:Gunston 1976, p. 184.
1939:Robinson 1988, p. 68.
1808:Robinson 1988, p. 28.
1799:Robinson 1988, p. 34.
1758:Robinson 1988, p. 24.
1497:Douglas F3D Skyknight
1128:Supermarine Nighthawk
927:
827:Douglas SBD Dauntless
772:
631:-band version of the
622:
614:
567:indicator, built 1943
562:
535:de Havilland Mosquito
307:
299:incendiary ammunition
124:de Havilland Mosquito
112:night fighter with a
94:The nose of a German
3274:Aircraft Illustrated
2792:Jackson, R. (2006).
2428:Knaack 1974, p. 274.
2257:Aircraft Illustrated
2237:Gunston 1981, p. 56.
2219:Birtles 1999, p. 72.
2109:This Day in Aviation
1694:Gunston 1976, p. 27.
1685:Evans 1996, pp. 3â4.
1554:Interceptor aircraft
1368:Supermarine Spitfire
1301:Messerschmitt Me 210
1295:Messerschmitt Bf 110
1289:Messerschmitt Bf 109
1175:Messerschmitt Me 262
997:(RCAF) during 1952.
954:de Havilland Vampire
882:Messerschmitt Me 262
847:Battle of Leyte Gulf
676:Messerschmitt Bf 109
341:, starting with the
278:At the start of the
160:interceptor aircraft
3499:Electronic warfare
3294:. E. Shulenberger.
3065:Robinson, Anthony.
3030:Appleton, Wisconsin
2971:Moyes, Philip J.R.
2964:Moyes, Philip J.R.
2934:Birmingham, Alabama
2892:Marchant, David J.
2655:The Dragon Slayers.
2577:Campagna, Palmiro.
2497:Flying to the Limit
2484:. Ian Allan, 1999.
2391:"Phantom 'Phirsts'"
2246:Allward 1983, p. 6.
2178:April 1995, p. 6â7.
1993:Currie 1999, p. 11.
1740:Bruce 1968, p. 151.
1385:Bristol Beaufighter
1348:Bristol Beaufighter
1319:Yakovlev Yak-9M PVO
1236:Kawasaki Ki-45 KAIc
1212:Caproni-Vizzola F-5
1077:lightweight fighter
1062:Grumman F-14 Tomcat
1029:McDonnell F3H Demon
1025:Vought F-8 Crusader
831:Grumman F6F Hellcat
144:all-weather fighter
3440:Counter-insurgency
3182:White, E.G., OBE.
3086:Madison, Wisconsin
3014:: Schiffer, 1992.
2817:Tacoma, Washington
2668:Guerlac, Henry E.
2480:Allward, Maurice.
2111:. 21 February 2019
2011:Pape 1992, p. 208.
1984:Wilson 2008, p. 3.
1957:Price 2006, p. 67.
1855:2011-07-09 at the
1729:firstworldwar.com,
1665:earlyaviators.com,
1448:Avro Canada CF-100
1387:(British supplied)
962:de Havilland Venom
930:
835:Vought F4U Corsair
807:United States Navy
779:US Army Air Forces
775:
686:Focke-Wulf Fw 190s
633:Lichtenstein radar
625:
617:
569:
447:Robert Watson-Watt
428:infrared detectors
310:
297:loaded with novel
116:nose for its radar
96:Lichtenstein radar
86:de Havilland Venom
3641:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3494:Close air support
3358:military aircraft
3301:978-0-9767355-0-2
3257:Winchester, Jim.
3237:978-0-7538-2398-9
3222:Aeroplane Monthly
3215:Aeroplane Monthly
3208:Aeroplane Monthly
3201:Aeroplane Monthly
3194:978-1-871330-08-3
3115:Sortehaug, Paul.
3101:978-1-85532-696-5
3060:978-0-907579-67-0
3045:978-1-85367-616-1
3020:978-0-88740-415-3
2992:978-1-4299-1069-9
2923:978-0-405-12194-4
2907:Maurer, Maurer.
2840:978-0-698-10896-7
2803:978-1-84415-427-2
2786:978-1-85617-388-9
2771:978-1-59114-360-4
2734:978-0-7509-3410-7
2678:978-0-7503-0659-1
2617:978-0-85979-109-0
2495:Beamont, Roland.
2490:978-0-711-01323-0
2210:June 1995, p. 12.
2208:Aeroplane Monthly
2175:Aeroplane Monthly
1871:Moyes 1966, p. 5.
1837:GB Patent 574970,
1817:Moyes 1966, p. 6.
1314:Petlyakov Pe-3bis
1246:Mitsubishi Ki-109
1187:Focke-Wulf Fw 190
1181:Focke-Wulf Fw 189
1155:Focke-Wulf Ta 154
1150:Dornier Do 217J/N
815:aircraft carriers
602:1,000-bomber raid
588:At the urging of
542:No. 100 Group RAF
527:AI Mk. VIII radar
397:antiaircraft guns
360:synchronised guns
354:were replaced by
3666:
3654:Fighter aircraft
3502:
3419:
3418:
3401:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3327:
3326:
3305:
3175:Thomas, Andrew.
3088:: Sargent, 1946.
3003:
3001:
2999:
2860:Knell, Hermann.
2807:
2702:
2510:Birtles, Philp.
2468:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2364:, p. 51-52.
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2281:Fall of an Arrow
2275:
2269:
2268:Dow 1997, p. 72.
2266:
2260:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2211:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2185:
2179:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2155:
2140:
2134:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2038:
2037:
2021:
2012:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1872:
1869:
1863:
1846:
1840:
1839:29 January 1946.
1833:
1827:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1782:
1767:LĂĄzaro, Carlos.
1765:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1732:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1704:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1668:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1218:Reggiane Re.2001
1177:A-1a/U2, B-1a/U1
1165:Junkers Ju 88C/G
1134:Second World War
1095:variant for the
490:Bristol Blenheim
480:Second World War
464:in bad weather.
420:Polikarpov I-15s
377:Great Depression
334:LuftstreitkrÀfte
152:Second World War
142:(later known as
72:
63:
52:
43:
33:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3633:
3568:
3544:Maritime patrol
3517:Air superiority
3500:
3410:
3399:
3361:
3360:types and roles
3354:
3312:
3302:
3284:
3282:Further reading
3279:
3227:Wilson, Kevin.
3035:Price, Alfred.
2997:
2995:
2993:
2804:
2741:Bomber Command.
2739:Hastings, Max.
2721:Gunston, Bill.
2706:Gunston, Bill.
2699:
2562:Buttler, Tony.
2476:
2471:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2401:on 29 June 2011
2389:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2142:Gordon, Yefim.
2141:
2137:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2041:
2022:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1965:
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1857:Wayback Machine
1847:
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1766:
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1724:Unikoski, Ari.
1723:
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1485:Gloster Javelin
1456:
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1414:
1376:
1327:
1310:
1274:
1272:Hungary/Romania
1266:Yokosuka P1Y1-S
1261:Yokosuka D4Y2-S
1256:Nakajima J1N1-S
1251:Nakajima C6N1-S
1231:Aichi S1A Denko
1227:
1196:
1141:
1136:
1109:
1107:First World War
974:Gloster Javelin
873:
819:Solomon Islands
529:working in the
482:
405:Royal Air Force
373:
371:Interwar period
280:First World War
276:
271:
219:radar altimeter
176:First World War
136:
135:
134:
133:
132:
75:
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73:
65:
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55:
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3597:
3590:Reconnaissance
3587:
3582:
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3574:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3564:Strike fighter
3561:
3559:Fighter-bomber
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3310:External links
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2607:Currie, Jack.
2605:
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2395:Phabulous 40th
2382:
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2362:Beamont (1985)
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2199:
2190:, p. 484.
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2013:
2004:
1995:
1986:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1950:
1941:
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1923:
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1912:Marchant 1996
1905:
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1190:
1184:
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1172:
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1162:
1160:Heinkel He 219
1157:
1152:
1147:
1145:Arado Ar 68E-1
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1108:
1105:
1058:AIM-54 Phoenix
1054:Grumman F-111B
950:Gloster Meteor
944:intercept the
872:
869:
859:conditions at
843: (CVL-22)
736:The effective
661:RAF Woodbridge
583:Kammhuber Line
554:Hawker Typhoon
533:band, and the
481:
478:
372:
369:
325:Victoria Cross
275:
274:Early examples
272:
270:
267:
184:heavy fighters
164:meteorological
131:
130:
117:
103:
89:
78:
77:
76:
67:
66:
58:
57:
56:
47:
46:
38:
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30:
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22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3467:Medium bomber
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3446:
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3438:
3437:
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3328:
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3317:
3314:
3313:
3303:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3267:0-7607-7957-0
3264:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3252:1-84013-929-3
3249:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3170:0-85979-115-7
3167:
3163:
3160:Thirsk, Ian.
3159:
3156:
3155:0-370-10054-9
3152:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3140:0-13-055237-2
3137:
3133:
3130:Spick, Mike.
3129:
3126:
3125:1-877139-09-2
3122:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3075:0-7607-7957-0
3072:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3052:Night Fighter
3049:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2994:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2959:0-16-049672-1
2956:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2943:
2942:0-89201-092-4
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2906:
2903:
2902:0-85130-244-0
2899:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2887:83-86208-02-3
2884:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2872:0-306-81169-3
2869:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2856:
2855:0-912799-59-5
2852:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2720:
2717:
2716:0-85059-463-4
2713:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2698:0-684-15753-5
2694:
2690:
2686:
2685:Gunston, Bill
2682:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2648:
2647:1-874023-78-6
2644:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2632:1-5502855-4-8
2629:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2602:0-7011-1334-0
2599:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2587:0-7737-5990-5
2584:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2572:1-85780-179-2
2569:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2557:0-356-01473-8
2554:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2535:0-942548-45-0
2532:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2520:0-71101-566-X
2517:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2505:1-85260-553-7
2502:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2467:, p. 49.
2466:
2461:
2452:
2443:
2434:
2425:
2416:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2377:
2369:
2363:
2358:
2351:
2346:
2338:
2336:9780160911323
2332:
2328:
2327:
2319:
2310:
2301:
2293:
2291:9781459717749
2287:
2283:
2282:
2274:
2265:
2258:
2252:
2243:
2234:
2225:
2216:
2209:
2203:
2195:
2189:
2184:
2177:
2176:
2169:
2160:
2153:
2152:1-85780-105-9
2149:
2145:
2139:
2132:
2126:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2091:
2083:
2081:9780887402340
2077:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2044:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2026:Naval History
2020:
2018:
2008:
1999:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1891:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1868:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1848:White, E. G.
1845:
1838:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1796:
1787:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1712:
1710:
1700:
1691:
1682:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1648:
1644:
1629:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1609:colloquialism
1606:
1605:SchrÀge Musik
1601:
1592:
1583:
1574:
1570:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1549:Heavy fighter
1547:
1546:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1491:United States
1486:
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1473:
1471:
1468:
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1461:
1458:
1457:
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1419:
1416:
1415:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1374:United States
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1331:Douglas Havoc
1329:
1328:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
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1249:
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1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1079:program, the
1078:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
996:
992:
991:CF-100 Canuck
988:
984:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
958:
955:
951:
947:
941:
939:
935:
926:
922:
920:
916:
912:
906:
904:
900:
899:
894:
890:
889:
883:
878:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
853:
848:
844:
842:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
771:
767:
765:
764:SchrÀge Musik
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
740:
739:SchrÀge Musik
734:
732:
728:
724:
723:
718:
714:
709:
705:
701:
700:
695:
691:
687:
683:
682:
677:
673:
669:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
621:
613:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
586:
584:
579:
575:
566:
561:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
515:
512:
508:
504:
503:Douglas Havoc
498:
496:
491:
487:
477:
475:
474:Fairey Battle
471:
470:light bombers
465:
463:
459:
458:capital ships
456:
452:
451:'Taffy' Bowen
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
432:Dornier Do 17
429:
424:
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
389:
384:
382:
378:
368:
366:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:Sopwith Camel
344:
340:
339:heavy bombers
336:
335:
329:
326:
322:
318:
315:
306:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
283:
281:
266:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
238:weather radar
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
210:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
188:light bombers
185:
180:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
140:night fighter
129:
125:
121:
120:Bottom right:
118:
115:
111:
107:
104:
102:night fighter
101:
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
80:
79:
71:
62:
51:
42:
26:
19:
3659:Night flying
3602:Surveillance
3580:Experimental
3536:
3462:Light bomber
3457:Heavy bomber
3290:
3273:
3258:
3243:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3184:
3176:
3161:
3146:
3131:
3116:
3108:
3106:Smith, J.R.
3092:
3081:
3066:
3051:
3036:
3025:
3007:
2996:. Retrieved
2981:
2972:
2965:
2949:
2929:
2909:
2893:
2878:
2862:
2846:
2831:
2812:
2793:
2777:
2762:
2747:
2740:
2723:
2707:
2688:
2669:
2662:
2654:
2638:
2623:
2622:Dow, James.
2608:
2593:
2578:
2563:
2548:
2547:Bruce, J.M.
2541:
2540:Bruce, J.M.
2526:
2511:
2496:
2481:
2474:Bibliography
2465:Neufeld 2007
2460:
2451:
2442:
2433:
2424:
2415:
2403:, retrieved
2399:the original
2394:
2385:
2376:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2325:
2318:
2309:
2300:
2280:
2273:
2264:
2256:
2251:
2242:
2233:
2224:
2215:
2207:
2202:
2188:Jackson 1987
2183:
2173:
2168:
2159:
2143:
2138:
2130:
2125:
2113:. Retrieved
2108:
2099:
2090:
2074:. Schiffer.
2070:
2063:
2054:
2029:
2025:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1980:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1921:Thomas 1996
1917:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1867:
1859:
1844:
1836:
1831:
1822:
1813:
1804:
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1656:
1647:
1628:
1616:
1604:
1600:
1591:
1582:
1573:
1430:Potez 631 C3
1380:Douglas P-70
1308:Soviet Union
1070:
1018:
1002:interceptors
999:
959:
946:Tupolev Tu-4
942:
931:
907:
896:
893:Hirschgeweih
892:
887:
874:
850:
841:Independence
840:
804:
776:
763:
737:
735:
720:
716:
712:
697:
679:
665:
653:Hirschgeweih
652:
640:
626:
587:
570:
539:
522:
516:
499:
483:
466:
440:
425:
413:
411:" training.
409:blind flying
393:interceptors
385:
381:World War II
374:
352:Vickers guns
332:
330:
311:
284:
277:
213:
204:day fighters
181:
172:day fighters
147:
143:
139:
137:
119:
106:Bottom left:
105:
91:
81:
25:
3554:Interdictor
3522:Interceptor
3431:(AEW&C)
2754:, Alabama:
2405:27 November
2284:. Dundurn.
1418:Mureaux 114
1208:/CN "Leone"
1206:CANT Z.1018
1085:day fighter
987:Avro Canada
903:Kurt Welter
746:mounted in
672:Arado Ar 68
598:overwhelmed
578:searchlight
519:Beaufighter
403:", and the
319:downed the
244:receivers,
225:, improved
3648:Categories
3573:Non-combat
3549:Multi-role
3482:Pathfinder
3477:Penetrator
3393:Helicopter
3383:Fixed-wing
2652:Evans, J.
2624:The Arrow.
1560:References
1339:(US-built)
1333:(US-built)
1284:MĂVAG HĂ©ja
1278:FIAT CR.42
1200:Fiat CR.42
1006:Avro Arrow
978:delta wing
970:Royal Navy
877:jet engine
786:and later
744:autocannon
674:and early
590:R.V. Jones
563:Luftwaffe
511:Hurricanes
507:Turbinlite
455:Home Fleet
418:used some
356:Lewis guns
343:Gotha G.IV
168:visibility
98:-equipped
92:Top right:
3629:Transport
3527:Emergency
3472:Strategic
3398:Unmanned
2206:Williams
2172:Williams
1640:Citations
898:Wilde Sau
839:USS
681:Wilde Sau
668:Luftwaffe
604:attacked
546:Perfectos
531:microwave
523:Luftwaffe
495:the Blitz
462:North Sea
436:Luftwaffe
295:Lewis gun
200:intruders
108:American
82:Top left:
3507:Intruder
2998:22 April
2825:11043715
2687:(1978).
2036:: 33â35.
1853:Archived
1772:Archived
1543:See also
1437:Post-war
1202:CN Falco
1073:avionics
886:FuG 218
857:twilight
852:kamikaze
645:RAF Dyce
641:Matratze
639:element
365:Avro 504
287:Zeppelin
215:Avionics
84:Swedish
3624:Trainer
3619:Testbed
3585:Liaison
3512:Fighter
3489:Carrier
3445:Gunship
3406:Stealth
3378:Balloon
3373:Airship
3356:Modern
2255:Wixley
1280:"Falco"
1189:A-5/R11
1139:Germany
1091:in its
871:Postwar
800:Pacific
760:bombers
727:NJGr 10
606:Cologne
581:as the
550:Serrate
460:in the
388:bombers
314:Captain
269:History
235:Doppler
156:fighter
3614:Tanker
3532:Escort
3452:Bomber
3435:Attack
3422:Combat
3388:Glider
3298:
3265:
3250:
3235:
3192:
3168:
3153:
3138:
3123:
3099:
3073:
3058:
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3018:
2989:
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2921:
2900:
2885:
2870:
2853:
2838:
2823:
2800:
2784:
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2732:
2714:
2695:
2676:
2645:
2630:
2615:
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2585:
2570:
2555:
2533:
2518:
2503:
2488:
2333:
2288:
2150:
2115:14 May
2078:
1617:schrÀg
1442:Canada
1412:France
1303:Ca-1/N
1038:MiG-21
1034:MiG-17
1012:, and
983:Canada
888:Neptun
796:Europe
731:NJG 11
722:Neptun
690:flares
637:dipole
594:stream
291:B.E.2c
260:, and
128:radome
114:radome
3607:Scout
3595:Scout
3537:Night
3415:Roles
3400:(UAV)
3366:Types
2689:F-111
2032:(1).
1779:Adar.
1621:queer
1611:for "
1565:Notes
1225:Japan
1194:Italy
1093:CF-18
717:Naxos
713:Naxos
699:Naxos
657:NJG 2
443:radar
423:war.
321:SL 11
250:TACAN
242:LORAN
192:radar
150:post-
3501:(EW)
3296:ISBN
3263:ISBN
3248:ISBN
3233:ISBN
3190:ISBN
3166:ISBN
3151:ISBN
3136:ISBN
3132:B-1B
3121:ISBN
3097:ISBN
3071:ISBN
3056:ISBN
3041:ISBN
3016:ISBN
3000:2017
2987:ISBN
2955:ISBN
2938:ISBN
2919:ISBN
2898:ISBN
2883:ISBN
2868:ISBN
2851:ISBN
2836:ISBN
2821:OCLC
2798:ISBN
2782:ISBN
2767:ISBN
2756:USAF
2730:ISBN
2712:ISBN
2693:ISBN
2674:ISBN
2643:ISBN
2628:ISBN
2613:ISBN
2598:ISBN
2583:ISBN
2568:ISBN
2553:ISBN
2531:ISBN
2516:ISBN
2501:ISBN
2486:ISBN
2407:2012
2368:help
2331:ISBN
2286:ISBN
2194:help
2148:ISBN
2117:2019
2076:ISBN
1613:Jazz
1420:/CN2
1297:G-4d
1097:RCAF
1081:F-16
1044:and
1036:and
976:, a
917:and
865:dusk
861:dawn
833:and
805:The
784:P-70
754:and
729:and
666:The
548:and
414:The
262:GNSS
1426:/CN
1214:/CN
1183:A-1
1101:Mcd
863:or
708:H2X
704:H2S
649:VHF
629:UHF
258:GPS
246:GEE
186:or
158:or
146:or
3650::
3084:.
3028:.
3010:.
2932:.
2815:.
2750:.
2393:,
2107:.
2042:^
2028:.
2016:^
1876:^
1708:^
1623:")
1432:/N
1016:.
1008:,
985:,
476:.
383:.
256:,
252:,
248:,
240:,
233:,
229:,
221:,
211:.
138:A
122:A
3349:e
3342:t
3335:v
3304:.
3269:.
3254:.
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3172:.
3157:.
3142:.
3127:.
3103:.
3077:.
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2806:.
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2559:.
2537:.
2522:.
2507:.
2492:.
2410:.
2370:)
2339:.
2196:)
2154:.
2119:.
2084:.
2030:3
1291:F
20:.
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